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Exploring the Feasibility and Properties of Aloe Vera-Based Leather: A
Sustainable Alternative in Leather Production

A Research Proposal Presented to

The Faculty of the Senior High School
Angeles City National High School
Pampang, Angeles City

In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements

for the Academic Track
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

Bangit, Isaac John

Dela Cruz, Erica
Manliclic, Kenette
Mapa, Noime
Ojano, Stazy
Requioma, Alessandra Fiona

January 2024
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Table of Contents

Preliminaries Page
Approval Sheet ……………………………………………. i
Certificate of Originality ……………………………………………. ii
Title Page ……………………………………………. iii
Acknowledgment ……………………………………………. iv
Table of Contents ……………………………………………. v
List of Tables and Figures ……………………………………………. vi

Introduction
Background of the Study
Literature Review
Related Studies
Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the Study
Scope and Delimitation
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Method
Research Design
Locale of the Study
Respondents of the Study
Research Instrument
Statistical Treatment
Ethical Considerations
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Reference
10
s ………………………………………………………………….

Appendices ……………………………………………………………….. 10
A Research Instrument ………………………………...
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Introduction

This research is conducted for various reasons, primarily driven by the pursuit

of sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives in the fashion and material industries.

This exploration aims to harness the unique properties of aloe vera to create a

feasible leather substitute. By reducing reliance on traditional leather production,

address environmental concerns, promote cruelty-free practices, and contribute to a

more ethical and sustainable future for fashion and consumer goods. The research

also aligns with the growing demand for innovative solutions that balance style and

environmental responsibility, encouraging a new way of thinking in the sector that

makes it greener and more ethical.

For thousands of years, people have utilized the well-known medicinal plant

aloe vera for therapeutic purposes. Also known as Aloe barbadensis, it is a thick,

short-stemmed plant that stores water in its leaves (Leech & Butler, 2020). This

succulent plant, belonging to the Aloe genus, thrives in tropical settings and has a

rich history of medicinal use (Grace et al., 2015). The gel extracted from its leaves is

most recognized for its healing properties on skin injuries, such as burns and

wounds, and it has various applications contributing to human health. Research

supports its historical use in treating skin conditions, including psoriasis, seborrhea,

and acne, as well as aiding in wound healing (Leech & Butler, 2020). Aloe vera has

extensive applications in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries,

contributing to its global market value of $13 billion (Grace et al., 2015). Furthermore,

a study by Nejatzadeh-Barandozi (2013), highlights that Aloe vera gel contains

potent antioxidants, such as polyphenols, which inhibit the growth of bacteria,

showcasing its antibacterial, antiviral, and antiseptic effects.

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The manufacture of leather is not environmentally sound since it involves the

use of hazardous chemicals and generates significant volumes of sludge waste

when raw hides and skins are treated. Due to these issues, materials that resemble

leather but aren't derived from animal sources have been developed. However, there

is a sizable market for imitation leather manufactured of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and

polyurethane (PU), which considerably reduces the social and environmental

problems associated with leather manufacturing (Kral, 2014).

The raising of cattle requires massive amounts of fossil fuels, and leather

made from cows has an environmental impact that is nearly three times greater than

that of synthetic leathers, such as polyurethane (PU) leather. The environment, the

laborers who make the leather, and the animals themselves suffer during the

production process (Environmental Hazards of Leather | PETA, 2022).

Wresearch (2022) stated that the Philippines has relied more on domestic

production to keep up with the growing demand for leather handbags. The

Philippines’ increasing demand for this product cannot be satisfied by local

production, so the trend is shifting towards import shipments to meet demand. The

market for leather handbags had an import factor of 0.46 in 2022 compared to 0.07

in 2017. France gained the largest market share of 45.17%, with a shipment value of

39.01 million USD in 2022. France also offered the product above the average

market price, but it still maintained its leadership position, demonstrating its

confidence in the leather handbags market. France, Italy, China, Spain, and

Singapore were among the top players in the market in 2022. China held the largest

market share in 2017, with a value of 5.66 million USD, or 74.36% of total shipments.

The average price at which the nation was selling its goods was higher than the
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average market price set by the nation. Despite pricing its products higher than the

average market, China maintained its top spot in the Philippines Leather Handbags

Market in 2017, demonstrating the value of its brand.

