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Phytoremediation of Environmental Pollutants: An Eco-

Sustainable Green Technology to Environmental
Management

Chapter · March 2015

DOI: 10.1201/b18218-2

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 A D VA N C E S I N

A N D B I O R E M E D I AT I O N O F

© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 A D VA N C E S I N

A N D B I O R E M E D I AT I O N O F
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RAM CHANDRA

© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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CRC Press
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© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Version Date: 20160309

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 Contents

Preface..................................................................................................................... vii
Editor........................................................................................................................ix
Contributors.............................................................................................................xi

1. Phytoremediation of Environmental Pollutants: An

Eco-Sustainable Green Technology to Environmental Management....1
Ram Chandra, Gaurav Saxena and Vineet Kumar
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2. Microbial Cells Dead or Alive: Prospect, Potential and

Innovations for Heavy Metal Removal..................................................... 31
Adeline Su Yien Ting

3. Microbial Degradation of Aromatic Compounds and Pesticides:

Challenges and Solutions............................................................................ 67
Randhir Singh, Rohini Karandikar and Prashant S. Phale

4. Laccases and Their Role in Bioremediation of Industrial Effluents..... 97

Vijaya Gupta, Neena Capalash and Prince Sharma

5. Biosurfactants and Bioemulsifiers for Treatment of Industrial

Wastes............................................................................................................ 127
Zulfiqar Ahmad, David Crowley, Muhammad Arshad and Muhammad Imran

6. Biodegradation of Lignocellulosic Waste in the Environment.......... 155

Monika Mishra and Indu Shekhar Thakur

7. Microbial Degradation of Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)

Pesticides....................................................................................................... 181
Hao Chen, Bin Gao, Shengsen Wang and June Fang

8. Biodegradation of Cellulose and Agricultural Waste Material......... 211

Nadeem Akhtar, Dinesh Goyal and Arun Goyal

9. Laboratory-Scale Bioremediation Experiments on Petroleum

Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Wastewater of Refinery Plants............. 235
Boutheina Gargouri

10. Microbial Degradation of Textile Dyes for Environmental Safety..... 249

Ram Lakhan Singh, Rasna Gupta and Rajat Pratap Singh

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© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
 vi Contents

11. Anaerobic Biodegradation of Slaughterhouse Lipid Waste and

Recovery of Bioactive Molecules for Industrial Applications........... 287
Kandasamy Ramani, Ganesan Sekaran and Suvidha Gupta

12. Mechanism of Wetland Plant Rhizosphere Bacteria for

Bioremediation of Pollutants in an Aquatic Ecosystem...................... 329
Ram Chandra and Vineet Kumar

13. Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Using Biosurfactants...................... 381

Mohamed Yahya Khan, T.H. Swapna, Bee Hameeda and Gopal Reddy

14. Recent Advances in Bacteria-Assisted Phytoremediation of

Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soil.................................................. 401
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Jawed Iqbal and Munees Ahemad

Index......................................................................................................................425

© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 Preface

Bioremediation and detoxification of environmental pollutants due to indus­

trial activities is a global challenge in the current scenario for sustainable
development of human society. The detailed knowledge of pollutants and
their metabolic mineralisation is prerequisite for the monitoring of envi­
ronmental pollutants. Although the diverse metabolic capabilities of micro­
organisms and their interactions with hazardous organic and inorganic
compounds have been revealed in the recent past, the knowledge explored
in the areas of bioremediation and biodegradation during the recent past is
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scattered and not easily accessible to readers. Therefore, the present book
has compiled the available advanced knowledge of biodegradation and bio­
remediation of various environmental pollutants, which are a real challenge
to environmental researchers in the current scenario. In general, the bio­
remediation and biodegradation processes are typically implemented in a
relatively cheaper manner and are applicable on a large scale. Besides, only
a few bioremediation techniques have even been successfully implemented
to clean up the polluted soil, oily sludge and groundwater contaminated by
petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides and other chemicals. Still, some
pollutants released from tanneries, distilleries and the pulp paper industry
are a challenge to scientists due to lack of proper knowledge regarding the
persistent organic pollutants discharged from these industries and the pro­
cess of their detoxification. Similarly, the safe disposal and biodegradation of
hospital waste is also a real challenge worldwide for human health.
For this book, a number of experts from universities, government research
laboratories and industry have shared their specialised knowledge in
environmental microbiology and biotechnology. Chapters dealing with
microbiological, biochemical and molecular aspects of biodegradation and
bioremediation have covered numerous topics, including microbial genomics
and proteomics for the bioremediation of industrial waste. The roles of sidero­
phores and the rhizosphere bacterial community for phytoremediation of
heavy metals have been also described in detail with their mechanisms. The
mechanism of phytoremediation of soil polluted with heavy metals is still
not very clear to all researchers. Therefore, the current advances in phytore­
mediation have been included in this book. The relationship of metagenomes
with persistent organic pollutants present in the sugarcane molasses–based
distillery waste and pulp paper mill wastewater after secondary treatment
has been also described. The role of biosurfactants for bioremediation and
biodegradation of various pollutants discharged from industrial waste has
been described as they are tools of biotechnology. In the bioremediation pro­
cess, the role of potential microbial enzymatic processes has been described;
these are very important tools for understanding bioremediation and

vii
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
 viii Preface

biodegradation. The book has also described the latest knowledge regarding
the biodegradation of tannery and textile waste. The role of microbes in plas­
tic degradation bioremediation and recycling of urban waste is highlighted
properly. Although the microbial degradation of hexachlorocyclohexane and
other pesticides has been emphasised earlier in detail, the recent develop­
ment of bioremediation of various xenobiotics is still not well documented
and circulated; hence, this book has described the latest information. The
biodegradation of complex industrial waste is a major challenge for sustain­
able development in the current scenario. Therefore, this book has given
emphasis on the role of different bioreactors for treatment of complex indus­
trial waste. Thus, this book will facilitate to the environmental engineering
student also. This book has also given special emphasis to phytoremedia­
tion and the role of wetland plant rhizosphere bacterial ecology and the
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bioremediation of industrial wastewater. Therefore, this book will provide

an opportunity for a wide range of readers, including students, researchers
and consulting professionals in biotechnology, microbiology, biochemistry,
molecular biology and environmental sciences. We gratefully acknowledge
the cooperation and support of all the contributing authors for the publica­
tion of this book.

© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 Editor

Ram Chandra is a professor and founder head of

the Department of Environmental Microbiology at
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Central University
in Lucknow, India. He obtained his BSc (Hons)
in 1984 and MSc in 1987 from Banaras Hindu
University in Uttar Pradesh, India. Subsequently, a
PhD was awarded in 1994. He started his career as
Scientist B at the Industrial Toxicology Research
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Centre Lucknow in the area of biotechnology in

1989. Finally he became a senior principal scientist
(Scientist F) in 2009 in the area of environmental
microbiology at the Indian Institute of Toxicology
Research (IITR) in Lucknow.
He subsequently joined as a professor and head of the Department of
Environmental Microbiology (2011) at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Central
University in Lucknow. He has done leading work on bacterial degradation
of lignin from pulp paper mill waste and molasses melanoidin from distill-
ery waste. Consequently, he has authored or coauthored more than 90
original research articles in national and international peer-reviewed jour-
nals of high impact published by Springer, Elsevier and John Wiley and Sons,
Inc. In addition, he has published 18 book chapters and 1 book. He has vast
experience in strategic R & D management preparation of scientific reports.
He has also been awarded for writing 25 popular ­scientific articles in Hindi. He
also attended and presented more than 65 national and international con-
ference papers on microbiology, biotechnology and environmental biology.
He is a life member of various scientific societies. He also offered different
scientists for training under the International Programme from Germany
and Nigeria. He has chaired various scientific sessions of different scientific
conferences. He is also a guest reviewer for various national and interna-
tional journals in his discipline. He was also a member of a delegation team
that visited Japan for the study of environmental protection from industrial
waste. He is a member of the American Society for Microbiology, USA, and
a life member of the National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad, India. Based
upon this outstanding contribution in the areas of environmental microbiol-
ogy and environmental biotechnology, he has been awarded a Fellow of the
Academy of Environmental Biology, the Association of Microbiologist India
and Biotech Research Society of India.

