Chapter 3 Worked Solutions

Chapter 3 worked solutions – Functions and Graphs
Solutions to Exercise 3A
1a
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3
let 𝑥 = 1
𝑓(1) = 5
1b
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3
let 𝑥 = 0
𝑓(0) = 3
1c
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3
let 𝑥 = −2
𝑓(−2) = −1
1d
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3
let 𝑥 = 4
𝑓(4) = 11
2a
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
let 𝑥 = 0
𝑝(0) = −3
2b
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
let 𝑥 = 4
𝑝(4) = 5
2c
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
let 𝑥 = 3
𝑝(3) = 0
2d
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
let 𝑥 = −2
𝑝(0) = −3
3a
𝑦 = 5 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
let 𝑥 = 0
𝑦=5
3b
𝑦 = 5 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
let 𝑥 = 5
𝑦 = −10
3c
𝑦 = 5 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
let 𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = −3
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3d
𝑦 = 5 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
let 𝑥 = −1
𝑦=4
4a
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 1
𝑓(𝑥), let 𝑥 = 2
𝑓(2) = 5
𝑓(0) = −1
𝑓(𝑥), let 𝑥 = −2
𝑓(−2) = −7
4b
𝑓(𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥 2
𝑓(2) = 0
𝑓(0) = 4
𝑓(𝑥), let 𝑥 = −2
𝑓(−2) = 0
4c
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 8
𝑓(2) = 16
𝑓(0) = 8
𝑓(𝑥), let 𝑥 = −2
𝑓(−2) = 0
4d
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥
𝑓(2) = 4
𝑓(0) = 1
𝑓(𝑥), let 𝑥 = −2
1
𝑓(−2) =
4
5a
ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 2
ℎ(𝑥), let 𝑥 = −3
ℎ(−3) = −4
ℎ(𝑥), let 𝑥 = 1
ℎ(1) = 4
ℎ(5) = 12

5b
1
ℎ(𝑥) =
𝑥
ℎ(𝑥), let 𝑥 = −3
1
ℎ(−3) =
−3
ℎ(1) = 1
1
ℎ(5) =
5
5c
ℎ(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2
ℎ(𝑥), let 𝑥 = −3
ℎ(−3) = −18
ℎ(1) = 2
ℎ(5) = −10
5d
ℎ(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 4
ℎ(𝑥), let 𝑥 = −3
ℎ(−3) = 1
ℎ(1) = √5
ℎ(5) = 3
6a
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1
let 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = −1
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
let 𝑦 = 1, 𝑦 = 3
6b
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
let 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = −1
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −1
let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 0
let 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 3
6c
𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥2
let 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = −3
let 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 0
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0
let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −3

6d
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥
let 𝑥 = −3, 𝑦 = −3
let 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 0
let 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 3
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −3
let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 0
let 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = −3
7a
𝐿(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1
Let 𝑥 = 2
𝐿(2) = 7
𝐿(2) + 1 = 8
7b
𝐿(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1
Let 𝑥 = 1
𝐿(1) = 4
𝐿(1) − 2 = 2
7c
𝐿(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1
Let 𝑥 = −1
𝐿(−1) = −2
3𝐿(−1) = 6
7d
𝐿(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1
Let 𝑥 = 5
𝐿(5) = 16
𝐿(5)
=4
4
7e
𝐿(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1
Let 𝑥 = 1
𝐿(1) = 4
Let 𝑥 = 2
𝐿(2) = 7
𝐿(1) + 𝐿(2) = 11
7f
𝐿(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1
Let 𝑥 = 1
𝐿(1) = 4
Let 𝑥 = −1
𝐿(−1) = −2
𝐿(1) − 𝐿(−1) = 6
7g
𝐿(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1
Let 𝑥 = 2

𝐿(2) = 7
Let 𝑥 = −2
𝐿(−2) = −5
𝐿(−2)× 𝐿(2) = −35
7h
𝐿(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1
Let 𝑥 = 9
𝐿(9) = 28
Let 𝑥 = 2
𝐿(2) = 7
𝐿(9)
=4
𝐿(2)
8a
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5
Let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓(2) = 3
Let 𝑥 = 3, 𝑓(3) = 5
1
(𝑓(2) + 𝑓(3)) = 4
2
8b
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5
Let 𝑥 = −1, 𝑓(−1) = 9
Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(0) = 5
Let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(1) = 3
1 11
(𝑓(−1) + 2𝑓(0) + 𝑓(1)) =
4 4
8c
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5
Let 𝑥 = −1, 𝑓(−1) = 9
Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(0) = 5
Let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(1) = 3
1
(𝑓(−1) + 4𝑓(0) + 𝑓(1)) = 11/3
6
8d
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5
Let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓(2) = 3
Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(0) = 5
Let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(4) = 1
1
(𝑓(0) + 4𝑓(2) + 𝑓(4)) = 3
6
9a
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4
Let 𝑥 = √2
𝑃(√2) = −2 − 2√2

9b
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4
Let 𝑥 = √7
𝑃(√2) = 3 − 2√7
10a
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5 = 0
4𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 5
−3𝑥 − 5
𝑦=
4
10b
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5 = 0
3𝑥 = −4𝑦 − 5
−4𝑦 − 5
𝑥=
4
10c
4 + 𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑦 = −4
−4
𝑦=
𝑥
10d
𝑉 = 𝑠3
3
Thus, 𝑠 = √𝑉
𝐴 = 6𝑠 2
𝐴
Thus, 𝑠 = √ 6
10e
i) 𝑙𝑏 = 100
100
𝑙=
𝑏
ii) 𝑙𝑏 = 100
100
𝑏=
𝑙
11
The initial cost is 50
So, 𝐶 = 50 initially
Cost per person (𝑥), 𝐶 = 20𝑥
Add both costs together.
𝐶 = 50 + 20𝑥
12a
If 𝑥 = 0,
𝐹(0) = √−4
Square roots of negative numbers cannot be found
12b
If 𝑥 = 3,
𝐻(3) = √−8
Square roots of negative numbers cannot be found

12c
If 𝑥 = −2,
1
𝑔(−2) =
0
Any fraction over zero is undefined
12d
If 𝑥 = 0,
1
𝑓(0) =
0
Any fraction over zero is undefined
13a
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4
Let 𝑥 = 1 + √5
𝑃(1 + √5) = ( 1 + √5)2 − 2(1 + √5) − 4
= 1 + 5 + 2√5 − 2 − 2√5 − 4
=0
13b
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4
Let 𝑥 = √3 − 1
𝑃(√3 − 1) = ( √3 − 1)2 − 2(√3 − 1) − 4
= 3 + 1 − 2√3 − 2√3 + 2 − 4
= −4√3
14a
𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑔(𝑎) = 2𝑎 − 4
Let 𝑥 = −𝑎
𝑔(−𝑎) = −2𝑎 − 4
let 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 1
𝑔(𝑎 + 1) = 2(𝑎 + 1) − 4
= 2𝑎
14b
𝑔(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑔(𝑎) = 2 − 𝑎
Let 𝑥 = −𝑎
𝑔(−𝑎) = 2 + 𝑎
let 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 1
𝑔(𝑎 + 1) = 2 − (𝑎 + 1)
= −𝑎 + 1
14c
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑔(𝑎) = 𝑎2
Let 𝑥 = −𝑎
𝑔(−𝑎) = 𝑎2

let 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 1
𝑔(𝑎 + 1) = (𝑎 + 1)2
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎 + 1
14d
1
𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥−1
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎
1
𝑔(𝑎) =
𝑎−1
Let 𝑥 = −𝑎
1
𝑔(−𝑎) =
−𝑎 − 1
let 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 1
1
𝑔(𝑎 + 1) =
𝑎+1−1
1
=
𝑎
15a
𝐹(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 2
Let 𝑥 = 𝑡
𝐹(𝑡) = 5𝑡 + 2
𝐹(𝑡) − 2
= 5𝑡
Let 𝑥 = 𝑡 − 2
𝐹(𝑡 − 2) = 5𝑡 − 8
15b
𝐹(𝑥) = √𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 𝑡
𝐹(𝑡) = √𝑡
𝐹(𝑡) − 2
= √𝑡 − 2
Let 𝑥 = 𝑡 − 2
𝐹(𝑡 − 2) = √𝑡 − 2
15c
𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 𝑡
𝐹(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 + 2𝑡
𝐹(𝑡) − 2
= 𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 − 2
Let 𝑥 = 𝑡 − 2
𝐹(𝑡 − 2) = (𝑡 − 2)2 + 2(𝑡 − 2)
= 𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 + 4 + 2𝑡 − 4
= 𝑡 2 − 2𝑡
15d
𝐹(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 2
Let 𝑥 = 𝑡
𝐹(𝑡) = 2 − 𝑡 2

𝐹(𝑡) − 2
= 𝑡2
Let 𝑥 = 𝑡 − 2
𝐹(𝑡 − 2) = 2 − (𝑡 − 2)2
= 2 − (𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 + 4)
= −𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 − 2
16a
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥
𝑓(1 + ℎ) − 𝑓(1)
ℎ
(1 + ℎ)2 + 5(1 + ℎ) − 6
=
ℎ
ℎ2 + 2ℎ + 1 + 5 + 5ℎ − 6
=
ℎ
ℎ2 + 7ℎ
=
ℎ
=ℎ+7
16b
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥
𝑓(𝑝) − 𝑓(𝑞)
𝑝−𝑞
𝑝2 + 5𝑝 − (𝑞 2 + 5𝑞)
=
𝑝−𝑞
𝑝 + 5𝑝 − 𝑞 2 − 5𝑞
2
=
𝑝−𝑞
=𝑝+𝑞+5
16c
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
ℎ
(𝑥 + ℎ)2 + 5(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥
=
ℎ
𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥 + ℎ2 + 5𝑥 + 5ℎ − 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥
=
ℎ
2ℎ𝑥 + ℎ2 + 5ℎ
=
ℎ
= 2𝑥 + ℎ + 5
17a
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 3
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)4 + 2(−𝑥)2 + 3
= 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 3
17b
4
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 +
𝑥
4
𝑔(−𝑥) = −𝑥 3 −
𝑥

4
−𝑔(𝑥) = −( 𝑥 3 + )
𝑥
4
= −𝑥 3 −
𝑥
𝑥 cannot be zero, as no fraction can have zero as its denominator
17c
𝑥
ℎ(𝑥) = 2
𝑥 +1
1
ℎ( )
𝑥
1
= 𝑥
2
1
(𝑥 ) + 1
𝑥
= 2
𝑥 +1
𝑥 cannot be zero, as no fraction can have zero as its denominator

Solutions to Exercise 3B
1a
The points (0,3) and (0, −3) have the same 𝑥-coordinate 𝑥 = 0. Thus when 𝑥 = 0
is the input, there are two outputs :𝑦 = 3 and 𝑦 = −3. The vertical line 𝑥 = 0
meets the graph at 𝑝(0,3) and (0, −3). This is all we need to know about the
graph to understand it is not a function.
1b
Similar to the 1a, there are two points (0,2) and (0, −2) with the same 𝑥-
coordinate. Thus, it is not a function.
1c
The two points (0,2) and (0, −2) have the same 𝑥-coordinate. Thus, it is not a
function.
1d

The two points (2,0) and (−2,0) have the same 𝑥-coordinate. Thus, it is not a
function.
1e
(0, −1) and (0,1) have the same 𝑥-coordinate. Thus, it is not a function.
1f
(0,3) and (0, −1) have the same 𝑥-coordinate. Thus, it is not a function.
2a

There is no point where the line crosses the graph of the relation more than
once. Thus, it is a function
2b
There is at least one vertical line that crossed the graph of the relation twice.
Thus, it is not a function.
2c
once. Thus, it is a function.
2d
There is at least one vertical line that crossed the graph of the relation twice.
Thus, it is not a function.

2e
There is at least one vertical line that crossed the graph of the relation more than
once. Thus, it is not a function.
2f
once. Thus, it is a function.
2g
There is at least one vertical line that crossed the graph of the relation more than
once. Thus, it is not a function.

