LIFE PROCESSES

NUTRITION
Nutrients are inorganic or organic substances which organisms obtain from their surroundings to synthesize then
body constituents and use them as a source of energy.
Nutrition is defined as the process of intake of nutrients and its utilization by an organism in various biological
activities.
MODES OF NUTRITION
Autotrophic. It is a kind of nutrition in which organisms prepare or synthesize their own organic food from
inorganic raw materials and remain independent of external sources. Such organisms are called AUTOTROPHES.
Autotrophs are further classified into two.
(i) Phototrophs - Green colored plants and algae which synthesize food in living cells containing chlorophyll, in
the presence of sunlight, are called photo autotrophs.
(ii) Chemoautotrophs – They produce food by using energy obtained through chemical reactions and not from
sunlight. Example: Sulphur bacteria.
Nutrition in plants
How leaves are adapted for photosynthesis.
Leaf is most suitable for photosynthesis as it has a large surface area for harvesting sunlight, numerous stomata for
exchange of gases and abundant vascular supply.
Site for photosynthesis – Photosynthesis does not occur in all cells of green plants. It occurs only in those cells
which possess the green colored plastids called chloroplasts, they occur in mesophyll cells that occupy the space
between lower and upper epidermis (i.e. in palisade cells and in spongy cell).
Chlorophyll is the green coloring matter found in plants. It is contained in microscopic cell organelles called
chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are mainly contained in the mesophyll cells located between the upper epidermis and the
lower epidermis.
There may be more than 500,000 chloroplasts per square millimeter of leaf surface. You will be surprised to know
that there are nine types of chlorophyll. Two out of these, chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b, are best known and most
abundant.
Chlorophylls absorb light at both ends of the visible spectrum - i.e. BLUE and RED fight, and reflect green
light. That is why chlorophyll appears green.
Chlorophyll is highly sensitive to light, but too much light may destroy it. However, the formation of chlorophyll itself
depend on the exposure of the plant to light. The grass growing in the shade under a stone turns yellowish due to
the non-formation of new chlorophyll and due to the disintegration of the older one in the absence of light.
Factors affecting photosynthesis.
1. Light. The ultimate source or light for photosynthesis in green plants is solar radiation (i.e., radiation coming
from Sun). Under low light intensity, the rate of photosynthesis is also low. Increase in light intensity causes
an increase in the rate of photosynthesis up to a certain limit. At very high light intensity, the photosynthesis
is decreased due to photo-oxidation of the constituents. The quality of light also affects photosynthesis.
Green pigments chlorophylls absorb mostly the blue and the red regions of the spectrum. They reflect green
light. Therefore, photosynthesis is high in blue and red light. Photosynthesis does not occur in green light.
2. Temperature The rate of photosynthesis increases by increase in temperature up to 40°C. Above this
temperature, there is a decrease in the photosynthesis. The temperature affects photosynthesis by affecting
the activity of enzymes.
3. Carbon dioxide. The rate of photosynthesis increases by increasing the concentration of CO2 in the
atmosphere if the light and temperature conditions are not limiting. At the same time, very high concentration
of CO2 becomes toxic to plants and inhibits photosynthesis.
4. Water. Water is an essential raw material in photosynthesis. This rarely acts as a limiting factor because less
than 1% of the water absorbed by a plant is used in photosynthesis. However, the rate of photosynthesis is
lowered if the plants are inadequately supplied with water. Under water deficient conditions the stomatal
aperture remains closed to reduce the loss of water by transpiration. Therefore, the entry of CO2 is also
stopped into the leaves.
Major Events of photosynthesis
(i) Absorption of solar energy by chlorophyll.
(ii) Conversion of solar energy into chemical energy as well as its utilization in splitting water into hydrogen
and oxygen (Photolysis).
(iii) Reduction carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and other components of organic food.

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*Normally the events occur one after the other rapidly but the same is not Mandatory. Desert plants absorb and
store carbon dioxide in organic acids right when their stomata are open. It is reduced during the day when solar
energy is available, but the stomata are closed.
Regulation of stomatal opening and closed : During the daytime the guard cells begin photosynthesis and the
sugar produced during the process increases the osmotic pressure which draws in water from the adjoining cells
due to endosmosis. Hence, the guard cells become turgid and bulge outward due to their thin outer wall, thus
widening the stomatal opening lying in between. The guard cells swell when water flows into them, causing the
stomatal pore to open. Similarly the pore closes if the guard cells shrink.

Heterotrophic Nutrition
They depend upon the type of food, availability of food, and the mode of obtaining the same by the heterotrophy,
e.g., stationary food (like grass, herbivorous nutrition), mobile food (like deer, carnivorous nutrition). Heterotrophic
nutrition is of three types — saprophytic, parasitic and holozoic.
1. Saprophytic or Saprotrophic Nutrition. It is a mode of heterotrophic nutrition in which food is obtained
from organic remains like dead organisms, excreta, fallen leaves, broken twigs, food articles, etc. Organisms
performing saprotrophic nutrition are called saprophytes. Most of the saprotrophs are fungi e.g., Mushrooms,
Bread Moulds, Yeast, several bacteria, a few animals and plants. Saprotrophs perform external digestion
(digestion outside the body). They pour digestive enzymes over the external organic substrate. The enzymes
cause breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler and soluble substances which can be
absorbed by the saprotrophs.
2. Parasitic Nutrition. It is a mode of heterotrophic nutrition in which a living organism obtains food from living
organisms of another species. The living organism which obtains food and shelter from another organism is
called a parasite. The organism which provides food and shelter to a parasite is known as host. Plasmodium
(malaria). Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness) and Leishmania (Kala Azar) are protozoan parasites, Ascarts
(Common Roundworm).
3. Holozoic Nutrition. It is a mode of heterotrophic nutrition, which involves intake of solid pieces of food.
“Since solid food is taken in holozoic nutrition is also called ingestive nutrition. Holozoic nutrition is found in
animals and protozoan protists. The food may consist of another animal, plant, or its parts. Depending upon
the source of food, holozoic organisms are of three types – herbivores, carnivores, omnivores.
Herbivores. They are holozoic organisms which feed on plants or plant parts, e.g., Cow, Buffalo, Deer,
Goat, Rabbit, Grasshopper, Elephant, Squirrel, Hippopotamus.
Carnivores. They are animals which feed on other animals. Carnivores are also called predators as they
hunt, kill and feed on their preys, e.g., Lion, Tiger, Leopard, Snake, Hawk.
Omnivores. They are holozoic organisms which feed on both plant and animal materials, e.g., Cockroach,
Ant, Pig, Crow, Rat, Beer, Dog, Humans.
Detritivores are animals which feed on dead bodies of other animals. They are also called carrion feeders
or scavengers, e.g., Vulture, Hyaena, Kite.
Nutrition in Amoeba and Paramecium
Holozoic nutrition occurs in five steps— ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion.
(i) Ingestion. It is taking in solid food with the help of temporary or permanent mouth. Amoeba can ingest food
particles from any point on its surface. Paramecium (another unicellular organism) has a fixed point for the
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 same. Amoeba captures food with the help of temporary finger-like projections called pseudopodia.
Paramecium has small hair-like processes called cilia. Beating cilia creates a current in water that pushes
food particles through cell mouth. When an Amoeba meets a food particle or prey, it throws pseudopodia all
around the same. The tips of encircling pseudopodia fuse, and the prey comes to lie in a vesicle.
(ii) Digestion. It is conversion of complex insoluble food ingredients into simple absorbable form. Digestion can
be intracellular or intercellular. Intercellular digestion occurs in the digestive tract. Intracellular digestion takes
place in the cytoplasm of cells. Digestion of food occurs with the help of digestive enzymes brought
lysosome. It changes complex insoluble substances of food into simpler absorbable substances.
(iii) Absorption. The digested simple and soluble substances pass out of food vacuole into the surrounding
cytoplasm.
(iv) Assimilation. The absorbed food materials are converted into various constituents of protoplasm including
food reserve for respiration & growth.
(v) Egestion. It is throwing undigested components of food out of the body. In Amoeba, the old food vacuole
with heavier undigested material reaches the rear end, passes to the surface, fuses with surface membrane
and throws out the undigested materials. The process is called egestion. Paramecium has a definite cell
anus.

HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The alimentary canal is a long tube with muscular walls. It extends from mouth to the anal opening (anus). The
canal consists of several organs namely. Mouth Buccal cavity, esophagus, Stomach, small and large intestines.
Mouth: It is guarded by 2 movable lips and opens into a cavity called buccal cavity.
Buccal Cavity: It contains 4 types of teeth namely Canines, Molars, Premolars, and Incisors. It also has 3 pairs of
salivary glands which secrete saliva. Saliva contains enzymes called Ptyalin. It is salivary amylase which splits
starch into maltose. Carbohydrates’ digestion starts in buccal cavity itself almost 30%, carbohydrates digest here.
Esophagus: From the mouth food is taken to stomach through food pipe called esophagus. Its walls are highly
muscular. It is not concerned with digestion. It exhibits PERISTALTIC MOVEMENTS i.e. contraction and expansion
of walls so that food is pushed to stomach. Such movements also occur in the stomach and intestines. The entry of
food from esophagus to stomach is controlled by esophageal sphincter.
Stomach: functions of stomach
(i) storage of food (ii) mechanical churning of food (iii) partial digestion
in stomach there are 3 types of glands that secrete HCL pepsin and mucus. All these 3 secretions are collectively
called gastric juice.
HCl: like germs present in food. It also stops the action of saliva. It provides acid medium for pepsin to activate.
Mucus: Protects inner lining of stomach from the action of HCl.
Pepsin: acts in an acidic medium to break down proteins into peptones.
Gastric juice also contains some LIPASE which partially break down lipids. Gastric juices also start secreting in
stomach by the sight, smell or thought of the appetizing food.
PYROLIC SPHINCTER muscles control the exit of food from stomach. It allows the entry of food in the intestine in
small amounts so complete processing could take place.
Small Intestine: it receives secretions from 2 glands: Liver & pancreas. Liver secrets bile but it gets stored in gall
bladder. Bile helps to emulsify or break the fats or lipids present in food. It also creates alkaline medium for
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pancreatic juice to activate. Pancreas is a large gland that lies parallel to and beneath the stomach. It secretes
pancreatic juice which contains digestive enzymes like amylase trypsin and lipase. Amylase breaks down the
starch, trypsin digests the proteins and lipase breaks down the emulsified fats. The walls of intestine secrete
intestinal juice contains succus entericus enzymes. It completes the digestion and converts carbohydrates into
glucose, proteins into amino acids and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
After digestion the molecules of food become so small that they can pass through the walls of the small intestine &
go into the blood. This is called absorption. The small intestine is specially adapted for absorbing the digested
feed as it is provided with small finger like structures called villi. These villi are richly supplied with blood vessels
and have a large surface area to absorb food. The digested food which is absorbed through the walls of the small
intestine, goes into our blood.
The blood carries digested and dissolved food to all the parts of the body where it becomes assimilated as part of
the cells. This assimilated food is used by the body cells for obtaining energy as well as for growth and repair of the
body. This is called assimilation.
Undigested food cannot be absorbed in the small intestine. So, the undigested food passes from the small intestine
into a wider tube called large intestine. The walls of large intestine absorb most of the water from the undigested
food. Due to this, the undigested part of food becomes almost solid. The last part of the large intestine called
‘rectum’ stores this undigested food for some time. The exit of waste is regulated by ANAL SPHINCTER.

Photosynthesis
1. Metabolism. Photosynthesis is a synthetic
or anabolic process.
3. Energy conversion. It converts light energy
into chemical energy.
4. Timing. Photosynthesis occurs during the
daytime when light is available.
5. Cells. It occurs only in green cells.
6. Carbon dioxide. It absorbs carbon dioxide.
7. Oxygen. Photosynthesis liberates oxygen.
8. Raw materials. They are carbon dioxide
and water.
9. End products. They are glucose, other
organic substances and oxygen.
Respiration
Respiration is a breakdown or catabolic process.
It liberates chemical energy which is used as
such of changed into other forms of energy.
Respiration in all types of living cells.
It occurs in all types of living cells.
Respiration liberates carbon dioxide.
Respiration consumes oxygen.
They are glucose and oxygen.
End products are carbon dioxide and water.

ACTIVITY 6.1

take a variegated leaf plant (e.g., Money plant). A variegated leaf contains green as well as a non-green part.
The green part contains chlorophyll, while the non-green part is devoid of chlorophyll. To begin with a fresh
experiment, we put Leaf in the dark for a few days. Leaf in the dark do not photosynthesize new starch, and

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 the plant consumes all its previous starch. Now the leaf is put into the sun. Here chlorophyll inside the
chloroplast makes new starch. A broken leaf cannot transport starch to different parts of the body. So this
starch now remains localized to the green area only. We now put the leaf into boiling alcohol. A boiling
solution of alcohol breaks the cell wall and chloroplast. This breakage washes the chlorophyll into the
solution. As a result, leaves lose their green colour and become colourless. The colourless leaf is easy to
stain with iodine. Now, when we put this colourless leaf into an iodine solution, only the green part of the leaf
turns blue.
Conclusion/Inference: In this experiment, we see that only the green part of the leaf turns blue with iodine. So,
we can say only the green part of the leaf photosynthesizes and produces starch. Since the green colour of
the leaf is because of chlorophyll, we can also say that only chlorophyll-containing part of the leaf makes
starch.

