MODULE 2

Lesson 1 : INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

Intellectual Revolution is the period of paradigm shifts or changes in scientific beliefs that
have been widely embraced and accepted by the people.

Some Intellectuals and Revolutionary Ideas that transformed and molded societies and beliefs

I. Copernican Revolution
In the early times, people questioned what created days and night. They wanted to
understand what heavenly bodies like stars, moons, and planets are. The invention of the
telescope allowed the people to take a peek at the outer space, but more importantly, it also
intrigued them to know what was actually out there.
In an attempt to explain the movements of heavenly bodies and their effects on the world
as they knew it, many philosophers and intellectuals agreed that planets moved around in
circular motion, and that these movements created days and nights.

a. Claudius Ptolemy: GEOCENTRISM

➢ A famous philosopher and astronomer who introduced
the geocentrism/geocentric model also known as
Ptolemaic model - earth is the center of the universe.
➢ He stated that the planets, as well as the sun and the
moon, moved in a circular motion around the Earth. The
sun and moon’s revolution explained the existence of
days and nights.
➢ This idea was widely accepted by the people and was
one of the greatest discoveries of that time.

b. Nicolaus Copernicus: HELIOCENTRISM

➢ A Polish mathematician and astronomer who 5
challenged the Ptolemaic model. He was among the
first to demonstrate that the Earth was not the center
of the universe, contradicting the concept of
Geocentrism.
➢ Heliocentrism/heliocentric theory - sun is the center of
the universe. Hence, planets revolved around the sun.
➢ This idea was first rejected by the public since some
religious beliefs believe that the Earth was created first
before all other things. But it was eventually accepted
after some time, with the other astronomers' works
that supported this model during the birth of modern
astronomy (Scientific Revolution) which resulted in the
transformation of society’s thoughts and beliefs.

II. Darwinian Revolution

Evolution - the process of change in all forms of life over

generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how
evolution occurs.
In 1859, Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, biologist, and
geologist, published his book, “On the Origin of Species.”

➢ Through this book he introduced the theory of

evolution by natural selection, a process which organism
adapt to their environment and gradually change overtime
as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral
traits that would be more competitive to survive (survival
of the fittest).
➢ However, this theory became controversial as
people perceived it to be contradictory to the church’s
teachings that the source of life is GOD.
➢ It even sparked a massive debate between science and religion. But after some time
some people understand that both can coexist.
 III. Freudian Revolution

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

➢ The Father of psychoanalysis (the study that explains human behavior).

➢ Freud was a physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist and influential thinker of the early
twentieth century.
➢ In the late 19th, when the field of psychology was always classified under philosophy,
considered more of an art rather than a science he was able to change people’s perception
of psychology with his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis.
➢ Freud focused on human sexuality and evil nature of man. He explained that there are
many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behavior and emotions.
➢ FREUD’S PERSONALITY THEORY- personality is a product of three conflicting elements: id,
ego and superego.
1. Id
▪ The Id is the most basic part of the personality, and wants instant gratification for
our wants and needs. If these needs or wants are not met, a person becomes tense
or anxious.
▪ The id operates on the pleasure principle, which is the idea that every wishful
impulse should be satisfied immediately, regardless of the consequences. The id is
not affected by reality, logic or the everyday world, and is selfish and wishful in
nature, as it operates within the unconscious part of the mind.
▪ The personality of the newborn child is all id.
▪ Scenario: Michael saw a $5 bill fall out of Nick’s backpack as he pulled his books out
of his locker. As Nick walked away, Michael bent over, picked up the money, and
slipped it into his pocket, glancing around to make sure no one was looking.
2. EGO - Dealing with Reality
▪ The Ego deals with reality, trying to meet the desires of the id in a way that is
socially acceptable in the world. This may mean delaying gratification, and helping
to get rid of the tension the id feels if a desire is not met right away.
▪ The ego recognizes that other people have needs and wants too, and that being
selfish is not always good for us in the long run. It operates according to the reality
principle and is the only part of the conscious personality.
▪ It considers social realities and norms, etiquette and rules in deciding how to
behave.
▪ Scenario: Even though Michael needed money, he decided not to steal the money
from the cash register because he didn’t want to get in trouble.
3. SUPEREGO - Adding Morals
▪ The superego develops last, and is based on morals and judgments about right and
wrong.
▪ Even though the superego and the ego may reach the same decision about
something, the superego’s reason for that decision is more based on moral values,
while the ego’s decision is based more on what others will think or what the
consequences of an action could be.
▪ Scenario: When Michael saw the $5 bill lying on the floor with no one around it, he
turned it into the school office in case anyone came looking for it. He wouldn’t want
to lose $5, and hoped that whoever had lost it would ask about it in the office.

Lesson 2 : SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND NATION BUILDING

I. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
➢ Scientific and technological developments in the Philippines began in this period.
➢ Even before the Spain colonized the country, some indigenous science and technology has
already existed with regards to agriculture like farming, animal-raising, and the utilization
 of plants and herbs as medicines. Moreover, early Filipinos also developed different modes
of transportation, whether terrestrial or maritime.

➢ The use of technology is evident in the in handicrafts, pottery, weaving, and tools used by
ancient Filipinos in their everyday life.

➢ Innovation and ingenuity were unmistakable by the way native Filipinos built the rice
terraces of the Cordilleras by hand.
➢ Through these terraces, the people were able to cultivate crops on the mountainsides in
cold temperatures. They incorporated an irrigation system that uses water from the forests
and mountain tops to achieve an elaborate farming system.

II. COLONIAL PERIOD

➢ Spanish colonization paved way to modern means of construction. Roads, bridges,
churches, and other large infrastructures were built using some engineering skills and tools
brought by the Spaniards.
➢ In addition, Spanish colonizers developed health and education system in the country.
Education was mostly religion-oriented and controlled by the Roman Catholic Church. The
oldest universities, colleges, vocational schools and the first modern public education
system in Asia were created during the colonial period.
➢ The American colonial rule modernized almost all aspects of life in the country. They
established the Bureau of Science to initiate development in the field of science and
technology.

II. POST-COLONIAL PERIOD

➢ After achieving independence from the colonial masters, the Philippines, under different
administrations, continued to pursue programs in science and technology.
➢ Each leadership had its own Science and Technology agenda. However, it is important to
note that some Philippine presidents introduced more developments in the field than
others.
➢ One of the presidents who ushered in advancements in science and technology was the
former President and dictator Ferdinand Marcos. Marcos saw that the key to nation-building
is the continued development of science and technology and continued by the presidents
after him.

Ferdinand Marcos: Science and Technology Agencies

Under his dictatorial rule, many agencies in science and technology were stablished and
strengthened, including the following:

1. Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

(PAGASA) - provide warnings, public weather forecasts and other specialized
information primarily for the protection of life and property of Filipinos.
2. National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) - recognizes and provides
incentives to Filipino scientists for outstanding achievements in scientific research and
development.
3. National Science and Technology Authority (originally established in 1958 as the
National Science and Development Board and now the Department of Science and
Technology - DOST) - provide central direction, leadership and coordination of scientific
and technological efforts and ensure that the result there geared and utilized in area of
maximum economic and social benefits for the people.