Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Biology Project
Biology Project
BIOLOGY
DENGUE
INDEX
Acknowledgement
Introduction
Causes
Mechanism
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Statistical Data
Bibliography
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I want to express my appreciation to our respected
Principal, Rev. Bro. Robert. Your unwavering support and encouragement
have been instrumental in making this biology activity a reality. Your belief in
our educational pursuits is deeply valued.
I am grateful for the opportunity to engage in this activity, which has been a
tremendous learning experience. It is a testament to the dedication and
commitment of both our Principal and teacher.
With faith in God's grace and the support of our school, we will continue to
strive for excellence in all our academic pursuits. Thank you for believing in
us and guiding us on this educational journey.
[Your Name]
Introduction
Mechanism
When a mosquito carrying dengue virus bites a person, the virus
enters the skin together with the mosquito's saliva. It binds to
and enters white blood cells and reproduces inside the cells
while they move throughout the body. The white blood cells
respond by producing a number of signaling proteins, such as
cytokine and interferon, which are responsible for many of the
symptoms, such as the fever, the flu-like symptoms, and the
severe pains.
Diagnosis
The signs and symptoms of dengue fever are like some other
diseases, such as typhoid fever and malaria. This can sometimes
delay an accurate diagnosis. The doctor will assess the
symptoms and the person's medical and travel history, and they
may order some blood tests to confirm the diagnosis.
The diagnosis of dengue fever may be confirmed by
microbiological laboratory testing. This can be done by virus
isolation in cell cultures, nucleic acid detection by PCR, viral
antigen detection or specific antibodies. Virus isolation and
nucleic acid detection are more accurate than antigen detection,
but these tests are not widely available due to their greater cost.
All tests may be negative in the early stages of the disease. PCR
and viral antigen detection are more accurate in the first seven
days.
These laboratory tests are only of diagnostic value during the
acute phase of the illness with the exception of serology. Tests
for dengue virus-specific antibodies, types of IgG and IgM, can
be useful in confirming a diagnosis in the later stages of the
infection. Both IgG and IgM are produced after 5-7 days. The
highest levels of IgM are detected following a primary infection,
but IgM is also produced in re-infection. After a primary
infection, IgG reaches peak levels in the blood after 14-21 days.
Treatment
Dengue is a virus, so there is no specific treatment or cure.
However, intervention can help, depending on how severe the
disease is.
For milder forms, treatment includes:
Preventing dehydration: A high fever and vomiting can
dehydrate the body. The person should drink clean water,
ideally bottled rather than tap water. Rehydration salts can
also help replace fluids and minerals.
Painkillers, such as Tylenol or paracetamol: These can help
lower fever and ease pain.
More severe forms of dengue fever may need:
intravenous (IV) fluid supplementation, or drip, if the
person cannot take fluids by mouth
blood transfusion, for patients with severe dehydration
Hospitalization will allow the individual to be properly
monitored, in case symptoms get worse.
Prevention
No vaccine can protect against dengue fever. Only avoiding
mosquito bites can prevent it.
Anyone who lives in or travels to a high-risk area can use a
number of ways to avoid being bitten.
Clothing: Reduce the amount of skin exposed by wearing
long pants, long-sleeved shirts, and socks, tucking pant legs
into shoes or socks, and wearing a hat.
Mosquito repellents: Use a repellent with at least 10
percent concentration of diethyltoluamide (DEET), or a
higher concentration for longer lengths of exposure. Avoid
using DEET on young children.
Mosquito traps and nets: Nets treated with insecticide are
more effective, otherwise the mosquito can bite through the
net if the person is standing next to it. Insecticide will kill
mosquitoes and other insects, and it will repel insects from
entering the room.
Door and window screens: Structural barriers, such as
screens or netting, can keep mosquitoes out.
Timing: Try to avoid being outside at dawn, dusk, and
early evening.
Stagnant water: The Aedes mosquito breeds in clean,
stagnant water. Checking for and removing stagnant water
can help reduce the risk.
STATISTCAL DATA
Each year, up to 400 million people get infected with
dengue. Approximately 100 million people get sick from
infection, and 40,000 die from severe dengue.
Dengue fever typically is a self-limited disease with a
mortality rate of less than 1% when detected early and with
access to proper medical care. When treated, severe dengue
has a mortality rate of 2-5%, but, when left untreated, the
mortality rate is as high as 20%.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.scribd.com
www.Nature.com
www.Risingbd.com
www.dndi.com
www.cdc.com
www.who.com