ACTIVITY 6.2
Object – Carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis.
Materials Required: Two same sized healthy potted plants, two bell jars, two glass slabs, grease or Vaseline,
potassium hydroxide, watch glass, iodine solution, water bath, alcohol, dropper, forceps, water, beaker, Petri
dish, spirit lamp, tripod stand, wire gauze matchbox, etc.
Procedure : (i) Take a potted plant and destarch the plants by keeping them in a dark room for three days.
(ii) Place each plant on a separate glass slab or glass plate.
(iii)Take potassium hydroxide in the watch glass and place this watch glass by the side of one of the plants.
Potassium hydroxide has the ability to absorb carbon dioxide. (iv) Cover bath the plants with separate bell
jars. See figure.
(v) Use Vaseline/grease to seal the bottom of the jars to the glass plates to make the apparatus airtight.
(vi) Keep the plants in sunlight for 2-6 hours.
(vii) After that pluck a leaf from each plant.
(viii) Perform a test for the presence of starch in both the leaves separately.
Observation: The part that was outside and free to absorb carbon dioxide turns blue-black and the part that was
inside the bottle and not getting carbon dioxide does not turn blue-black. So their starch is not formed or no
photosynthesis occurs.
Inference/Conclusion: In the leaf of a plant that was kept without potassium hydroxide normal photosynthesis
occurred. It got all the materials needed for photosynthesis. But in the plant with potassium hydroxide
photosynthesis did not occur. Because the setup was airtight, carbon dioxide present in the bell jar was
absorbed by potassium hydroxide. Therefore, the plant could not make starch in the absence of carbon
dioxide.

Experiment to prove that sunlight is essential for photosynthesis:

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Keep the plant in a dark room:
Keep a healthy green plant in a dark room for 24-48 hours. This is done to make sure that the plant uitilises
all the stored food and the leaves become devoid of any starch.
Step 2: Cover a particular part of any leaf:
Cover a part of any leaf of this plant on both the sides with a piece of black paper firmly fixed to the leaf
blade.
Step 3: Expose the plant to sunlight:
Now the plant is exposed to bright sunlight with the specific part of the leaf staying covered.
Step 4: Decolorise the leaf:
After few hours, remove the leaf and decolorise it in boiling water, using alcohol.

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Step 5: Add iodine solution:
This is done to test the presence of starch in the leaf.
OBSERVATION:
We will observe that the portion of the leaf that was covered with the black paper did not show any presence
of starch.
INFERENCE:
1. The food that is prepared by plants by the process of photosynthesis is stored in the form of starch.
2. This starch changes into black-blue colour in presence of Iodine solution.
3. Only those parts of the leaf changed colour that were exposed to sunlight because they could
photosynthesize.
4. And the parts that were covered didn't change any colour because no photosynthesis occured in those
parts and thus starch was absent.
Questions & answers
1. What is meant by life processes? Name the basic life processes common to all living organism essential
for maintaining life.
Answer: Life processes can be defined as the basic functions performed by living organisms in order to
maintain their life on this earth.
The basic life processes common to all living organisms are - nutrition and respiration; transport and
excretion; control and coordination (response to stimuli); growth; movement and reproduction.
2. Define photosynthesis. Name the gases used & produced in it. Give reaction.
Answer: photosynthesis, the process by which green plants and certain other organisms
transform light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is
captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich
organic compounds.

3. What would happen if green plants disappeared from earth?

Answer: Green plants are the source of energy for all organisms. If all green plants disappear from the
earth, all the herbivores will die due to starvation and so will the carnivores who feed on herbivores. There
will be no life left on the earth.
4. Leaves of a healthy potted plant were coated with Vaseline. Will this plant remain healthy for long? Give
reasons for your answer.
Answer: When there is a Vaseline coating on the leaves, the plants will not get sufficient carbon dioxide
for photosynthesis, gaseous exchange will not take place, and there will be no transpiration.
Thus, the plants will not remain healthy for long.
5. How does amoeba engulf food particles?
Answer: amoeba captures food by the process of phagocytosis, by trapping the food in a food
vacuole formed with the help of finger-like projections called pseudopodia. When an Amoeba meets a
food particle or prey, it throws pseudopodia all around the same. The tips of encircling pseudopodia fuse,
and the prey comes to lie in a vesicle.
6. Why are molecular movements needed for life?
Answer: Molecular movements are important because they are involved in the process of transfer of
molecules from one place to another, translocation of food, transportation of energy, and many more vital
activities that are important for the repair and maintenance of the various tissues in the body of the
organism
7. How small intestine is designed to absorb digested food?
Ans:
• The small intestine is specially adapted for absorbing the digested feed as it is provided with small finger
like structures called villi.
• These villi are richly supplied with blood vessels and
• have large surface area to absorb food.
8. How fats, carbohydrates & protein get digested in humans?
Ans: (i) Carbohydrates - The digestion of carbohydrates occurs in the mouth, stomach and small
intestine. In the mouth, saliva mixes with the food. Saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase
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 which partially digests the carbohydrate and converts it into maltose sugar. When the slightly digested
food reaches into the small intestine, pancreatic amylase present in the pancreatic juice breaks down the
starch. The walls of the small intestine secrete the intestinal juice which finally converts it into glucose and
completes the digestion of carbohydrates.
(ii) Fats - The digestion of fats begins in the stomach. In the stomach, gastric glands secrete a small
amount of gastric lipase that breaks down the fats present in the food. Fats are present in the form of
large globules in the small intestine. The small intestine receives secretions from the liver and the
pancreas. The bile salts (from the liver) break down the large fat globules into smaller globules so that the
pancreatic enzyme lipase can easily act on them. This is referred to as emulsification of fats. In the small
intestine, the pancreatic lipase breaks down the emulsified fats. The intestinal juice, secreted by the walls
of small intestine, finally converts the fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
(iii) Proteins - The digestion of proteins begins in the stomach. In the stomach, gastric glands secrete
gastric juice which contains an enzyme called pepsin which converts the proteins into peptones.
Pancreatic juice contains trypsin which digests the proteins into peptides and the intestinal juice
completes the process of digestion of proteins thus converting it into amino acids.
9. How do the desert plants take up carbon dioxide and perform photosynthesis?
Ans: In dessert plants the stomata are open at night. They take in CO2 at night, and is stored in the form
of an intermediate (converted to an acid), and is used during the day for photosynthesis,(when the
stomata are closed).
10. why do herbivores have longer small intestine than carnivores?
Ans: Cellulose forms the largest part of the herbivore’s food. Digestion of cellulose takes a longer time,
because the enzymes are produced by the ruminant bacteria that live in the gut of the herbivore. Longer
small intestine ensures that the food stays for a longer duration and proper digestion is possible. In the
case of carnivores, cellulose is not present in the diet, thus the length of small intestine is less.
11. In each of the following situations what happens to the rate of photosynthesis?
(a) Cloudy days (b) No rainfall in the area
(c) Good manuring in the area (d) Stomata get blocked due to dust
Ans:
(a)Cloudy days: On a cloudy day the rate of photosynthesis will reduce to less availability of sunlight. As
sunlight is the main source of energy in the photosynthetic process.
(b) No rainfall in the area: Rainfall does not affect the process of photosynthesis. As plants can derive the
required water from the ground. But the rate of photosynthesis decreases in the area where there is no
rainfall for a considerable time.
(c) Good manuring in the area: Manuring increases the nutritional makeup of the soil. Photosynthesis
does not require any special organic and inorganic nutrients other than sunlight, water, carbon dioxide,
etc. Hence, photosynthesis is unaffected by manuring.
(d) Stomata get blocked due to dust: Plants require carbon dioxide for the photosynthesis process.
Hence, blockage of photosynthesis will reduce the supply of CO2. And hence will reduce the rate of
photosynthesis.
12. Patients whose gallbladder is removed are recommended to eat less oily food. Why?
Ans: Gallbladder stores bile which helps in emulsification of lipids. In the absence of stored bile,
emulsification of fats will be negligible/ affected/ less and thus fat digestion will be slow. Hence there are
such diet restrictions.
13. A person suffering from liver disease is advised to avoid fatty and highly acidic foods. Give a reason why
each of the foods mentioned should be avoided by a person suffering from liver disease.
Ans: Since the liver produces bile which creates an alkaline medium for effective digestion, in absence of
bile acidic foods may cause more acidity and poor digestion. - Since bile is responsible for fat digestion by
converting large fat globules to smaller ones for efficient digestion, in absence of which fats will not be
properly digested.
14. The leaves of a plant were covered with aluminum foil, how would it affect the physiology of the plant?
Ans: No photosynthesis will occur so no glucose will be made. Also no respiration will take place as no
Oxygen will be taken in. No transpiration will occur so there would be no upward movement of water or
minerals from the soil as there will be no transpiration pull. Temperature regulation of leaf surface will be
affected.
15. What happens to food in the stomach? Explain.
16. Write the events that occurred during photosynthesis.

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 EXERCISES
1. (i)Name 2 inorganic substances which are used by autotrophs to make food.
(ii)Name 2 saprophytes & 2 parasites.
(iii)What are the modes of nutrition in fungi, plasmodium, roundworms & cuscuta?
2. (i)What part does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis? Where is it present in plants?
(ii)Apart from carbon dioxide and water what other raw materials are needed by the plants? Name them
and how plants get these?
(iii)Name the cell organelle of the plant cells in which photosynthesis occurs.
3. What is the name of the cells in the leaf of a plant which control the opening and closing of stomata?
How do these cells regulate opening and closing of stomatal pores?
4. All the animals can be divided into three based on their eating habits. Name the three groups.
5. Name the unicellular animal which uses cilia to move food particle into its mouth.
6. Name the enzyme present inhuman saliva. What type of food material is digested by this enzyme?
7. Which of the organs perform the following functions in humans?
(i) Absorption of food (ii) absorption of water.
8. What substance is mixed with food in the mouth during chewing by the teeth?
9. name the tiny projection on the inner surface of the small intestine which helps in absorbing the digested
food?
10. What is the special name of the contraction and expansion movement which pushes the food further in
our digestive tract?
11. (a)What substances are contained in the gastric juice? What are their functions?
(b)What are the functions of liver and pancreas in the digestive system
©What part of the body secretes bile? Where is bile stored?
12. name the enzyme which completes the digestion in humans. Name the organ which secretes it.
13. When do viruses show movement?
14. What are enzymes? Write their functions.
15. What happens to the carbohydrates prepared by plants which are not used immediately?
16. Name the structure responsible for the regulation of
(i) exit of food from stomach (ii) exit of waste from anus.
17. what is emulsification of fats?
18. Name the energy currency in the living organisms. When and where is it produced?
19. What is common for Cuscuta, ticks and leeches?
20. Name the correct substrates for the following enzymes
(a) Trypsin (b) Amylase (c) Pepsin (d) Lipase

Respiratory system
Activity 6.4
Object – Carbon dioxide is exhaled during respiration

Material Required: Two test tubes, lime water, air pump (small) with rubber tubing, a glass tube.

Procedure: (i) Take freshly prepared lime water in a test tube.

(ii) Blow air from the mouth into this lime water with help of a glass tube.
(iii) Now take the same amount of lime water in another test tube.
(iv) With the help of a small air pump blow air into this lime water. For this fit a rubber tubing at the
mouth of the air pump.
Observation: In test tube (B) lime water turns milky within a short period of time. In the second test tube,
the lime water remains unaffected.

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 Inference: Lime water turns milky only when carbon dioxide is mixed with it. Actually, the calcium oxide
is converted into white calcium carbonate in the presence of carbon dioxide. Experiment shows that
exhaled air contains carbon dioxide and proves that carbon dioxide is produced during respiration. As
there is a very little amount of carbon dioxide in the fresh air the lime water didn’t turn milky with its
imperiality.

Activity 6.5
Object – To find the product produced by the fermentation process.
Material Required: Two test tubes, fruit juice or 10% glucose solution, yeast, cork with a hole, twice bent
glass tube or the delivery tube, lime water, non-drying oil.
Procedure: (i) Take fresh juice in a test tube and mix yeasts in it.
(ii) Put a drop of non-drying oil over the surface of the juice. Now the juice will not remain in contact with
the air of the tube.
(iii) Fit a single holed cork having a delivery tube over the mouth of this test tube. This end of the delivery
tube should not be dipped in fruit Juice.
(iv) Dip the other free end of the delivery tube into another test tube having freshly prepared lime water.
Observation: After some time the mixture (juice + yeast) becomes frothy. Bubbles of gas emerge and
pass into lime water, which turns milky after some time. When this mixture is smelled after removing the
cork it smells of alcohol.
Inference: Yeast respires anaerobically in the absence of oxygen. In this process of fermentation, alcohol is
produced and carbon dioxide is released.

ACTIVITY 6.6
Object – To observe the rate of respiration of aquatic animals
Material required - Water container with fishes
Procedure – Terrestrial animals can breathe the oxygen present in the atmosphere but aquatic animals
need to use the oxygen dissolved in water.
The amount of oxygen dissolved in the water is fairly low as compared to the amount of oxygen in the air.
The process of gaseous exchange is almost the same in all animals but the respiratory organs are
different. In fish respiratory surface is the surface of their gills. Due to the unique structural features, gills
have a large surface area. Gills are thin and have a good blood supply.
Fish open its mouth and gills so frequently to meet their demand for oxygen.
Observation – The rate of respiration in aquatic animals is higher than it is in terrestrial animals.

