XIIth STD CHEMISTRY (EM) LAB MANUAL

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SHORT PROCEDURE:
S.No. CONTENT TITRATION – I TITRATION – II
1. Burette Solution KMnO4 KMnO4
2. Pipette Solution 20ml of Std FAS solution 20ml of unknown FeSO4 solution
3. Acid to be added 20ml of 2N H2SO4 (approx) 20ml of 2N H2SO4 (approx)
4. Temperature Lab Temperature Lab Temperature
5. Indicator Self- Indicator (KMnO4) Self- Indicator (KmnO4)
Appearance of permanent Appearance of permanent pale
6. End Point
pale Pink Colour Pink Colour
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7. Equivalent weight of FeSO4 = 278
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𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠/𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒 43.2
Normality of standard ferrous ammonium sulphate solution = = = 0.1102 N
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 392
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TITRATION – I :
Std FAS Vs Link KMnO4: ka Indicator: Self (KMnO4)
S.No. Volume of Std Burette Readings (ml) Vol of KMnO4 ( ml) Concordant Value (ml)
FAS (ml) Initial Final
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1. 20 0 19.5 19.5 19.5
2. 20 0 19.5 19.5
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CALCULATIONS:
Volume of Std FAS solution (V1) = 20 ml.
Normality of Std FAS solution (N1) = 0.1102 N
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Volume of KMnO4 (link) solution (V2) = 19.5ml.

Normality of KMnO4 (link) solution (N2) = ? N.
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According to Normality equation: V1 N1 = V 2 N2
𝑉1 𝑁1 20 𝑥 0.1102
N2 = = = 0.1130 N
𝑉2 19.5
Normality of KMnO4 (link) solution ( N2) = 0.1130 N.
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
Ex.No: 1. 1.ESTIMATION OF FERROUS SULPHATE (FeSO4)

Date :
AIM:
To Estimate the amount of ferrous sulphate dissolved in 750 ml of the given unknown
solution volumetrically. For this you are given with a standard solution of ferrous ammonium
sulphate (FAS) of normality 0.1102N and potassium permanganate solution as link solution.
PRINCIPLE:
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During these titrations, Fe2+ ions (from ferrous salts) are oxidised to Fe3+ ion and
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MnO4- ion (from Mn2+) ion reduced to Mn2+ ion.
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Oxidation: 5 Fe2+ 5 Fe3+ + 5e-
Reduction: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+ + 4H2O
Overall reaction: 5 Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ ka 5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O
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PROCEDURE:
TITRATION – I: (Std FAS) Vs (Link KMnO4):

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Burette is washed with water, rinsed with KMnO4 solution and filled with the same KMnO4
solution up to zero mark. Exactly 20ml of standard FAS solution is pipetted out into a clean,
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washed conical flask. To this FAS solution, approximately 20ml of 2N H2SO4 is added. This
mixture is titrated against KMnO4 link solution from the burette. KMnO4 is added drop wise till
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the Appearance of permanent pale pink colour. The burette reading is noted, and the same
procedure is repeated to get concordant values.
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TITRATION – II: (Link KMnO4) Vs (Unknown FeSO4):

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solution up to zero mark. Exactly 20ml of unknown FeSO4 solution is pipetted out into a clean,
washed conical flask. To this FeSO4 solution, approximately 20ml of 2N H2SO4 is added. This
the Appearance of pale permanent pink colour. Burette reading is noted and the same procedure
is repeated to get concordant values.
TITRATION – II.
Link KMnO4 Vs Unknown FeSO4 : Indicator: Self (KMnO4)
S.No. Volume of Unknown Burette Readings (ml) Volume of link

FeSO4 (ml) KMnO4 (ml) concordant Value
Initial Final (ml)
1. 20 0 20.6 20.6 20.6

2. 20 0 20.6 20.6
CALCULATIONS:
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Volume of KMnO4 link solution (V2) = 20.6ml.
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Normality of KMnO4 link solution (N2) = 0.1130 N
Volume of Unknown FeSO4 solution (V3) = 20ml.
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Normality of Unknown FeSO4 solution ( N3 ) = ? N.
According to Normality equation:

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𝑉2 𝑁2 20.6 𝑥 0.1130
N3 = = = 0.1163N
𝑉3 20
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Normality of Unknown FeSO4 Solution( N3) = 0.1163N

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0.0970………………… N.
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ESTIMATION: WEIGHT CALCULATION:

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The amount of FeSO4 dissolved in

One litre of the solution = Equivalent Weight X Normality
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The amount of FeSO4 dissolved in

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑋 𝑁𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑋 7 50
750ml of the solution =
1000
= 0.1163 X 278 X 3 / 4 = 24.24 g.
The amount of FeSO4 dissolved in 750 ml of the solution = 24.24 g.

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RESULT:
1. Normality of KMnO4 Link solution = 0.1130 N.

2. Normality of Unknown FeSO4 solution = 0.1163 N.
3. The amount of FeSO4 dissolved in 750ml of the solution = 24.24 g.
SHORT PROCEDURE:
1. Burette Solution KMnO4 link solution KMnO4 link solution

2. Pipette Solution 20ml of Std FeSO4 solution 20ml of Unknown FAS solution
5. Indicator Self Indicator (KMnO4) Self Indicator (KMnO4)
Appearance of permanent pale Appearance of permanent pale
6. End Point
Pink Colour Pink Colour
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7. Equivalent Weight of FAS = 392
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Normality of Ferrous Sulphate(FeSO4) solution = 0. 1024 N
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TITRATION – I :
Std FeSO4 Vs link KMnO4:
S.No. Volume of Std Burette Readings (ml)
ka Indicator: Self (KMnO4)
Volume of link Concordant Value (ml)
FeSO4 (ml) KMnO4 (ml)
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Initial Final
1. 20 0 20.6 20.6
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20.6
2. 20 0 20.6 20.6
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CALCULATIONS:
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Volume of Std FeSO4 solution (V1) = 20 ml.

Normality of Std FeSO4 solution (N1) = 0.1024 N.
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Volume of KMnO4 solution (V2) = 20.6 ml.

