INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY

WHAT IS BIOCHEMISTRY?
- BIO = LIFE
- CHEMISTRY = study of the SPCC of matter (structure, properties, composition, changes)

CELL MEMBRANE
COMPOSITION OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
• PHOSPHOLIPID - main chemical composition of an animal membrane
• GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPID
• CHOLESTEROL - main precursor of all steroids (ex. Cortisone- anti-inflammatory)
• ARACHIDONIC ACID

PHOSPHOLIPID

ORGANELLES
• MITOCHONDRION
• Powerhouse of the cell (site where energy is produced)
• Mitochrondrial matrix- where KREB’s cycle occurs
• Cristae-site of ETC (electron transport chain)
• Intermembrane space- the space between the outer and inner membrane

ORGANELLES
• LYSOSOMES
- “GARBAGE COLLECTOR”
- Contains digestive enzymes
- Absence of lysosomes may lead to accumulation of waste in the cell making it toxic causing
diseases such as cancer
- Tay-Sachs disease
- Aids in APOPTOSIS
o Programmed cell death
ORGANELLES
• RIBOSOMES
- Site of Protein Synthesis
- 2 subunits
o Small ribosomal unit
 Reads the MRna
o Large ribosomal unit
 Forms polypeptide chain of amino acids
- 2 forms
o 70s – prokaryotic cells
o 80s – eukaryotic cells

ORGANELLES
• ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
o Network of membranes
o 2 FORMS
 SOFT ER
 Storage organelle
 Lipid and steroid formation
 ROUGH ER
 Aids in protein synthesis

ORGANELLES
• GOLGI BODY (GOLGI APPARATUS)
• Discovered by Camillo Golgi
• Series of stacked membranes
• Helps process and package lipids and proteins that are exported out of the cell

ORGANELLES
• MICROTUBULES
- Microscopic hollow tubes
- Gives the cell shape
- Function
o Cell division
o Cell movement
o Cell transport
ORGANELLES
• NUCLEUS
- DNA and Chromosomes are located
- Total chromosomes : 46 (23 Pairs)
- Main function is gene expression and mediate DNA replication during cell cycle

ORGANELLES
• NUCLEUS
• TRISOMY 21
• “Down Syndrome”
• TRISOM Y 13
• “Patau Syndrome”
• TRISOMY 18
• “Edward Syndrome”
• MONOSOMY X
• “Turner’s Syndrome”
• 23 chromosome
• “Sex Chromosome”
• XX – female, XY – male

BIOMOLECULES
CARBOHYDRATES SUGAR UNITS
(MONOSACCHARIDE, DISACCHARIDE, POLYSACCHARIDE)
LIPIDS GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS
PROTEINS AMINO ACIDS
NUCLEIC ACID NUCLEOTIDES