ACTIVITY
To test release of CO2 by plants during respiration.

Materials Required
A conical flask, small test tube, cork, thread, germinating seeds, a bent tube, a beaker, water and freshly
prepared lime water.
Procedure
1. Take two conical flasks, add germinating seeds with little water sprinkled over it.
2. Fix the mouth of conical flasks with cork in which a bent tube is fixed.
3. Suspend a small test tube containing KOH solution in it with the help of a thread in conical flask A.
4. Allow the mouth of the bent tube to be immersed in water in set-up A and in lime water in set-up B as
shown below.
5. Record your observations after few hours.

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 Observations
1. In set-up A, the water level in the bent tube dipped in beaker increases after few hours.
This is because the oxygen present in the conical flask is taken up by germinating seeds and CO2 released
due to respiration is absorbed by KOH present in small tube. Hence, the air pressure in the flask reduces
and water level rises.
2. In set-up B, the freshly prepared lime water turns milky. This is due to excess CO2 released into the test
tube during respiration of germinating seeds.
Conclusion
This shows that CO2 is given out during respiration.
Precautions
1. Lime water should be freshly prepared.
2. KOH solution should be freshly prepared.
3. Germinating seeds should have lot of moisture in them.

RESPIRATION
Respiration is the process of oxidation or breaking down of organic compounds (particularly glucose) to obtain
energy. Respiration may be
1. Aerobic respiration, in which breakdown of glucose occurs in the presence of oxygen.
2. Anaerobic respiration, in which breakdown of glucose occurs in the absence of oxygen.
Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose, common to both types of respiration. It occurs in cytoplasm.
During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose (6-carbon molecule) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic
acid or pyruvate (3-carbon molecule) with four molecules of ATP.
a) In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid inside the mitochondria is broken down into CO2, H O2 and
energy is released. This process is called Krebs cycle.
b) In the absence of oxygen, pyruvic acid breaks into ethyl alcohol or ethanol (2-carbon molecule), CO2 and
releases energy. It is called anaerobic respiration.
c) In lack (deficiency) of oxygen in muscles, pyruvic acid breaks into lactic acid (3-carbon molecule) and
energy, is released.
Respiration in plants occurs through stomata of leaves, through lenticels in older portions of stems and through
root hair in roots.
Modes of respiration in different animals
Different animals have different modes of respiration. For example:
(i) In simple unicellular animals like Amoeba, respiration takes place by the simple diffusion of gases through
the cell membrane. Most of the animals have, however, specific organs for respiration.
(ii) The animals like earthworms, which live in the soil, use their skin to absorb oxygen from air and remove
carbon dioxide. So, the respiratory organ in the earthworm is the skin
(iii) The aquatic animals like fish, prawns and mussels have gills as the respiratory organs which extract oxygen
dissolved in water and take away’ carbon dioxide from the body.
(iv) In the insects like grasshopper, cockroach, housefly and a mosquito, the tiny holes called aspirates on their
body and the air tubes called trachea are the respiratory organs.
(v) The respiratory organs of the land animals such as man (humans), birds, lizard, dog, and frog, etc., are the
lungs. (Frogs, however, breathe both by lungs and skin).

Difference between respiration in animals and plants

The respiration in plants differs from mat in animals in three respects:
1. All the parts of a plant (like root, stern and leaves) perform respiration individually. On the other hand, an
animal performs respiration as a single unit.
2. During respiration in plants, mere is a little transport of respiratory gases from one part of the plant to the
other. On the other hand, respiratory gases are usually travel more distances in animals.
3. Rate of respiration in plants is slower than in animals.
4. there is no special gas transport system in plants but Gases are transported by specialized blood vascular
system in animals.
5. Respiratory organ in plants are generally stomata in leaves, lenticels in stem and general surface of roots.
Respiratory organ in animals are generally lungs and gills.
All the respiratory organs (whether skin, gills, trachea or lungs) have three common features:
1. All the respiratory organs have a large surface area to get enough oxygen.
2. All the respiratory organs have thin walls for easy diffusion and exchange respiratory gases.
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3. All the respiratory organs like skin, gills and lungs have a rich blood supply transporting respiratory gases
(only in the tracheal system of respiration)
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Aerobic respiration
1. Aerobic respiration takes place in the presence of oxygen.
2. Complete breakdown of food occurs in aerobic respiration.
3. The end products in aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water.
4. Aerobic respiration produces a considerable amount of energy
Anaerobic respiration
1. Anaerobic respiration takes place in the absence of oxygen.
2. Partial breakdown of food occurs in anaerobic respiration.
3. The end products in anaerobic respiration may be ethanol and carbon dioxide (as in yeast plants), or lactic
acid (as in animal muscles).
4. Much less energy is produced in anaerobic respiration.

HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The Nose: The external part of the nose bears two nostrils separated by a cartilaginous septum. The hairs present
in the nostrils prevent large particles from entering the system. The inner lining of the nasal chambers
performs three functions:
i. It warms the air as it passes over.
ii. It adds moisture to the air.
iii. Its mucous secretion entraps harmful particles. So, always breathe through the nose and not through the
mouth.
The Pharynx: The nasal chambers open at the back into a wide cavity, the pharynx, situated at the back of the
mouth. Trachea opens in pharynx. Its opening in the pharynx called glottis and is guarded by a cartilaginous
flap called epiglottis The entrance to the trachea is guarded by epiglottis which closes it at the time of
swallowing food. Incomplete closure of epiglottis during swallowing causes cough.
The Larynx: The larynx or the voice-box is a hollow cartilaginous structure located at the start of the windpipe. The
larynx contains two ligamentous folds called vocal cords. By adjusting the distance between the two cords
and their tension by the means of attached muscles, a range of sounds can be produced.
The Trachea: The trachea or the windpipe emerges from the larynx down below in the neck where it is partly
covered by the thyroid gland. Its walls are strengthened by C-shaped rings of cartilage. The rings provide flexibility
and keep the trachea distended permanently.
The Bronchi: Close to the lungs, the trachea divides into two tubes, called the bronchi, which enter the respective
lungs. The major bronchi further divide into secondary bronchi which sub-divide into smaller tertiary bronchi
and finally into still smaller bronchioles. Each bronchiole divides into alveolar ducts which enter the alveolar
sacs. Bronchi and their branches give the appearance of a bunch of grapes. The alveolar sacs are also
called alveoli. It is closely surrounded by a network of blood capillaries.

11
The Lungs: The two lungs are roughly coned shaped, tapering at the top and broad at the bottom. The left lung
has two lobes, and the right lung has three. The left lung is slightly smaller to accommodate the heart in
between. Each lung is covered by two membranes—the inner pleura and the outer pleura with a watery fluid
(pleural fluid) in the pleural cavity found between the two membranes. This arrangement provides lubrication
for free movement of the expanding and the contracting lungs.

Breathing: Mechanism:
(a) Breathing in: When we breathe in or inhale, then two things happen at the same time-(i) the muscles
between the ribs contract causing the rib cage to move upward and outward, and (ii) the diaphragm
contracts and moves downward. The upward and outward movement of rib cage, as well the downward
movement of diaphragm, both increase the space in the chest cavity and make it larger. As the chest cavity
becomes larger, air is sucked in from the outside into the lungs. The lungs get filled up with air
(b) Breathing out: When we breathe out or exhale, even then two things happen at the same time—(i) the
muscles between the ribs relax causing the rib cage to move downward and inward, and (ii) the diaphragm
relaxes and moves upward. The downward and inward movement of the rib cage as well as the upward
movement of diaphragm both decrease the space in our chest cavity and make it smaller. As the chest cavity
becomes smaller, air is pushed out from the lungs.
Breathing occurs involuntarily, but the respiratory centre of the brain controls its rate. Under normal
conditions, rate of breathing is 15 to 18 times per minute. During vigorous exercise, the demand for oxygen
increase the rate by about 20 to 25 times.
Exchange of Gases in the tissues. Breathing is the first step in respiration. In the next step of respiration
exchange of gases occurs between the blood and the tissues. In the tissues, oxygen gets used up and
carbon dioxide is released. The blood which brings oxygen from the lungs and carries it to the tissues has
higher concentration of oxygen and lower concentration of carbon dioxide. Due to the difference in
concentration, the gases get exchanged between tissue and blood capillaries. The last step in respiration is
the oxidation of simple food molecules like glucose for release of energy. This occurs in the mitochondria in
the cells.

QUESTIONS
1. What is the compensation point?
Ans: The point reached in a plant when the rate of photosynthesis is equal to the rate of respiration. This
means that the carbon dioxide released from respiration is equivalent to that which is taken up during
photosynthesis. The compensation point is reached as light intensity increases.
2. Explain why, a land plant may die if its roots remain waterlogged for a long time.
Ans: A land plant may die if its roots remain waterlogged for a long time because too much water expels all
the air from in-between the soil particles. Due to this, oxygen is not available to the roots for aerobic
respiration. Under these conditions, the roots will respire anaerobically, producing alcohol. This may kill
the plant.
3. “All plants give out oxygen during day and carbon dioxide during night”. Do you agree with this statement?
Give reason.
Ans: This statement is not fully correct.
Photosynthesis occurs only during daytime. During this time oxygen is produced. Some oxygen is used
for respiration and rest of oxygen is diffused out into air. Carbon dioxide produced during daytime by
respiration is used in photosynthesis. But at night-time, no photosynthesis occurs and hence no oxygen
is produced oxygen from air diffuses into leaves to carry out respiration and carbon dioxide produced by
respiration diffuses out into air. Hence Respiration occurs day and night . Hence Carbon dioxide is
emitted all the time.
4. If a plant is releasing carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen during the day, does it mean that there is no
photosynthesis occurring? Justify your answer.
Ans: If a plant is releasing carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen during the day means plant is respiring; it
does not mean that there is no photosynthesis occurring in the plant. This is because Photosynthesis
and respiration are two independent processes.
5. Diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirement of multicellular organisms like human. State reason.
Answer: Due to higher metabolic rate and the volume of human body is so large that oxygen cannot diffuse
into all cells of the body quickly as oxygen will have to travel large distances to reach each cell. So
diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen demand of multicellular organisms.
6. What advantage a terrestrial animal has over an aquatic animal obtaining oxygen for respiration.
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 OR Why is there a difference in the rate of breathing between aquatic organisms and terrestrial
organisms?
Ans: Terrestrial organisms inspire atmospheric oxygen, while aquatic organisms thrive on the dissolved
oxygen present in water. Air contains about 21% of oxygen while water has less than 1% oxygen in
dissolved state. Oxygen diffuses through water at a much slower rate as compared to air. A terrestrial
organism has the advantage of utilizing greater amount of oxygen at a faster rate with lesser effort
whereas, aquatic organisms have to put more effort to obtain the same amount of oxygen, therefore
breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than the terrestrial organisms.
7. What is hemoglobin? State the consequences of its deficiency in our body.
Ans: Haemoglobin is a protein and the respiratory pigment found in red blood cells. The main
function of haemoglobin is to carry oxygen throughout our body. It also transports some amount of
carbon dioxide from different parts of the body to the lungs.
Deficiency of hemoglobin in the human body will result in anaemia. Hemoglobin is present in red blood
cells which carry oxygen to cells of the body. A decrease in its amount will result in a decrease in the
oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. The person may suffer from breathlessness and fatigue which may
be a symptom of anaemia.
8. Oxygen, mostly, is carried by a pigment in our blood whereas carbon dioxide is transported in dissolved form
in our blood. Give TWO reasons that make the above statement correct.
Ans: - Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen. Hence it is transported in dissolved form in our
blood. whereas Haemoglobin (the red pigment in RBC) has a very high affinity for oxygen.
9. What is the function of the respiratory system?
Ans:
• The respiratory system controls the exchange of gasses between the body and the atmosphere.
• Respiratory tract offers the passage for movement of oxygen to enter the blood while carbon dioxide
moves out of the blood.
10. How are oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged in our body during respiration?
Ans: Breathing is the first step in respiration. In the next step of respiration exchange of gases occurs
between the blood and the tissues. In the tissues, oxygen gets used up and carbon dioxide is released.
The blood which brings oxygen from the lungs and carries it to the tissues has higher concentration of
oxygen and lower concentration of carbon dioxide. Due to the difference in concentration, the gases get
exchanged between tissue and blood capillaries.
11. How are lungs designed in human beings to maximize the exchange of gases?
Ans:
• The lungs of human beings are designed in such a way that it maximizes the exchange of gases.
The human lungs contain millions of alveoli (air sacs).
• The presence of millions of alveoli in the lungs provides a large surface area for the exchange of gases.
• Alveoli are richly supplied by blood vessels.
• Alveoli has thin membrane for efficient exchange of gases.
12. Explain how, the air we breathe in gets cleaned while passing through the nasal passage.
Ans: The air we breathe in gets cleaned while passing through the nasal passage as the nasal passage
contains mucus and hair in it. The hair prevents the dust particles entering the respiratory tract and
mucus trap the fine dust particles entering our respiratory tract.
13. What is meant by residual volume of air in lungs? Give its two advantages.
Ans: The maximum volume of air remain in lung after forceful expiration is called residual volume During
breathing cycle, the residual volume of air in lungs provide the advantage as it prevents the lungs from
collapsing. Also, due to the presence of residual volume, there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed
and for the carbon dioxide to be released during breathing. In human lungs the residual volume is
approximately 1000ml-1200ml.
14. “ the breathing cycles is a rhythmic whereas exchange of gases is a continuous process”. Justify this
statement.
Ans: The breathing cycle involves inhalation and exhalation of air due to alternate expansion and
contraction of thoracic cavity. Thus, it is a rhythmic process. But exchange of gases is a continuous
process as it takes place between the blood and each cell, by diffusion.
15. list 4 conditions required for efficient gas exchange in an organism.
Ans: i ) Large surface area over which exchange of gases can take place easily.
ii) very fine and delicate surface for easy exchange of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide.

