PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS

LESSON NO.1 | INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS

WHAT IS STATISTICS? o A study shows that 75% of out-of-
school youths came from families
• Statistics is a branch of applied under the category of low socio-
mathematics that involves; economic status
o collecting
o presenting INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
o analyzing
o interpreting
• Analysis of data that will lead to
o and inferring conclusions from
generalization and conclusion about
quantitative data
a population
COLLECTION
➢ PURPOSE: make predictions
➢ Process of gathering numerical of inferences
information
Examples:
PRESENTATION
o A professor checked if there was a
➢ Exposition and arrangement of data significant difference among the
in appropriate tables and graphs scores of his students from his
three different classes through
ANALYSIS
One-way ANOVA
➢ The activity of describing the
properties, characteristics, or o It was concluded that there is a
behavior of the data significant relationship between
the educational attainment and
INTERPRETATION socio-economic status of selected
➢ Explanation of the meaning of out-of-school youths
statistical findings for the formation
of valid conclusions and BASIC STATISTICAL CONCEPTS
inference
POPULATION

DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL ➢ Consists of all the members of

STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
• Includes collecting, classifying,
graphing and averaging the data
the group about which we want to
draw a conclusion
SAMPLE
➢ Portion or part of the population
of interest selected for analysis

➢ PURPOSE: describe and

summarize the data

Examples:
o A professor recorded the scores of
his class in a quiz to see the
average performance of the whole
class after a lecture
PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS
LESSON NO.1 | INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS
PARAMETER
➢ Is a value, usually a numerical
value, that describes a population
PARAMETER
Statistic
Statistic
➢ Is a value, usually a numerical
value, that describes a sample
VARIABLE
➢ Is any property or characteristic of
some event, object, or person that
may have different values at
different times depending on the
conditions
DATA
➢ Is the measurements that are made
about an experiment or research
CLASSIFICATIONS OF VARIABLES
UNIVARIABLE, BIVARAIBLE, and
MULTIVARIABLE
o Univariable - 1 variable involved
o Bivariable - 2 variable involved
o Multivariable - 3 or more variables
INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT
VARIABLE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
• Variables that a researcher controls or
manipulates in accordance with the
purpose of the investigation; The
causal variable
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
• Measures of behavior based on the
effect of independent variables; The
outcome variable
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CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
• Two or more different variables are
observed to determine whether there
is a relationship between and among
variables without necessarily
investigating into causal reasons
underlying them. If there is an increase in one
variable, the second variable will
show a decrease, and vice versa.
Example: aim to describe and analyze
associations between variables.
o You wanted to know if comprehensive
examination results have an
association with performance in board
examinations
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• It utilizes the scientific method to test
cause-and-effect relationships under
conditions controlled by the researcher.
➢ Two basic designs: Between
Groups and Within Group
PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS
LESSON NO.1 | INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS

Example:
Between group - participant experiences
A teacher wants to know if a new teaching ONLY ONE condition, and you compare
strategy is effective or not. group differences between participants
in various conditions
➢ PROCEDURE: The teacher will teach
one section with the aid of the NEW Within group - participant experiences
teaching strategy and will teach EVERY CONDITION
another section without the new
strategy
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE
➢ DATA COLLECTION: Achievement VARIABLE
tests will be given to both sections to
compare results. QUALITATIVE VARIABLE

-------------------------------------------------------- • Variable that can give CATEGORICAL

RESPONSES
Between Subject Design
Examples:
• Measuring the efficacy of Student- o Occupation
Focused in increasing the students’ o Gender
level of understanding concepts in o civil status
Research o religious affiliations
o political parties.
➢ Experimental group
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE
->Treatment ->Test
• Takes on NUMERICAL VALUES
representing an amount or quantity.
➢ Controlled group
Examples:
->No Treatment ->Test
o Height
o Salary
Within Subject Design o number of children
o weight
• Measuring the efficacy of Student- o time
Focused in increasing the students’
level of understanding concepts in CLASSIFICATION OF
Research NUMERICAL DATA

➢ Same subjects

Pre-test -> Treatment -> Post-test

PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS
LESSON NO.1 | INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS

DISCRETE VARIABLE RATIO SCALE

• Can assume a finite or countable
infinite number of values • Highest, most precise level of
measurement; has a meaningful true
Examples: zero point (0 indicates the absence of
o Students something)
o Psychologists
o Sex Examples:
age
o blood group o Height
o weight
CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
• Cannot be counted because of their Level of
distinct division; - Considered as Measurement Properties
abstract variables
Nominal ➢ Indicates a distinction