2h
There is no point where the line crosses the graph of the relation more than once. Thus,
it is a function.
3a
Domain:
(−∞, ∞)
The arrow on the line insinuates the graph goes on until infinity.
Range:
It is noticeable the turning point is (1, −1).
Thus, the range is [−1, ∞).
3b
Domain:
The end points are labelled; thus the domain is [−2,2]
Range:
The end points are labelled thus, the range is [−2,2]

3c
Domain:
(−∞, ∞)
Range:
(−∞, ∞)
3d
Domain:
The end point is labelled on the graph as (−1,0). The arrow on the line insinuates
the graph goes on until infinity.
[−1, ∞)
Range:
(−∞, ∞)
3e

Domain:
The end point is labelled on the graph as (−2,0). The other end point is labelled
on the graph as (2,0).
[−2,2]
Range:
The end point is labelled on the graph as (0, −3). The other end point is labelled
on the graph as (0,3)
[−3,3]
3f
Domain:
(−∞, ∞)
Range:
(−∞, ∞)
3g
Domain:
The end point is understood on the graph as (0,0). The other end point is labelled
[0,2]
Range:
The end point is labelled on the graph as (0, −2). The other end point is labelled
[−2,2]

3h
Domain:
(−∞, ∞)
Range:
(−∞, 1)
However, it has an asymptote on the line 𝑦 = 1
4a
i
𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 3
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −1
ii
The points on the table which must be plotted are
(0,3), (1,1) and (2, −1)
The function once sketched will look like what is shown below:
iii
Domain:
(−∞, ∞)
The graph goes on until infinity.
Range:
(−∞, ∞)

4b
i
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
let 𝑥 = −3, 𝑦 = 4
let 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 1
let 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 0
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 4
ii
(3,4), (−2,1), (−1,0), (0,1) and (1,4)
iii
Domain:
(−∞, ∞)
Range:
[0, ∞)
The graph starts at (0,0) and goes on until infinity.
5a
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity
Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≠ 0
5b
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−3
at 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity
5c
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥+1
at 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity
Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≠ −1

5d
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
2+𝑥
6a
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥
at 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity
Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≥ 0
6b
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 2
at 𝑥 < 2, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity
6c
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 3
at 𝑥 < −3, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity
Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≥ −3
6d
𝑓(𝑥) = √5 + 𝑥
at 𝑥 < −5, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity
7a
It is noticeable that (0, −3) and (0,3) are labelled points. They both have the
same 𝑥-coordinate.
7b
It is noticeable that (0, −1) and (0,1) are labelled points. They both have the
same 𝑥-coordinate.
7c
It is noticeable, that point (2,1) is on the relation. It is seen that (2,5) is also on
the relation. The both have the same 𝑥-coordinate of 2.
7d
As the relation is a vertical infinite line on the x point (2,0), all points on this line
have the same coordinate. (2,1) and (2,0) can be seen to be on the relation, and
have the same 𝑥-coordinate.
8a
𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥
As it is a linear equation, the natural domain is (−∞ < 𝑥 < ∞)
8b
7 − 3𝑥
Similar to 8a, as it is a linear equation, the natural domain is
(−∞ < 𝑥 < ∞)
8c
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
4−𝑥
At 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity.

8d
3
𝑓(𝑥) =
2𝑥 − 1
1
At 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity.
Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≠ 1/2
8e
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 4
at 𝑥 < −4, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity.
8f
𝑓(𝑥) = √2𝑥 + 1
1
at 𝑥 < − 2, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity.
Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≥ −1/2
8g
𝑓(𝑥) = √5 − 𝑥
at 𝑥 < 5, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity.
8h
f(x) = √4 − 2𝑥
Thus the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≥ 2
8i
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
√𝑥
at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity. Furthermore, at 𝑥 < 0, √𝑥 is
undefined. Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 > 0
8j
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
√𝑥 + 1
at 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity. Furthermore, at 𝑥 < −1,
√𝑥 + 1 is undefined. Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 > −1
8k
2
𝑓(𝑥) =
√1 − 𝑥
at 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity. Furthermore, at 𝑥 ≥ 1, √1 − 𝑥
is undefined. Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 < 1
8l
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
√2𝑥 − 3
3 3
at 𝑥 = − 2, y is undefined, or at the point of infinity. Furthermore, at 𝑥 ≥ − 2,
3
√2𝑥 − 3 is undefined. Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 < − 2

9a
i
y = 2𝑥
1
let 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 4
1
let 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 2
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2
let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 4
ii
1 1
(−2, 4 ), (−1, 2), (0,1), (1,2), (2,4)
iii
Domain:
(−∞, ∞)
Range:
(0, ∞)
The graph has an asymptote at 𝑦 = 0
9b
i
1
𝑦= (4𝑥 − 𝑥 3 )
3
let 𝑥 = −3, 𝑦 = 5
let 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 0
let 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = −1
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 0
let 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = −5
ii
(−3,5), (−2,0), (−1, −1), (0,0), (1,1), (2,0) and (3, −5)

iii
Domain:
(−∞, ∞)
Range:
(−∞, ∞)
10a
𝑅(𝑥) = √𝑥
10b
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
1
let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 0.7
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1.4
let 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 1.7
let 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 2
let 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 2.2
10c
11a
2
ℎ(𝑥) =
𝑥
at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity.

11b
let 𝑥 = −4, 𝑦 = −1/2
let 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = −1
let 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = −2
let 𝑥 = −1/2, 𝑦 = −4
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
let 𝑥 = 1/2, 𝑦 = 4
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2
let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1
let 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 1/2
11c
12a
The length of the original side is stated as 𝑥, thus the opposite side is 𝑥
12b
The two lengths add to 2𝑥 and the total length of the rectangle is 20
Thus, the remaining length is 20 − 2𝑥
12c
20−2𝑥
The area is the side of x multiplied by the perpendicular side of 2
𝐴 = 𝑥(10 − 𝑥)
Thus, 𝐴 = 10𝑥 − 𝑥 2
12d
Lengths must be positive. Thus 𝑥 > 0
Furthermore, the area must also be positive.
𝑥(10 − 𝑥) > 0 thus 10 − 𝑥 > 0 and as a result, 𝑥 < 10.
Therefore, 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑥 < 10
(0,10) is the domain of A.

12e
13a
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3 = 0
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3
As it is a linear equation, it is a function
13b
𝑥𝑦 = 4
4
𝑦=
𝑥
This is a function.
13c
𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 = 3
𝑦(𝑥 − 2) = 3
3
𝑦=
𝑥−2
This is a function.
13d
𝑦 + 2 = √9 − 𝑥 2
𝑦 = √9 − 𝑥 2 − 2
This is a function
14a
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
√𝑥 + 2
𝑎 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity
Furthermore, for 𝑥 ≤ −2, 𝑥 + 2 is undefined.
Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 > −2
14b
2
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥2−4
at 𝑥 = −2 or 2, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity
Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≠ {−2,2}
14c
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥2 + 𝑥
14d
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 2)
at 𝑥 = 3 or 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity
Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ≠ {2,3}
14e
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 4
at 𝑥 < 2 or 𝑥 < −2, 𝑦 is undefined.
Thus the domain of the function is 𝑥 ∈ [−2,2]
14f
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
√1 − 𝑥 2
at 𝑥 < −1 or 𝑥 > 1, 𝑦 is undefined, or at the point of infinity
Furthermore, as for 𝑥 2 > 1, √1 − 𝑥 2 is undefined.
Thus, the domain of the function is 𝑥 ∈ [−1,1]
15a
2 + 𝑥, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = {
2 − 𝑥, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 0
let 𝑥 = −3, 𝑦 = −1
let 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 0
let 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 1
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 0
let 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = −1
15b

Solutions to Exercise 3C
1a
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −2
1b
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2
let 𝑦 = 0, 2𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = 1
1c
Plot both points, as (1,0) and (0, −2)
Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

2a
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
let 𝑥 = 0, 2𝑦 = 4, 𝑦 = 2
2b
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 4

2c
Plot both points as (4,0) and (0,2)

3a
𝑦 =𝑥+1
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
𝑦 =𝑥+1
let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = −1

Plot both points

3b
𝑦 = 4 − 2𝑥
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4
𝑦 = 4 − 2𝑥
let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = −2
Plot both points

3c
1
𝑦= 𝑥−3
2
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3
1
𝑦 = 𝑥−3
2
let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 6

Plot both points

3d
𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 6
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −6
𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 6
let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = −2

Plot both points

3e
𝑥+𝑦−1=0
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
𝑥+𝑦−1=0
let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1
Plot both points

3f
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0
let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = −1

Plot both points

3g
𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 3 = 0
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −1
𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 3 = 0
let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 3
Plot both points


3h
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −2
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 4
Plot both points

3i
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 12 = 0
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −4
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 12 = 0
let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 6

Plot both points

3j
𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6 = 0
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −3/2
𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6 = 0
let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = −6
Plot both points


3k
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 10 = 0
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 10 = 0
let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 2
Plot both points

3l
−5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 15 = 0
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 15/2
−5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 15 = 0
let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 3

Plot both points

4a
𝑦 = −2𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 0,𝑦 = 0
Let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0
Thus, both intercepts are zero.
4b
𝑦 = −2𝑥
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −2
Plot both points (0,0) and (1, −2)


5a
𝑦=𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0
𝑦=𝑥
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
Plot both points

5b
𝑦 = 3𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
Let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 3𝑥
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3

Plot both points

5c
𝑦 = −4𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
Let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = −4𝑥
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −4
Plot both points


5d
𝑥+𝑦 =0
Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
Let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0
𝑥+𝑦 =0
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −1
Plot both points

5e
𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0
Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
Let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0
𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0
1
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2

Plot both points

5f
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
Let 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
3
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = − 2
Plot both points


6a
𝑥 = 1,
through (1,0) a vertical line.
6b
𝑦=2
through (0,2) a horizontal line.
6c
𝑥 = −2
through (−2,0) a vertical line

6d
𝑦=0
through (0,0) a horizontal line
6e
2𝑦 = −3
3
𝑦 = −
2
through (0,-3/2) a horizontal line
6f
3𝑥 = 5
5
𝑥 =
3
5
through (3 , 0) a vertical line
7a
If a vertical line goes through two or more points on the line it is not a function.
a vertical line is by default the penultimate understanding of this theory as it
goes through every point on the line
6a is not a function, as it is a vertical line
6c is not a function, as it is a vertical line
6f is not a function, as it is a vertical line
7b
In 6a, (1,0) and (1,1)
In 6c, (−2,0) and (−2,1)
5 5
In 6f, (3 , 0) and (3 , 1)
8
3e
𝑥 + 𝑦−1 = 0
𝑦 = 1−𝑥
3f
3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0

𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2
3g
𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 3 = 0
−𝑥 + 3
𝑦 =
3
3h
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
𝑥−4
𝑦 =
2
3i
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 12 = 0
2𝑥 − 12
𝑦 =
3
3j
𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6 = 0
−𝑥 − 6
𝑦 =
4
3k
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 10 = 0
−5𝑥 + 10
𝑦 =
2
3l
−5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 15 = 0
5𝑥 − 15
𝑦 =
2
9a
(3,1)
𝑦 = 𝑥−2
let 𝑥 = 3
𝑦 = 1
It is part of the line
9b
(7,4)
𝑦 = 20 − 2𝑥
let 𝑥 = 7
𝑦 = 6
It is not part of the line
9c
(1, −2)
𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 1
let 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = −2
It is part of the line
9d
(−5,3)
𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 1
let 𝑥 = −5

𝑦 = 16
9e
(−1, −4)
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 5 = 0
let 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = −1
9f
(−6, −4)
4𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 4 = 0
let 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 0
10a
10b
10c
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
𝑥−𝑦 = 1
thus, 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1
substitute into the first equation
𝑥 + 𝑥−1 = 5
2𝑥 = 6
𝑥 = 3
3 + 𝑦 = 5
𝑦 = 2
The answer is indeed (3,2)

11a
𝑥 − 𝑦 = −4
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2
𝑦 = 2−𝑥
𝑥 − (2 − 𝑥) = −4
𝑥 − 2 + 𝑥 = −4
2𝑥 = −2
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = 3
The answer is indeed (−1,3)
11b

𝑥−𝑦 = 3
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
𝑦 = −2𝑥
𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 3
3𝑥 = 3
𝑥 = 1
1−𝑦 = 3
𝑦 = −2
The answer is indeed (1,-2)
11c
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −4
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −3
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3
𝑥 + 2(2𝑥 + 3) = −4
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 6 = −4
5𝑥 = −10
𝑥 = −2


−2 + 2𝑦 = −4
2𝑦 = −2
𝑦 = −1
The answer is indeed (−2, −1)
12a
Cost of initial shirt
𝐶 = 60
Cost of each shirt afterwards
𝐶 = 50𝑛
To find the function, add both costs
𝐶 = 60 + 50𝑛
12bi
Cost of initial delivery
𝐷 = 10
Cost of each delivery afterwards
𝐷 = 2𝑛
To find the function, add both costs
Thus
𝐷 = 10 + 2𝑛
12bii
To find the total function add both functions
𝐶+𝐷 =𝑇
𝑇 = 10 + 2𝑛 + 60 + 50𝑛
𝑇 = 70 + 52𝑛
13ai
1
𝑦 = 𝑥−2
2
13aii
1
𝑦 = 𝑥−1
2
13aiii
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1
2
13aiv
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2
2

To understand how to plot these lines, simply find both intercepts (show on the
graph) and draw a line between them.
13b
What must be understood that all the lines are parallel, this is due to all
equations having the same gradient.
14ai
𝑦 − 2 = 1(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 𝑥−1 + 2
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1
14aii
𝑦 − 2 = 2(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2 + 2
𝑦 = 2𝑥
14aiii
1
𝑦 − 2 = − (𝑥 − 1)
2
1 5
𝑦 = − 𝑥 +
2 2
14aiv
𝑦 − 2 = 0(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 2
14b
All of these lines pass through the point (1,2)