13
 iii) Placement of respiratory surface within the body for protection & hence special passages are
present so that the air can easily enter and exit.
iv) Mechanism for moving the air in & out of the respiratory surface where oxygen is absorbed.
16. Explain the process of respiration in fish.
Ans: Fish are the aquatic vertebrates which respire through structures called gills.
1) Gills are present on either side of the head and are supplied by rich blood vessels.
2) Fish obtain oxygen dissolved in water.
3) During respiration, water enters the body through mouth, passes through gills and comes out of the
operculum.
4) Exchange of gases takes place in the gills of fish supplied by numerous blood vessels.
5) They accept oxygen into the body and expel out carbon dioxide.
17. What type of respiration takes place in yeast & humans?
18. Name 1 organism which can live without oxygen?
19. Name 1 substance which formed in anaerobic but not in aerobic respiration.
20. Name the final products which formed in anaerobic respiration if it takes place in plant like yeast and in an
animal tissue. Name a substance whose build up in the muscles during vigorous physical exercise may cause
cramps?
21. Which part of roots is involved in the exchange of respiratory gases?
22. Name the process by which plant parts like roots, stem, and leaves get oxygen required for respiration.
23. Draw a diagram of the human respiratory system and label the following:
(i) The part where the air is filtered by fine hair and mucus.
(ii) The part that terminates in balloon-like structures.
(iii) Balloon-like structures where the exchange of gases takes place.
(iv) The part that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.
24. (i)Where does the blood absorb oxygen in the human body?
(ii)Name the red pigments which carries oxygen in blood.
(iii)Which gases are exchanged in your lungs?
(iv)Where in the lungs does gas exchange take place?
25. (a)What is the name of tiny air-sacs at the end of smallest bronchioles in the lungs.
(b)What is the other name of windpipe?
©What organs are attached to the two bronchi?
26. Why do the walls of trachea not collapse when there is less air in it?
27. The trachea divides into two tubes at its lower end. What is the name of these tubes?
28. Give fate of pyruvic acid if oxygen is (i) available (ii) lacked in animal (iii) absent in plants.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
There are three principal fluids in our body:
(i) Blood, contained in the heart and in the blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) of the circulatory
system.
(ii) Tissue fluid, occupying spaces between cells in the organs, and
(iii) Lymph, which is contained within lymph vessels and lymphatic organs such as spleen and tonsils.
[Non-circulating fluids: There are also some other fluids located organs such as synovial fluid filled in the
cavities of skeletal joints, aqueous humor in the eye, etc. They do not circulate.]
THE BLOOD
a. Never Stationary. Blood is always in circulation from the heart to the arteries and back through the
veins.
b. Colour. The blood is a somewhat thick fluid, bright red when taken from an artery or dark red when
taken from a vein.
c. Volume. An average adult person contains 5 to 6 litres of blood by volume in his body and about 8-10%
of the body mass.
d. Taste - salty. The blood is slightly alkaline with a pH of 7.3 to 7.45 (7 is neutral, neither acidic nor
alkaline).
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
The main functions of the blood in our body can be treated under two broad headings:
(A) Transport and (B) Protection.
A. TRANSPORT
1. Transport of digested food from the alimentary canal to the tissues.
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 2. Transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. It occurs by means of red blood cells in combination
with hemoglobin in the form of an unstable compound oxyhemoglobin, which on reaching the tissues
breaks, to deliver oxygen.
3. Transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. It occurs partly in combination with
hemoglobin and partly as solution in blood plasma.
4. Transport of excretory material from the tissues to the liver, kidney, or the skin for elimination or to
render them harmless.
5. Distribution of hormones secreted by special glands (endocrine glands) directly into the blood.
6. Distribution of heat. The blood helps in keeping the temperature of the body uniform by distributing heat.
B. PROTECTION
1. Blood forms a clot wherever there is a cut in a blood vessel. The clot serves to prevent (i) further loss of
blood and (ii) the entry of disease-causing germs.
2. Its white blood corpuscles protect the body from diseases by engulfing bacteria which may have entered
the body.
3. It produces antitoxins and antibodies which neutralize the poisonous substances or kill the germs which
enter the body.
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
The blood consists of (i) a fluid part or plasma and (ii) a cellular part or formed elements (corpuscles,
platelets). Formed elements constitute about 40-45 per cent of the blood while the plasma constitutes
the remaining 55-60 per cent
Plasma
The plasma is a light-yellow coloured, alkaline liquid. The approximate percentage of its main constituents are as
follows:
Water - 90-92% Proteins - 7-8%
Inorganic salts - 1% Other substances - traces
Plasma from which the protein fibrinogen has been removed is called serum.
Cellular Elements
A. Red blood cells (erythrocytes), B. White blood cells (leucocytes) C. Blood platelets (thrombocytes).

A. RED BLOOD CELLS (RBCs)

Red blood cells are also called erythrocytes (erythrocytes: red) hemoglobin is the protein inside RBC that carries
oxygen.
Haemoglobin has a very strong affinity for carbon monoxide forming a stable compound carboxyhemoglobin
(HbCO). This cuts down the capacity of the blood of transporting oxygen, sometimes resulting in death. For
example, carbon monoxide poisoning may cause death due to furnaces burning in small rooms without ventilation.
Life and death of RBCs
• The mature red blood cells have no nuclei, but when they are being produced, they have one. As they
mature, the nuclei are lost, i.e., they become enucleated.
• The average life of an RBC is about 120 days.
• In a normal adult, approximately 20,000,000 RBCs are destroyed every minute. In other words, about 1 per
cent of the total erythrocytes in the body are destroyed every day.
B. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBCs)
White bloods cells, or leucocytes, differ from red blood cells in having a nucleus and do not contain hemoglobin.
Their number is much less, usually about 4000-8000 per mm3 of blood. Most WBCs are amoeboid and can
produce pseudopodia with which they can squeeze through the walls of the capillaries into the tissues. Their
average life is about two weeks.
Functions of Leucocytes (WBCs)
1. Inflammation. Inflammation occurs due to the reaction of tissues to injury and to localized invasion of
germs. The inflamed spot has several characteristics: increased local heat, redness, swelling, pain, etc.
2. Formation of antibodies: The WBCs (specially the lymphocytes) produce antibodies which kill or neutralize
the germs, or the poisons from them.
C. BLOOD PLATELETS (Thrombocytes)
Blood platelets are minute oval or round structures floating in the blood. These are about 200,000 to 400,000 per
cu. mm. of blood in an adult. The platelets are derived from some giant cells in the red bone marrow. Their life span
is 3 to 5 days. They are very important in clotting blood.
The circulatory system consists of four chambered heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.
The tubes - Blood vessels
15
Human blood flows inside tubes called blood vessels. Blood vessels are of three types— arteries, veins and
capillaries.
Capillaries. They are very narrow blood vessels (4-10) m diameter) having a single layered wall, which farm
network inside body organs. Movement of blood is very slow (1 mm/sec) to provide time for exchange of materials.
The wall has very fine pores for exchanging substances between blood and tissue fluid.
Human Heart
The heart is a conical muscular double pump structure that brings about circulation of blood in the body. The
broader base is upwards while the narrow-pointed apex is downwards and tilted towards left. Heart is reddish in
colour with a size of our fist (12 cm length, 9 cm breadth) and a weight about 300 gm (250 gm in women). The
heart lies in the thoracic cavity in between the two lungs. The heart is covered by a narrow fluid filled membranous
sac called pericardium. It helps in frictionless movement as well as provides protection from stock. The heart is
completely partitioned into chambers to prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated bloods. There are four
chambers. Two upper or superior chambers are smaller and thin walled. They are called auricles or atria (singular
atrium). The other two lower or inferior chambers are larger and thick walled. They are called ventricles. The left
ventricle is larger and thicker walled. Deoxygenated blood from the whole body enters the right auricle through a
superior vena cava (from upper parts of the body), inferior vena cava (from middle and lower parts of the body) and
coronary sinus (from walls of the heart). Oxygenated blood is carried by pulmonary veins into the left auricle or
atrium. Both the auricles get filled up simultaneously. They contract together to pour their blood into their respective
ventricles. This causes relaxation of the two ventricles. A cardiac cycle consisting of one filling and emptying of the
chambers of the heart is of 0.8 sec duration. It consists of an auricular systole, ventricular systole, and joint
diastole. Backward flow of blood is prevented by valves.

The partitions between the right and left sides of the heart are useful in separating oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood. The mechanism provides an efficient supply of oxygen to all body parts. This occurs in animals having high
energy needs like birds and mammals. They spend a lot of extra energy for keeping the body temperature constant
in reptiles and amphibians, the energy needs are lesser as the body temperature varies with the temperature of the
environment. Their heart is 3-chambered. Mixing of operated and deoxygenated bloods occurs in them. The heart
is 2-chambered in fishes. Fish heart pumps only venous blood. It is oxygenated in gills from where blood flows to
the rest of the body.
Heartbeat
Rhythmic expansion and contraction of the heart is called heart beat the expansion is called diastole while the
contraction is known as systole. The auricles and the ventricles undergo diastole and systole separately being
forceful only ventricular contraction and expansion constitute the heartbeat. The rate of heartbeat is 70-72/min in
adult human male and 80/min in adult females. It increases with excitement and physical exercise. Heartbeat is
listened to with the help of stethoscope. There is a low-pitched sound of longer duration called lubb and a high-
pitched sound of shorter duration known as dup. Lubb is produced on the simultaneous closure of atrioventricular
valves (bicuspid and tricuspid valves) while dup is produced on the simultaneous closure of lunar valves (aortic and
pulmonary valves).
It is repeated throbs felt in a superficial artery like radial artery over the wrist below the base of the thumb. The
throb is due to forceful pumping of blood into arteries during ventricular systole. Pulse can be felt by placing the
thumb over the radial artery. Number of throbs per minute is counted. It is pulse rate. Pulse rate is equal to rate of
heartbeat.
Double Circulation

16
It is passage of the same blood twice through the heart first on the right side, then on the left side to complete one
cycle. Double circulation has two components, pulmonary circulation, and systemic circulation.
(i) Pulmonary Circulation. It is the movement of blood from the heart to the lungs and back.
Deoxygenated blood of the body enters the right auricle, passes into the right ventricle which pumps it
into pulmonary arch. With the help of two separate pulmonary arteries the blood passes into the lungs.
Here, it is oxygenated. Oxygenated blood comes back to the left auricle of heart through four through
four pulmonary veins, two from each lung.
(ii) Systemic Circulation. It is the circulation of blood between the heart and different parts of the body
except lungs. Oxygenated blood received by left auricle passes into left ventricle. The left ventricle
pumps it into an aorta to supply different body parts including walls of the heart by means of arteries.
Inside the organs the blood loses oxygen and nutrients. It picks up carbon dioxide and waste products.
This deoxygenated blood is drained by veins and sent to the right auricle of heart.

Diagram showing double circulation.

Importance. Double circulation ensures quick and efficient supply of oxygenated blood to all body parts for
meeting the higher energy needs and for thermoregulation of the body in mammals and birds. It supplies the
whole deoxygenated blood directly to lungs for quicker oxygenation.
Heartbeat and Cardiac Cycle
The working of the heart includes rhythmic contractions (systole) and relaxations (diastole) of Cardiac cycle
is one complete heartbeat which includes one systole and one diastole.
Blood Pressure
The pressure exerted by the blood discharged due to contraction of left ventricle on the wall of blood vessels
is called blood pressure.
1. Systolic pressure (120 mm of Hg) is exerted during ventricular contraction (ventricular systole).
2. Diastolic pressure (80 mm of Hg) is exerted during relaxation of ventricle (ventricular diastole).

Hypertension
When there is an increase in the blood pressure in the arteries, the condition is known as hypertension. The
systolic pressure reaches to 140 and the diastolic pressure reaches to 90.
There are many causes which can result in the development of hypertension. The causes are stress,
obesity, smoking, kidney problems, thyroid problems, genetic problems and an increase in the soil intake.

