CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 introductions

Research methodology features the ways, steps and techniques that are adopted and utilized

in directing a research on a given area or topic and other specific reasons related to the

research documentation, evidence and findings. This chapter involves an elaborate

description of the research design and methodology carried out in the study. In addition, it

covers a comprehensive plan on the process of acquiring the data used for the study and their

different sources, the various methods used in the data analysis and the criteria for the

selection of the methods and techniques.

3.1 Research Design

Research design basically shows what the major topics in the research are and their details. It

provides an outline of how the research will be carried out and the methods that will be used.

It includes an abstract of the research study, the assumptions and limitations of the research,

research question hierarchy, sampling design and a format for the dummy data showing how

data will be presented.

The survey research design which is used in this study aims at examining The impact of

poverty on electoral violence oyo state (a case study of 2023 governorship election oremeji

agugu Egbeda local government oyo state). It is a Survey Research Study using questionnaire

and personal interview as the instrument of drawing information from respondents.

3.2 Population of the study

The targeted populations that will be used in this study are indigenes that lives at oremeji

agugu Egbeda local government Oyo state. There are about 150 indigenes selected randomly

in Oremeji Agugu Egbeda local government Oyo state.

3.3 Sample Size determination

The sample size for this research study will be determined using Yamane Taro’s Formula; the

sample size will be calculated as thus:

To determine the sample size, Taro Yamane’s formula would be adopted:

To find n

Where; n= the sample size

1= constant

N= the population size (150)

e= level of significance (0.05)

n=150/1+150(0.052)

150/1+150(0.0025)

150/1.375= 109.09.

Therefore, the sample size is 109

3.4 Inclusion Criteria

This will consist of indigenes in Oremeji Agugu Egbeda local government Oyo state, who

will give their consent to it after being informed.

3.4.1 Exclusion Criteria

The indigenes selected randomly at Oremeji Agugu Egbeda local government Oyo state who

will not give consent after being informed.

3.5 Sampling Technique

Sampling techniques is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number

of observations will be taken from a larger population. The methodology used to sample from

a larger population will depend on the type of analysis being performed, but will include

simple random sampling, systematic sampling and observational sampling. The simple

random sample was used in this study.

3.6 Research Instrument

The research instrument used for this study is questionnaires. Questionnaire is used in order

to acquire answers to the research questions and objectives of the research work. The

questionnaires entails two sections. The first part consists of demographic information of the

respondents which include gender, level of respondent and this give respondents’ Section B

contains close ended questions that will provide answers to the research objectives.

3.6.1 Primary data

The study employs primary data to achieve its aims. The primary data will be obtained from

questionnaires. The plan, structure and strategy of investigation are conceived so as to obtain

answers to research problems. It ensures that the required data are collected and they are

accurate. However, the primary data used in this study is obtained from Oremeji Agugu

Egbeda local government Oyo state.

3.6.2 Secondary Data

Secondary data is information collected by others for purposes, which can be different than

those of the researcher. It is a synthesis of published and unpublished documents related to

the research and it is of highly important, as it comprises the logical framework of the

research.

3.6.3 Questionnaires Design

A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of series of questions and other prompts

for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Most often it is designed for

statistical analysis of the responses. According to Sekeran, (2003), „a questionnaire is a pre-

formulated written set of questions to which respondents‟ records their answers, usually

within rather closely defined alternatives‟. A questionnaire was structured for this research

(Appendix 1)

These questionnaires were handed directly to the respondents by the researchers which gave

the researchers the privilege to introduce the topic and encouragement in answering the

questionnaire.

The questionnaire consists of closed ended and open ended questions. Open-ended questions

are questions to which there is not one definite answer. Open-ended questions may be a good

way to break the ice with a survey, giving respondents an opportunity to answer in their own

words. The responses to open-ended questions can be very useful, often yielding quotable

material, and the drawback to open-ended questions is that the responses are more difficult to

catalogue and interpret.

The questionnaire serves as a major tool for the collection of data for the study. It is divided

into two sections. Section A Which provided Bio-data about the respondents and section B

provided information which was used in the analysis and test of hypothesis formulated for the
study. The questionnaire of the study would be distributed to staffs of vand later collected for

analysis.

3.7 Validity Of The Instrument

The validity of the instrument will be ensured through peer review, review by experts, review

by the supervisor and review of relevant past literature, researchers for face and content

validity.

3.8 Reliability Of The Instrument

A pretest on reliability of the instrument will be used to measure the reliability coefficient of

the questionnaire. A pilot study will be conducted for 10% of the sample size elders that

resides in Oremeji Agugu Egbeda local government Oyo state and this population is not

inclusive of the study population.

3.9 Method Of Data Collection

The questionnaire will be administered by the researcher. Questionnaires will be distributed

using simple random sampling method among some selected individuals in Oremeji Agugu

Egbeda local government Oyo state. Participation will be made voluntary; the selected

individuals in Oremeji Agugu Egbeda local government Oyo state will be duly informed

about the details of the study.

3.10 Method Of Data Analysis

The data will be collected categorically. Data will be analyzed by first making sure that the

questionnaires collected were numbered and questionnaires will be arranged according to the

numbers.
The result expected from the questionnaires will be analyzed in frequencies and simple

percentages, result will also be analyzed using Social science Statistical Package (SPSS

version 20). Chi square analysis will be used to explore the relationship between variables.

Both descriptive and inferential statistics will be used. Statistical calculations will be

performed with the raw data using sample percentages to provide answers to the research

questions. The presentation of results gotten in the questionnaire will be in form of tables

followed by a detailed analysis of the results and statistics in which the interpretations taken

from the result of the analysis will be used to inference pertaining to the research questions

which will be used to draw conclusion about the research.

3.11 Ethical Consideration

A letter of introduction would be stated at the beginning of the questionnaire. All respondents

in the study will be duly informed about the reason for the study and given a choice whether

or not to participate in the study. Written consent will be obtained and confidentiality will be

ensured. Researcher will try to make sure that no physical or emotional harm is caused to the

respondents and will make sure that the integrity of the research is preserved.