Implementation of LNA:

A broadband CMOS LNA with predistortion technique is proposed in

this project. The main mean of this project is to propose a linearization
technique called predistortion to get better linearity with higher power
efficiency. The proposed technique reduce signal distortion and outcome is high
linearity. This projected design is implemented on 32-nm CMOS technology
and aims at achieving linearity of IIP3 greater than +14.3dbm. The predistortion
is the linearization method proposed in LNA for high linearity. Predistortion
compensate the nonlinearities in LNA. This predistortion technique minimizes
the frequency interfering and signal distortion and allows superior transmission
capacity in broadband communication systems. Linearization technique will
allow LNA to have both high linearity and higher power efficiency.
Predistortion is one on generic terms added to the technique which seeks to
linearize the short noise amplifier by making the suitable modifications to the
amplitude and phase of i/p signal. The predistortion branch is inserted at the
front of the main device so as to cancel the bury modulation distortion of major
device . The main key feature of this technique improves linearity in the broad
range of i/p power without significant gain and noise figure degradation.

LNA are low noise, high gain, and high linearity. To achieve these goals
simultaneously, a 2-stage topology is used where the first stage is optimized for
low noise and high-gain operation, whereas the second stage aims for high
linearity and a high 1dB compression point using negative feedback. The first
stage is using a cascade topology, which provides high gain and excellent
reverse isolation. Its noise figure has been optimized by proper biasing and
noise matching.
Survey was done to begin with on various devices available in the market
for building a low noise amplifier. Their electrical characteristics like mobility,
thermal conductivity, thermal coefficient etc were looked into, to find out their
suitability to our application. Then, various techniques available for broad band
operation of a low noise amplifier were studied along with the limitation that
each one of them had with regard to either noise contribution or broad band
nature or complexity in the circuit. Finally, different linearizing techniques
currently being adopted for achieving high dynamic range were also looked into
in greater detail. In the sections following, a brief description of various aspects
mentioned above is presented.

Proposed predistortion Amplifier Stage

Schematic Diagram of TIA

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

Typical RF transceiver consists of simple receiver and transmitter path. In

transmitter, only required signal exists. So transmitter path design become
simpler, so many problems such as noise, selectivity and interference will be
relaxed. The receiver path, the received RF signal is weak because of noise and
interferers. LNA is first block in receiver.

In General, the incoming RF signal is considerably small (usually around -

100dBm), which makes a small SNR at the output of RF system. Any extra
noise in the subsequent stages will further degrade the SNR and therefore the
receiver’s performance. Since LNA is primary gain stage in receiver path, its
NF should be low enough to keep the overall systems SNR high. Moreover, the
gain of the LNA needs to stay high enough to further reduce the noise
contribution from the succeeding mixer and all other stages, but not to be too
high to worsen the overall systems linearity. The linearity of LNA is a critical
parameter, except for some systems such as Code-Division Multiple Access
(CDMA), where both receiver and transmitter are on at the same time.

In a conventional super-heterodyne receiver, As the RF filter and the image

reject filter, are typically required to be matched to 50Ω impedance , will be
placed in front of LNA and after the LNA, input and output impedance
matching is part of LNA design specifications. Because of the removal of the
image rejection filter, the output of LNA will be no longer matches with 50Ω
impedance exactly. Hence, impedance at output needs to be optimized for a
better performance of LNA and thence power consumption can be reduced by
the elimination of the additional 50 Ω output driver stage that is normally
required. Secondly, if we are aiming for full system integration, the LNA needs
to provide the input matching with minimum number of discrete components. A
fully integrated LNA is the finest option. Lastly, power dissipation is a concern,
especially for the portable devices. In conclusion, the essential features in the
design of LNA in these days receiver architecture are: Noise Figure, amplifier
gain, input matching network, power consumption, reverse reflection
coefficient, chip size and linearity

Implementation of LNA:

A broadband CMOS LNA with predistortion technique is proposed in this

project. The main mean of this project is to propose a linearization technique
called predistortion to get better linearity with higher power efficiency. The
proposed technique reduce signal distortion and outcome is high linearity. This
projected design is implemented on 90-nm CMOS technology and aims at
achieving linearity of IIP3 greater than +14.3dbm. The predistortion is the
linearization method proposed in LNA for high linearity. Predistortion
compensate the nonlinearities in LNA. This predistortion technique minimizes
the frequency interfering and signal distortion and allows superior transmission
capacity in broadband communication systems. Linearization technique will
allow LNA to have both high linearity and higher power efficiency.
Predistortion is one on generic terms added to the technique which seeksto
linearize the short noise amplifier by making the suitable modifications to the
amplitude and phase of i/p signal. The predistortion branch is inserted at the
front of the main device so as to cancel the bury modulation distortion of major
device . The main key feature of this technique improves linearity in the broad
range of i/p power without significant gain and noise figure degradation.

LNA Implementation circuit

LNA are low noise, high gain, and high linearity. To achieve these goals
simultaneously, a 2-stage topology is used where the first stage is optimized for
lownoise and high-gain operation, whereas the second stage aims for high
linearity and a high 1dB compression point using negative feedback. The first
stage is using a cascode topology, which provides high gain and excellent
reverse isolation. Its noise figure has been optimized by proper biasing and
noise matching.

Schematic Diagram of Proposed LNA

Implementation of Predistortion Technique:

The proposed design of low noise amplifier employs a technique called Pre-
distortion which suppress the inter modulation distortion in the low noise
amplifier. This Predistortion technique also allows high speed transmission of
data with spectrum efficiency and also low power consumption can be obtained
efficiently. The Predistortion technique improves the linearity so that there is
linear relationship between input and output and the distortions can be reduced
with overall linearity of the amplifier is achieved by implementing the
predistortion circuit before the low noise amplifier.
 Predistortion Circuit
ThisprojectmainlyfocusonthetechniquecalledPredistortionwiththeimprovementi
nthe linearityandlowpowerconsumption
canbeobtainedbyemployingthistechnique.In
thisprojectthedesignoflownoiseamplifierwassimulatedandimplemntedusingtwo
stageconfigurationanditsresults arecomparedwiththelownoiseamplifierwithpre-
distortioncircuit.

Schematic Diagram of Pre distortion

Linearization Techniques
 The LNAlinearity is typically measured by the 3rd-order intercept point
(IP3), which can be referred to input (IIP3) or output (OIP3). Achieving a high
IP3 in combination with a low NF and high gain is a challenging design, which
can be achieved by using linearization techniques. Linearization techniques can
be broadly classified under closed loop and open loop.
Closed loop techniques
Linear feedback, Harmonic feedback and series feedback techniques are
the most popular techniques that are classified under the closed loop. Brief
description of each one of them is given below.
Series feedback
In a transistor, the nonlinearity arises due to many factors like transconductance
(gm), output impedance (ro), nonlinear parasitic capacitances etc. Of all these,
the transconductance is the dominating factor. Series feedback is a technique
which linearises the transconductance. Series feedback can be achieved by the
source degeneration inductance as shown in the figure 2.10. With source
degeneration, the effective transconductance C(gmeff)) will be decided by the
impedance of the source inductance (gmeff = l/sL). Hence effective
transconductance is made almost independent of device properties. This
technique makes the amplifier very narrow banded.