Early Welsh Territorial Suffixes

Author(s): Melville Richards

Source: The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland , 1965, Vol. 95, No.
1/2, Papers in Honour of Liam Price (1965), pp. 205-212
Published by: Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland

Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/25509590

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 205

EARLY WELSH TERRITORIAL SUFFIXES

Melville Richards

The significance and importance of personal names as an integral part of

toponymy have long been recognised. The student of onomastics is in any case
concerned with the reaction of human beings to their environment, and to the
way in which they identify any particular location or geographical phenomenon.
The naming of territorial divisions or areas is inevitably bound up with the
names of the people or persons who were engaged in the settlement and govern
ment of those districts. In the earlier periods there was often understandable
confusion between the name for the people themselves and the land or country
which they inhabited. The name which Welshmen used for the country and the
people is a good example. Cymro 'Welshman' had a plural form Cymry which
was used for both people and country up to and including the medieval period.
The mis-spelling Cymru has in the modern period proved to be a useful con
vention for 'Wales'.
When we turn to the early major divisions we find that they are based on
tribal names. Gvoynedd for north west Wales is *Veneda from *Venia 'country
of the Venn', cf. Irish Feni. Powys in central Wales and the Marches is from
*Pdgenses. Dyfed in the south west is indisputably the territory of the tribe of
the Demetae. Llyn, earlier Lleyn, must be from *Lageni, O. Irish Laigen, Mod.
Irish Laighean. Tegeingl for the north east corner in the modern Flintshire
presents difficult problems of phonology, but until it is definitely proved other
wise, we must accept that the resemblance to the name of Deceangli is more
than a co-incidence. Lastly Gwent in the south east, although it means 'field' or
'market-place', really commemorates the tribal name of the Silures, since it is a
geographical extension of Venta Silurum (Caer-went).
Other tribal names are found with a suffix in -wy which may denote the tribal
area or centre. These have been discussed by Thomas, BBCS vii 118-9. They are
ARDUDWY (Merioneth) < *Ardud
CAWRNWY / CORNWY (Anglesey) < *Corn- / Cawrfn)-. Cf. Llanfair
yng-Nghornwy, Cornwy Lan, Cornwy Lys.
DAETHWY (Anglesey) < *Daeth-. Cf. Dindaethwy, Porth(dd)aethwy.
DYGANNWY, DEGANNWY (Caerns.) < Dygant. Cf. arx Decantorum and
Decantae.
SILWY (Anglesey) < *Sil>, Cf. ? Silures, and Dinsilwy, Dinsylwy.
The main purpose of this article, however, is to draw attention to a very
prolific series of suffixes which could be added to the names of individuals,
rather than those of tribes or clans, with probably a primary meaning of 'descend
ants, people of so-and-so', and then 'territory held or ruled by so-and-so'. In
some cases, as we shall see, the meaning 'people of . . .' was the only one current.

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 206 MELVILLE RICHARDS

For convenience the examples will be grouped under three headings, (1) provinces
and other major units, (2) cantreds and commotes, (3) townships and/or parishes.
Considerations of space have forbidden full documentary evidence and references
have been cut to a minimum.

1. Provinces, etc.

-IN, -ING
CADELLING 'people of Cadell' (the fifth century Cadell Ddyrnllug of Powys,
or Cadell ap Rhodri Mawr (d. c. 909). See G s.n.
COELING 'people of Coel Godebog'. See G s.n.
CYNDRWYNIN 'people of Cyndrwyn' of Powys. See G s.n.
CYNFERCHING 'people of Cynfarch Gul ap Meirhion\ See G s.n., TYP 322.
The area was that of Rheged in the old North.
GLYWYSING [Glywys]. Glywys (fifth century) was the father of Gwynllyw and
grandfather of Cadog, and his territory extended at least from the river Tawe
to the river Wysg (Usk) in south east Wales. See HW i. 2734-, G s.n.

-IOG (-IAWG)
BRYCHEINIOG [Brychan]. Cf. HW i 270-2, G s.n., TYP 288-9. Brychan,
of Irish descent, ruled over an area which corresponds to the modern county of
Brecknock with the exception of the nothern district of Buellt.