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© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 Contributors
Munees Ahemad
Department of Agricultural
Microbiology
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh, U.P., India
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Zulfiqar Ahmad
Department of Environmental
Sciences
University of California
Riverside, California
Nadeem Akhtar
Department of Biotechnology
Thapar University
Patiala, Punjab, India
Muhammad Arshad
Department of Soil and
Environmental Sciences
University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Neena Capalash
Department of Biotechnology
Panjab University
Chandigarh, India
Ram Chandra
Department of Environmental
Microbiology
School for Environmental Sciences
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar
Central University
Lucknow, India
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Hao Chen
Department of Agricultural and
Biological Engineering
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
David Crowley
Department of Environmental
Sciences
University of California
Riverside, California
June Fang
Department of Agricultural and
Biological Engineering
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Bin Gao
Department of Agricultural and
Biological Engineering
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Boutheina Gargouri
Laboratoire d’Electrochimie et
Environnement, Ecole nationale
d’ingénieurs de Sfax
Université de Sfax
Sfax, Tunisia
Arun Goyal
Department of Biotechnology
Indian Institute of Technology
Guwahati, Assam, India
xi
 xii Contributors

Dinesh Goyal Mohamed Yahya Khan

Department of Biotechnology Department of Microbiology
Thapar University Osmania University
Patiala, Punjab, India Hyderabad, India

Rasna Gupta Vineet Kumar

Department of Biochemistry
Dr. RML Avadh University
Faizabad, India
Vijaya Gupta
Department of Microbiology
Panjab University
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Department of Environmental
Microbiology
School for Environmental Sciences
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar
Central University
Lucknow, India

Chandigarh, India Monika Mishra

School of Environmental Sciences
Bee Hameeda Jawaharlal Nehru University
Department of Microbiology New Delhi, India
Osmania University
Hyderabad, India Prashant S. Phale
Department of Biosciences and
Muhammad Imran Bioengineering
Department of Environmental Indian Institute of
Sciences Technology-Bombay
University of Gujrat Powai, India
Gujrat, Pakistan
Kandasamy Ramani
Jawed Iqbal Department of Biotechnology
Department of Microbiology and School of Bioengineering
Immunology SRM University
H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
Laboratories
Rosalind Franklin University of Gopal Reddy
Medicine and Science Department of Microbiology
Chicago Medical School Osmania University
North Chicago, Illinois Hyderabad, India

Rohini Karandikar Gaurav Saxena

Department of Biosciences and Department of Environmental
Bioengineering Microbiology
Indian Institute of School for Environmental Sciences
Technology-Bombay Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar
Powai, India Central University
Lucknow, India

© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 Contributors xiii

Ganesan Sekaran T. H. Swapna

Environmental Technology Division Department of Microbiology
CSIR-Central Leather Research Osmania University
Institute Hyderabad, India
Adyar, Chennai, India
Indu Shekhar Thakur
Prince Sharma School of Environmental Sciences
Department of Microbiology Jawaharlal Nehru University
Panjab University New Delhi, India
Chandigarh, India
Adeline Su Yien Ting
Rajat Pratap Singh School of Science
Department of Biochemistry Monash University Malaysia
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Dr. RML Avadh University Jalan Lagoon Selatan

Faizabad, India Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Ram Lakhan Singh Shengsen Wang

Department of Biochemistry Department of Agricultural and
Dr. RML Avadh University Biological Engineering
Faizabad, India University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Randhir Singh
Department of Biosciences and
Bioengineering
Indian Institute of
Technology-Bombay
Powai, India

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