Normality of KMnO4 solution (N2) = ?N
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According to law of Normality equation: V1N1 = V2 N2
V1 N 1 20 x 0.1024
N2 = -------- = ---------------- = 0.0994 N
V2 20.6
Normality of KMnO4 link solution (N2)= 0.0994 N.
Ex.No: 02 2.ESTIMATION OF FERROUS AMMONIUM SULPHATE (FAS)

Date: (Mohr’s Salt)
AIM:
To estimate the amount of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (FAS) dissolved in 1500 ml of
the given unknown solution volumetrically. For this you are given with a standard solution of
ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) of normality 0.1024 N and Potassium Permanganate as link solution.
PRINCIPLE :
During these titrations, Fe2+ ions (from ferrous salts) are oxidised to Fe3+ ion and
MnO4- ion (from KMnO4) ion reduced to Mn2+ ion.
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Oxidation: 5 Fe2+ 5 Fe3+ + 5e-
Reduction: MnO4- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 4H2O
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Overall reaction: 5 Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ 5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O
PROCEDURE:
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TITRATION – I: Std FeSO4 Vs link KMnO4:
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Burette is washed with water, rinsed with KMnO4 solution and filled with same KMnO4
solution up to zero mark. Exactly 20ml of the FeSO4 solution is pipetted out into the clean, washed
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conical flask. To this FeSO4 solution, approximately 20ml of 2N H2SO4 is added. This mixture is
titrated against KMnO4 link solution from the burette. KMnO4 is added drop wise till the
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Appearance of permanent pale pink colour. The burette reading is noted, the same procedure is
repeated to get concordant values.
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TITRATION – II: Link KMnO4 Vs Unknown FAS:

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Burette is washed with water, rinsed with KMnO4 solution and filled with same KMnO4
solution up to zero mark. Exactly 20ml of the unknown FAS solution is pipetted out into the clean,
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washed conical flask. To this FAS solution, approximately 20ml of 2N H2SO4 is added. This
the Appearance of permanent pale pink colour. The burette reading is noted, and the same
procedure is repeated to get concordant values.
TITRATION – II.
Link KMnO4 Vs unknown FAS : Indicator: Self (KMnO4)
S.No. Volume of unknown Burette Readings (ml) Volume of Concordant

FAS (ml)
Initial Final KMnO4 (ml) Value (ml)
1. 20 0 20.2 20.2
20.2
2. 20 0 20.2 20.2
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CALCULATIONS:
Volume of KMnO4solution (V2) = 20.2 ml.
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Normality of KMnO4solution (N2) = 0.0994 N.
Volume of Unknown FAS solution (V3) = 20 ml.
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Normality of Unknown FAS solution (N3) = ?
According to law of Normality equation: V2 N2 = ka V 3 N3
𝑉2 𝑁2 20.2𝑋 0.0994
N3 = = = 0.1003N
𝑉3 20
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Normality of Unknown FAS solution (N3)= 0.1003N.
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ESTIMATION:WEIGHT CALCULATION:
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The amount of FAS dissolved in

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The amount of FAS dissolved in

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑋 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑋 1500
1500 ml of the solution =
1000
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= 0.1003 X 392 X 6 / 4 = 60.80g
The amount of FAS dissolved in 1500 ml of the solution = 59.03 g
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RESULT:
1. Normality of KMnO4 link solution (N2) = 0.0994 N.

2. Normality of Unknown FAS Solution (N3) = 0.1003 N.
3. The amount of FAS dissolved in 1500 ml of the Solution = 59.03 g.
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SHORT PROCEDURE:
1. Burette Solution KMnO4 solution KMnO4 solution
2. Pipette Solution 20ml of Std FAS solution 20ml of Unknown Oxalic Acid
4. Temperature Lab Temperature 60° C - 70° C
5. Indicator Self Indicator (KMnO4) Self Indicator (KMnO4)
Appearance of permanent pale Appearance of permanent pale
6. End Point
Pink Colour Pink Colour
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7. Equivalent Weight of Oxalic Acid = 63
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Normality of standard Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (FAS) solution = 0. 1 N
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TITRATION – I :
Std FAS Vs link KmnO4 : ka Indicator: Self (KMnO4)
S.No. Volume of Std Burette Readings (ml) Volume of link Concordant Value (ml)
FAS solution (ml) initial Final KMnO4 (ml)
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1. 20 0 20.4 20.4
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20.4
2. 20 0 20.4 20.4
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CALCULATIONS:
Volume of std FAS solution (V1) = 20 ml.
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Normality of std FAS solution (N1) = 0.1 N.

Volume of KmnO4 link solution (V2) = 20.4 ml.
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Normality of KmnO4 link solution (N2) = ?N

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According to law of Normality equiation: V1N1 = V2 N2
V1 N1 20 x 0.1
N2 = -------- = ------- = 0.0980N
V2 20.4
Normality of KmnO4 link solution (N2) = 0.0980 N.
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Ex.No: 03. 3.ESTIMATION OXALIC ACID

Date:
AIM:
To estimate the amount of Oxalic Acid dissolved in 500ml of the given solution
volumetrically. For this you are given with a standard solution of ferrous ammonium sulphate
(FAS) of normality 0.1N and Potassium Permanganate as link solution.
PRINCIPLE:
During these titration, Oxalic acid is oxidized to CO2 and
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MnO4- ions (from KMnO4) is reduced to Mn2+ ion.
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Oxidation: 5(COOH)2 + 2 KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 10 CO2 +K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+ + 4 H2O
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Reduction:
Overall reaction: 5(COOH)2 + 2 MnO4- + 6H+ 10 CO2 +2 Mn2+ + 8H2O
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*Since one mole of Oxalic acid releases 2 moles of electrons, the equivalent weight of oxalic
acid is = 106/2= 63(oxalic acid is dihydrated)
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PROCEDURE:
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TITRATION – I: (Standard FAS) Vs (Link KMnO4):