-ION (-1 AWN)

CEREDIGION [Ceredig], the modern Cardiganshire. Ceredig was one of the
fifth century sons of Cunedda whose exploits are recounted in the Harleian
Genealogies (Ceretic, Cy ix 183).
IORWEIRTHION -'clan or country of Iorwerth Hirflawdd', sometimes used
in the sense of 'Powys\ The De Situ Brecheniauc makes Iorwerth the husband
of Arianwen, daughter of Brychan, 'Aranwen, filia Brachan, in Powis, uxor
Gereuerth, regis de Powis, inde dicitur }oruerthiaun, VSBG 315.
LLEUDDINION [Lleuddin], i.e. Lothian in Scotland. Cf. Lleudiniawn M.A.
196.
MEIGION [Maig]. Cf. Onennau Meigion [Six Ashes and Four Ashes Hall near
Bridgnorth in Shropshire], OG 95.
Of these clan names in -ion, it is Ceredigion only that has survived as a
territorial designation. The court poet, Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr, (twelfth
century), has a poem in praise of the clans (gwelygorddau) of Powys in which he
lists besides 'Yorueirthyawn* (see above) the following: 'madogyon' [Madog],
'gwyr weirnyawn' [Gwern], 'tygyryawn' [Tyngyr]. The primary meaning here
is 'people of . . .' as is shown by the references to other clans in the poem like
'hil gwryaeth' ['descendants of Gwriaeth'], see H 163-6. The later genealogists

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 EARLY WELSH SUFFIXES 207

were well aware of the force of the suffix -ion, and used it as an epithet, as in
Madog Madogion, Meilir Meilirion, etc.

-IWG, -IOG, -WG

CYNLLIBIWG [Cynllib/Cynllwyb]. This was an alias for the country more
generally known as Rhwng Gwy a Hafren 'between Wye and Severn*. Cf. 'inter
Sabrinam et Wayam. In tempore Ris filii Oeni vocata fuit Kenthlebiae', RBE
762. Nennius has variant forms like Cinlipiuc, Cinloipiauc, etc. Cf. DP iv 606.
For the name CVNALIPI see ECMW 93, LHEB 645, 670. The form Cynllwyb
[Conluip] occurs in LL 146, and the diminutive Cynlliban [Conlipan] in LL 202.
According to the Harleian Genealogies 'Cynloyp' was the father of Ceredig of
Alclud (Dumbarton), Cy ix 173. The pet form of the simplex llib is found in
Llibio (cf. Llanllibio in Anglesey), and as Lybiau in LL 194-5.
MORGANNWG [Morgan]. (Glamorgan < Gwlad Morgan). The Morgan in
question is either the eighth century Morgan ab Athrwys (HW i 274), or the
tenth century Morgan Hen (DP i 208).
RHEINWG [Rhain]. There were two areas so named. (1) the smaller Dyfed
after Rhain ap Cadwgan (eighth century). (2) a district on the eastern border
often spelt RHIEINWG, which makes it difficult to accept that it was named
after Rhain Dremrudd ap Brychan Brycheiniog. This is specified in Peniarth
MS 132, p. 130 as Brycheiniog, Buellt and Rhwng Gwy a Hafren. On these two
names see HW i 262, 281-2, DP iii 221, 225, 286, Bartrum Cymmr. Trans. 1948
296. The late forms Ereinwg and Gereinwg are antiquarian fabrications.
RHIELLWG [Rhiell], alias of Seisyllwg, see below. Although Rhiell occurs
in the genealogies as a daughter of Llywarch Hen, cf. Bartrum BBCS xviii 234,
it is unlikely that a woman's name would enter into an early territorial designa
tion. Rhiell could equally well be a man's name, cf. Capel Rhiell in Nevern, and
see DP ii 509, iii 222, 281, LBS iv 111-2.
SEISYLLWG / SEISYLLWCH [Seisyll]. So named for Seisyll, king of Cere
digion, who added Ystrad Tywi to his possession c. 730. Cf. HW i 257, DP iii 208.
The frequent occurrence of -wg as a territorial suffix was an irresistible tempta
tion for antiquarians to manufacture such forms as Esyllwg and Fferyllwg, cf.
HW i 282. On the equally spurious Teyrnllwg see Richards, 'The fictitious
kingdom of Teyrnllwg', Trans. Lane, and Chesh. Antiq. Soc. lxix 136-8.

