Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico San Juan

Uniaxial Tension Test of Metallic Materials

ME

Josean Vazquez Nieves

#90322
Prof. Julio Noriega,

1
 ABSTRACT

The Engineering field uses different types of materials for projects , contructions, manufacturing
and designs. Different types of materials have different kinds of qualities, in wihich somw might
be defines as load, strain, stress, and many others. These materials must have the capacity to
withstand loads, impacts and stress to perform any type of work without, which defines the
importance of knowing each material’s limit ans aslo until what extent they can perform. In ths
laboratory, we will conduct one of the most common and basic tests, as used in different kinds of
corporstions and industies. We will subjet a samle of Aluminum 2024 to a simple tensile test, and
use the result to analyze different properties ad qualities, and aslo determine is performance.

2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract …………………………………………………………………………..…..….2

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..… 4

Equipment …………………………………………………………………………… 5

Theory …………………………………………………………………….........… 6-8

Experimental procedure …...……………………………………………………….… …9

Results ……………………………………………………………………...…… 10-11

Graphics and pictures ………………………………………………………………… 12-20

Conclusion and Reference ……………………………………………………...……… 21

3
 INTRODUCTION

In this experiment, we subjected a sample of Aluminum 2024 to a tension test. Using the
machine, we applied a certain type of load on the sample, and watched on the monitor how
internally it suffere different kinds of chages until fracture (both internally and externally).
When the test is finished, can use the information generated from Stress-Strain to aquire
diferent mechanical properties of the material. Then take the compiled data and compare it to
theorical results found in matweb.

4
 Equipment

Equipment
o Sample of material – Aluminum 2024, prepared according to ASTM E8/E8M

o Testing machine.

o Caliper (measurement instrument).

o Extensometer (is a device that is used to measure changes in the length of an object).

5
 THEORY

Engneering Stress
Can be defined as the load applied (F) by the original area(A). Where the Load applies is
represented in pounds(lb), stress can be represented in (psi).

%
𝜎"#$ =
&'

Engineering Strain
Amount that a material deforms in application of the load. Can be defined as the
Elongation over the original longitud os the simple.

*+ ,*' ∆*
𝜀= =
*' *'

Modulus of Elasticity
Describes a material’s stiffness,meaning that the higher the modulus of the material, the more
rigid it is going to be.

𝐸 = ∆𝜎/∆𝜀
𝐸 = (𝜎1 − 𝜎3 )/(𝜀1 − 𝜀3 )

Modulus of Resiliance
Is the ability of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed ellastically, and
then, have its energy recovered when the load is removed. Or It is the ability of a
structure to support a load without being permanently deformed, but when the strain exceeds
the yield stress, the material deforms irreversibly

5²
Ur = Ur = .5
17

6
Proportional Limit
Defined as the highest point of stress when proportioned to strain. From this point in the
tensile test material reacts plastically any further increase in the load or stress.

Elastic Limit
Is the maximum stress or force that a solid material that can recieve without alternationg or
permanently deforming it’s size or shape.

Yield Strength
Amount of force that can cause permanent deformation, yield is a particularly useful measure for
materials with no proportionality limit defined.

Percent of Elongation
Measures the amount of deformation at the frature point in comparison to the original lenght
before the test was conductued. Measured as a percentage of the difference between the
original and final lenght by the original lenght.

89 ,8'
% El = * 100
8'
Percent Reduction of Area
Can be described as the reduced area after permanent deformation (or necking) in comparison
to the original área os the specimen. Since deformation is involved, may only apply to ductile
materials. As described for elongation, its is represented in percentages of the cganhe in Area
by the final Area.

&: ,&9
% AR = [ ] * 100
&9

7
Ductile VS Brittle Materials
Due to it’s composition, when a load is applied, ductile materials experience a significantly
larger amount of plastic deformation before fracture. As in comparison with a brittle material,
they barely experience any type of elongation or plastic deformation before fracture.