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solution up to zero mark. Exactly 20ml of std FAS solution is pipetted out into the clean, washed
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conical flask. To this FAS solution, approximately 20ml of 2N H2SO4 is added. This mixture is
titrated against KMnO4 link solution from the burette. KMnO4 is added drop wise till the
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Appearance of permanent pale pink colour. The burette reading is noted and the same procedure
is repeated to get concordant values.
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TITRATION – II: (Link KMnO4) Vs (Unknown FeSO4)

solution up to zero mark. Exactly 20ml of unknown Oxalic acid solution is pipetted out into the
clean, washed conical flask. To this Oxalic acid solution, approximately 20ml of 2N H2SO4 is
added. This mixture is heated to 60°C - 70°C using Bunsen burner and that hot solution is titrated
against KMnO4 link solution from the burette. KMnO4 is added drop wise till the Appearance of
permanent pale pink colour. Burette readings are noted and the same procedure is repeated to get
concordant values.
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TITRATION – II.
Link KMnO4 Vs unknown Oxalic Acid: Indicator: Self (KMnO4)
S.No. Volume of unknown Burette Readings (ml) Volume of Link Concordant

Oxalic Acid (ml) KMnO4 (ml)
Initial Final value (ml)
1. 20 0 20.8 20.8
20.8
2. 20 0 20.8 20.8
Calculations:
Volume of KMnO4 link Solution (V2) = 20.8 ml
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Normality of KMnO4 link Solution (N2) = 0.0980 N.
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Volume of unknown Oxalic Acid solution (V3) = 20 ml.
Normality of Unknown Oxalic Acid solution (N3) = ?N
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According to law of Normality equation: V2 N2 = V 3 N3
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N3 =
𝑉2 𝑁2
𝑉3
=
20.8 𝑥 0.0980
20
= 0.1019N
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Normality of Unknown Oxalic acid solution (N3)= 0.1019 N.
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ESTIMATION: (WEIGHT CALCULATION):
The amount of Oxalic Acid dissolved in

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One litre of the solution = Normality X Equivalent Weight

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The amount of Oxalic Acid dissolved in

𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑋 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 Weight 𝑋 500
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1000
= 0.1019 X 63 / 2 = 3.21 g
The amount of Oxalic Acid dissolved in 500 ml of the given solution = 3.21 g.
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RESULT:
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1. Normality of KMnO4 Link solution = 0.0980 N.

2. Normality of Unknown Oxalic Acid solution = 0.1019 N.
3. The amount of Oxalic Acid dissolved in 500 ml of the given Solution = 3.21 g.
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SHORT PROCEDURE:
1. Burette Solution HCl (Link solution) HCl (Link solution)
2. Pipette Solution 20ml of Std Na2CO3 solution 20ml of Unknown NaOH solution
4. Indicator Methyl Orange Phenolphthalein
Color changes from straw
5. End Point Disappearance of Pink Colour
Yellow to pink colour
6. Equivalent Weight of NaOH = 40
Normality of Sodium carbonate ( Na2CO3) solution = 0.0948N
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TITRATION – I :
Std Na2CO3 Vs link HCl: Indicator: Methyl orange
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S.No. Volume of Std Burette Readings (ml) Volume of link Concordant Value (ml)
Na2CO3 (ml) initial Final HCl (ml)
1. 20 0 20.3
ka 20.3
20.3
2. 20 0 20.3 20.3
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CALCULATIONS:
Volume of std Na2CO3 Solution (V1) = 20 ml.
Normality of std Na2CO3 Solution (N1) = 0.0948 N.
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Volume of HCl link solution (V2) = 20.3 ml.

Normality of HCl link solution (N2) = ? N
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V1 N1 20 x 0.0948
N2 = -------- = ---------------- = 0.0933 N
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V2 20.3
Normality of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) N2 = 0.0933 N.
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4.ESTIMATION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE

Ex.No: 04.
Date:
AIM:
To estimate the amount of Sodium hydroxide dissolved in 250ml of the given unknown
solution volumetrically. For this you are given with a standard solution of sodium carbonate
normality 0.0948 N and hydrochloric acid as link solution.
PRINCIPLE:
Neutralization of sodium carbonate by HCl is given below.
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To indicate the end point, methyl orange is used as an indicator
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Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2 NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Neutralization of sodium hydroxide by HCl is given below.
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To indicate the end point, Phenolphthalein is used as an indicator
NaOH + HCl ka NaCl + H2O
PROCEDURE:
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TITRATION – I: (Std Na2CO3) Vs (link HCl):
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Burette is washed with water, rinsed with link HCl solution and filled with the same HCl
solution upto zero mark. Exactly 20 ml of Na2CO3 solution is pipetted out into the clean, washed
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conical flask. To this solution 2 to 3 drops of methyl orange indicator is added and titrated against
HCl link solution from burette. HCl is added drop wise till the colour change from straw yellow to
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pale pink. Burette reading is noted and the same procedure is repeated to get concordant values.
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TITRATION – II: (Link HCl) Vs (unknown NaOH):

Burette is washed with water and rinsed with link HCl solution and filled with the same HCl
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solution upto zero mark. Exactly 20 ml of NaOH solution is pipetted out into the clean, washed
conical flask. To this solution 2 to 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator is added and titrated against
HCl link solution from burette. HCl is added drop wise till the pink colour disappears completely.
Burette reading is noted and the same procedure is repeated to get concordant values.
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TITRATION – II.
(Link HCl) Vs (Unknown NaOH): Indicator: phenolphthalein
S.No. Volume of unknown Burette Readings (ml) Volume of HCl (ml) Concordant
NaOH solution (ml) Initial Final (ml) Value (ml)
1. 20 0 21.7 21.7
21.7
2. 20 0 21.7 21.7
CALCULATIONS:
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Volume of HCl link solution (V2) = 21.7ml.
Normality of HCl link solution (N2) = 0.0933 N.
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Volume of Unknown NaOH solution (V3) = 20 ml.
Normality of Unknown NaOH solution (N3) = ?
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According to Normality equation: V2 N2 = V 3 N3
N3 =
ka
𝑉2 𝑁2
𝑉3
=
21.7𝑋 0.0933
20
= 0.1012N
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Normality of Unknown NaOH solution N3 = 0.1012 N.
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The amount of NaOH dissolved in

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The amount of NaOH dissolved in

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 Weight 𝑋 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑋 250
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1000
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= 0.1012 X 40 /4 = 1.012 g
The amount of NaOH dissolved in 250 ml of the solution = 1.012 g.
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RESULT:
1. Normality of HCl Link solution = 0.0933N.

