ART APPRECIATION

Assumptions and Nature of Arts Personal functions of art are highly subjective and

What is Art? depend on the artist who created the art. An art may be

➔ The word ART comes from the ancient Latin, ars created for expressing self, for entertainment for other

which means a “craft or specialized form of skill, purposes.

like carpentry or smithing or surgery” ➔ Social Functions of Art

➔ Ars in Medieval Latin came to mean something ◆ For collective interest it is considered to

different. It meant “any special form of book- have a social function. Art may convey,

learning, such as grammar or logic, magic or message such as to support, to protest,

astrology”(Collingwood, 1983) contestation and other messages an artist

Assumptions of Art intends to carry at his work.

1. Art Is Universal ● Political Art is a very common example of

2. Art Is Not Nature an art with a social function. Art can depict

3. Art Involves Experience social conditions such as photography of

_____________________________________________ industrialization and poverty.

Functions of Art and Philosophy ● Performance art like plays serves social

➔ Personal Functions of Art functions as it rouses emotions for a

common situation a society has.

 ART APPRECIATION

➔ Physical Functions of Art metaphysics or view of reality, the things in this

◆ These are artworks that are crafted in order to world are only copies of the original, the eternal,

serve physical purposes such as jars, plates, and the true entities can be found in the World of

and jewelries. Forms.

● Architecture, jewelry-making, interior ● Art is just an imitation of imitation. A painting is just

design all serves physical functions an imitation of nature, which is also an imitation of

➔ Aesthetics Functions of Art reality in the World of Forms.

◆ The area of philosophy that studies the nature ➔ Art as a representation

of beauty and art. Aesthetic appreciation, then, ● Aristotle, agreed with Plato, however he

is the admiration of beauty, such as valuing the considered art as an aid to philosophy in revealing

fine arts of music, literature, dance, and visual the truth.

art. ● Art represents a version of reality. In the

____________________________________________ Arestotelian worldview, art serves two particular

Philosophical Perspective on Art purposes: art allows for the experience of pleasure

➔ Art as an imitation and art hasan ability to be instructive and teach its

● In Plato’s The Republic, paints a picture of artists audience things about life.

as imitators and art as mere imitations. In his

 ART APPRECIATION

➔ Art as a disinterested judgment Artisan is a craftsman, such as carpenter, carver,

● Emmanuel Kant, in his Critique of Judgement, plumber, blacksmith,weaver, embroiderer, etc. who

considered the judgment of beauty, the produces directly functional and/or decorative arts.

cornerstone of art, as something universal despite Famous Personalities of Art and their Works

its subjectivity. He recognized that judgment of 1. LEONARDO DA VINCI 1452-1519, Vinci, Italy Profile:

beauty is subjective. Painter, Architect, Sculptor, Inventor, Military Engineer

➔ Art as a communication of Emotion and Draftsman. Quotes: "He who thinks little, errs

● According to Leo Tolstoy, art plays a huge role in much" Famous Works The Last Supper Mona Lisa

communication to its audience’s emotions that the Vitruvian

artist previously experienced. 2. VINCENT VAN GOGH 1853-1890 Zundert, Italy

● Art communicates emotions. Profile: Painter Quotes: "I dream of painting and then I

____________________________________________ paint my dream." Famous Works The Starry Night

Art and Artisans: Sunflowers Irises

Artist is an art practitioner such as painter, sculptor, 3. MICHAELANGELO 1475-1564, Michaelangelo, Italy

choreographer, dancer,musician, a poet who produces Profile: Painter, Architect, Poet, Quotes: "Genius is

or creates indirectly functional arts with aesthetic eternal patience." Famous Works David Creation of

value using imagination. Adam St. Peter's Basilica

 ART APPRECIATION

4. CLAUDE MONET 1840-1926, Paris, France Profile: but what you make others see." Famous Works The

Painter. Philosopher.Quotes: "The richness I achieve Absinthe Drinker The Dance Class The Bellelli Family

comes from Nature, the source of my inspiration." 8. EDVARD MUNCH 1863-1944, Adalsbruk, Norway

Famous Works Water Lilies Impression,Sunrise Profile: Painter, Quotes: "From my rotting body,

Rouen Cathedral Series flowers shall grow and I am in them and that is

5. FRIDA KAHLO 1907-1954, Mexico City, Mexico eternity."  Famous Works The Scream The Day After

Profile: Painter, Quotes:" I never paint dreams or The Dance of Life

nightmares. I paint my own reality." Famous Works 9. JACKSON POLLOCK 1912-1956, Wyoming, USA