Artery Veins
a. Direction or Flow. It carries blood from It brings blood from an organ towards the
heart to an organ. heart.
b. Speed. Blood flow is rapid in artery.
c. Jerks. Blood flows with jerks. Blood flow is slow in vein.
d. Pressure. Blood flows under pressure Blood flows smoothly.
e. Internal Valves. They are absent. There is a little pressure.
f. Wall. It is thick and elastic. Internal valves are present to prevent back
g. Lumen. Narrow. flow.
h. Type of Blood. Arteries carry oxygenated It is comparatively thinner and little elastic.
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blood except pulmonary arteries. Wide.
i. Occurrence. It is deep seated. Veins carry deoxygenated blood except
j. Collapsibility. Arteries are not collapsible. pulmonary veins.
h. after Death. It does not contain blood after
death. It is superficial.
Vein is collapsible.
Vein is full of blood even after death.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Lymph is also a circulatory fluid that drains into lymphatic capillaries, which join to form large lymph vessels. It is a
colourless fluid white blood cell, which bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the
bloodstream.
Lymph is a light-yellow fluid containing lymphocyte cells, which fight against infection. Lymph flows only in one
direction, that is from tissues to heart. As it bathes the cells and lies outside cells, lymph is also called extracellular
fluid. Lymph returns proteins and fluid from circulation to tissues. Lymph also carries digested fat.
Tissue fluid itself is blood plasma filtered out of the blood capillaries. Lymph does not contain RBCs and blood
platelets. Leucocytes count is low but the lymphocyte content is quite high due to passage of lymph through lymph
nodes.
movement of lymph from the intercellular spaces to the main circulatory system.
intercellular spaces --> lymphatic capillaries --> lymph vessels --> larger veins
Functions of Lymph
1. It puts into circulation large protein molecules by carrying them from the tissues into the blood stream. It
carries digested fat for the nutritive process.
2. Lymph products the body by killing the germs.
3. It helps in removing waste products like fragments of dead cells etc.
Tissue fluid. The liquid from the blood which is forced out through capillary walls and moves between all the body
cells is called tissue fluid.

18
 QUESTIONS
Transportation in plants
1. How are water and minerals transported in plants?
Ans. Ascent of sap. Water and minerals are transported in plants through xylem which consists of
tracheids and vessels. In xylem tissue, vessels and tracheids of the roots, stems and leaves are
interconnected to form a continuous system of water-conducting channels reaching all parts of the plant at
the roots, cells in contact with the soil actively take up ions. This creates a difference in the concentration of
these ions between the root and the soil. Water, therefore, moves into the root from the soil to eliminate this
difference. This means that there is steady movement of water into root xylem, creating a ‘column of water
that is steadily pushed upwards.

transpiration pull: Provided that the plant has an adequate supply of water, the water which is lost through
the stomata is replaced by water from the xylem vessels in the leaf. In fact, evaporation of water molecules
from the cells of a leaf creates suction which pulls water from the xylem cells of roots. The loss of water in
the form of vapor from the aerial parts of the plant is known as transpiration.
Thus, transpiration helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from
roots to the leaves. It also helps with temperature regulation. The effect of root pressure in transport of water
is more important at night. During the day when the stomata are open, the transpiration pull becomes the
major driving force in the movement of water in the xylem.
2. How is food transported to plants?

19
 Ans. Food is transported in plants through phloem which consists of sieve tubes, sieve cells &
companion cells. This transport of soluble products of photosynthesis is called translocation; and it occurs in
the part of the vascular tissue known as phloem. Besides the products of photosynthesis, the phloem
transports amino acids and other substances. These substances are especially delivered to the storage
organs of roots, fruits and seeds and to growing organs. The translocation of food and other substances
takes place in the sieve tubes with the help of adjacent companion cells both in upward and downward
directions.
The translocation in phloem is achieved by utilizing energy. Material like sucrose is transferred into phloem
tissue using energy from ATP. This increases the osmotic pressure of the tissue causing water to move into
it. This pressure moves the materials in the phloem to tissues which have less pressure. This allows the
phloem to move material according to the plant’s needs. For example, in the spring, sugar stored in root or
stem tissue would be transported to the buds which need energy to grow.
3. What happens if conducting tubes of circulatory system develops a leak?
Ans: Leakage in the conducting tubes circulatory system would lead to a loss of pressure which would reduce
the efficiency of the pumping system. After a leak the number of platelets would increase, minimizing the
leakage by clotting of blood. The problem is that if the person doesn’t develop with a blood clot, then the
medical care is required, otherwise this can lead to death.
4. How is lymph, an important fluid involved in transportation? If lymphatic vessels get blocked, how would it affect
the human body?
Ans: Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from the intestine and drains excess fluid from extracellular
space back into the blood. Blockage of lymphatic system will lead to water retention and poor fat absorption in
the body.
5. Why do veins have thin walls as compared to arteries?
Ans: It is because arteries carry blood from the heart. They can withstand pressure because of their thick walls.
Veins have thin walls due to the low pressure.
6. Why do plants use a relatively slow transport system?
Ans: Their transport system is slow compared to that of other species as the majority of plant cells are dead
and they don't possess any pumping machinery such as the heart. In addition, they are non-motile organisms
and thus do not have a high energy requirement.

Answer the following:

1. (i)Name the organs of the circulatory system in humans.
(ii)Which organ acts as a pump in the circulatory system?
2. Veins and arteries carry blood. Which of these carry blood.
(a) away from the heart? (b) back to the heart?
3. (i)Where does blood absorb oxygen?
(ii)What stops blood from flowing backwards through the heart?
(iii)What are the upper parts of the heart called?
(v)What are the lower parts of the heart called?
4. What is the name of blood vessels which connect arteries to veins?
(a) Which side of the heart pumps blood into the lungs?
(b) Which side of the heart pumps blood into the entire body (except the lungs)?
5. (i)Name the largest artery in our body.
(ii)What is the meaning of the term ‘double circulation’?
6. (i)Name two liquids Which help in the transport of substances in the human body.
(ii)What is the other name of main vein?
7. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?
8. How many chambers are there in the heart of:
(i) an amphibian, (ii) a mammal, and (iii) a fish?
9. (i)What is the liquid part of the blood called? What is the function of platelets in the blood?
(ii)State the functions of blood in our body.
(iii)Name the red pigment which carries oxygen in blood.
10. What is blood pressure? What are the two factors used to express the blood pressure of a person?
11. Name one animal having single circulation of blood and another having double circulation.
12. What is meant by saying that the blood pressure of a person is 120/80.
13. Which animal can tolerate mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood streams? On what factor does
the body temperature of these animals depend?

20
 14. Name the device used to measure bloop pressure.
15. (i)Name the two kinds of cells in xylem.
(ii)Phloem contains two types of cells joined side by side. Name these two types of cells.
16. (a)What is transpiration?
(b)What do you mean by ‘translocation’ with respect to transport in plants?
(c)Which plant tissue is involved in translocation: xylem or phloem?
(d)Name the conducting tissue in plants which is made of: (i) living cells (ii) dead cells.
17. Name the site of exchange of materials between the blood and surrounding cells.
18. Two major forces help in the transport of water in a plant. Force A is the driving force in the movement of
water during the day, whereas force B helps the movement of water in a plant during the night or during the
day when humidity is very high.
(a) Identify force A and force B.
(b) Describe how each of these forces helps in the movement of water in a plant.
19. Given below is a table representing the characteristics of two fluids involved in the transportation of
substances in the human body.

(a) Identify fluid A and fluid B.

(b) With the help of a flow chart, describe the movement of fluid A from the intercellular spaces to the main
circulatory system.
(c) What role does fluid A play in the digestion of food in humans?

EXCRETION
Excretion is the elimination of metabolic waste from the body. Waste products are unwanted and often toxic
byproducts of metabolism, e.g., urea, uric acid, ammonia, bile pigments, excess salts, etc. Removal of waste
products maintains a favorable internal environment in the body. A process related to excretion is osmoregulation.
Osmoregulation is regulating osmotic pressure of body fluids by controlling the amount of water and salts in the
body, retaining the latter in case of deficiency, and eliminating the same if in excess. The excretory system is a
system of organs and tissues that take part in separation, collection and voiding of waste products. Egestion is not
excretion as it involves expulsion of only indigestible or left-over part of the food.
Excretion in Unicellular Organisms
Specific excretory organs are absent in unicellular organisms. Waste products (e.g., Ammonia, CO2) generally pass
out from the surface of the body into surrounding water by simple diffusion. Fresh water unicellular forms also
possess an osmoregulatory organelle called contractile vacuole, e.g., Amoeba, Paramecium, Contractile vacuole
collects water and some wastes from the body, swells up (undergoes diastole), reaches the surface and bursts
(undergoes systole) to release its contents to the outside. Osmoregulation is required in freshwater forms as
outside fresh water tends to enter their bodies due to higher internal osmotic concentration.
Excretion in Multicellular Organisms
Sponges and coelenterate do not have specific excretory organs as water bathes almost all their cells. Excretory
structures appear for the first time in flatworms (Platyhelminthes). They are flame cells. Nephridia are excretory
organs of annelids, green glands in crustaceans, Malpighian tubules in insects, and kidneys in mollusks. Kidneys
form a urinary system in vertebrates. Some accessory excretory organs of vertebrates including human beings are
skin, lungs, liver and large intestine.
Excretion in Human beings
In human beings’ excretion mainly occurs through the urinary system. The urinary or excretory system consists of a
pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra.
1. Kidneys. They are a pair of reddish brown, solid, bean-shaped structures which lie in the abdominal
cavity attached to dorsal body wall one on either side of vertebral column. The left kidney lies at a
slightly higher level and near the middle than the right one. The size is 10 cm in length, 5.6 cm in
breadth and 4 cm in thickness. Renal artery brings oxygenated blood loaded with waste products.
Renal vein carries deoxygenated blood from which waste products have been removed. Structural and
functional units of filtration of kidneys are nephrons. About 1 million nephrons occur in each kidney.
2. Ureters. They are a pair of whitish narrow distensible muscular tubes of about 30 cm length. Each
ureter arises from a part of the kidney. It moves downwardly and opens obliquely into the urinary

21
 bladder. Ureters carry urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder. The passage of urine in the ureter
occurs through peristalsis.
3. Urinary Bladder. It is a pear-shaped distensible sac that occurs in the pelvic part of abdomen. It stores
urine brought by the two ureters. The storage capacity is 300-800 ml.
4. Urethra. It is a tube that takes urine from the urinary bladder to outside. The opening of urinary bladder into
urethra is guarded by a ring of muscles or sphincter. Urethra is 4 cm long in females and about 20 cm long in
males. It’s opening is separate in females but is common with reproductive tract in ma

The human excretory system Urine formation

How is urine formed.

Ultrafiltration: The dirty blood containing waste like urea (brought by renal artery) enters the glomerulus (see
Figure). The glomerulus filters this blood, during filtration, the substances like glucose, amino acids, salts, water
and urea, etc., present in the blood pass into Bowman’s capsule and then enter the tubule of nephron.
Reabsorption: When the filtrate containing useful substances as well as the waste substances passes through the
tubule, then the useful substances like all glucose, all amino acids, most salts, and most water, etc., are
reabsorbed into the blood through blood capillaries surrounding the tubule. Only the waste substances urea, some
unwanted salts and excess water remain behind in the tubule.
Tubular secretion: The liquid left behind in the tubule of nephron is urine. The nephron carries this urine into the
collecting duct of the kidney from where it is sent to ureter.
From the ureter urine passes into urinary bladder. Urine is stored in the bladder for some time and ultimately
passes out of the body through urethra. Please note that human urine contains water, some salts and nitrogenous
substances, most of which is urea (and some uric acid).

Functions of Kidneys/Urinary or Excretory System

1. Waste Products and Excess Materials (Excretion) . Elimination of excess water-soluble vitamins, drugs
and other substances. Excretion of nitrogenous and other waste products.
2. Water & ion Balance (osmoregulation). Maintenance of water balance in the body by producing dilute
urine in excess when water intake is high and concentrated urine in case of lesser water intake or excessive
sweating. Elimination of excess water soluble vitamins , drugs & other salts.
Excretion in plants
22
Plants do not have any mechanism to collect, transport and throw out their waste products. Plants have no special
organs for the removal of waste. The excretory products in plants are eliminated from the plant body by different
mechanisms. The waste products of respiration and photosynthesis are used as raw materials for each other.
Oxygen gas produced as a by-product of photosynthesis is used up during respiration and carbon dioxide produced
during respiration is used up during photosynthesis.
Excretion is carried out in the plants in the following ways:
1. The gaseous wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor are removed through the stomata of leaves
and lenticels of stems.
2. Some waste products collect in the leaves and bark of trees. When the leaves and bark are shed, the
wastes are eliminated.
3. Some waste products are rendered harmless and then stored in the plant body as solid bodies. Raphides,
tannins, resins, gum, rubber, and essential oils are some such wastes.
4. The oil produced from orange, eucalyptus, and jasmine, latex from the rubber tree, papaya tree, and gums
from acacia, are different forms of stored waste products. Sometimes these products are even excreted
into the soil.

1. How is the amount of urine produced regulated.

Ans: The amount of urine is regulated by kidney. It depends on the quantity of excess water and wastes dissolved
in water.
(i) Quantity of water: When water is abundant in the body tissues, large quantities of dilute urine is excreted out.
When water is less in quantity in the body tissues, a small quantity of concentrate urine is excreted.
(ii) Quantity of dissolved wastes: Dissolved wastes, especially nitrogenous wastes, like urea and uric acid and salts
are excreted from the body. When there is more quantity of dissolved wastes in the body, more quantity of water is
required to excrete them. Therefore, the amount of urine produced increases.
(iii) Hormones: The amount of urine produced is also regulated by certain hormones (ADH Anti diuretic hormone)
which control the movement of water and Na+ ions in and out of the nephrons.

Questions
1. Name the excretory unit of a kidney.
2. Where is urine carried through ureters?
3. What is urethra?
4. What happens to the glucose which enters the nephron tubule along with the filtrate?
5. What is the role of glomerulus in the kidney?
6. Name the two waste products of the human body which are produced in the body cells.
7. What does the bladder in our body do?
8. Give functions of human kidney.