II Cantreds and commotes

1-AIN (-EIN, -ING)
CEDEWAIN [?Cadaw]. Nothing is known of a person *Cadaw, and early
forms suggest a confusion between the suffixes -ein, ing. Cf. DP iii 183, iv 422,
607-8. -(e)in could become -ing. Cedewain was a cantref of Powys, and its
name occurs in Llanfair yng Nghedewain, the church of Newtown, and in Betws
Cedewain.

-J
ARWYSTLI [Arwystl] a cantref of Powys. It occurs in the form arguistli in

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 208 MELVILLE RICHARDS

Annales Cambriae s.a. 904 (Cy ix 167). See G s.n., Arwystl, cf. LL passim s.n.
Arguistil.
CEDWELI, CYDWELI [Cadwal] a commote of Ystrad Tywi (Carms.). Early
forms are Cetgueli, etc., see G s.n., DP i 200, iii 235, iv 369. Kidwelly is an
anglicised spelling foT the castle and town. The name has aroused amateur
speculation, ranging from Leland's Cattilectus 'Cat's bed' to local popular
etymology like cyd-wely 'co-bed', referring to the two rivers Gwendraeth Fawr
and Gwendraeth Fechan. In the Life of Saint Cadog the name is derived from
Cettil (VSBG 24).
CERI [Car] a commote of Rhwng Gwy a Hafren, now in modern Montgomery
shire. Although Ceri occurs as a personal name in its own right (EANC 132-3)
it would seem preferable to treat the commote name as an example of 4 added
to the name Car. The anglicised form is Kerry. See further DP i 259, iii 249, iv
601, 695.
GWYNYSI [Gwynnys]. This was in the commote of Dinllaen in the Llyn
peninsula. It is Nennius's regio guunnessi, on which see Richards, Trans.
Caerns. Hist. Soc. 1963, 21-27.

40G (4AWG)
ANHUNIOG [Annun] a commote of Ceredigion. See SC 17. It was possibly
named after Annun son of Ceredig, VSBG 320, DP iii 166.
CETHEINIOG [Cathen] a commote of Y Cantref Mawr (Carms.). Cathen is
presumably the same name as that of Llangathen, the church of Cathen ap
Cawrdaf. See HW i 267, DP iii 225.
CYFEILIOG [*Cyfael or *Cyfail] a commote of Powys. It has been suggested
that Cyfeiliog is itself a personal name, but see G s.n., DP i 220, iv 369, 598.
GWYNLLYWIOG > GWYNLLWG [Gwynllyw] a cantref in the kingdom of
Glywysing, see above. Gwynllyw (Gwynlliw) was a son of Glywys. The oldest
form, Guinnliguiauc, Cy ix 167, shows that the original ending was 4awg, 4og.)
The later Wentloog betrays a popular etymology based on Gwent. For forms
see G s.n.
PEBIDIOG [Pebid] one of the seven cantreds of Dyfed, also known as
Dew(i)sland. See DP ii 351.
PEULINIOG [Peulin] a commote of Cantref Gwarthaf (Carms). On Peulin
and Peuliniog see DP ii 388, ECMW 63, 106, LHEB 323.
RHUFONIOG [Rhufawn] a cantref in Gwynedd Is Conwy (Denbs.). Rhufon
was a son of Cunedda (rumaun Cy ix 183).