The Two Fridas Self Portrait of Thorn NEcklace and Profile: Painter, Quotes: "The painting has a life of its

Hummingbird The Broken Column own. I will try to let it come through." Famous Works

6. GEORGIA O'KEEFFE 1887-1986, Wisconsin, USA The Number 5 The Number 11 The Number 31

Profile: Painter, Quotes: "The days you work are the 10. PABLO PICASSO 1881-1973, Malaga, Spain Profile:

best days." Famous Works Black Irises III Cow's Painter, Sculptor, Ceramicist, Stage Designer, Poet

Skull: Red, White and Blue Radiator Building Night- and a Playwright, Quotes: "Every child is an artist.

New York The problem is how to remain an artist once he grows

7. EDGAR DEGAS 1834-1917, Paris, France Profile: up. "Famous Works Guernica The Young Ladies of

Painter, Sculptor, Quotes: "Art is not what you see, Avignon The Weeping Woman
 ART APPRECIATION

11. GUSTAV KLIMT 1862-1918, Baumgarten, Austria Famous Works The Bathers The Card Player Series

Profile: Painter, Quotes: "Truth is like fire; to tell the Jug, Curtain and Fruit Bowl

truth means to glow and burn." Famous Works The 15. DIEGO RIVERA 1886-1957, Guanajuato, Mexico

Kiss Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I The Virgin Profile: Painter, Mexico city. Mexico Quotes: "I've

12. HENRY MOORE 1898-1986, Castleford, United never believed in God, but I believe in Picasso."

Kingdom Profile: Sculptor Quotes: "One never knows Famous Works The Man at the Crossroad The Card

what each day is going to bring. The important thing is Player Series The History of Mexico

to be open and ready for it." Famous Works Reclining _____________________________________________

Figures King and Queen Bird Basket ➔ Medium and Techniques

13. SALVADOR DALI 1904-1989, Figueras, Spain Mediums is the mode of expression in which the concept,

Profile: Painter, Draftsman, Figuerras. Spain Quotes: idea or message is conveyed. These are the materials

"Intelligence without ambition is a bird without wings." which are used by an artist to interpret his feelings or

Famous Works The Persistence of Memory Swans thoughts.Technique is the manner in which an artist

Reflecting Elephants Premonition of Civil War controls his medium to achieve the desired effect. It has

14. PAUL CEZANNE 1839-1906, Aix-en, France Profile: something to do with the way he manipulates his

Painter Quotes: "We live in a rainbow of chaos." mediums to express his ideas.

➔ Visual Arts
 ART APPRECIATION

Are those mediums that can be seen and which occupy d. Curved- Represents freedom, the natural,

space. having the appearance of softness and

➔ Curation creates a soothing feeling or mood

An art curator is in charge of managing collections 2. Color - has an immediate and profound effect on a

of works of art for a museum, foundation or an art design. It can affect how humans feel and act.

gallery. a. Warm Colors - Reds, oranges, yellows

_____________________________________________ b. Cool Colors - Blues, purples, greens

Elements and Principles of Art 3. Form/Shape - The shape, outline, or configuration of

Six integral components in the creation of a design: anything.

1. Lines 4. Space - It can enlarge or reduce the visual space.

a. Vertical - Represents dignity, formality, a. Open, uncluttered spaces

stability and strength. b. Cramped, busy

b. Horizontal - Represents calm, peace and 5. Texture - The surface look or feel of an object.

relaxation. a. Smooth surface - Reflects more light and,

c. Diagonal - Represents action, activity, therefore, is a more intense color

excitement and movement. b. Rough surface - Absorbs more light,

appears darker.
 ART APPRECIATION

6. Value - The relative lightness or darkness of a color. 4. Proportion and Scale - It is the comparative

Methods relationships between elements in a design with

a. Shade - degree of darkness of a color respect to size.

b. Tint - a ple or faint variation of a color 5. Unity - It is applying consistent use of lines, color,

_____________________________________________ and texture within a design.

Five Principles of Art _____________________________________________

1. Balance - Parts of the design are equally History of Art

distributed to create a sense of stability.There ➔ History of Asian Arts

can be physical as well as visual balance ◆ Asian art is diverse and rich, spanning thousands

2. Rhythm - It is the repeated use of line, shape, of years and dozens of countries

color, texture or pattern.