8
 Procedures

a) Turn on the computer and the ATS machine

b) Select the ATS software
c) Select load a test: Engineering Materials lab test
d) Follow instructions of your Instructor or the ATS manual
e) Select the load cell to 100 % for calibration purposes
f) Install the specimen
i) Move the manual/automatic button to the right for manual motion of grips
ii) Locate the specimen between grips
iii) Apply 200 lb of preload. To be sure the specimen does not slip from the grips
iv) Calibrate to 0 lbs load
v) Verify the load cell calibration (shunt calibration) to 2077 lbs
g) Set to zero (0 I nch) the displacement control
h) Verify the tension/compression button
i) Turn to the left the automatic button.
j) Press the down button to start the motion of lower crosshead
k) Press enter on the computer to start the data acquisition
l) Monitor the test:
i) Pay attention to the specimen and the computer graph
ii) At a load of 3000 lb stop the machine and measure the specimen diameter
iii) Press the down button to continue the experiment
iv) Verify that the rate of load application in minimum, but the rate of elongation increases
v) Write the value of failure load
vi) Measure the diameter at the failure zone
vii) Measure the specimen length after failure
viii) Using the microscope make a sketch of the failure surface and comments in the
type of fracture, geometry of the fracture zone, evidence of voids or crack.

9
 Results

TABLE 1. SPECIMEN DIMENSIONS AND ERRORS

ITEM PARAMETER ASTM Measured Error
Standard dimension
E-8-XX
1 Diameter Reduced section .25+/-.005in. .2485in. Ok

2 Length reduced section 1.25 or 1.2777in. Ok

greaterin.
3 Gauge length 1in. 1in. Ok

4 Radius of curvature

5 Diameter grip section .5in. .5in. Ok

TABLE 2
Parameters Specimen Materials
ITEM Points of stress on the curve and MATWEB MEASURED ERROR
Mechanical properties
1 Young’s Modulus 10.6*10^6psi 10.55*10^6ksi ok

2 Proportional Limit 39,758psi Ok

3 Elastic limit 49,608psi ok

4 Upper/Lower Yield Point

Yield Point
5 Yield strength 50,000 psi 51,202 psi ok
Yield strength (offset Method) 2%
6 Tensile strength 70,000 69,169 psi ok

7 Failure stress 64,169 psi ok

8 Resilience Modulus 124.23 psi 124.16 psi ok

10
9 Toughness Modulus 11,922.61 psi ok

10 Percent of elongation 18% 23% ok

11 Percent of area reduction 34% ok

12 Type of fracture surface Cup And Cone ok

TABLE 3
PARAMETERS ON THE ATS MACHINE
ITEM PARAMETER Options Value Selection
calculated
1 Maximum load = Sut * area 10 % 3,395lbs. 50%
20%
50%
100% of
10,000 lbs.
2 Speed of crosshead separation ASTM 0.019 .02
From E-8-XX standard
In/in/min * reduced sec length
3 Maximum displacement = 18 % .2 inch 0.23 .2
elongation * reduced section 2 inch
length 20 inch

4 Channel selected 7 default 1

5 Enter diameter of specimen 0.2485in

6 Enter length of reduced section 1.277in

11
 Data Collected

Time Displacement Load Strain stress Strain

(sec) (in) (lb) (in)

-
0 -0.0002 -0.3 -0.00007 -6.18556701 0.000156617 -6.18556701
50.75 0.002 59.2 0.00006 1220.618557 0.001566171 1220.618557
56.631 0.0041 96.5 0.00014 1989.690722 0.00321065 1989.690722
62.431 0.0061 130 0.00018 2680.412371 0.004776821 2680.412371
68.742 0.0081 178.4 0.00027 3678.350515 0.006342991 3678.350515
74.732 0.01 222.8 0.00035 4593.814433 0.007830854 4593.814433
81.122 0.0121 269.9 0.00045 5564.948454 0.009475333 5564.948454
85.813 0.0143 305.3 0.00053 6294.845361 0.011198121 6294.845361
92.492 0.0161 362.2 0.00064 7468.041237 0.012607674 7468.041237
98.603 0.0183 415.5 0.00074 8567.010309 0.014330462 8567.010309
103.679 0.0201 455.9 0.00082 9400 0.015740016 9400
110.073 0.0222 523.4 0.00093 10791.75258 0.017384495 10791.75258
115.394 0.024 577.8 0.00104 11913.40206 0.018794049 11913.40206
122.264 0.026 653 0.00118 13463.91753 0.020360219 13463.91753
128.775 0.0283 722.3 0.00131 14892.78351 0.022161316 14892.78351
133.454 0.0301 777 0.00144 16020.61856 0.023570869 16020.61856
139.936 0.0321 853.2 0.00157 17591.75258 0.02513704 17591.75258
146.136 0.0341 926.6 0.00172 19105.15464 0.026703211 19105.15464
151.645 0.0361 995.9 0.00185 20534.02062 0.028269381 20534.02062
158.517 0.0381 1080.8 0.00205 22284.53608 0.029835552 22284.53608
163.317 0.04 1149.6 0.00217 23703.09278 0.031323414 23703.09278
169.517 0.042 1232.1 0.00233 25404.12371 0.032889585 25404.12371
175.308 0.0441 1309.8 0.00249 27006.18557 0.034534064 27006.18557
182.417 0.0462 1407.5 0.00269 29020.61856 0.036178543 29020.61856
186.988 0.048 1469.9 0.00281 30307.21649 0.037588097 30307.21649
193.779 0.05 1566.4 0.003 32296.90722 0.039154268 32296.90722
199.889 0.0523 1657.5 0.00318 34175.25773 0.040955364 34175.25773
205.289 0.054 1732.5 0.00334 35721.64948 0.042286609 35721.64948
211.48 0.0561 1832.1 0.00354 37775.25773 0.043931088 37775.25773
217.67 0.058 1928.3 0.00375 39758.76289 0.045418951 39758.76289
223.44 0.06 2019.2 0.00393 41632.98969 0.046985121 41632.98969
229.441 0.0621 2115.2 0.00412 43612.37113 0.048629601 43612.37113
235.54 0.0642 2208.7 0.00433 45540.20619 0.05027408 45540.20619