2. Normality of Unknown NaOH Solution = 0.1012 N.
3. The amount of NaOH dissolved in 250ml of the Solution = 1.012 g.
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SHORT PROCEDURE:
1. Burette Solution HCl (Std) solution Oxalic acid (unknown) solution
2. Pipette Solution 20ml of NaOH (link) solution 20ml of NaOH (link) solution
4. Indicator Phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein
5. End Point Disappearance of pink colour Disappearance of Pink Colour
6. Equivalent Weight of Oxalic acid = 63
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*Normality of Hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution = 0.1010N
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TITRATION – I :
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(Std HCl) Vs (link NaOH): Indicator: Phenolphthalein
S.No. Volume of Burette Readings (ml) Volume of Concordant Value (ml)
NaOH (ml) initia Final ka HCl (ml)
1. 20 0 20.5 20.5
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20.5
2. 20 0 20.5 20.5
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CALCULATIONS:
Volume of Std HCl solution (V1) = 20.5 ml.
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Normality of Std HCl solution (N1) = 0.1010

Volume of NaOH link solution (V2) = 20 ml.
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Normality of NaOH link solution (N2) = ? N.

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V1 N1 20.5 x 0.1010
N2 = -------- = ---------------- = 0.1035N
V2 20
Normality of NaOH Link solution (N2) = 0.1035 N.
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5.ESTIMATION OF OXALIC ACID

Ex.No: 04.
Date:
AIM:
To estimate the amount of Oxalic acid dissolved in 1250 ml of the given unknown solution
volumetrically. For this you are given with a standard solution of HCl solution of normality
0.1010N and sodium hydroxide solution as link solution.
PRINCIPLE:
Neutralization of sodium hydroxide by HCl is given below.
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NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
Neutralization of sodium hydroxide by Oxalic acid is given below.
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2NaOH + (COOH)2 ka (COONa)2 + 2H2O
PROCEDURE:
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TITRATION – I (Std HCl) Vs (link NaOH):
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Burette is washed with water, rinsed with link HCl solution and filled with the same HCl
solution upto zero mark. Exactly 20 ml of NaOH solution is pipetted out into the clean, washed
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HCl solution from the burette. HCl is added drop wise till the pink colour disappears completely.
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Burette reading is noted and the same procedure is repeated to get concordant values.
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TITRATION – II: (Link NaOH) Vs (unknown Oxalic acid):

Burette is washed with water, rinsed with oxalic acid solution and filled with the same oxalic
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acid solution upto zero mark. Exactly 20 ml of NaOH solution is pipetted out into the clean, washed
Oxalic acid solution from the burette. Oxalic acid is added drop wise till the pink colour
disappears completely. Burette reading is noted and the same procedure is repeated to get
concordant values.
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TITRATION – II.
(Link NaOH) Vs (Unknown Oxalic acid): Indicator: phenolphthalein
S.No. Volume of NaOH Burette Readings (ml) Volume of Oxalic Concordant

Link solution (ml) Initial Final (ml) acid(ml) Value (ml)
1. 20 0 19.7 19.7
19.7
2. 20 0 19.7 19.7
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CALCULATIONS:
Volume of NaOH link solution (V2) = 20 ml.
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Normality of NaOH link solution (N2) = 0.1035 N
Volume of Unknown Oxalic acid solution (V3) = 19.7ml.
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Normality of Unknown Oxalic acid solution (N3) = ? N.
According to Normality equation: V 2 N2 =

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V 3 N3
𝑉2 𝑁2 20𝑋 0.1035
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N3 = = = 0.1050N
𝑉3 19.7
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Normality of Unknown oxalic acid solution (N3)= 0.1050 N.

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The amount of Oxalic acid dissolved in

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The amount of Oxalic acid dissolved in

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑋 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑋 1250
1000
= 0.1050 X 63 X 5 / 4 = 8.26 g
The amount of Oxalic acid dissolved in 1250 ml of the solution = 8.27 g.
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RESULT:
1. Normality of NaOH Link Solution = 0.1035N.

2. Normality of Oxalic acid Solution = 0.1050 N.
3. The amount of Oxalic acid dissolved in 1250ml of the Solution = 8.27 g.
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Analysis ofOrganicCompounds.
24
ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUND FOR GENERAL PROCEDURE

Sno Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary tests
1 Odour: (i) Bitter almond odour May be benzaldehyde
Note the Odour of the organic (ii) Fish odour May be an amine
compound (iii) Phenolic odour May be phenol
(iv) Pleasant fruity odour May be an ester
(v)No characteristic odour Absence of carboxylic
acid,benzaldehyde,phenol,
amine,ester
2 Test with litmus paper:
Touch the Moist litmus paper (i) Blue litmus turns red May be Carboxylic acid
with an organic compound. (or) phenol
n
(ii) Red litmus turns blue May be an amine
(iii) No colour change is Absence of carboxylic
l.i
noted acid, phenol and amine
3 Action with sodium bicarbonate:
da
Take 2ml of saturated sodium bi (i) Brisk effervescence is Presence of carboxylic
carbonate solution in a test tube. observed acid
Add 2-3 drops (or a pinch of solid) (ii) No brisk effervescence Absence of a carboxylic
4
of an organic compound to it.
Action with Borsch’s Reagent:
ka
is observed acid.
Take a small amount of an Yellow or orange (or) red Presence of an aldehyde or

vi
organic compound in a test tube. precipitate ketone
Add 3 ml of Borsche’s reagent, 1 ml
of Conc HCl to it, then warm the No characteristic precipitate Absence of aldehyde or
al
mixture gently and cool it. obtained ketone

5 Charring test:
.k
Take a small amount of an organic Charring takes place Presence of carbohydrates

compound in a dry test tube. Add 2
w
ml of conc H2SO4 to it, and heat the No charring takes place Absence of carbohydrate
mixture.
Tests for Aliphatic or Aromatic nature:
w
6 Ignition test: Presence of an aromatic

