NUCLEAR ENERGY

PRESENTED BY GROUP I
COMPUTER ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE: ENG 211

ENGINEERING IN SOCIETY
LECTURER: ENGR. EMEKA
 NUCLEAR ENERGY

INTRODUCTION

Introduction to nuclear energy and it's basics

Nuclear energy can be defined as a form of energy released by the
nucleus, the core of atom made up of protons and neutrons they are
produced in two ways
1. Nuclear fission
2. Nuclear fusion

Nuclear fission: this is a reaction where the nucleus of an atom splits

into two or smaller nuclei .They is a release of energy in the form of heat
and combustion.

Nuclear fusion: This is the process by which two light atomic nuclei
combine to form a single heavier one while releasing massive amount of
energy.eg Terrestrial fusion in science laboratories.

Generally; Nuclear energy is produced through a process called nuclear

fission. In this process, the nucleus of an atom is split into two smaller
nuclei, releasing a large amount of energy. This energy is harnessed to
generate electricity.
To initiate nuclear fission, a specific type of atom, such as uranium-235
or plutonium-239, is bombarded with neutrons. When these atoms
absorb a neutron, they become unstable and split into two smaller atoms,
releasing additional neutrons and a significant amount of energy in the
form of heat.

The heat produced during nuclear fission is then used to generate steam,
which drives a turbine connected to a generator. As the turbine spins, it
produces electricity. One of the advantages of nuclear energy is that it
can generate a substantial amount of electricity from a relatively small
amount of fuel. Additionally, nuclear power plants do not produce
greenhouse gas emissions during electricity generation, making them a
cleaner energy source compared to fossil fuels.

However, there are also challenges associated with nuclear energy. One
major concern is the safe disposal of nuclear waste, which remains
radioactive for thousands of years. Additionally, accidents or
malfunctions at nuclear power plants can have severe consequences, as
seen in the past with incidents like Chernobyl and Fukushima.

Overall, nuclear energy has the potential to provide a significant amount

of electricity with minimal greenhouse gas emissions. However, it is
essential to address safety, waste management, and public concerns to
ensure its responsible and sustainable use.

NUCLEAR REACTOR
a nuclear reactor is like a power plant that uses nuclear reactions to
generate electricity. Inside the reactor, there are special fuel rods, often
made of uranium or plutonium, which contain atoms that can undergo
nuclear fission.
During nuclear fission, the nucleus of an atom is split into two smaller
nuclei, releasing a tremendous amount of energy in the form of heat.
This heat is used to produce steam, which drives a turbine connected to a
generator, ultimately generating electricity.

To control the nuclear reactions and prevent them from becoming

uncontrollable, the reactor has control rods made of materials like boron
or cadmium. These control rods can be inserted into the reactor core to
absorb excess neutrons and slow down or stop the chain reaction.

Safety measures are crucial in nuclear reactors to prevent accidents or

the release of harmful radiation. Multiple layers of containment
structures and safety systems are in place to ensure the safe operation of
the reactor.

Nuclear reactors are a significant source of electricity because they can

produce a large amount of power from a relatively small amount of fuel.
They also do not emit greenhouse gases during operation, making them
a cleaner energy option. However, the management of nuclear waste and
the potential risks associated with accidents or meltdowns remain
important considerations in the use of nuclear energy.

TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR

Here are a few types of nuclear reactors:

1. Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)

2. Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
3. Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor (AGR)
4. Light Water Graphite Reactor (LWGR)
5. Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR)
6. Molten Salt Reactor (MSR)
7. High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR)

1. Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR): In a PWR, water is used as both

the coolant and the moderator. The water is kept under high pressure to
prevent it from boiling. The heat generated by nuclear fission is
transferred to a secondary loop of water, which produces steam to drive
the turbine and generate electricity.

2. Boiling Water Reactor (BWR): In a BWR, water is used as both the

coolant and the moderator, similar to a PWR. However, in a BWR, the
water in the reactor core is allowed to boil, and the resulting steam
directly drives the turbine. This design eliminates the need for a separate
steam generator.

3. Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor (AGR): AGRs use carbon dioxide gas

as the coolant instead of water. The gas flows through the reactor core,
absorbing heat from the fuel rods. The heated gas then passes through a
heat exchanger to produce steam, which drives the turbine.

4. Light Water Graphite Reactor (LWGR): LWGRs use graphite as the

moderator and water as the coolant. The graphite slows down the
neutrons produced during fission, allowing for sustained nuclear
reactions. The water absorbs the heat and produces steam to generate
electricity.

5. Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR): FBRs use fast-moving neutrons to

sustain a chain reaction. They can use materials like plutonium or
uranium-233 as fuel. FBRs have the ability to produce more fuel than
they consume, making them potentially more efficient and sustainable.

6. Molten Salt Reactor (MSR): MSRs use a liquid mixture of salts as

both the coolant and the fuel. The fuel is dissolved in the salt, which
circulates through the reactor core. The high boiling point of the salt
allows for operation at higher temperatures, potentially increasing
efficiency.

7. High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR): HTGRs use helium

gas as the coolant and graphite as the moderator. The gas flows through
the reactor core, absorbing heat from the fuel. The heated gas then
passes through a heat exchanger to produce steam for electricity
generation.

THE IMPACT OF NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE SOCIETY

POSITVIE IMPACT:
1. Nuclear power plants produce electricity without emitting greenhouse
gases, helping to combat climate change.
2. Nuclear energy has a high energy density, allowing it to generate a
significant amount of electricity from a small amount of fuel.
3. It helps diversify the energy mix, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and
promoting energy security.
4. Nuclear power plants operate continuously, providing a stable and
reliable source of electricity.
5. It contributes to air quality improvement by reducing the emissions of
pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.
6. Nuclear energy requires a relatively small land footprint compared to
other energy sources like solar or wind.
7. It can help meet the increasing global demand for electricity without
significantly impacting natural resources.
8. Nuclear waste can be managed and stored safely, minimizing
environmental risks.
9. It reduces the dependence on finite fossil fuel reserves, promoting
long-term sustainability.
10. Nuclear energy research and development drive technological
advancements that can have positive spillover effects in other industries.

NEGATIVE IMPACT:
1. Nuclear accidents, although rare, can have severe consequences for
human health and the environment.
2. Nuclear waste disposal poses long-term challenges, as it remains
radioactive for thousands of years.
3. Uranium mining, which is necessary for nuclear fuel production, can
have detrimental effects on ecosystems and local communities.
4. The construction and decommissioning of nuclear power plants
require significant amounts of energy and resources, contributing to
environmental impacts.
5. The transportation of nuclear materials, such as fuel rods, carries
potential risks of accidents or security breaches.
6. The extraction and enrichment of uranium can result in the release of
greenhouse gases and other pollutants.
7. The cooling water used in nuclear power plants can negatively affect
aquatic ecosystems, particularly if not properly managed.
8. The potential for nuclear weapons proliferation is a concern
associated with the expansion of nuclear energy.
9. The long-term storage of nuclear waste raises questions about its
safety and potential leakage into the environment.
10. The high costs of nuclear power plant construction and maintenance
can divert resources from investments in renewable energy sources.

GLOBAL ENERGY NEED OF NUCLEAR ENERGY

In the world now a lot of countries make use of global energy and some
of them are:
Sure! Here are 10 points about the global energy need for nuclear
energy:

1. Growing Energy Demand: Nuclear energy helps meet the increasing

global demand for electricity.
2. Low Carbon Emissions: Nuclear power is a low-carbon energy
source, reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
3. Reliable Baseload Power: Nuclear plants provide a stable and
consistent supply of electricity, supporting grid stability.
4. Energy Security: Nuclear energy reduces dependence on fossil fuel
imports, enhancing energy security.
5. Diverse Energy Mix: Nuclear power diversifies the energy mix,
reducing reliance on a single energy source.
6. Long-Term Sustainability: Nuclear fuel can be used efficiently,
ensuring long-term energy sustainability.
7. Economic Benefits: Nuclear power plants create jobs and contribute
to local and national economies.
8. Technological Advancements: Nuclear energy drives technological
innovation in areas like reactor design and safety.
9. Global Climate Goals: Nuclear power plays a role in achieving
international climate targets, like the Paris Agreement.
10. Research and Development: Continued investment in nuclear energy
research can lead to safer and more efficient technologies.

NUCLEAR ENERGY AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

Nuclear Waste:
Nuclear power plants produce radioactive waste as a byproduct of the
fission process. This waste can be categorized into two main types: high-
level and low-level waste.

1. High-level waste (HLW): HLW consists of spent nuclear fuel and

other highly radioactive materials. It is extremely hazardous and
remains radioactive for thousands of years. Proper disposal and
containment are essential to prevent environmental contamination
and public health risks.
 2. Low-level waste (LLW): LLW includes materials that have been in
contact with radioactive substances but are less radioactive
themselves. While it is less hazardous than HLW, it still requires
careful management to prevent any harm to the environment and
human health.

Waste Management: Managing nuclear waste is a complex and

contentious issue. There are various approaches to handling nuclear
waste, including:

Geological Repositories: Some countries, like Finland and Sweden, have

invested in deep geological repositories, where high-level nuclear waste
is stored in carefully selected, stable geological formations deep
underground. This method aims to isolate the waste from the
environment for an extended period.