Examples: ➢ Indicates a distinction

o Age Ordinal ➢ Indicates direction of distinction
o Height
➢ Indicates a distinction
o Weight Interval ➢ Indicates direction of distinction
o temperature ➢ Indicates amount of distinction

4 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT ➢ Indicates a distinction

➢ Indicates direction of distinction
NOMINAL SCALE Ratio ➢ Indicates the amount of distinction
➢ Indicates an absolute zero
• Variable with NO QUANTITATIVE
VALUE; used for labeling; categorical
data SAMPLING

Examples: • The process of selecting a sample or a

o Sex portion of the population
o Religion
Determining The Optimal Number of
ORDINAL SCALE Samples:
• Variable that has two or more Slovin’s Formula – used to calculate the
categories that can be ranked sample size given the population size

Example:
o Winners in a contest

INTERVAL SCALE
• A measurement based on
predetermined equal intervals Margin of error - an amount (usually
• NO True Zero (can represent values small) that is allowed for in case of
below zero) miscalculation or change of
0 is NOT the ABSENCE of
something circumstances.
Examples: meaningful and
consistent intervals
o Temperature between the numbers

time
year
calendar
 PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS
LESSON NO.1 | INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

• The selection of the sample is based on

the selective judgment of the
researcher.
• Also called judgmental sampling.
• There is a criterion set by the
researchers that is relevant to the topic
under study.

Disadvantage: The researcher’s

judgment may be in error.
NON-PROBABILITY or PROBABILITY or
NON-RANDOM RANDOM
Example:
There is a form of bias in There is random
the selection of the selection of sample ➢ The HR director interviews only
sample those qualified candidates (based
There is no assurance Each element in the on the initial interviewer’s
that each element in the population has the judgment) for the final interview.
population has the same same equal chance of
equal chance of being being selected as a QUOTA SAMPLING
selected as a sample sample.

There is no assurance There is greater • The researcher identifies population

that each unit in the representation in each sections or strata and decides how
population is properly unit in the population. many participants are required from
represented each section.
The findings are limited The findings can be • Usually, the stratification is based on
to the sample generalized to the variables relevant to the study.
population.
• Allows better representation of the
population.
TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING Example:

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING ➢ A researcher conducts a study

• Selection of the samples based on the
convenience of the researcher.
• Also called accidental sampling.
Example:
about the academic performance of
SHS students. He uses a quota
sampling technique to make sure
there is an equal number of
students coming from all academic
strands.

➢ Stopping people in the street to SNOWBALL SAMPLING

conduct an interview or to
administer a survey questionnaire.
• A technique wherein initial sample
members are asked to refer other
people who meet the criteria required
by the researcher.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS
LESSON NO.1 | INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS
• Based on the assumption that people
who share the same traits or
experiences know each other.
• Useful for subjects who are hard to find.
Example:
➢ A researcher asks his first
participant to refer other
businessmen who also earn at least
3 million per year.
TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDON SAMPLING
• The most basic probability sampling
technique.
• The selection of a sample is purely
based on chance and each member
of the population has an equal chance
of being selected as a sample.
Example:
o Fishbowl technique
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
• A process of selecting the kth element
in the population until the desired
number of samples is attained.
• The researchers set the sample size
(n); the size of the population is known
(N); then through dividing N by n, the
sampling interval width (k) is
determined.
➢ Sampling Interval – the standard
distance between elements chosen
for the sample.
Example:
The researcher sets 100 as the sample
size from a population of 2,000 students
found in the student directory:
K = 2,000 ÷ 100
K = 20
In other words, every 20th student from
the list would be sampled
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
• The population is divided into
subgroups or strata.
• After the stratification, an appropriate
number of elements are selected from
each stratum randomly.
Example:
Suppose that you are studying about the
self-esteem of Grade 11 students from all
the academic strands in Quezon City
Science High School and you want to
obtain a total number of 300 as samples.
CLUSTER SAMPLING
• Is a method of selecting a cluster from
a population that is large and widely
dispersed over a wide geographical
area.
• Also known as multistage sampling
• The resulting design is described in
terms of the number of sampling stages
(three-stage cluster sampling).
Example:
➢ If we want to conduct a survey
about the opinion of Manila
regarding the war on drugs
PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS
LESSON NO.1 | INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS

campaign, we may use the cluster

sampling by:

- Subdividing Manila into districts

then select at random the
number of districts to be
included;
- From the chosen districts,
choose barangays to be part of
the samples.