-IN, 4NG
DOGFEILIN(G) [Dogfael] a commote in the cantref of Dyffryn Clwyd. It
probably originally formed the whole cantref. Dogfael was a son of Cunedda
(docmail Cy ix 183). See G s.n., HW i 241, DP i 201.
DUNODING [Dunawd] a cantref which was later divided into Eifionydd and
Ardudwy. Dunawd was a son of Cunedda (dunaut Cy ix 183). Cf. 1283 'Can

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 EARLY WELSH SUFFIXES 209

tredo de Dinnedin qui habet duas commotas videlicet Euyonith et Hardidew'

LW 155. See G s.n. Dinoding, HW i 238.
4ON, 4AWN
AFLOEGION [Afloeg] a commote in the cantref of Llyn, which may have
consisted of the whole cantref, see Lloyd, Trans. Caerns. Hist. Soc. 1940, 27-8.
Afloeg was a son of Cunedda (abloyc, Cy ix 183). Later forms like Gaflogion,
Cafllogion are due to popular etymology, and it may be suggested that Afloegion
> Gaflogion under the influence of gafl 'fork', and that Cafflogion represents the
common hardening of Welsh consonants in English documents.
CARNWYLLION [Carnewyll, Cornowyll] a commote of Ystrad Tywi. See G
s.n. Karnywyllawn, DP i 200, iii 235, iv 368.
COLION [? Coel]. a commote of Dyffryn Clwyd. Early forms vary between
Coleion, Col{l)ion, etc. Coel was reputed to be a son of Cunedda, and the later
genealogists ascribed the name of the commote to him, cf. Bartrum, BBCS xviii
238 [Koel mab Kunedda, odd yna Koleion]. See DP iii 237, iv 535.
EDEIRNION [Edern] a commote of Powys (Merionethshire). Edern was a
son of Cunedda (etern, Cy ix 183). For forms see G s.n. The medieval spelling
was Edeyrniawn, and this has persisted in the modern name of the rural district
of Edeyrnion. Popular etymology has probably contributed to this in the mis
taken belief that the word teyrn is connected.
EDELIGION [Edelig] a commote in the cantref of Gwynllwg. In the Life of
Saint Cadog Etelic ruled over Etelicchion (VSBG 24), and in the life of Saint Cybi
Ethelic was king of Ethelicheaun, Etheliciaun (VSBG 236). The name settled
down as Edlogan in medieval documents.
GWRTHEYRNION [Gwrtheyrn] a commote of Rhwng Gwy a Hafren (HW i
253-4, DP i 203). Gwrtheyrn Gwrthenau was the ill-starred Vortigern. The name
of the commote is more generally spelt Gwerthrynion, G s.n.
GWYNOGION [Gwynnog] a commote (Swydd Wynogion) in the cantref of
Maelienydd (see below). There is no evidence to connect Gwynnog with the
saint of that name (son of Gildas ap Caw), see LBS iii 242-7, G s.n. Gwynnawc.
For Gwynogion see G s.n.
MEBWYNION [Mebwyn] a commote of Ceredigion. The name Mebwyn
occurs in Ffynnon Febwyn, SC 18, DP iv 482, 499. During the thirteenth century
the name was spelt Mebweneon, Mebueniaun, Mebueynon, etc. (LW 159, 165,
168), but the later form is usually given as Mabwynion, Mabwnion.
OSFEILION (YSWEILION) [Osfael] in Anglesey. Osfael was a son of Cunedda
(osmail, Cy ix 183). The Annales Cambriae s.a. 902 state that 'Igmunt in insula
mon uenit et tenuit maes osmeliavn', Cy ix 167. In the genealogies we find
'Oswael mab Kunedda, odd yna Maes Osswyliawn* (Bartrum, BBCS xviii 238).
Maes Osfeilion may be connected with Llan-faes in the commote of Dindaethwy
cf. DP ii 296, WCO 38.

-(I)WG
GWERTHEFYRIWG [Gwerthefyr] a district near Wonastow, Monmouthshire.

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 210 MELVILLE RICHARDS

The early form is Gvrthebiriuc (LL 201), now Worthybrook cf. BBCS x 299. The
only Gwerthefyr known is the son of Gwrtheyrn (Vortigern).
? LLYTHYFNWG, a commote in Rhwng Gwy a Hafren. The Welsh name
for Gladestry was Llanfair Llythynwg. On the forms see DP i 203, iii 339. The
name is queried because of the possibility that it represents Llwyth Dyfnog or
Dyfnwg, and not a territorial unit in -wg.

