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The Skeletal System Reviewer
The Skeletal System Reviewer
The Skeletal System Reviewer
LONG BONES
FIVE FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
o Humerus (2) – Arm
1. Supports the body
o Radius (2) – Forearm
2. Protection for internal organs
3. Facilitate movement o Ulna (2) – Forearm
4. Storage of minerals o Metacarpals (10) – Hand
5. Hematopoiesis production o Phalanges (28) – Fingers
o Femur (2) – Upper Leg
Hemopoiesis – blood cell formation
o Tibia (2) – Lower Leg
Yellow narrow is a storage area for fats. o Fibula (2) - Lower Leg
o Metatarsals (10) – Foot
Flat bones – thin, flattened and typically curved bones
such as ribs and sternum. o Phalanges (28) – Toes
o Clavicle
Sharpey’s fibers – type of fiber connecting the
periosteum to the underlying bone SHORT BONES
o Scaphoid (2)
Foramen – round or oval opening hole through a bone o Lunate (2)
which contains blood vessels and/or nerves o Triquetrum (2)
Tuberosity – large rounded projection on a bone o Hamate (2)
o Capitate (2)
Simple fracture – fracture where the bone breaks o Trapezoid (2)
cleanly but does not penetrate the skin o Trapezium (2)
o Talus (2)
Appositional growth – increase in bone diameter
o Navicular (2)
o Cuboid (2)
o Calcaneus (2) 2. Fibrocartilage callus formation
o Medial Cuneiform (2) 3. Bony callus formation
o Intermediate Cuneiform (2) 4. Bone remodeling
o Lateral Cuneiform (2)
Compound structure – the broken bone is exposed to
FLAT BONES the outside
o Sternum
Communited fracture – where bone is broken into
o Ribs
many fragments
o Skull
o Scapula Greenstick fracture – a fracture that is common in
children, whose bones have relatively more collagen in
SESAMOID BONES their matrix and are more flexible
o Patella
o Pisiform Compression fracture – a fracture that is common in
o 1st Metatarsal bone osteoporotic bones
o In the distal 1st and 2nd metacarpal bones
Squamous suture - suture found between the parietal
and temporal bone
IRREGULAR BONES
o Hip
Fontanels – fibrous connection between the bones of a
o Vertebrae fetal skull
o Skull
o Ears Hyoid bone – the only bone of the body that does not
o Atlas directly articulate with any other bone
o Coxal bone
Sella turcica – part of sphenoid bone
Articular cartilage – type of tissue that covers the
epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints Transverse foramina – found in the cervical vertebrae
In adults, the function of the yellow marrow is to store Atlas – first cervical vertebrae
adipose tissue.
Ribs (superior to inferior): true ribs, false ribs, floating
Epiphyseal plate – indicates that bone length is ribs
increasing
Three bones of sternum: manubrium, body, xiphoid
Canaliculus – tiny canal connects central canals to process
lacunae in compact bone
Forearm bones: Ulna and radius
Osteoclasts – bone cells that respond to parathyroid
hormone (PTH) to destroy bone matrix and release Coccyx – tail bone
calcium into the blood
The distance between the female ischial spines is
Fossa – boney marking; a shallow, basin-like depression greater than the male.
in a bone often serving as an articular surface
Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells Epiphyseal plate – area where bone growth takes place
within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.
Plane joint – wrist joint
Articular cartilage covers the epiphysis of long bones.
Ball-and-socket joint – shoulder joint
The arrangement of lamellae around central (Harversian)
canals forms osteons. Hinge joint – elbow joint
Isolated osteoclasts respond to the parathyroid hormone Knuckle joints – condylar joint
(PTH)
Pivot joint – joint between atlas and axis
The master gland of the body (pituitary gland) is housed
in a saddle-like depression in the sphenoid bone called STRUCTURES OF A LONG BONE
the sella turcica.
1. Diaphysis – a.k.a shaft; makes up most of the
The last two pairs of ribs are called floating ribs bone length
because they have no anterior attachments. o Composed mostly of compact bone
o Protected by the periosteum
The zygomatic bones form the cheekbones. 2. Metaphysis - The regions between the diaphysis
and the epiphyses
The spinal cord passes through the cavity called 3. Epiphysis – ends of the long bones
“vertebral foramen”. o Consists of a thin layer of compact bone
enclosing an area filled with spongy
The intervertebral discs that cushion the spine and bone
absorb shock are composed of fibrocartilage. o Protected by an articular cartilage
4. Periosteum – outside covering of the diaphysis
In anatomical position, the lateral lower leg bone is the 5. Sharpey’s fibers – secure periosteum to
fibula. underlying bone
6. Endosteum – thin CT membrane lining the
There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five
inner cavities of bone
Plumbar vertebrae.
7. Articular cartilage – covers the external surface
Spinal curvatures that are present at birth are called of the epiphyses
primary curvatures (the thoracic and sacral o Made of hyaline cartilage
curvatures) and those that develop later are secondary o Decrease friction at joint surfaces
curvatures (the cervical and lumbar curvatures). 8. Epiphyseal plate – a flat plate of hyaline
cartilage that cause the lengthwise growth of
Plane, hinge, and pivot joints are all types of synovial bone
joints. 9. Yellow marrow - Used for stored energy and
cell production.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that 10. Red marrow - the site of blood cell production
affects membrane around joints. 11. Arteries - Supply bone cells with nutrients
12. Medullary cavity – cavity of the shaft
Gouty arthritis (Gout) – disease resulting from
accumulating of uric acid crystals STEPS IN THE REPAIR PROCESS OF A SIMPLE
FRACTURE
Osteoarthritis – disease of the aged in which articular
cartilage is affected 1. Hematoma formation – caused by rupture of blood
vessels
Bursitis – inflammation of bursae associated with 2. Formation of fibrocartilage callus – growth of new
synovial membranes capillaries; masses of repair tissues (calluses) close
the gap between broken bones.
Rickets – diseases of children in which bones fail to 3. Formation of bony callus – replacement of
calcify fibrocartilage by spongy bone.
4. Bone Remodeling
Fractures – bone breaks