Section 2

Seerah of the Prophet (SAW)

Prophet Muhammad (SAW) as a role model for;
1. Individual
2. Educator
3. Military Strategist
4. Diplomat
5. Peace Maker
Past Paper Questions
1. Describe the characteristics of Military strategist in the light of Sirah of Muhammad
(PBUH) with arguments. (2016)
2. Elucidate how the Prophet of Islam (Peace be upon him) exemplified him as the greatest
Peace maker in the world by making reconciliation with pagans, Jews and Christians.
(2017)
3. The Holy Prophet is the prophet of peace and safety. Explain with arguments. (2018)
4. Give a general estimate of Holy Prophet’s (PBUH) character in the battle fields as
commander. (2019).
5. Discuss the status and grade of “Tolerance and Forgiveness” in the life of the Holy
Prophet. (2020)
6. Explain the doctrine of prophet hood and its importance in human life (2022) Describe
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as a prophet for peace for the contemporary transnational
world. (2022)
7. Describe Holy Prophet’s (pbuh) role as a model for military strategy. (2023)
8.
 INTRODUCTION (can be applied for each aspect)
The main textbook of Islam is the Quran. The Quran must be taught to us by a 'person'.
Whenever Allah sent one of His books, He sent a Prophet along with it so that he could teach it
to the people.
The Qur’an is this pure message that was revealed to Muhammad 1400 years ago. These are the
words of Allah that were sent to the prophet Muhammad (pbuh). Allah has guarded it and kept it
pure from changes and errors. The purpose or mission of the prophet (pbuh) was to deliver this
message to Mankind and to follow its teachings.
The greatest role model in the world ever recorded who was Successful on religious as well as
secular level.
The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was kind and honest. He looked after his family and friends. He
had good character and respected the elders. He looked after the orphans and the poor. He was
concerned for the wellbeing of all people. He never stole or swore at anyone. He was loved and
respected by everyone – the Muslims and the non-Muslims.
The prophet’s character and actions are also recorded in the Hadith books which give us an
insight into this great man.
 Mufti Shafi Usmani in his Tafseer, "Ma'arif ul Quran" says that “only a human can
teach and train another human.”
Many people try and follow the example of the prophet (pbuh); indeed, he is a role model for all
Muslims.
 A person asked Aisha R.A. about the character of the Prophet SAW. She said:
"Don't you read the Quran?" The person replied positively. Upon this she said:
"The character of the Prophet SAW was the Quran." (Muslim 746)
Therefore, the Prophet SAW was Quran personified.
The Quran gives various commandments such as daily prayers, fasting, zakat etc. but does not
tell us how to perform them. The Prophet SAW tells us how.

‫َيٰٓـَأُّيَها ٱَّلِذ يَن َء اَم ُنٓو ۟ا َأِط يُعو۟ا ٱَهَّلل َو َأِط يُعو۟ا ٱلَّرُس وَل‬
 "O you who believe, obey Allah and obey the Messenger" (An-Nisaa 59).

‫َّلَقْد َك اَن َلُك ْم ِفي َر ُس وِل ِهَّللا ُأْس َو ٌة َح َس َنٌة‬

 "There is indeed a good model for you in the Messenger of Allah - for the one who
has hope in Allah and the Last day, and remembers Allah profusely." (Al-Ahzab 21)