23
9. What is the name of the tube which connects the kidneys to bladder?
10. Where is the dirty blood in our body filtered?
11. What are the main organs of the excretory system of our body?
12. How are waste products excreted in Amoeba?
13. What gaseous products are excreted by plants.
14. Name 2 parts of a plant through which gaseous waste products are released into the air.
15. Name the substances other than water, that are reabsorbed during urine formation. What are the two
parameters that decide the amount of water that is reabsorbed in the kidney?
16. The given figure represents a single nephron from a mammalian kidney. Identify the labelled parts,
match them with the functions (i-iv) and select the correct option.
(i) The site of ultrafiltration.
(ii) Particularly sensitive to ADH.
(iii) The main site for the re-absorption of glucose and amino acids.
(iv) Largely responsible for the maintenance of blood pH.

24
 MCQ 8. A few drops of iodine solution were added to
1. Which of the following statements about the rice water. The solution turned blue-black in
autotrophs is incorrect? colour. This indicates that rice water
(a) They synthesise carbohydrates from contains
carbon dioxide and water in the presence of (a) complex proteins (b) simple proteins
sunlight and chlorophyll (c) fats (d) starch
(b) They store carbohydrates in the form of 9. In which part of the alimentary canal food is
starch finally digested?
(c) They convert carbon dioxide and water (a) Stomach (b) Mouth cavity
into carbohydrates in the absence of (c) Large intestine (d) Small intestine
sunlight 10. Choose the function of the pancreatic juice
(d) They constitute the first trophic level in from the following
food chains (a) trypsin digests proteins and lipase
2. In which of the following groups of carbohydrates
organisms, food material is broken down (b) trypsin digests emulsified fats and lipase
outside the body and absorbed? proteins
(a) Mushroom, green plants, Amoeba (c) trypsin and lipase digest fats
(b) Yeast, mushroom, bread mould (d) trypsin digests proteins and lipase
(c) Paramecium, Amoeba, Cuscuta emulsified fats
(d) Cuscuta, lice, tapeworm 11. During respiration exchange of gases take
3. Select the correct statement place in
(a) Heterotrophs do not synthesise their own (a) trachea and larynx
food (b) alveoli of lungs
(b) Heterotrophs utilise solar energy for (c) alveoli and throat
photosynthesis (d) throat and larynx
(c) Heterotrophs synthesise their own food 12. The correct sequence of anaerobic reactions
(d) Heterotrophs can convert carbon dioxide in yeast is
and water into carbohydrates
4. Which is the correct sequence of parts in
human alimentary canal?
(a) Mouth → stomach → small intestine →
oesophagus → large intestine
(b) Mouth →oesophagus → stomach →
large intestine → small intestine 13. Which of the following is most appropriate
(c) Mouth → stomach → oesophagus → for aerobic respiration?
small intestine → large intestine
(d) Mouth → oesophagus → stomach →
small intestine → large intestine
5. If salivary amylase is lacking in the saliva,
which of the following events in the mouth
cavity will be affected?
(a) Proteins breaking down into amino acids 14. Which of the following statement(s) is (are)
(b) Starch breaking down into sugars true about respiration?
(c) Fats breaking down into fatty acids and (i) During inhalation, ribs move inward and
glycerol diaphragm is raised
(d) Absorption of vitamins (ii) In the alveoli, exchange of gases takes
6. The inner lining of stomach is protected by place i.e., oxygen from alveolar air diffuses
one of the following from hydrochloric acid. into blood and carbon dioxide from blood
Choose the correct one into alveolar air
(a) Pepsin (b) Mucus (iii) Haemoglobin has greater affinity for
(c) Salivary amylase (d) Bile carbon dioxide than oxygen
7. Which part of alimentary canal receives bile (iv) Alveoli increase surface area for
from the liver? exchange of gases
(a) Stomach (b) Small intestine (a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) Large intestine (d) Oesophagus (c) (i) and (iii) (d) (ii) and (iv)

25
15. Which is the correct sequence of air pressure and carry blood away from the
passage during inhalation? heart to different parts of the body.
(a) Nostrils → larynx → pharynx → trachea 20. Oxygen liberated during photosynthesis
→ lungs comes from
(b) Nasal passage → trachea → pharynx → (a) water (b) chlorophyll
larynx → alveoli (c) carbon dioxide (d) glucose
(c) larynx → nostrils → pharynx → lungs 21. The blood leaving the tissues becomes
(d) Nostrils → pharynx → larynx → trachea richer in
→ alveoli (a) carbon dioxide (b) water
16. Which of the following statement (s) is (are) (c) haemoglobin (d) oxygen
true about heart? 22. Which of the following is an incorrect
(i) Left atrium receives oxygenated blood statement?
from different parts of body while right (a) Organisms grow with time
atrium receives deoxygenated blood from (b) Organisms must repair and maintain
lungs their structure
(ii) Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to (c) Movement of molecules does not take
different body parts while right ventricle place among cells
pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs (d) Energy is essential for life processes
(iii) Left atrium transfers oxygenated blood 23. The internal (cellular) energy reserve in
to right ventricle which sends it to different autotrophs is
body parts (a) glycogen (b) protein
(iv) Right atrium receives deoxygenated (c) starch (d) fatty acid
blood from different parts of the body while 24. Choose the event that does not occur in
left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to photosynthesis
different parts of the body (a) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
(a) (i) (b) (ii) (b) Reduction of carbon dioxide to
(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iii) carbohydrates
17. What prevents backflow of blood inside the (c) Oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide
heart during contraction? (d) Conversion of light energy to chemical
(a) Valves in heart energy
(b) Thick muscular walls of ventricles 25. The opening and closing of the stomatal
(c) Thin walls of atria pore depends upon
(d) All of the above (a) oxygen
18. In which of the following vertebrate (b) temperature
group/groups, heart does not pump (c) water in guard cells
oxygenated blood to different parts of the (d) concentration of CO2 in stomata
body? 26. Choose the forms in which most plants
(a) Pisces and amphibians absorb nitrogen
(b) Amphibians and reptiles (i) Proteins
(c) Amphibians only (ii) Nitrates and Nitrites
(d) Pisces only (iii) Urea
19. Choose the correct statement that describes (iv) Atmospheric nitrogen
arteries. (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(a) They have thick elastic walls, blood flows (c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
under high pressure; collect blood from 27. Which is the first enzyme to mix with food in
different organs and bring it back to the the digestive tract?
heart (a) Pepsin (b) Cellulase
(b) They have thin walls with valves inside, (c) Amylase (d) Trypsin
blood flows under low pressure and carry 28. Which of the following statement(s) is (are)
blood away from the heart to various organs correct?
of the body (i) Pyruvate can be converted into ethanol
(c) They have thick elastic walls, blood flows and carbon dioxide by yeast
under low pressure; carry blood from the (ii) Fermentation takes place in aerobic
heart to various organs of the body bacteria
(d) They have thick elastic walls without (iii) Fermentation takes place in
valves inside, blood flows under high mitochondria

26
 (iv) Fermentation is a form of anaerobic (d) Molecular process
respiration 37. The reason for single cell diffusion
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iv) inefficiency in multicellular organism is
(c) (i) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii) (a) Cell diffusion is a complex process
29. Lack of oxygen in muscles often leads to (b) Big size and complex body designs
cramps among cricketers. These results due (c) Cell diffusion requires lots of time
to (d) Cell diffusion is rather a simple process to be
(a) conversion of pyruvate to ethanol carried out in multi cell organism.
(b) conversion of pyruvate to glucose 38. In multi-cellular organisms, various body
(c) non conversion of glucose to pyruvate parts have specialized in the functions they
(d) conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid perform with the help of:
30. Choose the correct path of urine in our body (a) Specialized cells
(a) kidney → ureter → urethra → urinary (b) Multiple organs
bladder (c) Multiple structure
(b) kidney → urinary bladder → urethra → (d) Specialized tissues
ureter 39. Choose the incorrect statement:
(c) kidney → ureters → urinary bladder → (a) We don’t need energy while not doing any
urethra activity
(d) urinary bladder → kidney → ureter → (b) We release energy and feel tired while
urethra doing various activities
31. During deficiency of oxygen in tissues of (c) Energy is needed to maintain the state of
human beings, pyruvic acid is converted body
into lactic acid in the (d) Our body need to synthesize protein to
(a) cytoplasm (b) chloroplast develop
(c) mitochondria (d) Golgi body 40. Organisms which use simple food material
32. Sphincter muscles are present at the exit obtained from inorganic sources in the form of
of: carbon dioxide and water are:
(a)Stomach and small intestine (a) Single cell organism
(b)Stomach and anus (b) Multi cell organism
(c)Small intestine and large intestine (c) Virus
(d)Oesophagus and stomach (d) Autotrophs
33. To differentiate a living from non-living the 41. Autotrophic organism requires ..--- for their
movement of .......... is needed. survival.
(a) Molecular structure (a) only carbon dioxide
(b) Non-static movement (b) water and sunlight
(c) In organic structure (c) both (a) and (b)
(d) Movement (d) None of the Above
34. Life process involves: 42. The process by which autotrophic organism
(a) Continuous process of maintaining fulfill their energy requirement is known as
functions of living organism. (a) Respiration (b) Transpiration
(b) All the activities being performed (c) Photosynthesis (d) Excretion
during life cycle of an organism. 43. Autotrophic organism converts of carbon
(c) Generation of energy for the purpose dioxide and water into carbohydrates in the
of metabolism. presence of
(d) Differs from individual to individual. (a) Sunlight and carbon dioxide
35. Those reactions which are most common (b) Sunlight and chlorophyll
chemical means to break-down molecules are: (c) Carbon dioxide and Nitrogen
(a) Oxidizing-reducing reactions (d) Chlorophyll and carbon dioxide
(b) Hibernation 44. Following form of energy acts as internal
(c) Chemical reaction energy reserve for plants
(d) Needed for well being (a) Protein (b) Carbohydrates
36. The process of break-down of food sources (c) Starch (d) Fructose
for cellular needs is known as 45. Human body stores energy in form of:
(a) Respiration (a) Glucose (b) Insulin
(b) Molecular breakup (c) glycogen (d) Fructose
(c) Excretion 46. The exchange of gases in plants can be

27
 done through 58. Identify the secretion inside the stomach
(a) Surface of plant (b) Roots which helps to protect the inner lining of
(c) Leaves (d) All of the above stomach from the action of acid
47. The purpose of closing the pores by the (a) Mucus (b) Hydrochloric acid
plants when it doesn’t need photosynthesis is (c) Digestive juices (d) Enzymes
(a) To save the water 59. The function of sphincter muscle is to
(b) To save energy (a) Regulate digestive process
(c) To save food (b) Improves digestion
(d) None of the above (c) Release digestive juices
48. The opening and closing of the leaf pores is (d) Regulate exit of food
a function of the 60. The .......... delivers the digestive juice to the
(a) Guard cells (b) Stomata small intestine through small tubes called
(c) Chloroplast (d) Vascular bundle ducts.
49. The reason for swelling of guard cell is due (a) Stomach (b) Pancreas
to the presence of (c) Large intestine (d) Anus
(a) Sunlight (b) Food 61. The longest part of alimentary canal in
(c) Water (d) Carbon dioxide human body is
50. Atmospheric nitrogen is converted into (a) Small intestine
organic matter by with plant with the help of (b) Large intestine
(a) Bacteria (b) Organic compounds (c) Food pipe
(c) Air born viruses (d) Fertilizers (d) None of the above
51. Each organism is adapted to its 62. Which body organ is responsible for the
environment, the type of nutrition taken by complete digestion of carbohydrates, fats
them depends on and protein?
(a) Environment (a) Stomach (b) Large intestine
(b) Availability of food (c) Liver (d) Small intestine
(c) How it is obtained by the organism 63. The food coming from the stomach is …
(d) All of the above (a) Alkaline (b) Acidic
52. Organism who breaks down the food (c) Neutral (d) None of these
outside 64. The inner lining of the .......... has numerous
their body are finger-like projections called villi which
(a) Fungi (b) Virus increase the surface area for absorption.
(c) Tape worm (d) None of the (a) small intestine (b) large intestine
above (c) stomach (d) pancreas
53. Organisms which derive nutrition from 65. This process of break-down of glucose, a
plants or animals without killing them are six-carbon molecule, into a three-carbon
(a) Ticks (b) Yeast molecule pyruvate, takes place in
(c) Mushroom (d) Fungi (a) Cytoplasm (b) Mitochondria
54. Single cell organism take food by their (c) Golgi bodies (d) Endoplasmic reticulum
(a) Entire surface 66. What is “Fermentation”?
(b) Food vacuole (a) The process of break-down of glucose, a six-
(c) Nucleus carbon molecule, into a 3-carbon molecule pyruvate.
(d) Pseudopodia (b) The breakdown of organic substances by
55. The broken-down food into simpler form in organisms to release energy in the absence of
amoeba is diffused into oxygen.
(a) Cytoplasm (b) Ribosome (c) The breakdown of organic substances by
(c) DNA (d) Mesosome organisms to release energy in the presence of
56. The enzyme that break down starch into oxygen.
simpler form is known as (d) None of the above
(a) Salivary amylase (b) Lipase 67. Breakdown of pyruvate using oxygen takes
(c) Maltase (d) Trypsin place in the
57. The digestion in stomach is taken care by (a) Cytoplasm (b) Mitochondria
the ….which is present in the wall of the (c) Golgi bodies (d) Endoplasmic
stomach. reticulum
(a) Gastric glands (b) Digestive juices 68. What causes cramps in our muscles during
(c) Salivary amylase (d) Lipase sudden activity?