14c
𝑦 − 2 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 1)
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 − 2 = 𝑚(0)
𝑦 = 2
thus 𝑦 must always equal 2

Solutions to Exercise 3D
1ai) Sub in 𝑥 = 0 to find the 𝑦-intercept
𝑦 = (0 − 1)(0 − 3) = 3
1aii) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
Thus 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = 3
1+3
1aiii) 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠 = 2 = 2
1aiv) Sub in 𝑥 = 2 to find the vertex
𝑦 = (2 − 1)(2 − 3) = −1
Vertex is at (2, −1)
1av)
1bi) Sub in 𝑥 = 0 for the y-intercept
𝑦 = (0 − 1)(0 + 3) = −3
Sub in 𝑦 = 0 for the x-intercepts
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3) = 0, 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = −3
Axis of symmetry, 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠
1 + (−3)
𝑥= = −1
2
Sub in 𝑥 = −1 for the vertex
𝑦 = (−1 − 1)(−1 + 3) = −4, vertex is (−1, −4)
1bii) Sub in 𝑥 = 0 for the 𝑦-intercept

𝑦 = (0 − 1)(0 + 1) = −1
Sub in 𝑦 = 0 for the x-intercepts
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0, 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = −1
Axis of symmetry, 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠
1 + (−1)
𝑥= =0
2
Thus the vertex is the y-intercept, (0, −1)

2ai) Sub in 𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡, 𝑦 = −0(0 − 2) = 0

2aii) Sub in y = 0 for x-intercepts, 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2
0+2
2aiii) Average of zeroes for axis of symmetry, 𝑥 = 2 = 1
2aiv) Sub in x = 1 for vertex, 𝑦 = −1(1 − 2) = 1, vertex is at (1,1)
2av)
2bi) Sub in x = 0 for y-intercept, 𝑦 = (2 + 0)(2 − 0) = 4
Sub in y = 0 for x-intercepts, 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 2
2−2
Average of zeroes for axis of symmetry, 𝑥 = 2 = 0
Vertex is y-intercept, at (0,4)
2bii) Sub in x = 0 for y-intercept, 𝑦 = (0 + 2)(4 − 0) = 8

Sub in y = 0 for x-intercepts, 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 4
−2+4
Average of zeroes for axis of symmetry, 𝑥 = 2 = 1
Sub in 𝑥 = 1 for vertex, 𝑦 = (1 + 2)(4 − 1) = 9, vertex is (1,9)
3ai) Sub in 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (0 − 1)2 = 1

3aii) Sub in 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1
3aiii)
3aiv) The y-intercept (0,1) is reflected in the axis of symmetry 𝑥 = 1 to find the point
(2,1)
3bi) Sub in 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (0 + 1)2 = 1

Sub in 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = −1
The y-intercept (0,1) is reflected in the axis of symmetry 𝑥 = −1 to find the
point (−2,1)
3bii) Sub in 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −(0 − 2)2 = −4

Sub in 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 2
The y-intercept (0, −4) is reflected in the axis of symmetry 𝑥 = 2 to find the
point (4, −4)
4a) 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 6) such that the coefficient of 𝑥 2 is 1. Expanding the brackets
shows the coefficient of 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎, so 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 6).
4b) 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 3), as in (4𝑎)
4c) 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 5), as in (4𝑎)
4d) 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 + 1), as in (4𝑎)
5a) Roots at 0 and 3 and concave up, so the equation is 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 3).
5b) Roots at -2 and 1 and concave up, so the equation is 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1).
5c) Roots at -1 and 3 and concave down, so the equation is 𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3).
5d) Roots at -5 and -2 and concave down, so the equation is 𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 2).
6a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 32 = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3), so the zeroes are at −3 and 3.
Sub in 𝑥 = 0 for the y-intercept, 𝑦 = 02 − 9 = −9
6b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5 = (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1), so the zeroes are at −5 and 1.

𝑓(0) = 02 + 4 ∗ 0 − 5 = −5, so the 𝑦-intercept is −5.
−5+1
Midpoint of the zeroes 𝑥 = 2 = −2
Vertex at 𝑓(−2) = 4 − 8 − 5 = −9

6c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 12 = (𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 − 2), so the zeroes are −6 and 2

𝑓(0) = 0 − 12, so the y-intercept is −12.
−6+2
Midpoint of the zeroes 𝑥 = 2 = −2
Vertex at 𝑓(−2) = 4 − 8 − 12 = −16
7a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑥(4 − 𝑥), so the zeroes are 0 and 4

The y-intercept is also 0
0+4
Midpoint of the zeroes 𝑥 = 2 = 2
Vertex at 𝑓(2) = 8 − 4 = 4
7b) 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 = −(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3), so the zeroes are −1 and 3

𝑓(0) = 0 + 3, so the y-intercept is 3
3−1
Midpoint of zeroes 𝑥 = 2 = 1
Vertex at 𝑓(1) = −1 + 2 + 3 = 4
7c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 8 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = −(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 2), so the zeroes are −4 and 2

𝑓(0) = 8 − 0 so the 𝑦-intercept is 8
2−4
Midpoint of zeroes 𝑥 = 2 = −1
Vertex at 𝑓(−1) = 8 + 2 − 1 = 9

8a) 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)2 , so the zero is at 𝑥 = 3

Sub in 𝑥 = 0 for the y-intercept, 𝑦 = (−3)2 = 9
Reflect the point (0,9) in the axis of symmetry 𝑥 = 3 for another point (6,9)
8b) 𝑦 = −(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) = −(𝑥 − 1)2 so the zero is at 𝑥 = 1

Sub in 𝑥 = 0 for the 𝑦-intercept, 𝑦 = −(−1)2 = −1
Reflect (0, −1) in the axis of symmetry 𝑥 = 1 for another point (2, −1)
5
9a) 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 1), so the zeroes are at 𝑥 = − 2 and 𝑥 = −1
Sub in 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (0 + 5)(0 + 1) = 5
5
− −1 7
2
Midpoint of zeroes 𝑥 = = −4
2
7 3 3 9
Vertex at 𝑓 (− 4) = (2) (− 4) = − 8
1
9b) 𝑦 = (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3), so the zeroes are 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = −3
Sub in 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (0 − 1)(0 + 3) = −3
1
−3 5
Midpoint of zeroes 𝑥 = 2 2 = − 4
5 7 7 49
Vertex at 𝑓 (− 4) = (− 2) (4) = − 8

4
9c) 𝑦 = (3𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 2), so the zeroes are 𝑥 = and 𝑥 = −2
3
Sub in 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (0 − 4)(0 + 2) = −8
1 4 1
Midpoint of zeroes 𝑥 = 2 (3 − 2) = − 3
1 1 25 1
Vertex at 𝑓 (− 3) = (−1 − 4) (2 − 3) = − = −8 3
3
10a) The zeroes are −1 and 2, so the equation has the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2).
The y-intercept is (0, −2), so we sub it in: −2 = 𝑎(0 + 1)(0 − 2), so 𝑎 = 1.
Thus the equation is 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)
10b) The zeroes are −3 and 2, so the equation has the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2).
The y-intercept is (0,6), so we sub it in: 6 = 𝑎(0 + 3)(0 − 2), so 𝑎 = −1.
Thus the equation is 𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)
10c) The zeroes are −2 and 4, so the equation has the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4).
The y-intercept is (0, −24), so we sub it in: −24 = 𝑎(0 + 2)(0 − 4), so 𝑎 = 3.
Thus the equation is 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4)
10d) The zeroes are −2 and 2, so the equation has the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2).
1
The y-intercept is (0,2), so we sub it in: 2 = 𝑎(0 + 2)(0 − 2), so 𝑎 = − 2.
1
Thus the equation is 𝑦 = − 2 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)
11a) The zeroes are 1 and 3, so the equation has the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3).
The y-intercept is (0,6), so we sub it in: 6 = 𝑎(0 − 1)(0 − 3), so 𝑎 = 2.
Thus the equation is 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)
11b) The zeroes are −2 and 1, so the equation has the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1).
The y-intercept is (0,4), so we sub it in: 4 = 𝑎(0 + 2)(0 − 1), so 𝑎 = −2.
Thus the equation is 𝑦 = −2(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)
11c) The zeroes are −1 and 5, so the equation has the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 5).
The y-intercept is (0,15), so we sub it in: 15 = 𝑎(0 + 1)(0 − 5), so 𝑎 = −3
Thus the equation is 𝑦 = −3(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 5)
11d) The zeroes are −2 and −4, so the equation has the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 4).
1
The y-intercept is (0,2), so we sub it in: 2 = 𝑎(0 + 2)(0 + 4), so 𝑎 = 4.
1
Thus the equation is 𝑦 = 4 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 4)
12) Tech-only question, no worked solution
13a) 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 2 − 32 ) = 2(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3), so the zeroes are −3 and 3.

Setting 𝑥 = 0 shows the y-intercept is −18

The midpoint of the zeroes is 𝑥 = 0, so the y-intercept is also the vertex
4
13b) 𝑦 = (3𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1) so the zeroes are − 3 and 1.
Setting 𝑥 = 0 shows the y-intercept is −4
1 4 1
Midpoint of zeroes 𝑥 = 2 (1 − 3) = − 6
1 1 1 49
Vertex at 𝑓 (− 6) = (4 − 2) (− 6 − 1) = − 12
3
13c) 𝑦 = −(4𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3) = −(4𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 1) so the zeroes are 4 and 1
Setting 𝑥 = 0 shows the 𝑦-intercept is −3
Midpoint of zeroes 𝑥 = 7/8
7 7 7 1
Vertex at 𝑓 (8) = − (2 − 3) (8 − 1) = 16
14a) Expanding the equation shows that 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 − 10𝑎𝑥 + 16𝑎.

Thus 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 8)
14b) Expanding the equation shows that 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 − 10𝑎𝑥 + 16𝑎.
Thus 𝑎 = −1 and 𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 8)
2+8
14c) The midpoint of the zeroes 𝑥 = 2 = 5.
The y-value of the vertex −12 = 𝑎(5 − 2)(5 − 8) = −9𝑎
4 4
Thus 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑦 = 3 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 8)
14d) The equation at the point (1, −20):
−20 = 𝑎(1 − 2)(1 − 8) = 7𝑎
20 20
Thus 𝑎 = − 7 and 𝑦 = − 7 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 8)
15a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4) so the zeroes are at −2 and 4
The axis of symmetry is the midpoint, 𝑥 = 1.
15bi) 𝑓(1 + ℎ) = (ℎ + 3)(ℎ − 3) = ℎ2 − 9
𝑓(1 − ℎ) = (3 − ℎ)(−3 − ℎ) = ℎ2 − 9
We see that 𝑓(1 + ℎ) = 𝑓(1 − ℎ)
15bii) The parabola is reflected in the axis of symmetry.

Solutions to Exercise 3E
1ai) The (𝑥 − 2)2 term is positive, so the parabola is concave up.
1aii) 𝑦 = (0 − 2)2 − 1 = 3
1aiii) (𝑥 − 2)2 − 1 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) so the x-intercepts are 1 and 3
1aiv) 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 − 1, so the vertex is (2, −1)
1av)
1bi) The (𝑥 + 1)2 term is positive, so the parabola is concave up.
𝑦 = (0 + 1)2 − 4 = −3
(𝑥 + 1)2 − 4 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) so the x-intercepts are −3 and 1
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 4, so the vertex is (−1, −4)
1bii) The (𝑥 − 1)2 term is positive, so the parabola is concave up.

𝑦 = (0 − 1)2 − 9 = −8
(𝑥 − 1)2 − 9 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4) so the x-intercepts are −2 and 4
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 − 9, so the vertex is (1, −9)
2ai) The – (𝑥 − 1)2 term is negative, so the parabola is concave down.

2aii) 𝑦 = −(0 − 1)2 + 1 = 0
2aiii) −(𝑥 − 1)2 + 1 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = −𝑥(𝑥 − 2), so the x-intercepts are 0 and 2
2aiv) 𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 1)2 + 1, so the vertex is (1,1)
2av)
2bi) The −(𝑥 + 2)2 term is negative, so the parabola is concave down.

𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = −(0 + 2)2 + 4 = 0
𝑦 = 0: 0 = −(𝑥 + 2)2 + 4 = −𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = −𝑥(𝑥 + 4), so the 𝑥-intercepts are 0
and −4
𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 2)2 + 4, so the vertex is (−2,4)
2bii) The – (𝑥 − 2)2 term is negative so the parabola is concave down.

Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = −(0 − 2)2 + 9 = 5
−(𝑥 − 2)2 + 9 = −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 = −(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 1), so the x-intercepts are −1
and 5
𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 2)2 + 9, so the vertex is (2,9)
3a) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 = (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) − 4 + 5 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 1
3b) 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 11 = (𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9) − 9 + 11 = (𝑥 + 3)2 + 2
3c) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8 = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) − 1 + 8 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 7
3d) 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 1 = (𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 25) − 25 + 1 = (𝑥 − 5)2 − 24
3e) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5 = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) − 1 − 5 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 6
3f) 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1 = (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) − 4 − 1 = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 5
4a) The (𝑥 + 1)2 term is positive, so the parabola is concave up.
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 3, so the vertex is (−1, −3).
Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = (0 + 1)2 − 3 = −2
Let 𝑦 = 0: (𝑥 + 1)2 − 3 = 0, (𝑥 + 1)2 = 3
𝑥 + 1 = ±√3, 𝑥 = −1 ± √3
4b) The (𝑥 − 4)2 term is positive, so the parabola is concave up.

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 4)2 − 7, so the vertex is (4, −7).
Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = (0 − 4)2 − 7 = 9
Let 𝑦 = 0: (𝑥 − 4)2 − 7 = 0, (𝑥 − 4)2 = 7
𝑥 − 4 = ±√7, 𝑥 = 4 ± √7

4c) The (𝑥 − 3)2 term is positive, so the parabola is concave up.

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)2 − 2, so the vertex is (3, −2).
Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = (0 − 3)2 − 2 = 7
Let 𝑦 = 0: (𝑥 − 3)2 − 2 = 0, (𝑥 − 3)2 = 2
𝑥 − 3 = ±√2, 𝑥 = 3 ± √2
5a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2) so the x-intercepts are 0 and 2.

Subbing in 𝑥 = 0 shows that 𝑦 = 0
Complete the square: 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) − 1 = (𝑥 − 1)2 − 1
Thus the vertex is (1, −1)
5b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3), so the intercepts are 1 and 3.

Subbing in x = 0 gives 𝑦 = (−1)(−3) = 3
Completing the square: 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) − 4 + 3 = (𝑥 − 2)2 − 1
Thus the vertex is (2, −1)
5c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 5 = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) − 1 − 5 = (𝑥 − 1)2 − 6 so the vertex is (1, −6)

Sub in 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (−1)2 − 6 = −5
Sub in 𝑦 = 0, (𝑥 − 1)2 = 6, 𝑥 − 1 = ±√6, 𝑥 = 1 ± √6

5d) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) − 1 − 1 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 2, so the vertex is

(−1, −2)
Sub in 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (1)2 − 2 = −1
Sub in 𝑦 = 0, (𝑥 + 1)2 = 2, 𝑥 + 1 = ±√2, 𝑥 = −1 ± √2
5e) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2 = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) − 1 + 2 = (𝑥 + 1)2 + 1, so the vertex is (−1,1)

Sub in 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (1)2 + 1 = 2
Parabola is concave up and vertex is above x-axis, so there are no x-intercepts
Reflect (0,2) in the axis of symmetry 𝑥 = −1 for the point (−2,2)
9 9 3 2 7 3 7
5f) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4 = (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4) − 4 + 4 = (𝑥 − 2) + 4 , so the vertex is (2 , 4)
Sub in 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (0)2 − 3(0) + 4 = 4
Parabola is concave up and vertex is above x-axis, so there are no x-intercepts
3
Reflect (0,4) in the axis of symmetry 𝑥 = 2 for the point (3,4)
6a) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) − 4 + 3 = (𝑥 − 2)2 − 1 = 0
(𝑥 − 2)2 = 1, 𝑥 − 2 = ±1, 𝑥 = 2 ± 1, so 𝑥 = 1 or 3
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3), so 𝑥 = 1 or 3
6b) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) − 1 − 3 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 4 = 0
(𝑥 + 1)2 = 4, 𝑥 + 1 = ±2, 𝑥 = −1 ± 2, so 𝑥 = −3 or 1
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1), so 𝑥 = −3 or 1

1 1 1 2 9
6c) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4) − 4 − 2 = (𝑥 − 2) − 4 = 0
1 2 9 1 3 1 3
(𝑥 − 2) = 4, 𝑥 − 2 = ± 2 , 𝑥 = 2 ± 2, so 𝑥 = −1 or 2
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2), so 𝑥 = −1 or 2
7a) Vertex at (1,2) and concave up: 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 2
7b) Vertex at (−2, −3) and concave up: 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 3
7c) Vertex at (3,4) and concave down: 𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 3)2 + 4
7d) Vertex at (2, −1) and concave down: 𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 2)2 − 1
8a) 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 5
8b) 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 3
8c) 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 + 7
8d) 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)2 − 11
9a) Technology question
9b) All parabolas pass through the vertex (1, −2)
9c) The parabolas with 𝑎 > 0 have 𝑥-intercepts
9d) Parabolas with 𝑎 > 0 are concave up, so the curve will rise up from the vertex
and intersect the x-axis.
10a) Vertex at (3, −5) and concave up, so there are 2 𝑥-intercepts.
10b) Vertex at (−1,3) and concave down, so there are 2 𝑥-intercepts.
10c) Vertex at (−2, −1) and concave down, so there are no 𝑥-intercepts.
10d) Vertex at (4,3) and concave up, so there are no 𝑥-intercepts.
10e) Vertex at (−1,0) and concave up, so there is 1 𝑥-intercept.
10f) Vertex at (3,0) and concave down, so there is 1 𝑥-intercept.
11a) −(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) = −(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 1 = −(𝑥 + 1)2 + 1, so the vertex is (−1,1)
Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = 02 − 0 = 0
Let 𝑦 = 0: −(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) = −𝑥(𝑥 + 2) = 0, so the 𝑥-intercepts are 0 and -2
11b) −(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 1) = −(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 − 4 − 1) = −(𝑥 − 2)2 + 5, so the vertex is

(2,5)
Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = −(−2)2 + 5 = 1
Let 𝑦 = 0: (𝑥 − 2)2 = 5, 𝑥 − 2 = ±√5, 𝑥 = 2 ± √5
3 3
11c) 2 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2) = 2 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 1 + 2) = 2(𝑥 − 1)2 + 1, so the vertex is (1,1)

Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = 2(−1)2 + 1 = 3
No 𝑥-intercepts since it’s concave up
Reflect (0,3) in the line 𝑥 = 1 for the point (2,3)
1 1
11d) 4 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4) = 4 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 1 + 4) = 4(𝑥 − 1)2 − 3, so the vertex is
(1, −3)
Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = 4(−1)2 − 3 = 1
3 √3 √3
Let 𝑦 = 0: 4(𝑥 − 1)2 = 3, 𝑥 − 1 = ±√4 = ± , 𝑥 = 1±
2 2
9 9 3 2 5
11e) 2(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1) = 2 (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 − 4 + 1) = 2 (𝑥 + 2) − 2, so the vertex is
3 5
(− 2 , − 2)
Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = 2(0 + 0 + 1) = 2
3 2 5 3 5 √5 −3±√5
Let 𝑦 = 0: 2 (𝑥 + 2) = 2, 𝑥 + 2 = ±√4 = ± , 𝑥=
2 2
11 11
11f) −2 (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2 ) = −2 (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 − 4 + 2 ) = −2(𝑥 + 2)2 − 3, so the vertex
is (−2,3)
Let 𝑥 = 0: 𝑦 = −2(2)2 − 3 = −11
No 𝑥-intercepts since it’s concave down
Reflect (0, −11) in the line 𝑥 = −2 for the point (−4, −11)

12a) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) − 1 − 1 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 2 = 0
(𝑥 + 1)2 = 2, 𝑥 + 1 = ±√2, 𝑥 = −1 ± √2
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1 + √2)(𝑥 + 1 − √2)
12b) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) − 4 + 1 = (𝑥 − 2)2 − 3 = 0
(𝑥 − 2)2 = 3, 𝑥 − 2 = ±√3, 𝑥 = 2 ± √3
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2 − √3)(𝑥 − 2 + √3)
12c) −(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4) = −(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 − 1 − 4) = −(𝑥 + 1)2 + 5 = 0
(𝑥 + 1)2 = 5, 𝑥 + 1 = ±√5, 𝑥 = −1 ± √5
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1 + √5)(𝑥 + 1 − √5)
13) Sub ℎ = −4 and 𝑘 = 2 in to the formula 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 to get 𝑦 =
𝑎(𝑥 + 4)2 + 2.
Therefore, any quadratic with a vertex at (−4,2) will have that formula.
13a) Expanding: 𝑎(𝑥 + 4)2 + 2 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 8𝑎𝑥 + 16𝑎 + 2
In a monic quadratic the coefficient of 𝑥 2 is 1, so 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 4)2 + 2
13b) In (13a) we showed that the coefficient of 𝑥 2 is 𝑎. So 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 + 4)2 +
2
13c) We take the expanded formula and let 𝑥 = 0:
7 7
𝑎(0)2 + 8𝑎(0) + 16𝑎 + 2 = 16, 16𝑎 = 14, 𝑎 = 8, 𝑦 = 8 (𝑥 + 4)2 + 2
13d) Sub the point (0,0) into the formula:
1 1
0 = 𝑎(0 + 4)2 + 2, 16𝑎 = −2, 𝑎 = − 8, 𝑦 = − 8 (𝑥 + 4)2 + 2
𝑦 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑏 2 𝑐
14a) 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑎 𝑥 + (2𝑎) ) − (2𝑎) + 𝑎
𝑎
𝑦 𝑏 2 𝑏2 𝑐 4𝑎 𝑏 2 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= (𝑥 + ) − 2 + ( ∗ ) = (𝑥 + ) −
𝑎 2𝑎 4𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎 2𝑎 4𝑎2
𝑏 2 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏 2
14b) 𝑦 = 𝑎 (𝑥 + 2𝑎) − , so the vertex is ( 2𝑎 , ) and the axis of symmetry is
4𝑎 4𝑎
−𝑏
𝑥= 2𝑎
𝑏 2 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
14c) 𝑎 (𝑥 + 2𝑎) − =0
4𝑎
𝑏 2 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 2
𝑎 (𝑥 + ) =
2𝑎 4𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥+ =± √ =±
2𝑎 4𝑎2 2𝑎
−𝑏 √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= ± =
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎

Solutions to Exercise 3F
1a
i.
If 𝑎 > 0, then 𝑓 is concave upward everywhere,
If 𝑎 < 0, then 𝑓 is concave downward everywhere
𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 = 1, thus concave upward.
ii.
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −1, thus the value of the 𝑦-intercept is −1.
iii.
𝑏 = −2
𝑎 = 1
𝑏
Thus, − 2𝑎 = 1
iv.
𝑏 𝑏
the axis of symmetry is on the value of − 2𝑎. i.e. 𝑥 = − 2𝑎
In this case, 𝑥 = 1. If the 𝑥-value of the vertex is 1, the 𝑦-value must be:
sub 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = −2
v.
𝛥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑏 = −2
𝑎 = 1
𝑐 = −1
4 − 4 × 1 ×−1
Thus ∆= 8
vi.
As the discriminant is greater than 0
vii.
−𝑏 + √∆
2𝑎
𝑏 = −2
𝑎 = 1
∆= 8
2+√8
2×−2
2 + 2√2
=
−4
−1 − √2
=
2
The second value is found if reversing the sign of the root of the determinant
2 − 2√2
−4
−1 + √2
=
2

1b
The graph can be sketched easily now, as the t.p. is found and the intercepts. Plot
all know values and draw the natural curve.
The graph will look like the graph shown below:
2a
i.
ii.
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, thus the value of the 𝑦-intercept is 1.
iii.
𝑏 = 4
𝑎 = 1
𝑏
Thus, − 2𝑎 = −2
iv.
𝑏 𝑏
In this case, 𝑥 = −1. If the 𝑥-value of the vertex is −1, the 𝑦-value must be:
sub 𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = −3
v.
𝛥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑏 = 4
𝑎 = 1
𝑐 = 1
16 − 4 × 1 ×1
Thus ∆= 12

vi.
vii.
−𝑏 + √∆
2𝑎
𝑏 = 4
𝑎 = 1
∆= 12
−4 + √12
2×4
−4 + √12
=
8
−4 − 2√3
=
8
The second value is found if reversing the sign of root of the determinant
−4 + 2√3
8
2b
i.

𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 = −1, thus concave downward.

ii.
iii.
𝑏 = 2
𝑎 = −1
𝑏
Thus, − 2𝑎 = 1
iv.
𝑏 𝑏
sub 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 6
v.
𝛥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑏 = 2
𝑎 = −1
𝑐 = 5
4 − 4 ×− 1 ×5
Thus ∆= 24
vi.
vii.
−𝑏 + √∆
2𝑎
𝑏 = 2
𝑎 = −1
∆= 24
−2 + √24
2×−1
−2 + 2√6
=
−2
2 + 2√6
=
2
The second value is found if reversing the sign of root of the determinant
2 − 2√6
2

3a
i.
ii.
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3, thus the value of the 𝑦 −intercept is 3.
iii.
𝑏 = 2
𝑎 = 1
𝑏
Thus, − 2𝑎 = −1
iv.
𝑏 𝑏
In this case, 𝑥 = −1. If the 𝑥-value of the vertex is −1, the 𝑦-value must be:
sub 𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = 2
v.
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑏 = 2
𝑎 = 1
𝑐 = 5
4 − 4 × 1 ×5
Thus ∆= −16
vi.
As the discriminant is less than 0
3b
The graph can be sketched easily now, as the vertex is found and the y intercept.
Another measure used to guarantee accuracy of the graph is that symmetry must
be used to find a secondary point on the parabola, in this case it can be the point:
(−2,3)

4a
i.
ii.
iii.
𝑏 = −2
𝑎 = 1
𝑏
Thus, − 2𝑎 = 1
iv.
𝑏 𝑏
sub 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 1
v.
𝛥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑏 = −2
𝑎 = 1
𝑐 = 2
4 − 4 × 1 ×2
Thus ∆= −4
vi.
(2,2)

4b
i.
𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 = −1, thus concave downward.
ii.
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −4, thus the value of the 𝑦-intercept is 2.
iii.
𝑏 = −2
𝑎 = −1
𝑏
Thus, − 2𝑎 = −1
iv.
𝑏 𝑏
In this case, 𝑥 = −1. If the 𝑥 −value of the vertex is −1, the 𝑦-value must be:
sub 𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = −3
v.
𝛥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑏 = −2
𝑎 = −1
𝑐 = −4
4 − 4 ×− 1 ×−4
Thus ∆= −12
vi.

(−2, −4)
5a
𝑎 = 1
𝑏 = 2
𝑐 = −2
𝛥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
4 − 4 × 1 ×−2
Thus ∆= 12
−𝑏 + √∆
2𝑎
−2 + √12
2×1
−2 + 2√3
=
2
= −1 + √3
−1 − √3
The decimal values are found via a calculator:
−1 + √3 = 0.73
−1 − √3 = −2.73
5b
𝑎 = 1
𝑏 = −4
𝑐 = 1
𝛥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
16 − 4 × 1 ×1
Thus ∆= 12
−𝑏 + √∆
2𝑎

4 + √12
2×1
4 + 2√3
=
2
= 2 + √3
2 − √3
2 + √3 = 3.73
2 − √3 = 0.27
5c
𝑎 = 1
𝑏 = 3
𝑐 = −2
𝛥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
9 − 4 × 1 ×−2
Thus ∆= 17
−𝑏 + √∆
2𝑎
3 + √17
=
2×1
3 + √17
=
2
3 − √17
2
3 + √17
= 0.56
2
3 − √17
= −3.56
2
5d
𝑎 = −1
𝑏 = −2
𝑐 = 4
𝛥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
4 − 4 × −1 ×4
Thus ∆= 20
−𝑏 + √∆
2𝑎
2 + √20
2×−1
2 + 2√5
=
−2
= −1 − 1√5
−1 + 1√5
−1 − 1√5 = −3.24
−1 + 1√5 = 1.24
5e
𝑎 = 3
𝑏 = −2
𝑐 = −2
𝛥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
4 − 4 × 3 ×−2
Thus ∆= 28
−𝑏 + √∆
2𝑎
−2 + √28
=
2×3
−2 + 2√7
=
6
−2 − 2√7
6
−2 + 2√7
= 1.22
6
−2 − 2√7
= −0.55
6
5f
𝑎 = 2
𝑏 = 4
𝑐 = −1
𝛥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
16 − 4 × 2 ×−1
Thus ∆= 24
−𝑏 + √∆
2𝑎
−4 + 2√6
=
2×2
−4 + 2√6
=
4
−4 − 2√6
4
−4 + 2√6
= 0.23
4
−4 − 2√6
= −2.23
4
6a
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 6, 𝑐 = 4
If a>0, then f is concave upward everywhere,
If 𝑎 < 0, then f is concave downward everywhere
−𝑏/(2𝑎) = −3
The axis of symmetry is 𝑥 = −3. If the 𝑥 value of the vertex is −3, the y value must be
𝑦=5
Δ = b2 − 4ac = 20 As the discriminant is greater than 0, two 𝑥 −intercepts exist.
−𝑏+√∆ −𝑏−√∆
= 3 + √5 and = 3 − √5
2𝑎 2𝑎
6b
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −4, 𝑐 = 5
𝑎 > 0, thus concave upward.
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5, thus the value of the y-intercept is 5.
The axis of symmetry is 𝑥 = 2. If the 𝑥 value of the vertex is 2, the y value must be 𝑦 = 1
Δ = b2 − 4ac = −4 As the discriminant is less than 0, no 𝑥-intercepts exist.
The y-intercept is as follows: let 𝑥 = 0 then 𝑦 = 5

6c
𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = 2
a<0, thus concave downward.
-𝑏/(2𝑎) = 1, the axis of symmetry is 𝑥 = 1. If the 𝑥 value of the vertex is 1, the y value
must be 𝑦 = 3
Δ = b2 − 4ac = 12 As the discriminant is greater than 0, 2 𝑥 −intercepts exist.
−𝑏−√∆ −𝑏+√∆
= 1 − √3 and = 1 + √3
2𝑎 2𝑎
6d
𝑎 = −2, 𝑏 = 4, 𝑐 = −3
let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −3, thus the value of the 𝑦 −intercept is −3.
−𝑏/(2𝑎) = 1, the axis of symmetry is 𝑥 = 1. If the 𝑥 value of the vertex is 1, the y value
must be 𝑦 = −1
Δ = b2 − 4ac = −8
As the discriminant is less than 0, no 𝑥-intercepts exist.

6e
𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 6, 𝑐 = −1
a>0, thus concave upward.
−𝑏/(2𝑎) = −1
the axis of symmetry is 𝑥 = −1. If the x value of the vertex is -1, the y value must be
𝑦 = −4
−𝑏+√∆ −6+4√3 −3−2√3 −𝑏−√∆ −3+2√3

= = and =
2𝑎 6 3 2𝑎 3
6f
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = −1
−𝑏/(2𝑎_ = −1/2
The axis of symmetry 𝑥 = −1/2. If the x value of the vertex is -1/2, the y value must be
𝑦 = −3/2

−𝑏+√∆ −1+√3 −𝑏−√∆ −1−√3

= and =
2𝑎 2 2𝑎 2
7a
Factoring:
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 4) = 0
𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 4
Completing the Square:
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
9 9
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + − − 4 = 0
4 4
3 2 25
(𝑥 − 2) − =0
4
3 2 25
(𝑥 − ) =
2 4
Square root both sides

3 5
𝑥− =
2 2
3 5
𝑥+ =
2 2

Thus,
𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 4
Quadratic Equation:
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −3 ± √9 + 16 −3 ± 5
= =
2𝑎 2×1 2
=1 or 4
7b
Factoring:
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = 3
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0
25 25
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + − +6=0
4 4
5 2 1
(𝑥 − 2) − 4=0
5 2 1
(𝑥 − ) =
2 4

5 1
𝑥− =
2 2
5 1
𝑥+ =
2 2
Thus,
𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = 3
Quadratic Equation:
−𝑏±√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐 5+√25−24

= = 2 or 3
2𝑎 2×1

7c
Factoring:
−𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 12 = 0
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 6) = 0
𝑥 = −2, 𝑥 = 6
−𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 12 = 0
−𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 − 4 + 12 = 0
−(𝑥 − 2)2 + 16=0
(𝑥 − 2)2 = 16
𝑥−2=4
𝑥+2=4
Thus,
𝑥 = −2, 𝑥 = 6
Quadratic Equation:
−𝑏±√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐 −4±√16+48 −4±√64

= = = −2 or 6
2𝑎 2×−1 −2
8a
i.
Δ = b2 − 4ac = −8 As the discriminant is less than 0, there is no
𝑥 −intercepts
ii.
Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2

−𝑏/(2𝑎) = 0 , the y-intercept and the vertex occur at the same point (intersect)
iii.
iv.
The other point that can thus be used, is (−1,3)
8b
i.
Δ = b2 − 4ac = −4 As the discriminant is less than 0, there is no 𝑥 −intercept
ii
Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −1
−𝑏/(2𝑎) = 0
The 𝑦 −intercept and the vertex occur at the same point (intersect)
iii
iv
The points of symmetry that can be used are (1,-2) and (-1,2)

8c
i.
Δ = b2 − 4ac = −2 As the discriminant is less than 0, there is no 𝑥 −intercept
ii
Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
−𝑏/(2𝑎) = 0
The 𝑦 −intercept and the vertex occur at the same point (intersect)
iii
iv
The points of symmetry that can be used are (2,3) and (−2,3)
9a
a>0, a=1, thus concave upward.

Δ = b2 − 4ac = 17 As the discriminant is greater than 0, 2 𝑥 −intercepts exist, thus 2
zeroes
9b

Δ = b2 − 4ac = 0 As the discriminant is equal to 0, one 𝑥 −intercept exists, thus 1
zeroe
9c

Δ = b2 − 4ac = −7 As the discriminant is less than 0, 0 𝑥 −intercepts exist, thus no

zeroes
10a
let 𝑦 = 2, 2 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 thus 0 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
∆= 8 As the discriminant is less than 0, 2 𝑥 −intercepts exist

These 𝑥 −intercepts can be calculated from the quadratic equation
Quadratic Equation:
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −2 ± √4 + 4 −2 ± √8
= = = 1 ± √2
2𝑎 2×−1 −2
ii
let 𝑦 = 4, 4 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 thus 0 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1
∆= 0 As the discriminant is equal to 0, 1 𝑥 −intercept exists
This x-intercepts can be calculated from the quadratic equation

Quadratic Equation:
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
=1
2𝑎
iii
let y=6, 6 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 thus 0 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
∆= −8 As the discriminant is less than 0, no 𝑥 −intercept exists

10b

10c
let y=k, 𝑘 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 thus 0 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + (3 − 𝑘)
∆= 4 − 4 × −1 ×(3 − 𝑘) > 0 thus 4 > 𝑘
11a
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
2𝑎
6±√36−4
= 3 ± 2√2
2
Proofs:
3 − 2√2 + 3 + 2√2 = 6
−𝑏 6
= 1 = 6 thus, QED
𝑎
(3 − 2√2)×(3 + 2√2) = 1
𝑐 1
= 1 = 1 thus, QED
𝑎
11b
−𝑏±√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
= 1 ± √5
2𝑎
Proofs:
1 − √5 + 1 + √5 = 2
−𝑏 2
= 1 = 2 thus, QED
𝑎
(1 − √5)×(1 + √5) = −4
𝑐 −4
= = −4 thus, QED
𝑎 1

11c
−𝑏±√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
= −5 ± √10
2𝑎
Proofs:
−10+2√10 −10−2√10 10
+ =
−6 −6 3
−𝑏 10
= thus, QED
𝑎 3
−10+2√10 −10−2√10 10
( )×( )=
−6 −6 3
𝑐 −5 5
= = − 3 thus, QED
𝑎 3
12a
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= −3 + √5
2𝑎
(𝑥 − (−3 − √5))(𝑥 − (−3 + √5))
12b
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −2 ± √3
=
2𝑎 2
Fraction form:
−2 + √3 −2 − √3
(𝑥 − ( ))(𝑥 − ( ))
2 2
12c
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −3 + √5
=
2𝑎 −6
Fraction form:
−3 − √5 −3 + √5
(𝑥 − ( ))(𝑥 − ( ))
−6 −6
13a
𝑏
The 𝑥 −intercept of vertex point can be found with 𝑥 = − 2𝑎
Substituting 𝑥 into equation
𝑏 2 𝑏
𝑎 (− ) + 𝑏 (− ) + 𝑐
2𝑎 2𝑎

𝑏2 𝑏2
=( )− +𝑐
4𝑎 2𝑎
𝑏2 2𝑏 2
=( )− +𝑐
4𝑎 4𝑎
𝑏2 2𝑏 2
=( )− +𝑐
4𝑎 4𝑎
−𝑏 2 4𝑎𝑐
= +
4𝑎 4𝑎
−(𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐) −∆
= =
4𝑎 4𝑎
13b
In Q6a, −𝑏/(2𝑎) = −6
let 𝑥 = −3, 𝑦 = −5
∆= 20
∆ 20
− 4𝑎 = − 4 = −5 QED
In Q6b
−𝑏/(2𝑎) = 2
let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1
∆= −4
∆ 4
− 4𝑎 = − 4 = −1 QED
In Q6c
−𝑏/(2𝑎) = 1
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3
∆= 12
∆ 12
− 4𝑎 = − −4 = 3 QED
In Q6d
−𝑏/(2𝑎) = 1
let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −1
∆= −8
∆ −8
− 4𝑎 = − −8 = −1 QED

In Q6e
𝑏
− 2𝑎 = −1
let 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = −4
∆= 48
∆ 48
− 4𝑎 = − 12 = −4 QED
In Q6f
−𝑏/(2𝑎) = −1/2
let 𝑥 = −1/2, 𝑦 = −3/2
∆= 12
∆ 12
− 4𝑎 = − = −3/2 QED
8