3. Emphasis - It is the most personal aspect of a ◆ . It is known for its ritual bronzes, beautiful

design. The feature that attracts viewers.It can be ceramics, jades, textiles, poetic painted

achieved through size, placement,color and use of landscapes, garden design, elaborate goldwork,

lines. extraordinary temples,shrines, pagodas and

stupas, woodblock prints, shadow puppets and the

highest artform in East Asian art—calligraphy.

 ART APPRECIATION

➔ History of Western Arts d. pre-colonial traditional art have religious symbols,

◆ Art historians describe the history of everyday activity such as fishing, farming, etc., or a

Western art in terms of successive periods specific decorative art pattern to the community

and or movements, including Classical, Medieval, e. influence of local region (animistic) or Islamic based.

Byzantine, Romanesque, Renaissance, Baroque, f. exchange of art aesthetics and art processes with

Rococo, Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, the Chinese and other Asian countries who

Impressionism, Modernism and Postmodernism. frequent as traders with our indigenous groups

➔ History of Philippines Arts g. Other pre-colonial art are pottery, weaving, tattoo,

◆ The history of Philippine art is describe jewelry, carving and metal craft.

according to Philippine Art Period Timeline: 2. Spanish Colonial Art Period (1521-1898)

1. Pre-colonial art period a. Introduced formal painting, sculpture and architecture

a. Age of Horticulture/Neolithic period (6185 to 4400 BC) which was inspired by the Byzantine, Gothic, Baroque

b. Metal Age - Iron Age and Rococo art styles.

c. stone weapons and jewelry but starts to have b. Most artworks are religious (Catholic) based.

decorative elements, meaning and context c. Spanish colonialism lives on with the Filipino “antique”

furniture and carving designs.

 ART APPRECIATION

d. In the formation of the elite Filipino class, the 4. Post-Colonial Art Period (1946-1986)

illustrado, paved the way for the rich locals to a. Art after the War: The growing and Expanding

study abroad, a more “academic” and “western” was Philippine Art

learned. b. Philippine Modern Art (1946 to 1970)

e. Filipino Classicism is formed that borrows c. Philippine Post Modern Art (1970-1980s)

Neo-Classicism, Romanticism, and even a hint of d. Pop Art, Installation Art and Performance Art were

Impressionism. dominating the post- modern period of the Philippine

3. American Colonial Art Period (1898-1946) Art

a. The American brought in Education and Value 5. Philippine Contemporary Art (1980s to Present)

Formation, with both following the “American way of a. The on-set of the sudden rise of personal computers

life”(Allice Guillermo,Sining Biswal,1994,p.4) and new technology created a new art medium for the

b. Art illustration, advertising and commercial design arts and human expression. But there were also

gained popularly and incorporated in Fine arts. countless revivals of old style being done. This

c. Painting themes still largely favored genre paintings, started a new direction for the art.

landscapes and still life;portraits are reserved for _____________________________________________

high ranking officials with a more academic Soul-Making

approach to make the subject more formal.

 ART APPRECIATION

Soul-making is an alternative venue for knowing ➔ Infusing spontaneity and improvisation adds up to

ourselves and looking into the depths and real meaning the totality of the work of art.

of what we are doing for everyday life. It develops our ➔ It allows the artist to explore and think about how

inner artist and it helps us to communicate with people, the audience can actually be a part of the work in

understanding culture and embodying tolerance and itself.

peace. It opens door for multiple intelligences and Appropriation

expressions. ➔ The practice of using pre-existing objects and

➔ In order for the human to make sense of language images in an artwork without really altering the

and derive meanings for words, semantic, and originals.

grammatical rules are important elements to ➔ The intentions of the appropriation artist are often

be considered. questioned since issues of plagiarism or forgery

➔ The content of an artwork includes not only form sometimes arise, because some would argue that

but also its subject matter and its underlying the reason behind this is that they want the

meanings or themes. audience to recognize the image they copied.

Improvisation _____________________________________________

➔ Doing something without prior preparation. Medieval Period

➔ c.500 to 1400
 ART APPRECIATION

➔ Monophonic music ◆ Flutes (made of wood) - holes rather than keys

◆ The vast majority of medieval music was ◆ Dulcimer - plucked but then hit by hammers

monophonic – in other words, there was only a ◆ Lyra - 1st known bowed instruments

single melody line ◆ Recorder and Lute

➔ Polyphonic music The period was also characterized by troubadours and

◆ a major shift towards the end of the era that laid trouvères – these were traveling singers and performers.

the foundations for Renaissance styles of music.