28
 (a) The pyruvate gets converted into lactic (d) Pulmonary artery
acid to release of energy. 77. In higher vertebrates, systemic circulation
(b) The pyruvate gets converted into carbon takes place between .......... .
dioxide to release of energy. (a) body parts and lungs
(c) The pyruvate gets converted into (b) body parts and heart
ethanol to release of energy. (c) heart and body parts
(d) The pyruvate gets converted into (d) lungs and heart
glucose to release of energy. 78. Contraction of auricles of the heart is called
69. Pyruvate is a- (a) Systole (b) Diastole
(a) three-carbon molecule (c) Heart beat (d) Hypertension
(b) four-carbon molecule 79. Amphibians or many reptiles have ......
(c) five-carbon molecule hearts.
(d) six-carbon molecule (a) two-chambered (b) three-chambered
70. During the process of respiration in plants, (c) four-chambered (d) five-chambered
the direction of diffusion of oxygen and carbon 80. Arteries are the vessels which carry blood
dioxide depends upon away from the
(a) the environmental conditions (a) Various body parts to the heart
(b) the requirements of the plant (b) Heart to various organs of the body
(c) both (a) and (b) (c) Heart to lungs
(d) none of these (d) Lungs to heart
71. The rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is 81. The pulmonary artery arises from the ----
much faster than that seen in terrestrial (a) right auricle (b) left auricle
organisms, because- (c) left ventricle (d) right ventricle
(a) the amount of dissolved oxygen in water is 82. The reptile having 4 chambered heart:
fairly high as compared to the amount of oxygen (a) Snake (b) Turtle
in the air. (c) Lizard (d) Crocodile
(b) the amount of dissolved oxygen in water is 83. The water which is lost through the stomata
fairly low as compared to the amount of oxygen is replaced by
in the air. (a) water from the xylem vessels in the leaf
(c) aquatic organisms need more oxygen to (b) water from the phloem vessels in the leaf
breath. (c) water from the veins in the leaf
(d) aquatic organisms do not have proper (d) none of the above
organs for breathing. 84. The effect of root pressure in transport of
72. .......... helps in preventing the collapse of water is more important at
the air passage during breathing. (a) day time (b) night time
(a) Nostrils (b) Mucus (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these
(c) Lungs (d) Rings of cartilage 85. Transpiration helps :
73. What type of tissue is blood? (a) in the absorption
(a) muscle tissue (b) nervous tissue (b) in the upward movement of water minerals
(c) fluid connective tissue (d) epithelial tissue dissolved in it from roots to the leaves
74. Blood consists of a fluid medium called (c) in temperature regulation
.......... in which the cells are suspended. (d) All of the above
(a) Plasma (b) RBCs 86. Which process is shown by the following
(c) Platelets (d) WBCs picture?
75. The function of valves present in auricles
and ventricles is-
(a) It ensures that the blood flows only in
one direction.
(b) Helps in coagulation of blood
(c) Destroy the worn-out blood cells
(d) Measure pressure of body fluids
76. The vein which brings clean blood from the
lungs into the heart is known as:
(a) Pulmonary vein
(b) Hepatic vein
(c) Superior vena cava

29
(a) Movement of food during photosynthesis in a below. Arrows indicate contraction of the
tree chambers shown.
(b) Movement of water during transpiration in a tree
(c) Movement of minerals during in a tree
(d) Movement of carbon dioxide during in a tree
87. Trans location is the process in which plants
deliver:
(a) minerals from leaves to other parts of the
plant
(b) plant growth hormones from leaves to
other parts of the plant
(c) water and organic substance from leaves
to other parts of the plant
(d) all of the above
88. The trans location of food and other
substances takes place in the sieve tubes
(a) Blood transferred to the right ventricle and left
with the help of adjacent companion cells in :
ventricle simultaneously.
(a) upward directions
(b) Blood transferred to the right auricle and left
(b) downward directions
auricle simultaneously.
(c) both upward and downward directions
(c) Blood is transferred to lungs for oxygenation
(d) none of these
and is pumped into various organs
89. Which of the following substance is obtained
simultaneously.
from the soil by the plants:
(d) Blood is received from lungs after oxygenation
(a) oxygen (b) carbon dioxide
and is received from various organs of the
(c) nitrogen (d) all of the above
body.
90. When the materials like sucrose are
97. Identify any two parts from the above
transferred to phloem tissue, the osmotic
diagram(ii) which carry oxygenated and
pressure of the tissue .......... leading to….. of
deoxygenated blood.
water into/from it.
(a) Increases, entry (b) Decreases, entry
(c) Increases, exit (d) Decreases, exit
91. Plants use the energy stored in ATP to
accomplish the process of transportation of
(a) Water and minerals (b) Carbon dioxide
(c) Oxygen (d) Food
92. ........ helps in trans location of food in plants.
(a) Xylem (b) Phloem
(c) Palisade cells (d) Root hairs
93. the process of movement of solvent particles (a) C→ A-→ E & D→B→D
from region of less solute concentration to region of (b) F→B→D & E→A-→ C
high solute concentration through semi permeable (c) A→C→E & D→B→D
membrane is called ........... (d) C→E→A & A→C→F
(a) Diffusion (b) Osmosis 98. Oxygen is a waste product generated during
(c) Transpiration (d) Translocation .......... in plants.
94. The purpose of making urine is to: (a) Respiration
(a) filter out waste products from the blood (b) Photosynthesis
(b) filter out minerals from the blood (c) Both respiration and photosynthesis
(c) filter out water from the blood (d) None of the above
(d) none of these 99. Proteins A > Peptones
95. Just as CO2 is removed from the blood in Identify the enzyme A involved in the above
the lungs, nitrogenous waste such as urea reaction.
or uric acid are removed from blood in the - (a) Lipase (b) Pepsin
(a) Kidney (b) Urinary bladder (c) Bile juice (d) Salivary amylase
(c) Urethra (d) Ureters 100. In photosynthesis, which substances are
96. Identify the phase of circulation which is
represented in the diagram of heart given

30
used up, which are produced and which are
necessary, but remain unchanged after the
reaction?
101. The diagram shows the arrangement of
cells inside the leaf of a green plant.
Which of the following cells normally
contain chloroplasts?
(a) 2 and 4 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 2 (d) 1 and 4
102. When a person eats some egg white,
proteins and water enter the stomach. Which
substances are found leaving the stomach
and leaving the small intestine?
103. Only two of the following Statements
accurately describe what happens in the
mouth.
1. Amylase breaks down large starch molecules into
smaller maltose molecules.
2. Chewing increases the surface area of food for
digestion.
3. Saliva emulsifies fats into smaller droplets.
4. Teeth breakup large insoluble molecules into
smaller soluble molecules.
Which statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 4
104. The process of conversion of glucose into
pyruvic acid occurs in
(a) chloroplast (b) mitochondria
(c) outside the cell (d) cytoplasm
105. The diagram shows part of the human gas
exchange system.
31
106. The table shows the characteristics of blood
in one blood vessel of the body.
Which blood vessel contains blood with
these characteristics?
(a) Vena cava (b) Pulmonary vein
(c) Aorta (d) Pulmonary artery
107. Which of the following harmful products is
not produced in the biochemical reactions
of the cell of living organisms?
(a) Urea (b) Uric acid
(c) Ammonia (d) Lymph
108. What is the name of the blood vessels that
provide nutrition of the heart wall?
(a) Pulmonary arteries
(b) Pulmonary veins
(c) Coronary arteries
(d) Descending aorta
109. Which of the following is the correct features
of ‘lymph’?
(a) It is similar to the plasma of blood, colorless and
contain less protein.
(b) Similar to the WBC of blood, colourless and
contain more protein.
(c) Similar to the RBC of blood and red in colour.
(d) It contains more fat
110. Which of the following statements is true
about Trachea in the respiratory system?
(a) It functions as passages of air to each alveolus
(b) It functions for sound production
(c) It Acts as passage of air to bronchi
(d) It Lowers the surface tension
111. Which of the following structures is involved
in gaseous exchange in woody stem of a plant? 122. Write two differences between arteries &
(a) Stomata (b) Guard cell veins.
(c) Lenticel (d) Epidermis (a) Arteries are blood vessels while veins are not.
112. The cycle in which pyruvic acid is broken (b) Arteries have thick walls while veins have thin
down in presence of oxygen is known as? walls.
(a) Glycolysis (b) Krebs cycle (c) Arteries have valves while do not have valves.
(c) Anaerobic respiration (d) None of the (d) All of the above.
above 123. What is the function of valves in veins?
113. Which of the following statements are true (a) Valves ensure the unidirectional flow of blood.
about respiration? (b) Valves increase the oxygen carrying capacity of
A. Hemoglobin has greater affinity for CO2 than O2. the blood.
B. The gaseous exchange takes place in alveoli. (c) Valves protect the veins from outer shocks.
C. During inhalation ribs move inward and (d) Valves withstand the high pressure of blood in
diaphragm is raised. veins.
D. Hemoglobin has greater affinity for O2 than CO2. 124. Which blood vessels have high blood
(a) B and D (b) A and C pressure and what they must withstand this
(c) B and C (d) A and B high pressure?
114. Breaking down of glucose in the presence of (a) Both arteries and veins have same pressure of
oxygen produces? blood and they are thick walled vessels.
(a) Carbon dioxide (b) Energy (b) Arteries have high blood pressure and they have
(c) Water (d) All of the above elastic and thick walls to withstand this high
115. During respiration exchange of gases takes pressure.
place in? (c) Veins have high blood pressure and they have to
(a) Trachea and larynx (b) Throat and larynx valves to withstand this high pressure.
(c) Alveoli and throat (d) Alveoli of lungs (d) None of the above.
116. Opening of esophagus is: 125. What is the function of arteries?
(a) Gullet (b) Glottis (a) Arteries have high blood pressure.
(c) Larynx (d) Pharynx (b) Arteries are present in the body of human
117. Example of some organisms which derive beings.
nutrition from plants or animals without killing them (c) Arteries are thicker than veins.
(a) Cuscuta (b) Ticks (d) Arteries are the blood vessels which carry blood
(c) Leeches (d) All of the above away from the heart to various organs of the body.
118. Choose the form in which most of the plants 126. The food coming from the stomach is made
absorb nitrogen from the atmosphere? alkaline by:
(a) Proteins (b) Amino acids (a) Bile juice (b) Pancreatic juice
(c) Atmospheric nitrogen (d) Nitrates and (c) Gastric juice (d) Intestinal juice
nitrites 127. Which enzymes present in the pancreatic
119. Which of the following is the final product of juice for digestion of proteins and fats?
digestion of protein? (a) Amylase and pepsin
(a) Glycerol (b) Amino acids (b) Amylase and lipase
(c) Glucose (d) Nitric acid (c) Pepsin and trypsin
120. Which of the following enzyme is present (d) Lipase and trypsin
in Saliva? 128. Which two organs release their secretions
(a) Amylase (b) Pepsinogen into small intestine for digestion of food?
(c) Trypsin (d) Lipase (a) Liver and stomach
121. What is importance of thin walls of blood (b) Esophagus and stomach
capillaries? (c) Pancreas and stomach
(a) Thin walls of blood capillaries provide them (d) Liver and pancreas
protection. 129. Which of the following statement(s) is (are)
(b) Exchange of materials between the blood and true about excretion in human beings?
surrounding cells take place across the thin walls of I. Urine is stored in the urethra until the urge of
blood passing it out.
capillaries. II. Each kidney has large numbers of filtration units
(c) Thin walls of blood capillaries help on smooth called nephrons.
flow of blood. III. The bladder is muscular, so it is under nervous
(d) All of the above. control.

32
IV .Kidneys are the primary excretory organs. 134. In the given activity, the lime water of which
(a) I and II only (b) I and III only test tube will get milky faster?
(c) II, III and IV only (d) I and IV only
130. Study the picture given above and choose
the correct combination of plots provided in
the following table.

(a) Test tube (a)

(b) Test tube (b)
(c) Both test tube will take same time
(d) Can’t say
135. Identify the option that indicates the correct
enzyme that is secreted in location A, B & C

131. Choose the function of pancreatic juice from

the following
a) Trypsin digests proteins and lipase carbohydrates
b) Trypsin digests emulsified fats and lipase proteins
c) Trypsin and lipase digest fats A. (i)-lipase, (ii)-trypsin, (iii)-pepsin
d) Trypsin digests proteins and lipase emulsified fats B. (i)-amylase, (ii)-pepsin, (iii)-trypsin
132. Name a common nutrient(s) that is C. (i)-trypsin, (ii)-amylase, (iii)-carboxylase
absorbed in the small intestine and reabsorbed D. (i)-permease, (ii)-carboxylase, (iii)-oxidase
by the kidney tubules. 136. Which one of the following will not take
(a) Glucose (b) amino acids place when glucose is taken as food?
(c) both a & b (d) fatty acids (a) Ingestion (b) Digestion
133. Carefully study the diagram of the human (c) Absorption (d) Assimilation
respiratory system with labels A, B, C and D. 137. Bile salt
Select the option which gives correct (a) Acts as emulsifying agent
identification and main function and /or (b) Helps in absorption of fatty acids,
characteristic. cholesterol etc.
(c) Stimulates the bile production in liver
(d) All of the above
138. A rabbit eats a lot of gram. its digestion
starts in
(a) Mouth (b) Stomach
(c) Duodenum (d) Ileum
139. In the given sketch of the stomata
apparatus, the parts I, II, III and IV were
labelled differently. Find the correct labelling
out of the following.