12
242.021 0.066 2314.4 0.00456 47719.58763 0.051683634 47719.58763
248.222 0.0681 2406 0.00485 49608.24742 0.053328113 49608.24742
253.412 0.07 2453.8 0.00559 50593.81443 0.054815975 50593.81443
259.323 0.0721 2483.3 0.00701 51202.06186 0.056460454 51202.06186
265.803 0.0741 2511.9 0.00861 51791.75258 0.058026625 51791.75258
271.195 0.0761 2528.3 0.00995 52129.89691 0.059592796 52129.89691
277.284 0.0781 2555.1 0.01138 52682.47423 0.061158966 52682.47423
283.194 0.0801 2573.1 0.01271 53053.60825 0.062725137 53053.60825
289.863 0.0821 2599.6 0.01423 53600 0.064291308 53600
296.264 0.0844 2619.3 0.0157 54006.18557 0.066092404 54006.18557
301.975 0.0863 2640.3 0.01702 54439.17526 0.067580266 54439.17526
307.175 0.088 2659.4 0.01823 54832.98969 0.068911511 54832.98969
313.366 0.0901 2677.8 -0.00191 55212.37113 0.070555991 55212.37113
319.845 0.0921 2698.9 -0.0094 55647.42268 0.072122161 55647.42268
325.245 0.0943 2716.3 -0.00913 56006.18557 0.073844949 56006.18557
330.636 0.096 2727.8 -0.0092 56243.29897 0.075176194 56243.29897
337.627 0.0982 2750.8 -0.00926 56717.52577 0.076898982 56717.52577
343.317 0.1001 2771.4 -0.00932 57142.26804 0.078386844 57142.26804
348.708 0.102 2787.7 -0.00936 57478.35052 0.079874706 57478.35052
355.298 0.1042 2804.8 -0.0094 57830.92784 0.081597494 57830.92784
361.098 0.1061 2818.8 -0.00943 58119.58763 0.083085356 58119.58763
367.378 0.1082 2841.3 -0.00945 58583.50515 0.084729836 58583.50515
372.489 0.11 2853.6 -0.00948 58837.1134 0.086139389 58837.1134
378.968 0.1122 2870 -0.00951 59175.25773 0.087862177 59175.25773
384.969 0.114 2883 -0.00954 59443.29897 0.089271731 59443.29897
390.282 0.116 2896.8 -0.00957 59727.83505 0.090837901 59727.83505
397.15 0.1181 2914.8 -0.00958 60098.96907 0.092482381 60098.96907
403.061 0.1201 2932.8 -0.00961 60470.10309 0.094048551 60470.10309
408.941 0.1221 2943.1 -0.00962 60682.47423 0.095614722 60682.47423
414.54 0.124 2953.4 -0.00963 60894.84536 0.097102584 60894.84536
420.222 0.126 2970.6 -0.00964 61249.48454 0.098668755 61249.48454
426.022 0.128 2981.1 -0.00963 61465.97938 0.100234926 61465.97938
432.012 0.1302 2997 -0.00967 61793.81443 0.101957713 61793.81443
437.813 0.132 3004.4 -0.00967 61946.39175 0.103367267 61946.39175
444.803 0.1344 3018.5 -0.00967 62237.1134 0.105246672 62237.1134
450.482 0.1361 3029 -0.00967 62453.60825 0.106577917 62453.60825
457.184 0.1381 3046.9 -0.00967 62822.68041 0.108144088 62822.68041
462.584 0.1402 3052.6 -0.00969 62940.20619 0.109788567 62940.20619
468.784 0.1421 3060.5 -0.00969 63103.09278 0.111276429 63103.09278
474.374 0.1443 3071.6 -0.00968 63331.95876 0.112999217 63331.95876
480.175 0.146 3083.7 -0.00969 63581.4433 0.114330462 63581.4433
486.254 0.148 3094 -0.0097 63793.81443 0.115896633 63793.81443
493.156 0.15 3103 -0.0097 63979.38144 0.117462803 63979.38144