Reprocessing: Reprocessing involves extracting valuable materials from

spent nuclear fuel and reducing the volume of high-level waste. France
and the UK have employed reprocessing, but it raises proliferation
concerns due to the potential for weapon-grade materials to be produced.

Intermediate Storage: Some countries store nuclear waste in above-

ground facilities for an extended period. While this doesn't provide the
same level of isolation as geological repositories, it can be a temporary
solution until a long-term disposal site is established.

Innovation: Research into advanced nuclear technologies and waste

management techniques, such as fast-breeder reactors and transmutation,
is ongoing to address some of the challenges associated with nuclear
waste.

The issue of nuclear waste management remains a contentious one, as it

involves technical, environmental, political, and social considerations.
Striking a balance between harnessing the benefits of nuclear energy and
ensuring the safe and responsible disposal of nuclear waste is a
significant challenge that governments and international organizations
continue to address.

FUTURE INNOVATION OF NUCLEAR ENERGY

Future innovations in nuclear energy hold the potential to revolutionize
the way we generate electricity and address climate change. Some key
areas of innovation include:

1. Advanced Reactor Designs: Next-generation reactors, such as

small modular reactors (SMRs) and molten salt reactors, offer
improved safety, efficiency, and reduced nuclear waste. These
designs are more flexible and can be deployed in various settings.

2. Fusion Energy: Fusion holds the promise of nearly limitless clean

energy by replicating the process that powers the sun. Efforts like
ITER and private companies are making progress in this area, but
commercial fusion power is still some years away.

3. Fuel Recycling and Reprocessing: Advanced fuel recycling

techniques can reduce nuclear waste and extend the lifespan of
 fuel. This reduces the environmental impact and improves resource
utilization.

4. Improved Safety Measures: Innovations in passive safety systems,

materials science, and artificial intelligence for reactor monitoring
can enhance the safety of nuclear power plants.

5. Thorium Reactors: Thorium-based reactors are considered safer

and more proliferation-resistant than traditional uranium reactors.
Research and development in this area could open new
possibilities for sustainable nuclear energy.

6. Nuclear Hydrogen Production: Coupling nuclear reactors with

hydrogen production can offer a clean and efficient method to
produce hydrogen for various industries, including transportation
and energy storage.
7. Grid Integration: Advanced nuclear power plants are being
designed with load-following capabilities to better integrate with
variable renewable energy sources, ensuring a stable and resilient
grid.

8. Public Perception and Policy: Innovations in public engagement

and government policies are crucial for the future of nuclear
energy. Addressing concerns about safety, waste disposal, and
security will be integral to its growth.
9. International Collaboration: Global cooperation in nuclear research
and development can accelerate innovations and ensure the safe
and responsible use of nuclear energy worldwide.

10. Innovations in nuclear energy have the potential to provide

reliable, low-carbon electricity, helping to meet the world's
growing energy needs while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
However, it's essential to balance innovation with safety, security,
and effective waste management to realize the full potential of
nuclear energy in a sustainable future.

GEO-POLITICAL IMPACT OF NUCLEAR ENERGY

Nuclear energy has significant geopolitical implications due to its

role in a country's energy security and international relations.
Here's a more concise yet detailed overview:

1) Energy Security: Nations with nuclear power capabilities can

reduce their dependence on fossil fuels, enhancing energy
security. This reduces vulnerability to supply disruptions and
price fluctuations in the global energy market.

2) Nuclear Proliferation: The spread of nuclear technology for

peaceful energy purposes can raise concerns about potential
weapons development. International efforts, like the Non-
Proliferation Treaty, aim to balance access to nuclear energy
with non-proliferation measures.

3) Energy Diplomacy: Countries with advanced nuclear

programs, like the United States and Russia, can exert
influence over nations seeking nuclear technology. They use
 nuclear cooperation agreements as diplomatic tools to shape
international relations.

4) Geopolitical Alliances: Nuclear technology-sharing

agreements often lead to strategic partnerships and alliances.
For example, the United States has nuclear cooperation deals
with countries like South Korea and the UAE, strengthening
political ties.

5) Regional Stability: Nuclear energy can be a source of tension

in regions with conflicting interests. Disputes over uranium
enrichment and reactor construction can heighten geopolitical
rivalries and conflicts.

6) Energy Transition: As the world seeks cleaner energy

sources, nuclear energy's role in mitigating climate change
can influence global politics. Countries supporting nuclear
power as part of their climate strategies can promote their
environmental leadership.