A. (i) Trachea: It is supported by bony rings for

conducting inspired air.
B. (ii) Ribs: When we breathe out, ribs are lifted.
C. (iii) Alveoli: Thin-walled sac like structures for
exchange of gases.
D. (iv) Diaphragm: It is pulled down when we
breathe in. a) (I) Guard cell, (II) Stoma, (III) Starch granule, (IV)
Nucleus
33
b) (I) Cytoplasm, (II) Nucleus, (III) Stoma, (IV)
Chloroplast
c) (I) Guard cell, (II) Starch granule, (III) Nucleus,
(IV) Stoma
d) (I) Cytoplasm, (II) Chloroplast, (III) Stoma, (IV)
Nucleus
140. In an experiment on photosynthesis, a
portion of a leaf from de-starched potted
plant was covered with opaque paper as
shown below.
When the starch test was done on the leaves after 4
hours, the result showed no starch in
a) The portion covered with red, green and blue
strips
b) The portion covered with green strip
c) The portion covered with black and blue strips
d) Any of the covered portions
141. A test tube containing molasses solution
and yeast is kept in a warm place overnight.
The gas collected from this mixture
(a) extinguishes the flame
(b) bursts into flame when ignited
(c) turns lime water milky
(d) both (a) and (c)
142. At what time of the day do plants respire?
a) Plants respire only during night-time
b) Plants respire all the time
c) Plants respire only during daytime
d) Plants do only photosynthesis but not respiration
143. Which one of the following is a possibility for
most of us regarding breathing, by making a
conscious effort?
(a) One can breathe out air totally without oxygen.
(b) One can breathe out air through Eustachian (ear
canal) tube by closing both nose and mouth.
(c) One can consciously breathe in and breathe out
by moving the diaphragm alone, without moving the
ribs at all.
(d) The lungs can be made fully empty by forcefully
breathing out all air from them.
Observe the given diagram and answer the
following question
144. The water level rises in the bent tube
because
34
a) Germinating seeds consume all the oxygen and
carbon dioxide
b) Germinating seeds consume oxygen and give out
carbon dioxide which is absorbed by KOH
c) Carbon dioxide is given out by the germinating
seeds
d) Seeds need water for germination.
The process of photosynthesis is represented in
the above figure. Answer the questions (145-150)
145. In the process of photosynthesis,
(a) the light energy is converted to chemical energy.
(b) the light and heat energy are converted to
mechanical energy.
(c) the heat energy is converted to mechanical
energy.
(d) the heat and light energy are converted to
chemical energy.
146. Which of the following can be concluded
from the image above?
(a) Carbon dioxide is obtained from air and water is
absorbed from the soil as the raw materials to make
glucose.
(b) Both carbon dioxide and water are obtained from
the soil as raw materials to form glucose.
(c) Both oxygen and carbon dioxide are obtained
from air to form starch which is further converted into
glucose.
(d) Water and oxygen are the raw materials to form
glucose.
147. Glucose is end product of the
photosynthesis. It has :
(a) 6 carbon atoms (b) 5 carbon atoms
(c) 3 carbon atoms (d) 7 carbon atoms
148. The first event during this process is :
(a) splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and
oxygen
(b) absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
(c) reduction of carbon dioxide
(d) releasing of oxvgen
149. Stomata have a great role in photosynthesis
as :
(a) the entry of carbon dioxide occurs through them.
(b) both gaseous exchange and transpiration are
done through them.
(c) glucose and oxygen are released through them.
(d) the excess water is lost through them.
 150. In the overall process of photosynthesis, the
number of sugar molecules produced is
(a) 12 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) l
151. Though vertebrates are aerobes, but their ---
--------- (i) show anaerobic respiration during--
-------- (ii) During this-------------- (iii) of skeletal
muscle fibres is broken down-to release
lactic acid and energy. Lactic acid, if
accumulates causes muscle fatigue.
Fill up the blanks in the above paragraph and select
the correct option
(i) (ii)
(a) skeletal muscles heavy exercise glucose
(d) skeletal muscles mild exercise glycogen
(c) skeletal muscles heavy exercise glycogen
(d) cardiac muscles heavy exercise glycogen
Refer to the given figure and answer the
following question.
152. Which of these parts
(I) are the actual sites of respiratory gas exchange?
(II) is the common passage for air and food?
(III) is provided with incomplete cartilaginous rings?
(IV) relaxes and gets back to its original shape
during expiration?
(v) moves upwards and outwards during inspiration?
(a) (I) - s, (II) - p, (III) - q, (IV) - r, (V) - t
(b) (I) - t, (II) - q, (III) - r, (IV) - s, (V) - P
(c) (I) - r, (II) - p, (III) - q, (IV) - s, (V) - t
(d) (I) - p, (II) - q, (III) - r, (IV) - s, (V) – t
153. Choose the correct Match the following
animals with their organs of respiration
(a) (i) -c , (ii)-d , (iii)-a, (iv)-b, (v)-e
(b) (i) -e , (ii)-d , (iii)-c, (iv)-b, (v)-a
(c) (i) -d , (ii)-c , (iii)-e, (iv)-b, (v)-a
(d) All are incorrect
154. Which of the following sequences is correct
to initiate inspiration?
(I) The contraction of intercostal muscles raises the
ribs and sternum
(II) Volume of thorax increases
(III) Intrathoracic pressure of the lungs decreases
(IV) Diaphragm contraction
(v) Air rushes into lungs
(a) (I), (II), (IV), (V), (III) (b) (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V)
(c) (I), (IV), (II), (III), (V) (d) (V), (I), (II), (III), (IV)
155. The water which is lost through the stomata
is replaced by
(a) water from the xylem vessels in the leaf
(iii) (b) water from the phloem vessels in the leaf
(c) water from the veins in the leaf
(d) none of the above
156. During dialysis , Blood from a vessel is
mixed with Heparin as it is an
(a) Antiseptic (b)Antibiotic
c) Anti-coagulant (d)Anti-allergic
157. In the kidney, the formation of urine involve
the following process arranged as
(a) Glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and
tubular secretion
(b) Reabsorption, Glomerulus filtration and
secretion
(c) Secretion, absorption and Glomerulus
filteration
(d) Filtration, secretion and reabsorption
158. People living at sea level have around 5
million RBCs per cubic millimetre of their
blood whereas those living at an altitude of
5400 metres have around 8 million. This is
because at high altitude.
(a) people eat more nutritive food, therefore more
RBCs are formed
(b) people get pollution-free air to breathe and more
oxygen is available
(c) atmospheric O2 level is less and hence more
RBCs are needed to absorb the required amount of
O 2 to survive
(d) there is more UV radiation which enhances RBC
production.
159. Which of the following will not directly affect
transpiration?
(a) Temperature (b) Light
(c) Wind speed (d) Chlorophyll content of
leaves
160. Water vapour comes out from the plant leaf
through the stomatal opening. Through the
same stomatal opening, carbon dioxide
diffuses into the plant during photosynthesis.
Reason out the above statements. using one
of following options.
(a) The above processes happen only during night
time.
(b) One process occurs during day time and the
other at night.
35
(c) Both processes cannot happen Simultaneously.
(d) Both processes can happen together at day time.
161. The figure shows blood circulation in
humans with labels A to D. Select the option
which gives correct identification of label and
functions of the part.

(a) (i) Pulmonary vein - takes impure blood from

body part.
(b) (ii) Pulmonary artery - takes blood from lung to
heart.
© (iii) Aorta - takes blood from heart to body parts.
(d) (iv) Vena cava takes - blood from body parts to
(a) B - Capillary- Thin without muscle layer and wall right auricle.
two cell layers thick directions
(b) C - Vein-Thin walled and blood flows in (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
jerks/spurts is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) D - Pulmonary vein-Takes oxygenated blood to (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason
heart is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(d) A - Artery-Thick walled and blood flows evenly (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
Study the following diagram .. direction of flow (d) Assertion is false but Reason is true.
of blood is shown by arrows. Answer the (e) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
question 162- 165 167. Assertion : Egestion in amoeba takes place
through a permanent membrane present in
them.
Reason : Cilia is absent in amoeba.
168. Assertion : Ethanol is obtained during the
anaerobic process of respiration.
Reason : This is due to presence of oxygen
and it takes place in the mitochondria.
169. Assertion: During the night the effect of root
pressure in transport of water is more
162. The part which collects urine from collecting important.
ducts Reason : Stomata is open during day,
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 3 transpiration takes place which help in
163. The renal artery and renal vein are labelled transport of water.
as respectively. 170. Assertion : The thickest muscles are present
(a) 1,2 (b) 2 ,1 (c) 4,1 (d) 4,2 in left atrium.
164. The distensible muscular bag like organ is Reason : Left atrium receives deoxygenated
labelled as blood from the lungs.
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 3 171. Assertion : Dark phase reactions take place
165. The part which contains millions of filtering at night.
units Reason : Dark phase is independent of light,
(a)5 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) none of these hence, called light independent phase.
172. Assertion : in the daytime, CO2 generated
166. The figure given below shows a schematic during respiration is used up for
plan of blood circulation in humans with label photosynthesis.
(i) to (iv). Identify the correct label with its Reason : There is no CO2 release during day.
functions? 173. Assertion : Liver is known as the largest
gland of the body.
Reason : It secretes salivary amylase.
174. Assertion : Respiration is not a biochemical
process opposite to photosynthesis.
36
 Reason : Energy is released during
respiration.
175. Assertion : In woody plants, gaseous
exchange occurs through lenticels.
Reason : Lenticels are specialised cells found
along with stomata on the stem of woody
plants.
176. Assertion : Excretion is the biological
process by which harmful wastes are
removed from an organism’s body.
Reason : The mode of excretion is completely
same in both unicellular and multicellular
organisms.
177. Assertion : The main organ of human
excretory system is kidney.
Reason : Kidneys perform the function of
adding water and nitrogenous wastes from
the body.
178. Assertion : Plants excrete various waste
products during their life processes.
Reason : They produce urea just like humans.
179. Assertion (A) : Plants lack excretory
organs.
Reason (R) : Plants usually absorb essential
nutrients.
180. Assertion (A) : In anaerobic respiration,
one of the end product is alcohol.
Reason (R) : There is an incomplete
breakdown of glucose.
181. Assertion (A) : Bile is essential for
digestion of lipids.
Reason (R) : Bile juice contains enzymes.
182. Assertion (A) : Carbohydrate digestion
mainly takes place in small intestine.
Reason (R) : Pancreatic juice contains the
enzyme lactase.
183. Assertion (A) : Human heart is four-
chambered.
Reason (R) : Vena cava is the only artery that
supplies deoxygenated blood to the heart.
184. Assertion (A): Energy is required to carry
out different life processes.
Reason (R) : Energy is obtained in the form of
ATP in the mitochondria.
185. Assertion (A): Pyruvate is a six-carbon
molecule
Reason (R) : It is prepared in the cytoplasm
as the first step to cellular respiration.
186. Assertion (A): Molecular movements are
needed for life.
Reason (R): Body structures made up of
these molecules need continuous repair and
maintenance.
187. Assertion (A): Diffusion does not meet high
energy requirements of multi-cellular
organisms
37
Reason (R) : Diffusion is a fast process but
occurs at the surface of the body.
188. Assertion (A): The opening and closing of
the pore is a function of the guard cells.
Reason (R) : Stomatal pores are the site for
exchange of gases by diffusion.
189. Assertion (A): The purpose of making urine
is to filter out undigested food from intestine
Reason (R): Kidneys filter the waste and
produce urine,
190. Assertion (A): The inner lining of the small
intestine has numerous finger-like projections
called villi.
Reason (R) : The villi increase the surface
area for absorption.
191. Assertion (A): In human beings, the
respiratory pigment is haemoglobin
Reason (R) : It is a type of protein which has
high-affinity carbon dioxide.
192. Assertion : Ureters are the tubes which
carry urine from kidneys to the bladder.
Reason: Urine is stored in the urethra.
193. Assertion : Ventricles have thicker walls
than auricles.
Reason: Ventricles have to pump blood into
various organs with great pressure.
194. Assertion : Capillaries are the thinnest
blood vessels.
Reason: Capillaries connect the branches of
arteries and veins.
195. Assertion: Blood takes up oxygen from the
alveolar air & release CO2 during exchange.
Reason: ‘The concentration of O, is more in
alveolar air.
196. Assertion: The large intestine is the largest
part of the alimentary canal.
Reason: Tiger has a shorter small intestine,
than herbivores.
197. Assertion : Pancreatic juice digests starch,
proteins and fats.
Reason: Pancreatic juice contains digestive
enzymes like pancreatic amylase, trypsin &
lipase.
198. Assertion: The accumulation of lactic acid
in the muscles causes muscle cramps.
Reason: During vigorous physical exercise
leg muscles respire anaerobically.
199. Assertion: Amphibians can tolerate mixing of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Reason:
Amphibians are animals with two chambered
hearts.
200. Assertion (A): Capillaries have walls that are
just one cell thick.
Reason (R): Exchange of material between
the blood and surrounding cells takes place
across the capillaries.