Solutions to Exercise 3G
1a.
The square root of the number on the RHS is the radius of the circle.
= √16 = 4
The centre of this circles is (0,0) as it is on the base equation of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
1b
= √49 = 7
1c
1 1
= √9 = 3
1d
= √1.44 = 1.2
2a
To sketch the graph certain details about the graph needs to be uncovered:
= √1 = 1
The graph is shown below:
2b
= √9 = 3

2c
1 1
= √ =
4 2
2d
9 3
= √4 = 2

3a
𝑦 = 𝑥3
𝑥 = −1.5
𝑦 = −3.375
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = −1
𝑥 = −0.5
𝑦 = −0.125
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 0
𝑥 = 0.5
𝑦 = 0.125
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 1.5
𝑦 = 3.375
3b
4
𝑦 = 𝑥4
𝑥 = −1.5
𝑦 = 5.0625
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = −0.5
𝑦 = 0.0625
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 0

𝑥 = 0.5
𝑦 = 0.0625
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 1.5
𝑦 = 5.0625
5a

5b
All three pass through (0,0). This point does not need a calculator to be
understood, and should be an obvious understanding.
The other can be found using a graphing calculator and are:
(1,1) and (−1, −1)
5c
i)
𝑥 5 , looks closest to the 𝑥-axis, thus it must be the nearest
ii)
5d
i)
ii)
5e
It should be noticed that each curve will look like it has been reflected on the 𝑦-
axis.
5f
Other powers of x that have the properties shown in 5e, are 𝑥 7 , 𝑥 9 and so forth.
If it has an odd power it must shares these properties.
6a
6b
All three pass through (0,0). This point does not need a calculator to be
understood and should be an obvious understanding.
The other can be found using a graphing calculator and are:
(1,1) and (−1,1)

6c
i)
ii)
6d
i)
ii)
6e
It should be noticed that each curve will look like it has been reflected on the 𝑦-
axis.
However, unlike the previous question it also looks the same.
6f
Other powers of 𝑥 that have the properties shown in 5e, are 𝑥 8 , 𝑥1 and so forth.
If it has an even power it must shares these properties.
7a
This is a polynomial, as it is a collection of algebraic terms.
The degree is 1
The coefficient of 𝑥 is 2
7b
The degree is 3
The coefficient of 𝑥 is 0
7c
This is not a polynomial, as it is not a collection of algebraic terms.
7d
7e
The degree is 3
The coefficient of 𝑥 is -1
7f
8a
𝑦 = √𝑥
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 0
𝑥 = 0.25
𝑦 = 0.5
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 2.25
𝑦 = 1.5
𝑥 = 4
𝑦 = 2

𝑥 = 6.25
𝑦 = 2.5
8b
9a
The zeroes of the cubic, can be found by letting y = 0
Thus
(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 = 1
(𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥 = 3
(𝑥 − 5) = 0
𝑥 = 5
9b
The zeroes of the cubic, can be found by letting 𝑦 = 0
Thus

(𝑥 + 4) = 0
𝑥 = −4
𝑥 = 0
(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥 = 2
9c
The zeroes of the cubic, can be found by letting 𝑦 = 0
Thus
𝑥2 = 0
𝑥 = 0
(3 − 𝑥) = 0

𝑥 = 3
10a
As all points are with a radius of 2, the RHS must be 4.
Thus,
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 4
10b
As all points are with a radius of √5, the RHS must be 5.
Thus,
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 5
10c
The radius can be found, by finding the hypotenuse.
32 + 42 = 52
Thus, all points are with a radius of 5, the RHS must be 4.
Thus,
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25
10d
The radius can be found, by finding the hypotenuse.
√(−3)2 + 12 = √10
Thus, all points are with a radius of √10, the RHS must be 4.
Thus,
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 10
11a
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 5

𝑥 = 0
𝑦 ≥ 0:√5
𝑦 ≤ 0:−√5
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 ≥ 0: 2
𝑦 ≤ 0: −2
𝑥 = 2
𝑦 ≥ 0: √3
𝑦 ≤ 0: −√3
𝑥 = 3
𝑦 ≥ 0: √2
𝑦 ≤ 0: −√2
𝑥 = 4
𝑦 ≥ 0: 1
𝑦 ≤ 0: −1
𝑥 = 5
𝑦 ≥ 0: 0
𝑦 ≤ 0: 0
11b
11c

12a
The 4 within the equation indicates the radius is of length 2.
12b
In this case, the graph is reflected on the 𝑥-axis
12c

12d
25 5
The 4 within the equation indicates the radius is of length 2 .
12e
9 3
The 4 within the equation indicates the radius is of length 2 .
12f
The 0.64 within the equation indicates the radius is of length 0.8.
13a
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1)𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)
The zeroes of the polynomial, can be found by letting 𝑦 = 0
Thus
(𝑥 + 2) = 0
𝑥 = −2

𝑥 = 0
(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = −1
(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥 = 2
13b
𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 3)2 (𝑥 + 2)2
Thus
(𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥 = 3
(𝑥 + 2) = 0
𝑥 = −2
13c
𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 2)4 (𝑥 − 4)
Thus
(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥 = 2
𝑥 = 0
(𝑥 − 4) = 0
𝑥 = 4
14a
𝑦 = −√𝑥
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 0
𝑥 = 0.25
𝑦 = −0.5
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = −1
𝑥 = 2.25
𝑦 = −1.5
𝑥 = 4
𝑦 = −2
𝑥 = 6.25
𝑦 = −2.5
14b

15ai
15aii
15aiii
1
15bi When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4 (0)3 + 2 = 2
1 1
15bii When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 (03 − 6×02 + 9×0) = 2 ×0 = 0
1 1
15biii When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 (03 − 2×02 − 5×0 + 6) = 2 ×6 = 3

1 8
15ci The 𝑥-intercept is given as (−2,0). When 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 4 (−2)3 + 2 = − 4 + 2 =
−2 + 2 = 0.
15cii The 𝑥-intercepts are given as (0,0) and (3,0).
1 1
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 (03 − 6×02 + 9×0) = 2 ×0 = 0
1 1 1
When 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 2 (33 − 6×32 + 9×3) = 2 ×(27 − 54 + 27) = 2 (0) = 0
15ciii The 𝑥-intercepts are given as (−2,0), (1,0) and (3,0).
1 1
When 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 2 ((−2)3 − 2×(−2)2 − 5×(−2) + 6) = 2 ×(−8 − 8 + 10 +
1
6) = 2 ×0 = 0
1 1 1
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2 ((1)3 − 2×(1)2 − 5×(1) + 6) = 2 ×(1 − 2 − 5 + 6) = 2 ×0 =
0
1 1
When 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 2 ((3)3 − 2×(3)2 − 5×(3) + 6) = 2 ×(27 − 18 − 15 + 6) =
1
×0 = 0
2
1
15di 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 3 + 0𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 + 2
1
𝑎 = 4, 𝑑 = 2
𝑑 2
= 1 =8
𝑎 ( )
4
1 3 9
15dii 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 2 𝑥 + 0
1
𝑎 = 2, 𝑑 = 0
𝑑 0
= 1 =0
𝑎 ( )
2
1 3 5
15diii 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥 + 3
1
𝑎 = 2, 𝑑 = 3
𝑑 3
𝑎
= 1 =6
( )
2
𝑑
You will find that the product of the zeroes (from part c) gives − 𝑎.
16a
The points it goes through are: (−1,0), (1,0) and (4,0)
Thus the equation so far is 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4)
Use point (0, −12)
Sub in for 𝑥 and 𝑦, to get a.
−12 = 𝑎(1)(−1)(−4)
𝑎 = −3
𝑦 = −3(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4)
16b
The points it goes through are: (−1,0), (1,0) and (3,0)
At point (−1,0) the degree is 2.
At point (3,0) the degree is 2.
At point (1,0) the degree is 3.
Thus, the equation so far is 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 1)3 (𝑥 − 3)2
Use point (0,9)
Sub in for x and y, to get a.

9 = 𝑎(1)2 (−1)3 (−3)2

𝑎 = −1
𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 1)3 (𝑥 − 3)2
17a
17b
17c
The shape that has been formed can either be described as a rotated parabola or
a semi oval.
17d
Answers may vary.
18a
i)

ii)
iii)

18b
i)
Each graph shows the x value increases in the 1st and 3rd quadrants.
ii)
Each graph looks the exact same.
iii)
This is due to the odd indexes within the polynomials.
18c
The graph will have a different slope as to how it enters the origin
18di

The graph is reflected on the y-axis

18dii

18diii

Solutions to Exercise 3H
1a
2
𝑦 =
𝑥
𝑥 = −4
−1
𝑦 =
2
𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = −1
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = −2
−1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = −4
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = 4
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 2
𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 4
1
𝑦 =
2
1b
1c
The graph is recognized to be in the 1st and 3rd quadrants

1d
The asymptotes can be recognized to be 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 = 0
1e
The domain can be recognized to be 𝑥 ≠ 0
The range can be recognized to be 𝑦 ≠ 0
2a
4
𝑦 =
𝑥
𝑥 = −4
𝑦 = −1
𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = −2
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = −4
−1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = −8
𝑥 = 0
1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = 8
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 4
𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = 2
𝑥 = 4
𝑦 = 4


2b
3
𝑦 =
𝑥
𝑥 = −4
−3
𝑦 =
4
𝑥 = −2
−3
𝑦 =
2
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = −3
−1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = −6
𝑥 = 0
1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = 6
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 3
𝑥 = 2

3
𝑦 =
2
𝑥 = 4
3
𝑦 =
4

3a
1
𝑦=
𝑥
The hyperbola lies in quadrants 1 and 3

4
𝑦=
𝑥


9
𝑦=
𝑥

3b
Each hyperbola has asymptote 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 0
3c
Each hyperbola has domain 𝑥 ≠ 0 and range 𝑦 ≠ 0
3d
1
𝑦 =
𝑥
The points can be located to be (−1, −1) and (1,1)
4
𝑦 =
𝑥
9
𝑦 =
𝑥
What can be noticed is that the smaller the numerator, the closer the hyperbola
is to the origin.

Furthermore, each point that is found is a variant of the square root of the
numerator.
4a
𝑦 = 3𝑥
𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = 0.1
𝑥 = −1.5
𝑦 = −0.2
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = −0.3
𝑥 = −0.5
𝑦 = −0.6
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 0.5
𝑦 = 1.7
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 3
𝑥 = 1.5
𝑦 = 5.2
𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = 9
4b
4c
(0,1)
4d
let 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 31
Thus, 𝑦 = 3
4e
It can be recognized that the asymptote is 𝑦 = 0
4f
The domain of the function is (−∞, ∞)

The range of the function is (0, ∞)

5a
𝑦 = 4𝑥
𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = 1/16
𝑥 = −1.5
𝑦 = 1/8
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = 1/4
𝑥 = −0.5
𝑦 = 1/2
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 0.5
𝑦 = 2
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 4
𝑥 = 1.5
𝑦 = 8
𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = 16
The 𝑦-intercept is (0,1)

let 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 41
Thus, 𝑦 = 4
5b
𝑦 = 1.5𝑥
𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = 0.4
𝑥 = −1.5
𝑦 = 0.5
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = 0.7

𝑥 = −0.5
𝑦 = 0.8
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 0.5
𝑦 = 1.2
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 1.5
𝑥 = 1.5
𝑦 = 1.8
𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = 2.3
The 𝑦-intercept is (0,1)

let 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 1.51
Thus, 𝑦 = 1.5
6a
(0,1) is common to all three graphs

6b
Each exponential curve has asymptote 𝑦 = 0
6c
Each exponential curve has domain: (−∞, ∞)
and range: (0, ∞)
6d
𝑦 = 2𝑥
let 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 2
𝑦 = 3𝑥
let 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 3
𝑦 = 4𝑥
let 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 4
6e
4𝑥 increases most rapidly to the right of the 𝑦-axis, this due to the base of the
exponential.
6f
4𝑥 approaches the asymptote the quickest, this due to the base of the
exponential.
7a
i)
−2
𝑦 =
𝑥
𝑥 = −4
1
𝑦 =
2
𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = 2
−1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = 4
𝑥 = 0
1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = −4
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = −2
𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = −1
𝑥 = 4
1
𝑦 = −
2

ii)
−4
𝑦 =
𝑥
𝑥 = −4
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = 2
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = 4
−1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = 8
𝑥 = 0
1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = −8
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = −4
𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = −2
𝑥 = 4
𝑦 = −1

iii)
−3
𝑦 =
𝑥
𝑥 = 4
−3
𝑦 =
4
𝑥 = 2
3
𝑦 =
2
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = 3
−1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = 6
𝑥 = 0
1
𝑥 =
2
𝑦 = −6
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = −3
𝑥 = 2
−3
𝑦 =
2
𝑥 = 4
−3
𝑦 =
4

7b
Unlike questions 1 and 2, the graph now lies in quadrant 2 and 4
The sign in front of the traditional hyperbola equation has created a reflection
through the 𝑥-axis.
8a
1
𝑥𝑦 =
2
1
𝑦 =
2𝑥
8b
𝑥𝑦 = −6
−6
𝑦 =
𝑥

