1–Modernism definition

The term modernism refers to the developments and changes that occurred in
Europe in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is an experimental
movement appeared because of the developments and changes in art, science,
technology, anthropology and in the European society and culture. The
appearances of the industrial revolution caused these social, cultural, economic
and political developments and changes.
World war 1 :
World War I began in 1914 with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
and quickly escalated into a global conflict involving major powers. Trench warfare
characterized the Western Front, while other theaters saw battles and shifting
alliances. New technologies, like machine guns and poison gas, contributed to the
devastating nature of the war. The conflict ended in 1918 with the signing of the
Armistice, leading to the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. The treaty imposed harsh
terms on Germany, contributing to economic hardships and political instability,
setting the stage for future geopolitical shifts.
Great Depression :
The Great Depression, occurring from 1929 to the late 1930s, was a severe
worldwide economic downturn. Triggered by the stock market crash of 1929, it led
to widespread unemployment, poverty, and a sharp decline in industrial
production. Banking failures and a lack of consumer confidence exacerbated the
crisis. Government intervention and economic reforms were implemented to
address the hardships faced by individuals and to stabilize the economy. The Great
Depression had profound and lasting effects on global economies and contributed
to the restructuring of financial systems and the development of social safety
nets.
Feminism :
Feminism is a socio-political movement advocating for the equal rights,
opportunities, and treatment of all genders. It seeks to address and dismantle
systemic inequalities and discrimination based on gender, promoting a more
equitable and just society.
2– Science fiction definition
Science fiction is a genre of speculative fiction, typically dealing with imaginative
concepts such as advanced science and technology, spaceflight, time travel, and
extraterrestrial life. Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of
scientific and other innovations, and has been called a “literature of ideas”.
Characteristics of Science Fiction
• Romanticization ,, • Anachronism ,,, • Alien societies ,,, • Social
commentary
Sub-genre :
1– “Hard” science fiction : Hard science fiction, or “hard SF”, is characterized by
rigorous attention to accurate detail in the natural sciences, especially physics,
astrophysics, and chemistry, biology or on accurately depicting worlds that more
advanced technology may make possible.
2– “soft” science fiction: The description “soft” science fiction may describe
works based on social sciences such as psychology, economics, political science,
sociology, and anthropology. The term can describe stories focused primarily on
character and emotion. The Eastern Bloc produced a large quantity of social
science fiction, including works by Polish authors Stanislaw Lem and Janusz Zajdel.
3– Cyberpunk : Cyberpunk is a subgenre of science fiction in a dystopian
futuristic setting that tends to focus on a “combination of low-life and high tech
featuring advanced technological and scientific achievements, such as article and
cybernetics, juxtaposed with a degree of breakdown or radical change in the
social order.
Novels :
“The Time Machine :
“The Time Machine” by H.G. Wells follows the protagonist, known as the Time
Traveller, who invents a machine that allows him to travel through time. He
explores the distant future, encountering two distinct races—the gentle Eloi and
the predatory Morlocks. The novel delves into themes of social class, evolution,
and the consequences of unchecked technological progress. Ultimately, the Time
Traveller’s journey raises questions about the fate of humanity and the nature of
time itself.
Frankenstein :
“Frankenstein” by Mary Shelley is a classic Gothic novel that tells the story of
Victor Frankenstein, a scientist who creates a sentient creature through
unconventional scientific experiments. The novel explores themes of ambition,
morality, and the consequences of playing god. As the creature grapples with its
existence and seeks acceptance, it encounters prejudice and despair. Shelley’s
work raises questions about the ethical responsibilities of creators and the impact
of isolation on individuals.

3– Detective fiction definition

Detective fiction is a genre of literature that revolves around the investigation of
crimes, typically by a detective or amateur sleuth. It often involves a central
mystery or puzzle that the protagonist aims to solve, using deductive reasoning,
clues, and investigative techniques. Classic examples include Sherlock Holmes
stories by Arthur Conan Doyle and Agatha Christie’s Hercule Poirot novels.
Novels :
Sherlock Holmes :
Sherlock Holmes, created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is a fictional detective known
for his brilliant deductive reasoning and keen observational skills. The novels and
short stories featuring Holmes, such as “A Study in Scarlet,” “The Hound of the
Baskervilles,” and many others, depict his partnership with Dr. John Watson as
they solve intricate mysteries in Victorian and Edwardian London. Holmes, with
his distinctive pipe and magnifying glass, has become an iconic literary figure,
leaving a lasting legacy in detective fiction.
A Study in Scarlet In 1887:
“A Study in Scarlet” by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle follows the brilliant detective
Sherlock Holmes and his friend Dr. John Watson as they investigate a mysterious
murder in London. The novel delves into the intricacies of deduction, introduces
the iconic characters of Holmes and Watson, and takes readers on a journey to
unravel a complex mystery with unexpected twists. The narrative also includes a
flashback to the American West, revealing the origins of the crime. Overall, it’s a
captivating introduction to the world of Sherlock Holmes.
Hercule Poirot :
Hercule Poirot is a fictional detective created by Agatha Christie, featured in
various novels such as “Murder on the Orient Express” and “Death on the Nile.”
Poirot, a Belgian detective with meticulous attention to detail and a penchant for
order, employs his “little grey cells” to solve perplexing crimes. The novels often
showcase Poirot’s distinctive personality, including his fastidious appearance and
his reliance on psychology and logic to unravel intricate murder mysteries. The
character has become synonymous with classic whodunits and remains a beloved
figure in the world of detective fiction.