In summary, nuclear energy's geopolitical impact

encompasses energy security, proliferation concerns,
diplomatic leverage, regional stability, and its role in the
transition to a more sustainable energy landscape.

SAFETY REGULATIONS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY

Nuclear energy and safety regulation's

Safety Regulations:
Safety regulations for nuclear energy are rigorous and
multifaceted, designed to prevent accidents and protect the
 environment and public health. These regulations are
developed and enforced by government agencies in most
countries. Key aspects of safety regulations include:

I. Design and Construction Standards: Nuclear power plants

must meet strict design and construction standards to ensure
structural integrity and prevent leaks or failures. These
standards cover the reactor core, cooling systems, and
containment structures.

II. Operator Licensing: Nuclear plant operators must undergo

rigorous training and certification processes to ensure they
are capable of safely operating the facility. Regular
evaluations and retraining are essential.

III. Radiation Protection: Stringent measures are in place to

protect workers from exposure to ionizing radiation. This
includes the use of lead shielding, dosimeters, and strict
protocols for handling radioactive materials.

IV. Emergency Preparedness: Nuclear facilities are required to

have comprehensive emergency response plans, which
include measures for evacuating nearby communities,
providing medical care, and mitigating the consequences of
accidents.

V. Waste Management: Regulations dictate the safe storage and

disposal of radioactive waste, which remains hazardous for
thousands of years. This includes the development of secure
repositories for high-level nuclear waste.
 VI. Security Measures: Due to concerns about nuclear terrorism,
security regulations are stringent. Access control,
surveillance, and armed guards are standard at nuclear
facilities.

VII. Inspections and Oversight: Independent regulatory bodies

regularly inspect nuclear facilities to ensure they comply with
safety standards. These agencies have the authority to enforce
regulations and issue penalties for non-compliance.

VIII. International Agreements: International agreements and

conventions, such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of
Nuclear Weapons, play a role in nuclear safety by
encouraging disarmament and preventing the spread of
nuclear weapons technology.

ADVANTAGES AND DISAVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR

ENERGY

Advantages of Nuclear Energy

I. CLEAN ENERGY SOURCE

Nuclear is the largest source of clean power in the United
States. It generates nearly 800 billion kilowatt hours of
electricity each year and produces more than half of the
nation’s emissions-free electricity. This avoids more than 470
million metric tons of carbon each year, which is the
equivalent of removing 100 million cars off of the road.

II. CREATES JOBS

 The nuclear industry supports nearly half a million jobs in the
United States and contributes an estimated $60 billion to the
U.S. gross domestic product each year. U.S. nuclear plants
can employ up to 700 workers with salaries that are 30%
higher than the local average. They also contribute billions of
dollars annually to local economies through federal and state
tax revenues.

III. SUPPORTS NATIONAL SECURITY

A strong civilian nuclear sector is essential to U.S. national
security and energy diplomacy. The United States must
maintain its global leadership in this arena to influence the
peaceful use of nuclear technologies. The U.S. government
works with countries in this capacity to build relationships
and develop new opportunities for the nation’s
nuclear technologies.

Challenges of Nuclear Energy

I. PUBLIC AWARENESS
Commercial nuclear power is sometimes viewed by the
general public as a dangerous or unstable process. This
perception is often based on three global nuclear accidents,
its false association with nuclear weapons, and how it is
portrayed on popular television shows and films.

II. DOE and its national labs are working with industry to
develop new reactors and fuels that will increase the overall
performance of these technologies and reduce the amount of
nuclear waste that is produced.
III. DOE also works to provide accurate, fact-based information
about nuclear energy through its social media and STEM
outreach efforts to educate the public on the benefits of
nuclear energy.

IV. USED FUEL TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE AND

DISPOSAL
Many people view used fuel as a growing problem and are
apprehensive about its transportation, storage, and disposal.
DOE is responsible for the eventual disposal and associated
transport of all commercial used fuel, which is currently
securely stored at 76 reactor or storage sites in 34 states. For
the foreseeable future, this fuel can safely remain at these
facilities until a permanent disposal solution is determined by
Congress.

V. DOE is currently evaluating nuclear power plant sites and

nearby transportation infrastructure to support the eventual
transport of used fuel away from these sites. It is also
developing new, specially designed railcars to support large-
scale transport of used fuel in the future.

VI. CONSTRUCTING NEW POWER PLANTS

Building a nuclear power plant can be discouraging for
stakeholders. Conventional reactor designs are considered
multi-billion dollar infrastructure projects. High capital costs,
licensing and regulation approvals, coupled with long lead
times and construction delays, have also deterred
public interest.
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