9ai
𝑦 =3−2𝑥
𝑥 =−2
𝑦 =81
𝑥 =−1.5
𝑦 =27
𝑥 =−1
𝑦 =9
𝑥 =−0.5
𝑦 =3
𝑥 =0
𝑦 =1
𝑥 =0.5
1
𝑦 =
3
𝑥 = 1
1
𝑦 =
9
𝑥 = 1.5
1
𝑦 =
27
𝑥 = 2
1
𝑦 =
81

9aii
𝑦 =4−2𝑥
𝑥 =−2
𝑦 =256
𝑥 =−1.5
𝑦 =64
𝑥 =−1
𝑦 =16
𝑥 =−0.5
𝑦 =4
𝑥 =0
𝑦 =1
𝑥 =0.5
1
𝑦 =
4
𝑥 = 1
1
𝑦 =
16
𝑥 = 1.5
1
𝑦 =
64
𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = 1/256

9aiii
𝑦 = 1.5−2𝑥
𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = 5.01
𝑥 = −1.5
𝑦 = 3.4
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = 2.3
𝑥 = −0.5
𝑦 = 1.5
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 0.5
𝑦 = 0.7
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 0.4
𝑥 = 1.5
𝑦 = 0.3
𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = 0.2

9b
the 𝑦-intercept has not changed
The asymptote has not changed
let 𝑦 = 4
4 = 4−2𝑥
1
𝑥 = −
2
The 𝑦-coordinate gets smaller and smaller; however it does not reach zero as
there is an asymptote
The sign in front of the exponent has caused a reflection in the 𝑦-axis
10a
10b
11a
𝑃∝𝐴
Thus 𝑃 = 𝑘𝐴
11b
48 = 𝑘576
1
Thus 𝑘 = 12
11c
1
𝑃 = × 668
12
Thus 𝑃 = 55.7 litres

11d
55.7 litres ≈ 40 litres + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4
Thus 1 bucket and 4 tines
12a
𝑝𝑞 = 𝑇
𝑝 = 6
𝑞 = 400000
Thus 𝑇 = 24000000
12b
𝑝 = 8
𝑇 = 24000000
𝑇
Thus 𝑞 = 𝑝
𝑞 = 3000000
12c
𝑝 = 12
𝑇 = 24000000
𝑇
Thus 𝑞 = 𝑝
𝑞 = 2000000
12d
13a
As 𝑦-gets closer to zero, x gets closer to negative infinity
𝑦 → 0 as 𝑥 → −∞.
13b
As y gets closer to zero, x gets closer to infinity
y → 0 as x → ∞.
13b
As 𝑦 gets closer to zero, 𝑥 gets closer to infinity
As 𝑥 gets closer to negative infinity, 𝑦 gets closer to infinity, while 𝑥 gets closer to
zero (in the positive region). Furthermore, 𝑦 gets closer to negative infinity,
while 𝑥 gets closer to zero (in the negative region).
𝑦 → 0 as 𝑥 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → ∞ as 𝑥 → 0+
𝑦 → −∞ as 𝑥 → 0−
14
𝑥𝑦 = 0 does not represent a hyperbola. In reality it represent nothing except
the origin.
As if 𝑥𝑦 = 0

𝑥 must equal to zero, 𝑦 must equal to zero. Or both of them at the same time
must equal to zero.
15a
1
𝑦 = ( )𝑥
2
𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = 4
𝑥 = −1.5
𝑦 = 2.8
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = 2
𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 1
1
𝑦 =
2
𝑥 = 1.5
𝑦 = 0.4
𝑥 = 2
1
𝑦 =
4
15b
1
( )𝑥 = (2−1 )𝑥
2
1
𝑠𝑜 ( )𝑥 = (2)−𝑥
2
16a
let 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑥2 = 𝑐2
Thus the hyperbola would intersect the line at (𝑐, 𝑐) and (−𝑐, −𝑐)

16b
17
𝑙×𝑏 = 48
𝑙≥4
𝑏≥4
Thus all combinations are
4𝑚 × 12𝑚 or 6𝑚 × 8𝑚
18a
2𝑥
𝑦 =
𝑥2 +1
𝑥 = −8
−16
𝑦 =
65
𝑥 = −4
−8
𝑦 =
17
𝑥 = −2
−4
𝑦 =
5
𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = −1
𝑥 = 0
−4
𝑦 =
5

𝑥 = 0.5
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 2
4
𝑦 =
5
𝑥 = 4
8
𝑦 =
17
𝑥 = 8
16
𝑦 =
65
18b
18c
The horizontal asymptote can be recognized to be 𝑦 = 0
18d
The curve crosses the asymptote at the origin

Solutions to Exercise 3I
1a
Yes, it is a function. It passes the vertical line test because at any certain time the
tide has exactly one corresponding height.
1b
No, it does not pass the horizontal line test. Therefore, the function is one-to-
many. For example, the tide reaches 4ft three times in the given 24-hour-interval.
1c
The graph starts at 22:00 one day and then finishes at 22:00 the other day.
1d
The tide height is approximately 2.75ft at 6am and 3.5ft at 5pm.
1ei
The tide height was 3ft at 22:00, 06:30, 11:00, 16:00 in the given 24-hour-
interval.
1eii
The tide height was 2ft at 23:00, 05:00, 13:20 in the given 24-hour-interval.
1eiii
The tide height had not reached 6ft in the given 24-hour-interval.
1eiv
𝑘 can be any height (ℎ) in the given 24-hour-interval. Thus, it can be said that
the solution set has 0 elements when ℎ = 6ft and 4 elements when ℎ = 3ft.
Therefore, the solution set can have 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 elements.
2a
The graph is a function because all the values on the 𝑥-axis have exactly one
corresponding value on the 𝑦-axis, which means the temperature was measured
at any given time. The function is many-to-one because it does not pass the
horizontal line test. For example, the temperature was measured 5° C five times.
2b
The temperature at 6:00am on the second day corresponds to the 𝑦-coordinate
of the point (30, 𝑦). Therefore, it is approximately 1° C.
2c
The temperature was 20° C at 15:00 and 18:00 the first day and 8° C at 01:00am,
09:00am and 22:00 the first day.
2d
as 𝑘 varies, the solution set can have 0,1,2,3,4,5 elements because for example
𝑓(𝑥) = 21 is never measured and 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 is measured 5 times.
3ai
Does not pass the vertical line test but passes the horizontal line test.
3aii
Does not pass the vertical line test and the horizontal line test.
3aiii
Third graph passes the vertical line test but does not pass the horizontal line test.
3aiv
Does not pass the vertical line test and the horizontal line test.
3av
Fifth graph passes both the vertical line test and the horizontal line test.

3avi
Does not pass the vertical line test but passes the horizontal line test.
3b
iii, v
3c
I, v, vi
3d
d
3e
i: one-to many
ii: many-to-many
iii: many-to-one
iv: many-to-many
v: one-to-one
vi: one-to-many
4a
one-to-many
4b
many-to-many
4c
one-to many
4d
many-to-one
4e
one-to-one
4f
many-to-many
5ai
For 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −3, and the function passes the horizontal line
test. Therefore, 𝑦 is many-to-one.
5aii
For 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, and the function passes the horizontal
line test. Therefore, 𝑦 is many-to-one.
5aiii
For 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, and the function passes the horizontal line test.
Therefore, 𝑦 is many-to-one.
5bi
one-to-many
5bii
one-to-many
5biii
one-to-many
6ai
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 1
𝑦+1
Then 3𝑥 = 𝑦 + 1 and 𝑥 = 3 .
6aii

𝑦 = 5 − 2𝑥
5−𝑦
Then 2𝑥 = 5 − 𝑦 and 𝑥 = 2 .
6aiii
𝑦 = 8𝑥 3
𝑦 3 𝑦
Then 8 = 𝑥 3 and = √ 8 .
6aiv
5
𝑦=
𝑥
5
Then = 𝑦 .
6bi
one-to-one
6bii
one-to-one
6biii
one-to-one
6biv
one-to-one
7a
Because the points (7,2) and (7, −4) satisfy the equation, it can be said that 𝑦
fails the vertical line test. Because the points (0,3) and (6,3) satisfy the equation,
it can be said that 𝑦 fails the horizontal line test. Since y fails both tests, 𝑦 is
many-to-many.
7b
Because the points (√2,√4.5) and (√2,−√4.5) satisfy the equation, it can be said
that 𝑦 fails the vertical line test. Because the points (−√2,√4.5)and (√2,√4.5)
satisfy the equation, it can be said that 𝑦 fails the horizontal line test. Since 𝑦 fails
both tests, 𝑦 is many-to-many.
7c
Because the points (√2,1) and (√2,-1) satisfy the equation, it can be said that 𝑦
fails the vertical line test. Because the points (−√2,1) and (√2,1) satisfy the
equation, it can be said that 𝑦 fails the horizontal line test. Since y fails both tests,
𝑦 is many-to-many.
8a
This data should be classified as many-to-many because the number of doctors
in Australia is less than the number of all people living in Australia, thus at least
two people may have visited the same doctor. Moreover, one person may have
visited more than one doctor.
8b
Yes it changes the answer because the last doctor that a person visited is a one-
to-one relationship. This is because, a doctor does not examine two patients at a
time and one patient does not see more than a doctor at a time.

9a
This relationship can be one-to-one if there are no students with the same
preferred name and can be many-to-one if at least two students have the same
preferred name.
9b
If it was known that no two people have the same preferred name, then there
would be one and only one answer to the question.
Likewise, if it was known that there were at least two people with the same
preferred name, then there would be one and only one answer to the question.
10a
If the dancer turns clockwise, then north-to-east is 90°.

If the dancer turns clockwise and spins 90° more then a round, then north-east-
south-west-north would be one revolution which is 360° and an additional turn
of 90° in the clockwise direction would result in 360 + 90 = 450°.
If the dancer turns counter-clockwise, then north-west-south-east would be
270°.
10b
This relation is one-to-many because east on the x-axis would be related to 90°
and 450° clockwise turns.
10c
This relation is many-to-one because spins of 90° and 450° clockwise would
point the same direction.
11a
This relation is many-to-many because in a flat in which 4 people live, any two
can be co-habitants of the other two.
11b
If it was known that only two people were living in each flat, then the
relationship would be one-to-one.
11c
In that case, there would not be a relation.
12a
many-to-one
12b
one-to-many
12c
one-to-one
12d
many-to-many
12e
many-to-many
12f
one-to-many
12g
many-to-one
12h
one-to-one

12i
one-to-one
12j
one-to-one
12k
many-to-many
12l
one-to-one

Solutions to chapter 3 review exercise

1a Not a function
1b Function
1c Function
1d Not a function
2a Domain: [−2,0] Range: [−2,2]
2b Domain: (−∞, ∞) Range: (−∞, ∞)
2c Domain: (−∞, 0) Range: (0, ∞)
2d Domain: {2} Range: (−∞, ∞)
3a
𝑓(3) = 32 + 4×3
= 21
𝑓(−2) = (−2)2 + 4×(−2)
= −4
3b
𝑓(3) = 33 − 3×32 + 5
=5
𝑓(−2) = (−2)3 − 3×(−2)2 + 5
= −15
4a ℝ − {2}
4b [1, ∞)
2
4c [− 3 , ∞)
4d (−∞, 2)
5a
𝐹(𝑎) − 1 = 2𝑎 + 3 − 1
= 2𝑎 + 2
𝐹(𝑎 − 1) = 2𝑎 − 2 + 3
= 2𝑎 + 1
5b
𝐹(𝑎) − 1 = 𝑎2 − 3𝑎 − 7 − 1
= 𝑎2 − 3𝑎 − 8
𝐹(𝑎 − 1) = (𝑎 − 1)2 − 3(𝑎 − 1) − 7
= 𝑎2 − 2𝑎 + 1 − 3𝑎 + 3 − 7
= 𝑎2 − 5𝑎 − 3
6
For 𝑥 < 0, 𝑓(−3) = −3 + 1
= −2
For 𝑥 < 0, 𝑓(−2) = −2 + 1
= −1
For 𝑥 < 0, 𝑓(−1) = −1 + 1
=0
For 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑓(0) = 1 − 0
=1
For 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑓(1) = 1 − 1
=0
For 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑓(2) = 1 − 2

= −1
For 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑓(3) = 1 − 3
= −2
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 −2 −1 0 1 0 −1 −2
7a
For 𝑦 = 0,
0 = 2𝑥 + 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1
Therefore, the 𝑥-intercept is (−1,0)
For 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2×0 + 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2
Therefore, the 𝑦-intercept is (0,2)
Graph:
7b
For 𝑦 = 0,
𝑥 − 3×0 + 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −6
Therefore, the 𝑥-intercept is (−6,0)
For 𝑥 = 0,
0 − 3×𝑦 + 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2
Therefore, the y-intercept is (0,2)
Graph:
8a
8b