13
498.645 0.1521 3113.1 -0.0097 64187.62887 0.119107283 64187.62887
505.04 0.1543 3124.3 -0.00969 64418.5567 0.12083007 64418.5567
510.237 0.1561 3128.9 -0.00969 64513.40206 0.122239624 64513.40206
516.026 0.1581 3142.7 -0.0097 64797.93814 0.123805795 64797.93814
522.308 0.1601 3148.6 -0.0097 64919.58763 0.125371966 64919.58763
528.698 0.162 3158.7 -0.00969 65127.83505 0.126859828 65127.83505
533.587 0.1641 3164.3 -0.0097 65243.29897 0.128504307 65243.29897
540.408 0.1664 3173.6 -0.00971 65435.05155 0.130305403 65435.05155
546.489 0.1681 3180.6 -0.00971 65579.38144 0.131636648 65579.38144
552.48 0.1701 3187.8 -0.0097 65727.83505 0.133202819 65727.83505
557.77 0.1721 3196.2 -0.00973 65901.03093 0.13476899 65901.03093
564.27 0.174 3204.4 -0.00971 66070.10309 0.136256852 66070.10309
570.47 0.176 3203.7 -0.00972 66055.6701 0.137823023 66055.6701
576.15 0.1781 3214.7 -0.00971 66282.47423 0.139467502 66282.47423
581.861 0.1802 3222.4 -0.00972 66441.23711 0.141111981 66441.23711
588.654 0.1823 3229.2 -0.00972 66581.4433 0.14275646 66581.4433
594.332 0.184 3236.3 -0.00971 66727.83505 0.144087706 66727.83505
600.412 0.1862 3238.5 -0.00971 66773.19588 0.145810493 66773.19588
606.522 0.1885 3248.2 -0.00972 66973.19588 0.14761159 66973.19588
611.922 0.1901 3255.6 -0.00972 67125.7732 0.148864526 67125.7732
618.794 0.1922 3259.7 -0.0097 67210.30928 0.150509005 67210.30928
624.193 0.1941 3265.6 -0.00971 67331.95876 0.151996868 67331.95876
629.994 0.1962 3271 -0.00971 67443.29897 0.153641347 67443.29897
636.584 0.1981 3274.2 -0.00972 67509.27835 0.155129209 67509.27835
641.474 0.2 3280 -0.00972 67628.86598 0.156617071 67628.86598
646.985 0.2023 3280.4 -0.00972 67637.1134 0.158418168 67637.1134
653.375 0.204 3287.2 -0.00972 67777.31959 0.159749413 67777.31959
659.965 0.2061 3295.9 -0.0097 67956.70103 0.161393892 67956.70103
666.045 0.2081 3299.1 -0.00971 68022.68041 0.162960063 68022.68041
672.156 0.2101 3301.6 -0.00972 68074.2268 0.164526233 68074.2268
677.949 0.212 3305.6 -0.00971 68156.70103 0.166014096 68156.70103
684.627 0.2141 3310.8 -0.00972 68263.91753 0.167658575 68263.91753
689.026 0.2161 3314.8 -0.00971 68346.39175 0.169224745 68346.39175
695.307 0.218 3313.3 -0.00971 68315.46392 0.170712608 68315.46392
700.908 0.2202 3323 -0.00971 68515.46392 0.172435395 68515.46392
707.901 0.2223 3326 -0.00972 68577.31959 0.174079875 68577.31959
713.498 0.224 3326 -0.00971 68577.31959 0.17541112 68577.31959
719.598 0.2261 3331.2 -0.00971 68684.53608 0.177055599 68684.53608
726.279 0.2281 3332 -0.00972 68701.03093 0.17862177 68701.03093
731.279 0.2301 3335.7 -0.00971 68777.31959 0.18018794 68777.31959
737.47 0.232 3339 -0.00972 68845.36082 0.181675803 68845.36082
743.07 0.234 3340 -0.00972 68865.97938 0.183241973 68865.97938
748.949 0.2361 3343.4 -0.00971 68936.08247 0.184886453 68936.08247