➔ Gregorian Chant ➔ Secular Styles of Medieval Music

◆ consisting of a single line of vocal melody, ◆ Ars Nova (“new art”) was a new style of music

unaccompanied in free rhythm was one of the originating in France and Italy in the14th century.

most common forms of medieval music ◆ The name comes from a tract written by Philippe

◆ importance of the Catholic church de Vitry in c.1320.

◆ The Mass (a commemoration and celebration ◆ The main secular genre of Art Nova was the

of The Last Supper of Jesus Christ)was (and chanson.

still is to this day) a ceremony that included set ____________________________________________

texts (liturgy), which were spoken and sung,

➔ Instruments of the Medieval Period

 ART APPRECIATION

The Baroque Period ➔ The Orchestra - Mozart was the composer

➔ Baroque music is a style of Western art music responsible for popularizing the clarinet

composed from approximately 1600 to 1750. This ➔ Sonata - is a work, in several movements, for one

era followed the Renaissance, and was followed in or two instruments. With three instruments it is a

turn by the Classical era.The word “baroque” comes trio, with four it is a quartet, and with five it is a

from the Portuguese word barroco meaning quintet.

misshapen pearl, a negative description of the ornate ◆ The Exposition, Development, Recapitulation

and heavily ornamented music of this period.Later, ➔ The Symphony - means a sonata for orchestra.

the name came to apply also to the architecture of ◆ First movement: Usually fast, and in sonata form.

the same period. ◆ Second movement.. Usually slower and more

➔ Claudio Monteverdi song-like. It could be in sonata form or ternary

➔ Jean-Baptiste Lully form, and perhaps with variations.

➔ Arcangelo Corelli ◆ Third movement: Haydn and Mozart wrote a

➔ George Frideric Handel minute in trio at this point.Beethoven later turned

➔ Johann Sebastian Bach this into a Scherzo.

____________________________________________

The Classical Period

 ART APPRECIATION

◆ Fourth movement: Fast, often light hearted, Ancient Civilization

perhaps in Rondo form, sonata form, or with 1. The Egyptian Art

variations. a. Great Pyramid of Giza/ Pyramid of Khufu /

➔ The Concerto - contains a solo instrument and an the Pyramid of Cheops

orchestra with three movements (slow, fast, slow). 2. The Ancient Greek Art

➔ Opera - Classical composers wrote much vocal a. Architecture - Parthenon, Athens

music, especially opera. b. Sculpture - realistic human forms

_____________________________________________ c. Pottery- stone and clay

Art History and Development 3. The Roman Arts and Architecture

➔ Cave paintings are also known as "parietal art." a. Baths and arenas

➔ The oldest known cave painting is a red hand b. Columns

stencil in Maltravieso cave, Cáceres, Spain and c. Naturalism

was said to be made by a Neanderthal. d. Religion

➔ In the Philippines at Tabon Caves the oldest 4. Chinese Art and Painting

artwork may be a relief of a shark above the cave a. Pottery- zigzag, spirals, dots and lines

entrance, It was partially disfigured by a later jar b. Painting - human figure and landscape

burial scene. c. Jade and bronze

 ART APPRECIATION

d. Ceramics ● Mannerism Art - In fine art, the term "Mannerism"

e. Buddhist sculpture (derived from the Italian word 'maniera' meaning

5. Japanese Art style or stylishness) refers to a style of painting,

a. Buddhism and Shinto sculpture and architecture, that emerged in Rome and

b. Figurines Florence between 1510 and 1520, during the later

c. Calligraphy years of the High Renaissance.

d. Painted screens ● Baroque Art - derived from the Italian word

e. Woodblock prints "barocco", which philosophers used during the

f. Ceramics Middle Ages to describe an obstacle in schematic

g. Ukiyo-e logic. Subsequently the word came to denote any

_____________________________________________ contorted idea or involuted process of thought.

From the Age of Renaissance to Realism ● Rococo Art - Rococo painting, derives from rocaille,

The Renaissance Art which is French for rubble or rock, is characterized

● Catholic Church, gov’t and wealthy individuals by soft colors and curvy lines, and depicts scenes of

● 3 Great Masters - Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo love, nature, amorous encounters, light-hearted

and Raphael entertainment, and youth.