9a
9b
10a
𝑓(𝑥) = 16 − 𝑥 2
For 𝑦 = 0,
0 = (4 − 𝑥)(4 + 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑥 = 4 or 𝑥 = −4
Therefore, x-intercepts are (−4,0) and (4,0)
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = 16 ⇒ 𝑦 = 16
𝑥 +𝑥 −4+4
Since the graph is a parabola, the 𝑥-coordinate of the vertex is 1 2 2 = 2 = 0
And 𝑓(0) = (4 − 0)(4 + 0) = 16
Therefore, the vertex is (0,16)

Domain: (−∞, ∞)
Range: (−∞, 16)
10b
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 + 2)
For 𝑦 = 0,
0 = (𝑥)(𝑥 + 2) ⇒ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = −2
Therefore, x-intercepts are (0,0) and (−2,0)
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = 0×(0 + 2) ⇒ 𝑦 = 0
𝑥 +𝑥 −2+0
Since the graph is a parabola, the x-coordinate of the vertex is 1 2 2 = 2 = −1
And 𝑓(−1) = −1×(−1 + 2) = −1
Therefore, the vertex is (−1, −1)
Graph:
Range: (−1, ∞)
10c
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 6)
For 𝑦 = 0,
0 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 6) ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = 6

Therefore, x-intercepts are (2,0) and (6,0)

For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = (0 − 2)×(0 − 6) ⇒ 𝑦 = 12
𝑥 +𝑥 2+6
Since the graph is a parabola, the x-coordinate of the vertex is 1 2 2 = 2 = 4
And 𝑓(4) = (4 − 2)×(4 − 6) = −4
Therefore, the vertex is (4, −4)
Graph:
Range: (−4, ∞)
10d
𝑓(𝑥) = −(𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1)
For 𝑦 = 0,
0 = −(𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1) ⇒ 𝑥 = −5 or 𝑥 = 1
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = −(0 + 5)(0 − 1) ⇒ 𝑦 = 5
𝑥 +𝑥 −5+1
Since the graph is a parabola, the 𝑥-coordinate of the vertex is 1 2 2 = 2 = −2
And 𝑓(−2) = −(−2 + 5)(−2 − 1) = 9
Therefore, the vertex is (−2,9)
Graph:
Range: (− ∞, 9)

10e
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6
For 𝑦 = 0,
0 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3) ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = −3
Therefore, 𝑥-intercepts are (−3,0) and (2,0)
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = (0 − 2)(0 + 3) ⇒ 𝑦 = −6
Therefore, the 𝑦-intercept is (0, −6)
𝑥 +𝑥 −3+2
Since the graph is a parabola, the x-coordinate of the vertex is 1 2 2 = 2 =
−0.5
And 𝑓(−0.5) = (−0.5 − 2)(−0.5 + 3) = −6.25
Therefore, the vertex is (−0.5, −6.25)
Graph:
Range: (− 6.25, ∞)
10f
𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 8
For 𝑦 = 0,
0 = −(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 2) ⇒ 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 4
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = −(0 − 4)(0 + 2) ⇒ 𝑦 = 8
𝑥 +𝑥 −2+4
Since the graph is a parabola, the x-coordinate of the vertex is 1 2 = =1
2 2
And 𝑓(1) = −(1 − 4)(1 + 2) = 9

Graph:
Range: (−∞, 9)
11a
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5 + 6 − 6
= (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) − 6
= (𝑥 + 1)2 − 6
For 𝑦 = 0,
0 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 6 ⇒ 𝑥 = √6 − 1 or 𝑥 = −√6 − 1
Therefore, x-intercepts are (√6 − 1,0) and (−√6 − 1,0)
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = (0 + 1)2 − 6 ⇒ 𝑦 = −5
𝑥 +𝑥
Since the graph is a parabola, the 𝑥-coordinate of the vertex is 1 2 2 =
√6−1+(−√6−1)
= −1
2
And 𝑓(−1) = (−1 + 1)2 − 6 = −6
Therefore, the vertex is (−1, −6)
Graph:
11b
𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 6
= −(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 6) + 3 − 3
= −(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9) + 3
= −(𝑥 − 3)2 + 3

For 𝑦 = 0,
0 = −(𝑥 − 3)2 + 3 ⇒ 𝑥 = √3 + 3 or 𝑥 = −√3 + 3
Therefore, 𝑥-intercepts are (√3 + 3,0) and (−√3 + 3,0)
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = −(0 − 3)2 + 3 ⇒ 𝑦 = −6
Therefore, the y-intercept is (0, −6)
𝑥 +𝑥
Since the graph is a parabola, the 𝑥-coordinate of the vertex is 1 2 2 =
√3+3+(−√3+3)
=3
2
And 𝑓(3) = −(3 − 3)2 + 3 = 3
Graph:
11c
𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
= −(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3) + 2 − 2
= −(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) − 2
= −(𝑥 − 1)2 − 2
For 𝑦 = 0,
0 = −(𝑥 − 1)2 − 2 ⇒ −2 = (𝑥 − 1)2
Therefore, there are no real roots and the graph does not cut the x-axis.
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = −(0 − 1)2 − 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = −3
Therefore, the y-intercept is (0, −3)
Since the graph is a parabola, the 𝑥-coordinate of the vertex is
𝑥1 +𝑥2 −𝑏 −2
= = =1
2 2𝑎 −2
And 𝑓(1) = −(1 − 1)2 − 2 = −2
Graph:

11d
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 10
= 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 10 + 1 − 1
= (𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9) + 1
= (𝑥 + 3)2 + 1
For 𝑦 = 0,
0 = (𝑥 + 3)2 + 1 ⇒ −1 = (𝑥 + 3)2
Therefore, there are no real roots and the graph does not cut the x-axis.
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = (0 + 3)2 + 1 ⇒ 𝑦 = 10
Since the graph is a parabola, the x-coordinate of the vertex is
𝑥1 +𝑥2 −𝑏 −6
= = = −3
2 2𝑎 2
And 𝑓(−3) = (−3 + 3)2 + 1 = 1
Graph:
12a
𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= (−2)2 − 4(−1)(1)
=4+4
=8
∆ > 0 Therefore, there are two different real roots and two 𝑥-intercepts.
The x-coordinates of the 𝑥-intercepts are:

−𝑏+√∆ 2+√8 −𝑏−√∆ 2−√8

𝑥1 = ⇒ and 𝑥1 = ⇒
2𝑎 −2 2𝑎 −2
Therefore, the 𝑥-coordinates are: (1 − √2, 0) and (−1 + √2, 0)
𝑥1 +𝑥2 −𝑏 2
= 2𝑎 = −2 = −1
2
And 𝑓(−1) = −(−1)2 − 2(−1) + 1 = 2
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = −(0)2 − 2(0) + 1 ⇒ 𝑦 = 1
Graph:
12b
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= (−4)2 − 4(1)(2)
= 16 − 8
=8
∆ > 0 Therefore, there are two different real roots and two 𝑥-intercepts.
The x-coordinates of the 𝑥-intercepts are:
−𝑏+√∆ 4+√8 −𝑏−√∆ 4−√8
𝑥1 = ⇒ and 𝑥1 = ⇒
2𝑎 2 2𝑎 2
Therefore, the 𝑥-coordinates are: (2 + √2, 0) and (2 − √2, 0)
𝑥1 +𝑥2 −𝑏 4
Since the graph is a parabola, the x-coordinate of the vertex is 2
= 2𝑎
=2=2
And 𝑓(2) = (2)2 − 4(2) + 2 = −2
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = (0)2 − 4(0) + 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2
Graph:

12c
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 8
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= (−4)2 − 4(1)(8)
= 16 − 32
= −16
∆ < 0 Therefore, there are no real roots and no 𝑥-intercepts.
𝑥 +𝑥 −𝑏 4
Since the graph is a parabola, the 𝑥-coordinate of the vertex is 1 2 2 = 2𝑎 = 2 = 2
And 𝑓(2) = (2)2 − 4(2) + 8 = 4
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = (0)2 − 4(0) + 8 ⇒ 𝑦 = 8
Graph:

12d
𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 15
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= (6)2 − 4(−1)(−15)
= 36 − 60
= −24
∆ < 0 Therefore, there are no real roots and no 𝑥-intercepts.
𝑥1 +𝑥2 −𝑏 −6
= 2𝑎 = −2 = 3
2
And 𝑓(3) = −(3)2 + 6(3) − 15 = −6
For 𝑥 = 0,
𝑓(0) = −(0)2 + 6(0) − 15 ⇒ 𝑦 = −15
Graph:

13a
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 6)
x 0 1 2 3 4 6 7
y -18 0 4 0 -6 0 24
Graph:
13b
𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)2
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 225 0 -9 0 -3 0 -45
Graph:

14a
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 9
x 0 0 -3 3
y -3 3 0 0
14b
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 100
x 0 0 -10 10
y -10 10 0 0

15a
𝑦 = √16 − 𝑥 2
x -4 0 4
y 0 4 0
15b
𝑦 = −√25 − 𝑥 2
x -5 0 5
y 0 -5 0

16a
8
𝑦=𝑥
x -20 -10 -0.5 0.5 10 20
y -0.4 -0.8 -16 16 0.8 0.4
Domain: ℝ − {0}
Range: (−∞, ∞) − {0}
16b
4
𝑦 = −𝑥
x -20 -10 -0.5 0.5 10 20

y 0.2 0.4 8 -8 -0.4 -0.2

Domain: ℝ − {0}
Range: (−∞, ∞) − {0}
17a
𝑦 = 2𝑥
17b
𝑦 = 3−𝑥

18a
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2
18b
𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2
18c
𝑦 = √𝑥 + 1
19ai
𝑦 = 2𝑥

19aii
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3
19aiii
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1
19bi
1
𝑦=− 𝑥
2

19bii
1
𝑦 =− 𝑥+1
2
19biii
1
𝑦 =− 𝑥−2
2

19ci
𝑦 = 𝑥2
19cii
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2
19ciii
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2

19di
𝑥+𝑦 =0
19dii
𝑥+𝑦 =2
19diii
𝑥 + 𝑦 = −3

19ei
𝑦 = 𝑥2
19eii
𝑦 = 2𝑥 2
19eiii
1 2
𝑦= 𝑥
2

19fi
𝑥−𝑦 =0
19fii
𝑥−𝑦 =1
19fiii
𝑥 − 𝑦 = −2

19gi
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 4
19gii
𝑥2 = 1 − 𝑦2
19giii
𝑦 2 = 25 − 𝑥 2

19hi
𝑦 = 3𝑥
19hii
𝑥 = 3𝑦

19hiii
𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 1
19hiv
𝑥 = 3𝑦 + 1
19i(i)
𝑦 = 2𝑥

19i(ii)
𝑦 = 3𝑥
19i(iii)
𝑦 = 4𝑥
19ji
𝑦 = −𝑥

19jii
𝑦 = 4−𝑥
19jiii
𝑦 =𝑥−4

19jiv
𝑥 = −4 − 𝑦
19ki
𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥

19kii
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
19kiii
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥

19li
𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 1
19lii
𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥2

19liii
𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥2
19liv
𝑦 = −1 − 𝑥 2

19mi
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2
19mii
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 4

19miii
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 + 1
19ni
𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 1

19nii
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3

19niii
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 15
19oi
𝑦 = √9 − 𝑥 2

19oii
𝑦 = −√4 − 𝑥 2
19oiii
𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥

19pi
1
𝑦=
𝑥
19pii
2
𝑦=
𝑥

19piii
3
𝑦=−
𝑥
19qi
𝑦 = √𝑥

19qii
𝑦 = 2 − √𝑥
19qiii
𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥

19ri
𝑦 = 𝑥3

19rii
𝑦 = 𝑥3 + 1

19riii
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)3
19si
𝑦 = 𝑥4

19sii
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)4

19siii
𝑦 = 𝑥4 − 1
19ti
𝑦 = 2−𝑥

19tii
1 𝑥
𝑦=( )
2
19tiii
1
𝑦=
2𝑥

20a
one-to-one
20b
many-to-one

20c
one-to-many
20d
many-to-one
21a
This is a function because everyone has a place of birth. However, the relation
may be one-to-one (if no one has the same birthplace) or many-to-one (if there
are some people who were born in the same city).
21b
If no one has the same birthplace, then the relation is one-to-one.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Functions and Graphs

© Cambridge University Press 2019

© Cambridge University Press 2019

© Cambridge University Press 2019

© Cambridge University Press 2019

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© Cambridge University Press 2019

© Cambridge University Press 2019

© Cambridge University Press 2019

© Cambridge University Press 2019

© Cambridge University Press 2019

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© Cambridge University Press 2019

© Cambridge University Press 2019

© Cambridge University Press 2019

© Cambridge University Press 2019

© Cambridge University Press 2019

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Plot both points, as (1,0) and (0, −2)

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Plot both points as (4,0) and (0,2)

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Plot both points

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

Plot both points

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Plot both points

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Plot both points

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

Plot both points

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Plot both points

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

Plot both points

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

Plot both points

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Plot both points

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.

Plot both points

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Draw a line between them, to sketch the proposed line.