The Filipino term for aloe vera is “sabila,” while Ilonggos commonly refer to it

as aloe vera (Dev, 2020). Aloe vera plants flourish in both sub-temperate and tropical

zones, making them adaptable for cultivation across all regions of the Philippines

(Ngo, 2022). In the Philippines, aloe vera is renowned for its natural healing

properties, serving as a traditional remedy for healing burns, cuts, wounds, and

enhancing hair thickness and shine. Cultivated as a common household plant, the

gel-like substance found in aloe vera leaves is often directly applied to the skin or

scalp (Dev, 2020).

Furthermore, as stated by Foster (2020), aloe is a cactus-like plant that

typically grows in hot and dry climates. Worldwide, subtropical climates—including

those near Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California’s southern border—are

home to its cultivation. In this study, researchers will innovate leather out of aloe

vera, particularly analyzing the durability, strength, and overall quality of Aloe Vera-

based leather, focusing on its suitability for various applications.

In that case, an alternative to conventional leather, which is usually derived

from animal skins, plant-based leather is also referred to as vegan leather or eco-

leather. It may be made from a variety of materials, including recycled plastic, maize,

pineapple leaves, mushrooms, and apple peels. Piñatex, derived from pineapple leaf

fibers, and leaf leather, created from collected teak leaves, are two examples of

novel plant-based leathers. Because consumers are becoming more interested in

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eco-friendly and sustainable products, these substitutes are becoming more and

more popular (Vijayaraghavan, 2021).

Apart from this, the ability to produce leather with desirable attributes for high-

quality leather, such as excellent hydrothermal stability, better dyeing characteristics,

and softness, makes chrome tanning the most popular technology in the leather

industry worldwide. However, the technology has been globally criticized for its

severe environmental detriments and adverse effects on human health and other

organisms. Developing alternative eco-friendly tanning technologies capable of

producing leather (China et al., 2020).

Importantly, plant-based leather is a material made from plant components

rather than animal skin. It is widely used as an alternative to traditional leather that is

cruelty-free and ecologically sustainable. Plant-based leather may be made from a

variety of plant materials, including bark, cork, and even mushrooms. The specific

procedure for rendering plant-based leather in the plant-based leather market differs

depending on the type of plant substance used, but it generally includes dismantling

the plant fibers and then amalgamating them with an imperative agent to make a

substance that is homogeneous in demeanor and texture to animal leather (Polaris

Market Research & Consulting, 2023).

In particular, as explained by Desserto (n.d.), a highly environmentally

friendly plant-based material is used as an alternative to cactus leather, frequently

recognized by its exceptional softness to the touch while providing excellent

performance in a broad range of applications and meeting the most stringent quality

and environmental criteria. Cactus material is largely biodegradable and meets the
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technical requirements of the fashion, leather products, luxury packaging, and

furniture sectors.

Clearly, full-grain leather holds a distinct reputation for its authenticity and

premium quality. The preservation of natural textures and the development of a

unique patina over time contribute to its appeal, making it a preferred choice for high-

end products like shoes, jackets, belts, and accessories. The durability of full grain

leather further adds to its desirability, ensuring a lasting and character-rich material

for crafted items (Dreesmann, 2023).

Moreover, the adaptability and hardiness of the prickly pear cactus indeed

make it a valuable resource for sustainable practices, such cactus leather

production. However, managing its invasiveness in certain regions is crucial to

prevent ecological disruptions and maintain a balance in local ecosystems. The

carbon sequestration potential adds another layer of environmental benefit,

showcasing the importance of responsible cultivation practices for both economic

and ecological reasons (Lebby, 2022).

Therefore, leaf leather is an innovative, nature-inspired material that

promotes compassion by using plant-based alternatives instead of animal products.

The initiative supports the vegan community, addressing the scarcity of plant-based

leather options. The focus is on conscious consumption, with a collection expansion

emphasizing the Teak leaf style to encapsulate and preserve the essence of nature

in their products (Joe,2017).