Take small amount of the organic Burns with sooty flame compound
w
compound in a Nickel spatula and Presence of an aliphatic

burn it in Bunsen flame. Burns with non sooty flame compound
Test for a saturation or an unsaturation
7 Test with bromine water:
Take small amount of the organic (i) Orange Yellow Bromine Substance is Unsaturated.
compound in a test tube add 2 ml of water decolourised
distilled water to dissolve it. To this
solution add few drops of bromine
water and shake it well.
25
8 Test with KMnO4 solution:
Take small amount of organic (ii) decolouration with Presence of aromatic
compound in test tube add water to formation of white amines or phenol
dissolve it and few drops of very dil precipitate
KMnO4 solution and shaken well (iii) No decolouration takes Substance is saturated
place
Test for selected organic functional group
Test for aldehydes:
1 TEST FOR ALDEHYDE
Tollen’s reagent test: Shining silver is formed. Presence of an aldehyde
Take 2 ml of Tollen’s regent in a
clean dry test tube. Add 3-4 drops of
an organic compound to it, and
warm the mixture on a water bath
n
for about 2 minutes.
2 Fehling’s test:
l.i
Take 1 ml each of Fehling’s solution Red precipitate is formed. Presence of an aldehyde.
A and B are taken in a test tube.
da
Add 4-5 drops of an organic
compound (or 0.5g of solid) to it,
and warm the mixture on a water
bath for about 5 minutes. ka
3 TEST FOR PHENOL
Neutral FeCl3 test: Violet colouration is seen Presence of phenol
Take 1 ml of FeCl3 solution in a dry
vi
test tube. Add 2 - 3 drops or pinch Violet – Blue colouration is Presence of α-naphthol
of organic compound to it. If no seen
al
colouration occurs add 3-4 drops of Green colouration is seen Presence of β-naphthol
alcohol
4 TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC ACID
.k
Esterification reaction: A pleasant fruity odour is Presence of carboxylic

Take 1 ml or a pinch of an organic noted. group
w
compound in a clean test tube. Add

1 ml of ethyl alcohol and 4 - 5 drops
w
of Conc. H2SO4 to it.Heat the

reaction mixture strongly about 5
minutes. Then pour the mixture in to
w
beaker containing dil.Na2CO3

solution and note the smell.
5 TEST FOR KETONE
Legal’s test: Red colouration. Presence of ketone
A small amount of the organic
substance is taken in a test tube.
Add 1 ml of sodium nitro prusside
solution and 1 ml of sodium
hydroxide solution is added in
dropwise.
26
6 TEST FOR AMINES:
Dye test:Take A small amount of an Scarlet red dye is obtained Presence of aromatic
organic substance in a clean test primary amine
tube, add 2 ml of HCl to dissolve it.
Add few crystals of NaNO2, and
cool the mixture in ice bath then add
2 ml of ice cold solution of
β-naphthol in NaOH
7 TEST FOR DIAMIDE:
Biuret test:
Take a small amount of an organic Violet colour is appeared Presence of a diamide
compound in a test tube. Heat
stongly and then allow to cool.
Dissolve the residue with 2 ml of
water. To this solution add 1 ml of
n
dil. CuSO4 and few drops of 10%
l.i
NaOH solution drop by drop
8 TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES
Molisch’s test:
da
Take A small amount of an organic Violet or purple ring is Presence of carbohydrate
compound in a test tube. It is formed at the junction of
dissolved in 2 ml of water. Add 3-4 the two liquid
drops of α-napthol to it. Then add ka
conc. H2SO4 in sides of the test tube.
9 OSAZONE TEST:
Take A small amount of an organic
vi
Yellow crystals are Presence of carbohydrate
compound in a test tube. Add 1 ml obtained
of phenylhydrazine solution and
al
heat the mixture for about 5 minutes

on boiling water bath.
.k
Report:
w
The given organic compound contains ;

(i) Aromatic /Aliphatic
w
(ii) Unsaturated / Saturated

(iii) functional group
w
So, The given organic compound is .
27
ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUND:1. (BENZALDEHYDE)

Preliminary tests
1 Odour:
Note the Odour of the organic Bitter almond odour May be benzaldehyde
compound
Touch the Moist litmus paper with No colour change is noted Absence of carboxylic
an organic compound. acid, phenol and amine
Take 2ml of saturated sodium bi No brisk effervescence is Absence of a carboxylic
carbonate solution in a test tube. Add observed acid.
n
2-3 drops (or a pinch of solid) of an
organic compound to it.
l.i
4 Action with Borsch’s Reagent:
Take a small amount of an organic Yellow or orange Presence of an aldehyde
da
compound in a test tube. Add 3 ml of precipitate
Borsche’s reagent, 1 ml of Conc HCl
to it, then warm the mixture gently
and cool it. ka
5 Charring test:
Take a small amount of an organic No Charring takes place Absence of carbohydrates
compound in a dry test tube. Add 2 ml
vi
of conc H2SO4 to it, and heat the
mixture.
al

6 Ignition test:
Take small amount of the organic Burns with sooty flame Presence of an aromatic
.k
compound in a Nickel spatula and compound

burn it in Bunsen flame.
w
Test for a Saturation or an Unsaturation

w
Take small amount of the organic No decolouration takes Substance is saturated

compound in a test tube add 2 ml of place
w


Take small amount of organic No decolouration takes Substance is saturated
compound in test tube add water to place
dissolve it and few drops of very dil
KMnO4 solution and shaken well
28
TEST FOR SELECTED ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUP
TEST FOR ALDEHYDES:
1 Tollen’s reagent test:
Take 2 ml of Tollen’s regent in a Shining silver mirror is Presence of an aldehyde
clean dry test tube. Add 3-4 drops of formed.
an organic compound to it, and warm
the mixture on a water bath for about
2 minutes.
2 Fehling’s test:
Take 1 ml each of Fehling’s solution Red precipitate is Presence of an aldehyde.
A and B are taken in a test tube. Add formed.
4-5 drops of an organic compound (or
0.2g of solid) to it, and warm the
mixture on a water bath for about 5
n
minutes.
l.i
Report:
da
(i) Aromatic
(ii) Saturated
(iii) Aldehyde functional group
ka
So, The given organic compound is Benzaldehyde.
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
29
ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUND: 2. (CINNAMALDEHYDE)