-YDD
EIFIONYDD [Eifion], a commote in Dunoding named after Eifion son of
Dunawd son of Cunedda, cf. CY ix 178, HW i 238. For forms see G s.n. There
was a later variant, Eiddionydd.
GWRINYDD [Gwrin] a cantref of Morgannwg. On the form see Richards,
BBCS xviii 383-5. Later variants are Gorfynydd, Gorwennydd, Gronedd.
GWYNIONYDD [Gwynion] a commote of Ceredigion. See HW i 260, SC 19,
DP iv 432. For forms see G s.n
LLEBENYDD [LLEBAN, LLIBAN ?] a commote of Gwent Is Coed. See DP
iv 678-9.
MAELIENYDD [Maelien], a cantref of Rhwng Gwy a Hafren. See HW i 225,
DP i 202, iii 330. The genealogists use a shorter form Mael, and refer to Mael
Maelienydd.
MEFENYDD [*Mafan], a commote of Ceredigion. See SC 15-6, DP iv 485.
MEIRIONYDD [Meirion] a cantref from which Merioneth takes its name.
Meirion was the son of Tybion son of Cunedda (Meriaun, Cy ix 182).
SENGHENNYDD [*Sangan], a commote of Cantref Breiniol in Morgannwg. See
HW i 277, DP i 258, iv 679.
SERWYNNYDD [Serwan / *Serwyn]. According to the Life of Saint Cadog
Serw son of Glywys obtained Seruguunid, a district of Glywysing which may
possibly be represented by Craig Syfyrddin in north Monmouthshire (EANC 86-7).

III. Townships and / or Parishes

-AW, (-EIN)
? BERAIN [Bar, Barr], a township in Llanefydd, Denbs. 1334 Beryn SD 63 et
passim; 1583 berrayne PRO LR 2/238 51a.
? HELYGAIN, HELYGEN [? Helyg], a parish in Flintshire=Halkin. See
forms in FPN s.n. This is a very doubtful case.

-7
LLEWENI [Llawen], a township in Henllan, Denbs. See EANC 157.

-IOG
CONYSIOG [Conws], a township in Llanfaelog, Anglesey. It is now represented
by Pencaernisiog. For this Irish name see Inventory Anc. Mon. Anglesey
cxv-cxvi.

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 EARLY WELSH SUFFIXES 211

? FFESTINIOG [? Ffestin], in Merioneth. Queried because it could be a

simple appellative 'defended place'. See CA 182.
GELLEINIOG / CELLEINIOG [Gellan/Cellan], a township in Llangeinwen,
Anglesey. 1301 Kellenyoc ESNW 126. Later forms are mostly Gell(e)iniog.
MYFONIOG [*Myfawn], a township in Llanefydd, Denbs. On the form see
Richards, BBCS, xxi, 41
TUDWEILIOG [Tudwal], hamlet and parish in Caerns. Probably to be
equated with the sixth century Saint Tudwal.

-ION
ELEIRNION [Aelhaearn, Elhaearn], township in the parish of Llanaelhaearn,
Caerns. Aelhaearn is the seventh century saint, see LBS i 110, ELL 60.
ESGEIBION [esgob 'bishop'], a township in the parish of Llanynys, Denbs.
This is one of the few examples of adding a territorial suffix to a noun denoting
office or function. With it may be compared Menechi, a lost name near Tenby,
and Llann Menechi near Llandaf, 'land of the monk(s)', LL 124-6, 159. For the
form see Richards, Trans. Denbs. Hist. Soc. 9 pp. 187-8.
FFYNOGION [Ffynnog, Ffonnog], a township in Llanfair Dyffryn Clwyd,
Denbs.
LLEFYRION [Llefyr], in Rhoslefyrion, a township of Llan-rhudd, Denbs.
MORFODION [? *Morfawd], a township of Llanidloes, Montgomeryshire. In
the absence of early forms this interpretation is conjectural only. With the
second element of *Morfawd we might possibly compare Bawd in Dinbawd,
Dinbod (1322 Dynbaud Charter Roils iii 442), a castle in Radnorshire. See DP
iii 203, 250.
? MYFYRIAN [Myfyr], a township in Llanidan, Anglesey. For the name cf.
Llangihangel Glyn Myfyr. Myfyrian could < Myfyrion, cf. Llanfeirion > Llan
feirian in the same county.