 ART APPRECIATION

● Neo Classicism - is a revival of the classical past, pure, intense colors. They abandoned traditional

were serious, unemotional, and sternly heroic. linear perspective and avoided the clarity of form that

● Romanticism - when the heroic element in had previously served to distinguish the more

Neoclassicism was given a central role in painting. important elements of a picture from the lesser ones.

This heroic element combined with revolutionary For this reason, many critics faulted Impressionist

idealism to produce an emotive Romantic style, paintings for their unfinished appearance and

● Realism seemingly amateurish quality.

○ Verismo (1890s/1900s) ● Post Impressionism - rejected Impressionism's

○ Ashcan School (c.1908-1913) concern with the spontaneous and naturalistic

○ Precisionism (1920s) rendering of light and color; Emotional Symbolism,

○ Social Realism (1920s/1930s) Evocative Color, Distinctive Brushstroke

○ Surrealism (1920s/1930s) ● Neo-Impressionism - reacted against the empirical

○ American Contemporary Realism (1960s/Early realism of Impressionism by relying on systematic

1970s) calculation and scientific theory to achieve

○ Cynical Realism (China) (1990s) predetermined visual effects.

● Impressionism - The Impressionists loosened their ● Symbolism - both an artistic and a literary

brushwork and lightened their palettes to include movement that suggested ideas through symbols and
 ART APPRECIATION

emphasized the meaning behind the forms, lines, ● Surrealism - The French poet, André Breton, is

shapes , and colors. known as the "Pope of Surrealism; combine the

● Fauvism - used pure, brilliant color aggressively conscious and subconscious into a new "absolute

applied straight from the paint tubes to create a reality"

sense of an explosion on the canvas. ● Constructivism - influenced by Cubism and

● Expressionism - seeks to depict not objective reality Futurism, is generally considered to have been

but rather the subjective emotions and responses that initiated in 1913 with the "painting reliefs" -abstract

objects and events arouse within a person. geometric constructions

● Cubism - a truly revolutionary style of modern art ● Abstract Expressionism - They emphasize free,

developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque; spontaneous, and personal emotional expression,

first style of abstract art and they exercise considerable freedom of technique

● Dadaism - Influenced by other avant garde and execution.

movements - Cubism, Futurism, Constructivism, and ● Optical Art - can be defined as a type of abstract or

Expressionism - its output was diverse, ranging from concrete art consisting of non-representational

performance art to poetry, photography, sculpture, geometric shapes which create various types of

painting, and collage. optical illusion.

 ART APPRECIATION

● Pop Art - a movement characterized by the imagery 3. Soft Pastel - combination of pigment, and binder.

of consumerism and popular culture. 4. Oil Pastel - mixture of pigment, oil and wax

● Minimalism - focuses on basic elements 5. Coloured pencils - hatching, cross hatching, stippling &

● Conceptual Art - while having no intrinsic financial blending

value, can deliver a powerful message, and thus has 6. Watersoluble pencils - dry form pigments that are bound

served as a vehicle for socio-political comment, as with gum arabic, just like watercolor paints.

well as a broad challenge to the tradition of a 'work of 7. Silverpoint - thin piece of silver

art' being a crafted unique object. 8. Ink - liquid that’s made from pigments or dyes

● Photo-Realism - also called Super-realism is an 9. Oil paint - pigments suspended in a drying oil

American art movement that began in the 1960s, 10. Acrylic paint - pigments suspended in a synthetic acrylic

taking photography as its inspiration. resin binder

● Installation Art - term for works, room-sized or larger, 11. Watercolor paint (Fresco) - made from pigment in a gum

in which the whole space is considered a single arabic binder.

unified artwork. 12. Gouache paint - opaque watercolor paint

_____________________________________________ 13. Tempera paint - fast-drying paint made from pigment that

1. Charcoal - made from burning wood, white / black has been mixed with a water-soluble binder

2. Graphite - gray color 14. Encaustic - wax paint

 ART APPRECIATION

15. Clay modeling - type of 3D art medium

16. Glass - used in stained glass windows/ 3D arts

17. Wood art - sculptures to carvings

18. Bronze - combining copper and tin

19. Digital art - computer software, create 2D and 3D art, as

well as animation and video.

20. Collage - combining different materials, such as paper,

fabric, photographs and more