Preliminary tests
1 Odour:
Note the Odour of the organic No characteristic odour Absence of benzaldehyde,
compound phenol,amine,ester
Touch the Moist litmus paper with No colour change is Absence of carboxylic
an organic compound. noted acid, phenol and amine
n
l.i
Take a small amount of an organic Yellow or orange
da
Presence of an aldehyde
to it, then warm the mixture gently ka
and cool it.
5 Charring test:
Take a small amount of an organic No charring takes place Absence of carbohydrate
vi
al
mixture.
6 Ignition test:
.k
w

w

Take small amount of the organic Orange Yellow Bromine Substance is Unsaturated.
w
compound in a test tube add 2 ml of water is decolourised


Take small amount of organic Pink colour of KMnO4 Substance is Unsaturated
compound in test tube add 2 ml of solution is decolouration
distilled water to dissolve it and few takes place
drops of very dil alkaline KMnO4
solution and shake it well.
30

TEST FOR ALDEHYDES:
2 minutes.
2 Fehling’s test:
Take 1 ml each of Fehling’s solution Red precipitate is Presence of an aldehyde.
A and B are taken in a test tube. Add formed.
n
l.i
minutes.
REPORT:
da
(i) Aromatic
(ii) Unsaturated ka
(iii) Aldehydes functional group
So, The given organic compound is Cinnamaldehyde.
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
31
ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUND:3. (ACETOPHENONE)

Preliminary tests
1 Odour:
n
l.i
da
Take a small amount of an organic Yellow or Orange or Red Presence of ketone
compound in a test tube. Add 3 ml of precipitate obtained
to it, then warm the mixture gently ka
and cool it.
5 Charring test:
vi
al
mixture.
.k
6 Ignition test:
w

w

w

Take small amount of organic No decolourisation takes Substance is saturated
compound in test tube add 2 ml place
distilled water to dissolve it and few
solution and shaken well
32
TEST FOR KETONE
1 Legal’s test:
A small amount of the organic Red colouration. Presence of ketone
substance is taken in a test tube. Add
1 ml of sodium nitro prusside
solution is added. Then sodium
dropwise.
REPORT:
(i) Aromatic
n
(ii) saturated
(iii) Ketones functional group
l.i
So, The given organic compound is Acetophenone.
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
33
ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUND:4. (BENZOPHENONE)

Preliminary tests
1 Odour:
Note the Odour of the organic No characteristics odour Absence of carboxylic
compound acid,benzaldehyde,phenol,
amine,ester
n
l.i
Take a small amount of an organic Yellow or orange (or) red Presence of ketone
da
5
and cool it.
Charring test:
ka
vi
mixture.
al

6 Ignition test:
.k
w
Test for Saturation or an Unsaturation

w

w


compound in test tube add 2 ml of place
34
TEST FOR KETONE:
1 Legal’s test:
A small amount of the organic Red colouration. Presence of ketone
substance is taken in a test tube. Add
1 ml of sodium nitro prusside
solution is added and then sodium
dropwise.
REPORT:
(i) Aromatic
n
(ii) Saturated
(iii) Ketone functional group
l.i
So, The given organic compound is Benzophenone.
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
35
ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUND:5. (BENZOIC ACID)

SNo Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary tests
1 Odour:
Note the Odour of the organic No characteristics odour Absence of benzaldehyde,
Touch the Moist litmus paper with Blue litmus turns red May be Carboxylic acid
an organic compound. (or) phenol
Take 2ml of saturated sodium bi Brisk effervescence is Presence of carboxylic
carbonate solution in a test tube. Add observed acid
n
Action with Borsch’s Reagent:
l.i
4
Take a small amount of an organic No Yellow or Orange or Absence of aldehyde or
compound in a test tube. Add 3 ml of precipitate obtained ketone
da
and cool it. ka
5 Charring test:
vi
mixture.
al
6 Ignition test:
.k

w

w

w


36
TEST FOR SELECTED ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
TEST FOR ACIDS
1 Esterification reaction:
Take 1 ml or a pinch of an organic A pleasant fruity odour is Presence of carboxylic
compound in a clean test tube. Add noted. group
of Conc. H2SO4 to it.Heat the
reaction mixture strongly about 5
minutes. Then pour the mixture in to
beaker containing dil.Na2CO3
REPORT:
n
(i) Aromatic
l.i
(ii) Saturated
(iii) Carboxylic acid functional group
da
So, The given organic compound is Benzoic acid.
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
37
ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUND:6. (CINNAMIC ACID)
Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary tests
1 Odour:
Note the Odour of the organic No characteristic odour Absence of amine,
compound benzaldehyde, phenol, ester
Touch the Moist litmus paper with Blue litmus turns red May be Carboxylic acid (or)
an organic compound. phenol
Take 2ml of saturated sodium bi Brisk effervescence is Presence of a carboxylic
n
Take a small amount of an organic No yellow or orange or Absence of aldehyde or
l.i
compound in a test tube. Add 3 ml of red precipitate obtained ketone
da
and cool it.
5 Charring test:
Take a small amount of an organic
ka
No charring takes place Absence of carbohydrate

vi
mixture.
6 Ignition test:
al
.k

w

Take small amount of the organic Orange-Yellow colour Substance is unsaturated
w
compound in a test tube add 2 ml of of bromine water is

distilled water to dissolve it. To this decolouration
w

Take small amount of organic Pink colour of KMnO4 Substance is unsaturated
compound in test tube add 2 ml of solution is decolourised
38
Test for Carboxylic acid
Take 1 ml or a pinch of an organic
compound in a clean test tube. Add
1 ml of ethyl alcohol and 4 - 5 drops A pleasant fruity odour Presence of carboxylic
of Conc. H2SO4 to it. Heat the is noted. group
reaction mixture strongly about
5 minutes. Then pour the mixture in
to beaker containing dil.Na2CO3
Report:
n
(i) Aromatic
l.i
(ii) Unsaturated
(iii) Carboxylic acid functional group
da
So, The given organic compound is Cinnamic acid.
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
39
ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUND: 7. (UREA)