-YDD
? CEIRIONNYDD [Ceirion], in Llyn Geirionnydd, Caerns. See ELLSG 92,
G s.n.
CRISTIONYDD [Cristion], cf. Cristionydd Cynrig, Cristionydd Fechan, town
ships in Rhiwabon, Denbs.
DETHENYDD [? Dyddien], a township in Llandinam, Montgomeryshire. Cf.
1277/8 Dethenydd WAR 263, 1592 Dythyenith Coleman 120.
? MODRYDD [*Mawdr] a township of Llansbyddyd, Brecknock. This is very
conjectural.

It will have become obvious from the above examples that territorial suffixes
added to personal names form an extremely rich element in a very early stratum
of Welsh onomastics. All the persons who can be identified with varying degrees
of certainty are men who lived between the fifth and tenth centuries. Where the
person cannot be identified, the derivative name itself is often attested in this

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 212 MELVILLE RICHARDS

early period. This offers strong presumptive evidence that the other unidentified
personal names or unattested place-names may belong to a chronological
stratum c. 400-1000. It is not known when the territorial suffixes ceased to
become viable, but it may be tentatively suggested that this was not later than
the tenth or eleventh centuries.

ABBREVIATIONS

ALW : Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales, ed. A. Owen. London, 1841.
BBCS : Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies. Cardiff, 1921 ff.
CA : Canu Aneirin, ed. Ifor Williams. Cardiff, 1938.
Coleman : Calendar of Deeds and Documents (Coleman), ed .F. Green. Aberyst
wyth, 1921.
Cy : Y Cymmrodor, London, 1877 //.
DP : The Description of Pembrokeshire, George Owen, 1892-1936.
EANC : Enwau Afonydd a Nentydd Cymru, R. J. Thomas. Cardiff, 1938.
ECMW : The early Christian Monuments of Wales, V. E. Nash-Williams.
Cardiff, 1950.
ELLSG : Enwau Lleoedd Sir Gaernarfon, J. Lloyd Jones, Cardiff, 1928.
ESNW : Edwardian Settlement of North Wales, W. H. Waters, Cardiff.
FRN : Flintshire Place-Names, Ellis Davies. Cardiff, 1959.
G : Geirfa Barddoniaeth Gynnar Gymraeg, J. Lloyd-Jones. Cardiff 1931-1963.
H : Llawysgrif Hendregadredd. Cardiff 1933.
HW : A History of Wales, J. E. Lloyd. London, 1954.
LBS : The Lives of the British Saints, Gould-Fisher, London, 1907-13.
LHEB : Language and History in Early Britain. Edinburgh, 1953.
LL : Liber Landavensis, repr. J. Gwenogvryn Evans. Oxford, 1893.
LW : Littere Wallie, ed. J. Goronwy Edwards. Cardiff, 1940.
MA : The Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales. Denbigh, 1870.
OG : Owen Glendower, J. E. Lloyd. Oxford, 1931.
PRO : Public Record Office.
RBE : Red Book of the Exchequer, ii (Rolls Series).
SC : The Story of Ceredigion, J. E. Lloyd. Cardiff, 1937.
SD : Survey of the Honour of Denbigh, Vinogradoff and Morgan. London, 1914.
7TP : Trioedd Ynys Prydein, Rachel Bromwich. Cardiff, 1961.
VSBG : Vitae Sanctorum Britanniae et Genealogiae, A. W. Wade-Evans.
Cardiff, 1944.
WAR : Welsh Assize Rolls, J. Conway Davies. Cardiff 1940.
WCO : Welsh Christian Origins, A. W. Wade-Evans. Oxford, 1934.

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