Introduction to Surveying

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is the technique, profession, art & science of determining the ter-
SURVEYING restrial or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances
and angles between them
LAND SURVEYOR land surveying professional
SURVEYING determines the relative positions of objects
SURVEYING determines the elevation of points
SURVEYING determines the boundaries and property lines
SURVEYING it creates maps and 3d models of the earth's surface
theodolite
measuring tape
total station
GPS/GNSS
what are the main surveying instrument
Level and Rod
Tripod
Marking Pins
Stadia Rod
THEODOLITE an instrument for the measurement of angles
uses two circles, protractor or alidades to measure angles in the
THEODOLITE
horizontal and the vertical plane.
A form of theodolite that uses a gyroscope to orient itself in the
GYRO THEODOLITE
absence of reference marks
GYRO THEODOLITE used in underground application
A development of the theodolite with an electronic distance mea-
TOTAL STATION
surement device (edm).
TOTAL STATION can be used for leveling when set to the horizontal plane/
GPS (GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM) used for tracking and/or identifying the exact location.
used to mark points prior to marking pins and for the surveyor to
STAGING ROD/RANGE POLE
see those points with theodolite/total station through a distance
the base of the equipment for stability and ensure that it is levelled
TRIPOD
through the bubble
used to mark points on the actual layout on the ground after
Marking pins
measurement and levels are established
used to measure elevation readings through theodolite/total sta-
STADIA ROD
tion.
survey that documents the location of recently constructed ele-
AS-BUILT SURVEYING
ments of a construction project
AS-BUILT SURVEYING done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes.
AS-BUILT SURVEYING also known as a 'works as executed survey'
often presented in red/redline and laid over existing plans for
AS-BUILT SURVEYING
comparison with design information
survey that established or re-establishes boundaries of a parcel
CADASTRAL/BOUNDARY SURVEYING
using a legal description.
it involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at
CADASTRAL/BOUNDARY SURVEYING
the corners or along the lines of the parcel
these take the form of iron pods, pipes, concrete monuments in
CADASTRAL/BOUNDARY SURVEYING
the ground, or nail set in concrete or asphalt.
establish reference points to use as staring position for future
CONTROL SURVEYING
surveys
most other forms of surveying will contain elements of
CONTROL SURVEYING
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Introduction to Surveying
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stake out reference points and markers that will guide the con-
CONSTRUCTION SURVEYING
struction of new structures such as roads or buildings
these markers are usually staked out according to a suitable
CONSTRUCTION SURVEYING
coordinate system selected for the project
survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or
DEFORMATION SURVEYING
moving
DIMENSIONAL SURVEY is a type of survey conducted in or on a non-level surface
common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or
damaged pipes on a like-for-like basis, the advantage of
DIMENSIONAL SURVEY
_________________________ is that the instrument used to
conduct the survey does not need to be level
useful in the off-shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and
DIMENSIONAL SURVEY
are thus subject to movement
survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has
FOUNDATION SURVEY
been poured and is cured
this is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the
FOUNDATION SURVEY location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan,
or subdivision plan.
topographic, layout, and as-built surveys associated with engi-
ENGINEERING SURVEY
neering design.
they often need geodetic computation beyond normal civil engi-
ENGINEERING SURVEY
neering practice
survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and
HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY
bed of a body of water
used for navigation, engineering, or resource management pur-
HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY
poses
the process of determining the elevation of points on the Earth's
LEVELLING
surface relative to a fixed reference point called; datum
MEAN SEA LEVEL (MSL) the average height of the sea's surface over a long period of time
includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the
MINING SURVEY
calculation of volume of rock
it uses specialized techniques due to the restraints to survey
MINING SURVEY
geometry such as vertical shaft and narrow passages
a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building
MORTGAGE SURVEYING
locations
it checks for encroachment, building setbacks restrictions and
MORTGAGE SURVEYING
shows nearby flood zones
in many places a ________________ is a precondition for a
MORTGAGE SURVEYING
mortgage loan
MORTGAGE SURVEYING also known as a property valuation survey
survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow
PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY
aerial photographs to be rectified
a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and
STRUCTURAL SURVEYING
structural stability of a building or structure
STRUCTURAL SURVEYING highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair
boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller
SUBDIVISION
properties
survey that measures the elevation of points on a particular piece
TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY
of land, and present them as contour lines on a plot

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