Preliminary tests
1 Odour:
Note the Odour of the organic Fish odour May be an amine
compound
Touch the Moist litmus paper with Red litmus turns blue May be an amine
an organic compound.
n
l.i
Take a small amount of an organic Yellow (or) orange (or) Presence of ketone
compound in a test tube. Add 3 ml of red precipitate
da
and cool it.
5 Charring test:
ka
vi
mixture.
al
6 Ignition test:
Take small amount of the organic Burns with non sooty Presence of an aliphatic
.k
compound in a Nickel spatula and flame compound

w

w

w


solution and shaken well
40
TEST FOR DIAMIDE:
1 Biuret test:
compound in a test tube. Heat stongly Violet colour is appeared Presence of a diamide
and then allow to cool. Dissolve the
residue with 2 ml of water. To this
solution add 1 ml of dil. CuSO4
solution and few drops of 10% NaOH
solution drop by drop
Report:
n
(i) Aliphatic
l.i
(ii) Saturated
(iii) Diamide functional group
da
So, The given organic compound is Urea.
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
41
ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUND:8 (GLUCOSE)
Preliminary tests
1 Odour:
Touch the Moist litmus paper with No colour change is noted Absence of carboxylic
an organic compound. acid, phenol and amine
n
Take a small amount of an organic Yellow or orange Presence of an aldehyde
l.i
da
and cool it.
5 Charring test:
Take a small amount of an organic ka
Charring takes place with
compound in a dry test tube. Add 2 ml smell of burnt sugar
Presence of carbohydrates

mixture.
vi
6 Ignition test:
al
Take small amount of the organic Burns with non sooty flame Presence of an aliphatic
.k

w

w

w

42
TEST FOR ALDEHYDE
2 minutes.
2 Fehling’s test:
Take 1 ml each of Fehling’s solution Red precipitate is formed. Presence of an aldehyde.
A and B are taken in a test tube. Add
n
minutes.
l.i
3 TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES
Molisch’s test:
Take a small amount of an organic Violet or purple ring is Presence of carbohydrate
da
compound in a test tube. It is formed at the junction of
dissolved in 2 ml of water. Add 3-4 the two liquid
drops of α-napthol to it. Then add ka
conc. H2SO4 through the sides of the
test tube carefully.
4 OSAZONE TEST:
vi
Take a small amount of an organic Yellow crystals are Presence of carbohydrate
compound in a test tube. Add 1 ml of obtained
phenylhydrazine solution and heat the
al
mixture for about 5 minutes on

boiling water bath.
.k
w
Report:
w
(i) Aliphatic
(ii) Saturated
w
(iii) Aldehyde functional group

So, The given organic compound is Glucose.
43
ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUND:9. (ANILINE)

Preliminary tests
1 Odour:
Note the Odour of the organic Fish odour May be an amine
compound
Touch the Moist litmus paper with Red litmus turns blue May be an amine
an organic compound.
n
l.i
compound in a test tube. Add 3 ml of Red precipitate obtained ketone
da
and cool it.
5 Charring test:
ka
vi
mixture.
al
6 Ignition test:
.k

w

Take small amount of the organic Decolouration with Presence of aromatic
w
compound in a test tube add 2 ml of bromine water and Amine or Phenol

distilled water to dissolve it. To this formation of white
w
solution add few drops of bromine precipitate


44
SELECTED TEST FOR ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
TEST FOR AMINE
1 Dye test:
Take a small amount of an organic Scarlet red dye is Presence of aromatic
substance in a clean test tube, add 2 obtained primary amine
ml of HCl to dissolve it. Add few
crystals of NaNO2, and cool the
mixture in ice bath then add 2 ml of
ice cold solution of β-naphthol in
NaOH
Report:
n
(i) Aromatic
(ii) Saturated
l.i
(iii) Amine functional group
So, The given organic compound is Aniline.
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
45
ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUND:10.(SALICYLIC ACID)

Preliminary tests
1 Odour:
Note the Odour of the organic Phenolic odour May be phenol or
compound Carboxylic acid
Touch the Moist litmus paper with Blue litmus turns red May be Carboxylic acid
an organic compound. (or) phenol
Take 2ml of saturated sodium bi Brisk effervescence is Presence of carboxylic
n
l.i
da
compound in a test tube. Add 3 ml of Red precipitate obtained ketone
Borsche’s reagent, 1 ml of Conc. HCl
and cool it. ka
5 Charring test:
vi
mixture.
al

6 Ignition test:
.k
w

w
Take small amount of the organic Decolouration with Presence of aromatic

compound in a test tube add 2 ml of bromine water and Amine or Phenol or
w
distilled water to dissolve it. To this formation of white Salicylic acid

solution add few drops of bromine precipitate
46
TEST FOR PHENOL AND CARBOXYLIC ACID:
1 Neutral FeCl3 test:
Take 1 ml of FeCl3 solution in a dry
test tube. Add 2 - 3 drops or pinch of Violet colouration is seen Presence of phenol
organic compound to it. If no
colouration occurs add 3-4 drops of
alcohol
Take 1 ml or a pinch of an organic A pleasant fruity odour is Presence of carboxylic
compound in a clean test tube. Add noted. group
of Conc. H2SO4 to it. Heat the
reaction mixture strongly about
5 minutes. Then pour the mixture in
n
to beaker containing dil.Na2CO3
l.i
da
Report:
(i) Aromatic ka
(ii) Saturated
(iii) Phenol and Carboxylic acid functional group
So, The given organic compound is Salicylic acid.
vi
*******
al
.k
w
w
w
47
PREPARATION OF REAGENTS
Salt Analysis
1. Ammonium acetate 230 g / Litre
2. Ammonium carbonate 160 gm / Litre + 140 ml liquor ammonia
3. Ammonium chloride 270 gm / Litre
4. Ammonium hydroxide 270 ml Liquor Ammonia / Litre
5. Ammonium oxalate 35 gm / Litre
6. Ammonium thiocyanate 38 gm / Litre
7. Barium chloride 61 gm / Litre
8. Cobalt nitrate 44 gm / Litre
9. Dil. Acetic acid 300 ml / Litre
10. Dil. Hydrochloric acid 400 ml / Litre
11. Dil. Nitric acid 300 ml / Litre
12. Dil. Sulphuric acid 150 ml / Litre
n
13. Di-sodium hydrogen phosphate 120 ml / Litre
14. Lead acetate 95 gm / Litre + 15 ml acetic acid
l.i
15. Potassium chromate 20 gm / Litre + 15 ml acetic acid
16. Potassium ferrocyanide 55 gm / Litre
da
17. Potassium iodide 33 gm / Litre
18. Silver nitrate 17 gm / Litre of distilled water
19. Sodium hydroxide 200 gm / Litre of distilled water
ka
20. Starch solution : Add 1 gm / 10 ml of water starch paste into 90 ml of boiling water.
21. Lime water : Dissolve 1.7 gm of lime or 2.5 gm of Calcium hydroxide in one litre of
water. Decant the solution after long standing.
22. Nessler’s Reagent : Dissolve 10 gm of potassium iodide in 10 ml of water. To this add
vi
saturated solution of mercuric chloride (60 gm/litre) in small quantities at a time with
shaking, until a slight permanent reddish precipitate forms. With this add 80 ml of 9N
al
Sodium hydroxide solution and diluted to 200 ml. Allow it to stand overnight. Decant
the solution next day and store in a dark place.
23. Aluminium Reagent : Dissolve 0.25 gm of aluminon (Ammonium salt of aurine
.k
tricarboxylic acid) in 250 ml of distilled water.