Indeed, cork fabric offers a sustainable and versatile alternative to traditional

materials like leather or vinyl. Its environmentally friendly and hypoallergenic qualities

make it a popular choice for various applications, from handmade bags and wallets
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to clothing accents and upholstery. The soft, smooth, and pliable texture, similar to

quality leather, adds to its appeal, making it suitable for a wide range of creative

projects (Admin, 2023).

Also, Piñatex, a locally sustainable vegan leather crafted from recycled

pineapple crops, stands out for its eco-friendly approach. Unlike alternatives often

derived from plastics, Piñatex ingeniously utilizes recyclable portions of the

pineapple plant as a natural raw material. This not only promotes sustainability but

also addresses concerns such as protecting local farming communities, animal

rights, reducing toxic manufacturing materials, and recycling surplus crops, making

Piñatex an ideal choice for ethical shoppers (Nicoletti, 2021).

In summary, the pressing demand for sustainable alternatives in the leather

industry is the reason for investigating the viability and characteristics of leather

derived from aloe vera. Conventional leather production frequently uses excessive

amounts of resources and dangerous chemical treatments, among other practices.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether aloe vera, a plentiful and natural

resource, can be used to make a workable substitute material. This project aims to

provide a sustainable solution that lessens environmental impact, encourages ethical

manufacturing methods, and satisfies the growing demand for eco-friendly products

across a range of industries by evaluating its viability and qualities. Additionally, this

investigation tackles the need for more environmentally friendly methods in the

leather sector, in line with international initiatives for responsible production and

environmental preservation.
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Procedure

Collection of Rinsing of Aloe

START
Aloe Vera Vera

Breaking down into Slicing into square

tiny pieces shapes

Oven FINISH

1. Collection of Aloe Vera: Mature aloe vera leaves are harvested from the

plant. The leaves are typically thick and flesh.

2. Rinsing Aloe Vera: After harvesting, the aloe vera leaves are rinsed with

water to remove any dirt and impurities. This step is crucial to ensure that only

clean aloe vera is used in the process.

3. Slicing into Square Shapes: Cut the cleaned Aloe Vera leaves into square

or rectangular shapes to facilitate easier blending during the processing

stage.

4. Breaking down into tiny pieces. This process will help to make aloe vera

into liquid consistency.

5. Oven. Controlled heat helps in shaping, finishing, and enhancing the

properties of leather, ensuring it meets desired specifications during the

manufacturing process.
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Project Objectives

This study aims to analyze Aloe Vera-based leather's durability, strength, and

overall quality, focusing on its suitability for various applications.

Specifically the study aims:

1. To innovate alternative leather that satisfies the increasing demand for

sustainable and cruelty-free options.

2. To test the confortability of aloe vera based leather.

3. To identify the necessary quantity of aloe vera to make leather.

Project Significance

This exploration addresses environmental concerns in the leather industry by

investigating a natural, eco-friendly material that could reduce reliance on

traditional leather, potentially lowering environmental impact, and promoting

sustainable practices. This research could lead to innovative solutions for the

fashion and leather industries, promoting eco-conscious alternatives, which could

be beneficial to the following:

Community, the production of Aloe Vera-based leather could create

employment opportunities within the community, ranging from farming Aloe Vera

plants to processing and manufacturing the leather.

Learners, the study offers an educational insight into the potential of natural

resources for creating eco-friendly alternatives in industries traditionally reliant on

non-renewable materials.
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Manufacturer, This alternative could reduce the environmental impact of

traditional leather production, meeting consumer preferences for environmentally

conscious products. Additionally, it might open new markets, catering to individuals

seeking sustainable, cruelty-free, and innovative materials in various industries like

fashion, automotive, and furniture.

Future Researchers, This study might inspire innovative approaches,

encouraging researchers to expand on the concept, refine production techniques,

and explore similar natural resources for sustainable material development.

Fashion Industries, Plant-based leather production reduces harmful

chemicals, water usage, and greenhouse gas emissions, promoting sustainability

and animal welfare in the fashion industry.

Scope and Delimitation

This study aims to fully explore the suitability of Aloe Vera-based leather

for a variety of leather industry applications, this study carefully examines the

robustness, longevity, and general quality of the material.

This study focuses on spearhead innovation in leather production by

concentrating on the development of aloe vera-based leather. Through dedicated

exploration and analysis, it seeks to contribute valuable insights, potentially paving

the way for sustainable alternatives within the leather industry.

