SiDI

 MOHAMED  BENABDELLAH  University    

Faculty  of  Letters  and  Human  Sciences    
Department  of  English  STUDIES  
FEZ  
S3 “Advanced Grammar”
Pr. Slaoui, S. Pr. Fassi Fehri A, Pr.Belghiti.K

THE COMPOUND SENTENCE- LESSON

Sentences with single independent clauses are simple. Those with two or more
independent clauses are compound if they contain no dependent clause. So these clauses are
together because the ideas are connected in the same way. The ideas in compound sentences
are equal in importance, and each one is expressed in an independent clause. There should be
a logical relationship between them.
Sometimes, the independent clauses are joined by a connective such as and or
however. On other occasions, only a semi-colon is used between them.
Example: Biology fascinated him; he studied it constantly.
More often, a connective is between the two clauses is used. That connective is usually a
conjunctive adverb such as however, consequently.
Example: Biology fascinated him; consequently, he studied it constantly.
NB: A coordinate conjunction such as and, or, but comes between the two clauses.
Examples: a- Biology fascinated him, and he studied it constantly.
b- i) John cried, and his mother hit him.
ii) The mother hit John, and he cried. (chronological order)
Or stresses choice/ alternative
Examples: a-He may come tomorrow, or I will have to phone him.
b- He didn’t come early, and he didn’t even apologize.
c- He didn’t come early, nor did he apologize.
d- Ahmed and Ali came early => compound subject
e- They sang and danced => compound verbs
f- He did his homework and watched TV => compound predicate
g- He brought a pen and a book => compound object
NB: What is followed by a clause is a conjunction.
h- He didn’t come because [he is ill]
clause
 NB: What is followed by a noun is a preposition “because of his illness”
i- Elliptical clause: He is taller than she is => It is an elliptical
sentence.
j- For: They didn’t go out, for the weather was bad.
k- So: She came late, so she was punished => consequence/ result
h-He neither comes, nor did anyone phone him.
l- I like not only books, but also to read books for relaxation => This
is not possible for we are linking a noun with infinite phrase.
Coordinating and Correlative Conjunctions:
Meaning Coordinate Correlative
Addition And Not only…., but also
Neither….nor
Contrast/ Opposition But/Yet However/Nevertheless
Choice/ Alternative Or/ either…or
Cause/Effect For/ So

Coordinate Conjunction are: and, but, yet, for, so, or

Addition contrast concession cause result choice
Ellipsis:
It is a means to elide- to omit. The ellipsis is made by having two predicates
Example: a- My classmates went to the cinema. => My classmates went to the cinema,
and I did too. (similarity)
b- Prose is a work of art. Poetry is also a work of arts. => Prose is a work of
art, and so is poetry.
c- Fez is made of a new and old town, and so is Marrakesh.
d- Ahmed doesn’t speak German. His friends speak German. => Ahmed
doesn’t speak German, and neither do his friends.
Usual word order Inverted word order
Affirmative Sentence Too-also So
Negative Sentence Either Neither

- His parents do not like football, he does not like football too.
- His parents do not like football, and he doesn’t either or neither does he.
  Ellipsis is the shortening of a sentence by the elimination of repeated information.
 Emphasizing words: are to show, to reinforce that the two situations are similar
-They asked John to go out, so did he. (means he goes out)
- They asked John to go out, so did he. (means that he asked them to also go
out)
NB: *neither+ sentence affirmative and either + sentence negative
*Independent clause+ and independent clause+ independent clause+ emphasis
words => His parents don’t like football, and he doesn’t either
*Independent clause+, + and+ emphatic word+ independent clause =>His
parents does not like football, and neither does he.
*Do not use different tenses: He wasn’t ill, but his father has been.
Example: John doesn’t like the movies, and his wife doesn’t either
or John doesn’t like the movies, and neither does his wife.
Some Connectors and also Transitions:
1- Beginning of the second clause:
He was very ill; however, he went to school.
2- Middle of the second clause:
He was ill; he, however, went to school.
3- The end of a second clause:
He was very ill; he went to school, however.
Meaning Sentence Connectors Conjunctive Adverbs
Addition Moreover, furthermore, in Besides
addition, also
Choice Otherwise, also, on the other
hand
Contrast/ Opposition However, nonetheless,
nevertheless, still,
notwithstanding
Cause and effect/ Consequently, thus, hence, As a result, accordingly
consequence therefore
Comparison Similarly, in the same way,
likewise
Indeed, actually, in fact, ,as a
 matter of fact

For example, for instance,

namely, in sum, specifically

Examples with both…and / neither….nor:

-Tom visited France. Tom visited Italy. => Tom visited both France and Italy.
- The children don’t like school. Tom does not like school. => Neither children nor Tom like
school.
Examples with either…or (we have the choice, but only one thing takes place):
-John stole the money. Mary stole the money. => Either John or Mary stole the money.
-Tom likes school. Children like school. => Either Tom or the children like school.
NB: In this case of correlatives, we have an agreement between the last subject and the verb,
agreement between the last item and the verb.
The objectives of using not only…but also as well is to avoid repetition.
-Tom visited France. Tom visited Italy. => Tom visited not only France, but also Italy. Since
Tom visited is repeated then we have to avoid.
When do we use not only…..but also as well as not only…..but……also
The difference between the two is the matter of emphasis
-John didn’t visit Italy but France as well. (but show the emphasis)
NB: You show the emphasis even in your intonation.

The second part has to do with structure: “John is an excellent teacher. John is an excellent
husband” => We can say that John is not only an excellent teacher but also a good husband as
well.
We have not only a repetition of verbs rather two properties of John.

Complex Sentences:
- A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
The independent clause is called the “main clause.” These sentences use subordinating
conjunctions to link ideas.
- Parallel lines never meet (independent clause) until (subordinating conjunction) you
bend one of them (dependent clause).
- Many dead animals of the past changed to oil (independent clause) while
(subordinating conjunction) others preferred to be gas (dependent clause).
- Even though (subordinating conjunction) the sun is a star (dependent clause), it
knows how to change back to the sun in the daytime (independent clause).

- Subordinating Conjunctions: They introduce a subordinate /dependent clauses. They

never serve to join individual words or phrases
- after - if - provided - where
- although - if only - provided - whereas
- as - if when that - where if
- as if - if then - rather than - wherever
- as long as - inasmuch - since - whether
- as much as - in order - so that - which
- as soon as that - supposing - while
- as though - just as - than - who
- because - lest - that - whoever
- before - now - though - whatever
- even - now since - unless
- even if - now that - until
- even - now when - when
though - once - whenever
Compound-Complex Sentences
- A compound-complex sentence has at least two independent clauses and at least one
dependent clause. The dependent clause can be part of the independent clause. For instance :

- When the hear comes, the lakes dry up and the farmers know the corps will fail
- I planned to drive to work, but I could not until the mechanic repaired my car
- Kate doesn’t like cartoons because they are loud, so she doesn’t watch them.

6