24. Magneson Reagent : Dissolve 0.001 gm of magneson (p-nitro benezene azo resorcinol)
w
in 100 ml of 1 N sodium hydroxide.

25. Hydrogen Sulphide gas : Allow ferrous sulphide to react with dilute sulphuric acid in
Kipp’s apparatus. Instead Yellow Ammonium suplhide solution can be used.
w
Volumetric Analysis:
w
1. Ferrous ammonium sulphate (1N) : 392 gm FAS paste in 100 ml conc. H2SO4 / litre water.
2. Oxalic acid (1 N) : 63g / litre
3. Pottassium permanganate (1 N) : 31.6 g / litre.
4. Ferrous sulphate (1 N) : 278 g / litre + little con. H2SO4.
5. Sulphuric acid (2 N) : 55 ml / litre
6. 0.1 N solutions : 100 ml of 1 N solution/litre
7. 0.05 N solutions : 50 ml of 1 N solution per litre. (For economical use and accuracy of results.)
Note : Never add water to a concentrated acid. Instead concentrated acid is added to water with
constant stirring.
*******
48
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XIIth STD CHEMISTRY (EM) LAB MANUAL

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XIIth STD CHEMISTRY (EM) LAB MANUAL

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Volume of KMnO4 (link) solution (V2) = 19.5ml.

According to Normality equation: V1 N1 = V 2 N2

Normality of KMnO4 (link) solution ( N2) = 0.1130 N.

Ex.No: 1. 1.ESTIMATION OF FERROUS SULPHATE (FeSO4)

TITRATION – I: (Std FAS) Vs (Link KMnO4):

TITRATION – II: (Link KMnO4) Vs (Unknown FeSO4):

S.No. Volume of Unknown Burette Readings (ml) Volume of link

1. 20 0 20.6 20.6 20.6

According to Normality equation:

Normality of Unknown FeSO4 Solution( N3) = 0.1163N

ESTIMATION: WEIGHT CALCULATION:

The amount of FeSO4 dissolved in

The amount of FeSO4 dissolved in

= 0.1163 X 278 X 3 / 4 = 24.24 g.

The amount of FeSO4 dissolved in 750 ml of the solution = 24.24 g.

1. Normality of KMnO4 Link solution = 0.1130 N.

1. Burette Solution KMnO4 link solution KMnO4 link solution

Volume of Std FeSO4 solution (V1) = 20 ml.

Volume of KMnO4 solution (V2) = 20.6 ml.

According to law of Normality equation: V1N1 = V2 N2

Normality of KMnO4 link solution (N2)= 0.0994 N.

Ex.No: 02 2.ESTIMATION OF FERROUS AMMONIUM SULPHATE (FAS)

TITRATION – II: Link KMnO4 Vs Unknown FAS:

Link KMnO4 Vs unknown FAS : Indicator: Self (KMnO4)

S.No. Volume of unknown Burette Readings (ml) Volume of Concordant

According to law of Normality equation: V2 N2 = ka V 3 N3

The amount of FAS dissolved in

One litre of the solution = Equivalent Weight X Normality

The amount of FAS dissolved in

= 0.1003 X 392 X 6 / 4 = 60.80g

The amount of FAS dissolved in 1500 ml of the solution = 59.03 g

1. Normality of KMnO4 link solution (N2) = 0.0994 N.

1. Burette Solution KMnO4 solution KMnO4 solution

Normality of std FAS solution (N1) = 0.1 N.

Normality of KmnO4 link solution (N2) = ?N

According to law of Normality equiation: V1N1 = V2 N2

Normality of KmnO4 link solution (N2) = 0.0980 N.

Ex.No: 03. 3.ESTIMATION OXALIC ACID

During these titration, Oxalic acid is oxidized to CO2 and

TITRATION – I: (Standard FAS) Vs (Link KMnO4):

TITRATION – II: (Link KMnO4) Vs (Unknown FeSO4)

Link KMnO4 Vs unknown Oxalic Acid: Indicator: Self (KMnO4)

S.No. Volume of unknown Burette Readings (ml) Volume of Link Concordant

ESTIMATION: (WEIGHT CALCULATION):

The amount of Oxalic Acid dissolved in

One litre of the solution = Normality X Equivalent Weight

The amount of Oxalic Acid dissolved in

500ml of the solution =

1. Normality of KMnO4 Link solution = 0.0980 N.

Normality of Sodium carbonate ( Na2CO3) solution = 0.0948N

Volume of HCl link solution (V2) = 20.3 ml.

According to law of Normality equation: V1N1 = V2 N2

Normality of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) N2 = 0.0933 N.

4.ESTIMATION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE

Neutralization of sodium carbonate by HCl is given below.

Neutralization of sodium hydroxide by HCl is given below.

NaOH + HCl ka NaCl + H2O

TITRATION – II: (Link HCl) Vs (unknown NaOH):

The amount of NaOH dissolved in

The amount of NaOH dissolved in

250ml of the solution =

The amount of NaOH dissolved in 250 ml of the solution = 1.012 g.

1. Normality of HCl Link solution = 0.0933N.