14
755.263 0.2381 3343.6 -0.0097 68940.20619 0.186452623 68940.20619
761.74 0.2401 3347.7 -0.00971 69024.74227 0.188018794 69024.74227
767.141 0.242 3350.9 -0.00971 69090.72165 0.189506656 69090.72165
773.932 0.244 3349.4 -0.00972 69059.79381 0.191072827 69059.79381
779.724 0.2462 3354.5 -0.00972 69164.94845 0.192795615 69164.94845
786.112 0.2481 3352.7 -0.00971 69127.83505 0.194283477 69127.83505
791.912 0.25 3358.4 -0.00971 69245.36082 0.195771339 69245.36082
796.993 0.252 3360.7 -0.00971 69292.78351 0.19733751 69292.78351
803.504 0.254 3356.7 -0.00969 69210.30928 0.198903681 69210.30928
809.384 0.2562 3352.1 -0.00972 69115.46392 0.200626468 69115.46392
815.893 0.2581 3359.6 -0.0097 69270.10309 0.20211433 69270.10309
822.084 0.2603 3360.9 -0.0097 69296.90722 0.203837118 69296.90722
826.375 0.2621 3360.8 -0.00971 69294.84536 0.205246672 69294.84536
833.765 0.264 3356.8 -0.00972 69212.37113 0.206734534 69212.37113
839.245 0.2662 3356.8 -0.0097 69212.37113 0.208457322 69212.37113
845.435 0.2681 3356.6 -0.00971 69208.24742 0.209945184 69208.24742
850.756 0.2701 3359 -0.00969 69257.73196 0.211511355 69257.73196
856.947 0.2721 3354.7 -0.0097 69169.07216 0.213077525 69169.07216
863.427 0.2741 3350.5 -0.0097 69082.47423 0.214643696 69082.47423
869.737 0.2761 3346.5 -0.00969 69000 0.216209867 69000
874.908 0.2783 3343.6 -0.0097 68940.20619 0.217932655 68940.20619
880.817 0.28 3339.2 -0.0097 68849.48454 0.2192639 68849.48454
887.207 0.2822 3331.9 -0.0097 68698.96907 0.220986688 68698.96907
893.689 0.284 3325.2 -0.00969 68560.82474 0.222396241 68560.82474
897.689 0.2861 3320 -0.00969 68453.60825 0.22404072 68453.60825
905.279 0.2881 3310.3 -0.0097 68253.60825 0.225606891 68253.60825
910.99 0.2902 3302.9 -0.00971 68101.03093 0.22725137 68101.03093
917.07 0.2923 3292.4 -0.0097 67884.53608 0.22889585 67884.53608
922.66 0.294 3284.6 -0.0097 67723.71134 0.230227095 67723.71134
929.651 0.2962 3266.3 -0.0097 67346.39175 0.231949883 67346.39175
935.251 0.2981 3254.4 -0.0097 67101.03093 0.233437745 67101.03093
940.53 0.3001 3242.3 -0.0097 66851.54639 0.235003915 66851.54639
947.131 0.302 3222.3 -0.00969 66439.17526 0.236491778 66439.17526
953.432 0.3044 3203.6 -0.0097 66053.60825 0.238371182 66053.60825
958.802 0.3062 3186.7 -0.0097 65705.15464 0.239780736 65705.15464
965.115 0.3081 3160.4 -0.0097 65162.8866 0.241268598 65162.8866
971.193 0.3101 3135.5 -0.0097 64649.48454 0.242834769 64649.48454
977.103 0.3123 3109.3 -0.0097 64109.27835 0.244557557 64109.27835
- -
982.703 0.314 -213.5 -0.00911 4402.061856 0.245888802 4402.061856

15
 Yield Point
60000

Elastic Limit
50000

Proportional limit
40000

30000

20000

10000

0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02

16
 Modulo de Elasticidad
35000

30000
y = 10,546,749.25x + 811.29
R² = 1.00
25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035

17
 Plastic Deformation
80000

70000

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

18
 Strain-Stress Curve
80000

70000 ULTIMSTE TENSILE STRENGTH

69296 psi
60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
-10000

19
 Chart Title
50000
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045

20
21
APENDICES

22