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Methodology

This research, conducted at Angeles City National High School Senior High

School, delves into the realm of sustainable material choices by employing an

experimental approach to evaluate the viability of Aloe Vera as an alternative to

traditional leather. Moreover, the study emphasizes ethical considerations,

adhering to Republic Act 10173, the Data Privacy Act of 2012, to ensure participant

data security and safety. Transparent communication of procedures and goals

underscores the researchers' commitment to the highest ethical standards,

prioritizing the welfare of participants and the school community over personal

interests and ensuring the study's ethical and responsible conduct.

Research Design

This study uses an experimental research approach to investigate the

feasibility and efficacy of using Aloe Vera as a feasible alternative to traditional

leather. According to Saigo (2023), experimental research design is a study

approach that is used to explore the interaction between independent and

dependent variables in order to discover a cause-and-effect connection. The

research aims to not only evaluate the feasibility of Aloe Vera in leather

manufacturing but also to provide nuanced insights into its possible advantages

and limitations via scientific testing and extensive data analysis. This holistic

approach seeks to broaden our understanding of sustainable material choices,

while also offering essential insights to the changing landscape of environmentally

responsible practices in the leather business.

Project Locale
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The locale of this study was at Angeles City National High School Senior

High School in Angeles City, Pampanga. The respondents were from the fashion

industry with the total population of 30 . This study was conducted within the school

facilities.

Statistical Treatment/ Data Analysis Method

In this study, the researcher would employ frequency, mode, median, and

Standard deviation.

Frequency and Percentage Distribution. Used to calculate the percentage usually

For data on profile.

The formula applied will be:

% = (f / n) × 100

Where: n = total amount of items in your data

F = frequency (the number of times the item appears)

Mean. The sum of all values divided by the total number of values.

The formula applied will be:

𝑋̅ = ∑ 𝑋/𝑁

Where: 𝑋̅ = sample mean

∑ 𝑋 = sum of each value in the sample

N = number of values in the population

Standard deviation. This represents the dataset’s average degree of variability. It tells

how far each value deviates from the mean on average.

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𝑠 = √∑(𝑋 – 𝑥̅) /2𝑛 – 1

Where: s = sample standard deviation

∑ = sum of…

X = each value

𝑋̅ = sample mean

N = number of values in the sample

Ethical Considerations

The researchers make sure to adhere to Republic Act 10173, also known

as the Data Privacy Act of 2012, to ensure the security of participant data. They

are free from any potential harm and aware of the purpose of the study. The

procedures involved, goal, and aim of this study have been explained to each and

every participant. They are therefore free to decline participation in this study if it

makes them uncomfortable, and they are not obligated to participate. The

researchers pledged to maintain the highest standards of personal behavior and

act honorably in all of our professional interactions and undertakings. Let our words

and deeds be sincere. Let the school's overall welfare guide our actions and

decisions rather than our own self-interest. And to reassure that the research is

conducted in an ethical and responsible manner.

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Admin. (2023, June 24). Cork Leather - Vegan Leather Supplier - HZCORK.

HZCORK. https://www.hzcork.com/cork-fabric-2/cork-leather/

China, C. R., Maguta, M. M., Nyandoro, S. S., Hilonga, A., Kanth, S. V., & Njau, K.

N. (2020). Alternative tanning technologies and their suitability in curbing

environmental pollution from the leather industry: A comprehensive review.

Chemosphere,254,126804.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0045653520309978?via

%3Dihub

Desserto. (n.d.). DESSERTO. DESSERTO. https://desserto.com.mx/adriano-di-

marti-1

Dev, D. (2020, November 16). The Wonders of aloe vera – NOVUHAIR®.

NOVUHAIR®. https://www.novuhair.com/wonders-aloe-vera/
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Dreesmann, M. (2023, May 17). Full grain leather: timeless elegance and quality for

bags, wallets, belts, and more. Manuel-dreesmann. https://shorturl.at/iACQY

Environmental Hazarads of Leather | PETA (2022, October 17). PETA.

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Outlook & Forecast. 6Wresearch. https://www.6wresearch.com/industry-

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