 “We sent you (Muhammad) not but as a blessing for the universe”. (21 : 107).
 Role Model for an Individual
A person of high moral values as acknowledged by Allah:
The Prophet of Islam, from the aspect of ethics was the most eminent of men and a perfect
human being. He possessed all the good qualities for perfection and was pure of all evils and bad
manners. He (PBUH) was having such excellent morals that Quran has praised him:
٤ ‫“َو ِإَّنَك َلَع َلٰى ُخ ُلٍق َع ِظ يٍۢم‬
 And you are surely on an excellent standard of character.” (Al-Qalam)
‘Trustworthiness’ and ‘Honesty’ as declared by the pagans of Makkah.
Muhammad proved by his living example that he was the most truthful and honest person of his
age. Owing to his honest and fair dealings with all people, he became well-known and respected.
Every Makan, rich or poor, Muslims and non-Muslims knew him as As-Sadiq (the Truthful)
and Al-Amin (the Trustworthy).
 Issue of settling of Black Stone
“When Muhammad (PBUH) was yet a young man, the Ka`bah was rebuilt. A dispute arose
among the various tribes of Makkah as to who should have the honor of laying the Black Stone
in its place in the Ka`bah. They decided that the first one to enter the Ka`bah the next morning
would settle the dispute. Muhammad was the first to enter that morning and when the people saw
him, they were all very happy that Al-Amin and As-Sadiq had come and would be the one to
decide. He put the Black Stone on a cloth so that every tribe could hold the cloth and help to lift
the stone, which he then set in place.”
His wife Khadija (RA) testified to his truth as soon as she heard the news of the revelation from
God.
 Allah knows best whom to entrust with His message. (Surah Al An’am 6:124)
It contains a subtle answer to the objection raised by the chiefs of the Quraish: Why has Allah
appointed this man, the Prophet (peace be upon him) to the office of Prophethood, when he is in
no way superior to us.
 Prophet’s speech on Mount Safa
The Prophet once gathered all the people of the Quraysh near Mount Safa and asked them, “O
Quraysh! If I say that an army is advancing on you from behind the mountains, will you believe
me?” All said in one voice, “Yes, because we have never heard you telling a lie.”
As an ideal Spouse:
He helped them with household chores. He milked the goats, mended his shoes and did not
transfer the burden of his tasks on others. He fed the animals, swept the house, tied the camels,
ate with his servants, kneaded the dough and purchased groceries.
He (PBUH) had 11 wives in total, 9 at a time and dealt equally with all of them. He was so
kind and tolerant with his wives and kept all of them happy.
 Specific time between Asr and Maghrib for his wives
Ever smiling face
 Incident with Omar R.A
Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas described his kindness as follows:
`Umar said: One day I went to the Prophet and saw him smiling. “May God, make you smile
forever, O Messenger of God,” I said, and asked why he was smiling. “I smile at those women.
They were chatting in front of me before you came. When they heard your voice, they all
vanished,” he answered still smiling. On hearing this answer, I raised my voice and told them,
“O enemies of your own selves, you are scared of me, but you are not scared of the Messenger of
God, and you don’t show respect to him.” “You are hard-hearted and strict,” they replied. (Al-
Bukhari)
 The Prophet consulted with his wives. The Messenger discussed matters with his wives
as friends just to set an example for other men of the world.
A Kind father
It is narrated in Muslim by Hazrat Anas bin Malik (ra), who served Prophet Muhammed ‫ﷺ‬
for ten continuous years, as saying: “I have never seen a man who was more compassionate to
his family members than Prophet Muhammed ‫ﷺ‬.”
 Whenever one of them is given the good news of a daughter's birth, his face
darkens, and he fills with bottled-up anger. (Surah Al Nahl/The bee 16:58)
 Moulana Hali on the treatment of daughter before Islam
‫جاہلیت کے زمانہ میں یہ تھی رسم عرب‬
‫کہ کسی گھر میں اگر ہوتی تھی پیدا دختر‬
‫سنگ دل باپ ُاسے گود سے لیکر ماں کی‬
‫گاڑ دیتا تھا زمیں میں کہیں زندہ جا کر‬
 His attitude towards Fatimah R.A
Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her) said, “When Prophet Muhammed’s daughter Fatima (may
Allah be pleased with her) entered upon Prophet Muhammed (peace be upon him), Prophet
Muhammed used to stand for her, kiss her and make her sit where he was sitting.” [related by At-
Tirmidhi].
 The way he disciplined his children
Prophet Muhammed (peace be upon him) said, I swear by Allah, if Fatima the daughter of
Muhammed stole anything, I would cut her hand off [related by Al-Bukhari and Muslim].
 Zaid bin Thabit R.A
A Loving Grandfather
 His attitude towards Hassan & Hussain R.A
Prophet Muhammed kissed Al-Hussain, his daughter’s son, hugged him and smelt him fondly in
front of one man from the Ansar (the Helpers of Madinah). The man was very surprised at
Prophet Muhammed’s actions and told him, “I have adult sons who I have never kissed.” Prophet
Muhammed (peace be upon him) said, what can I do if Allah has removed mercy from your
heart?! [related by Al-Hakim].
 During prayers
‘I raised my head and [saw] the young boy on Prophet Muhammed’s back when he was in the
prostration position, so I returned to continue prostrating.’ When Prophet Muhammed (peace be
upon him) had finished praying, the people asked him, ‘Oh Prophet Muhammed, you stayed in
prostration for such a long time when you led us in prayer that we thought something was wrong
with you, or Allah was sending revelation to you!’ Prophet Muhammed said, ‘That is not why [I
prostrated so long]; my son was climbing on top of me, and I did not want to rush him [to climb
down] until he was satisfied!!’ [related by An-Nisa’i].
A Friendly Father-in-law
 Incident with Ali and Fatimah R.A when the two quarreled
Narrated Sahl bin Sa`d:
Allah’s Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬went to Fatima’s house but did not find `Ali there. So, he asked,
“Where is Ali (RA)?” She replied, “There was something between us and he got angry with me
and went out. He did not sleep (midday nap) in the house.” Allah’s Messenger ( ‫ )ﷺ‬asked a
person to look for him. That person came and said, “O Allah’s Messenger (‫ !)ﷺ‬He (Ali) is
sleeping in the mosque.” Allah’s Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬went there and `Ali was lying. His upper
body cover had fallen down to one side of his body, and he was covered with dust. Allah’s
Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬started cleaning the dust from him saying: “Get up! O Aba Turab. Get up! O
Aba Turab (literally means: O father of dust).
(Sahih al-Bukhari Vol.1:441)
A Considerate Neighbor
He emphasized so much on the rights of neighbors that his companions were of the impression
that they might be included in the heirs of a deceased.
 In a hadith narrated by `A’ishah (RA) Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said, “Gabriel
continued to advise me to treat neighbors well until I thought he would make them
my heirs” [Muslim]. This clearly indicates that neighbors’ rights are indeed great.
It is advised to cook more broth while cooking so that it can be given to the deserving
neighbors.
 Abu Dhar, RadhiAllahu Anhu, one of the close Companions, was told by Prophet
Muhammad (SallAllahu Alayhi Wa Sallam) to add extra water to his broth to be able
to offer some to his neighbors.
Today, in a time when old people die alone and forgotten, and when our neighbors both near and
far go hungry whilst we have food, we would do well to remember the examples set by our
righteous predecessors.
 Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) stated: “A man is not a believer who fills his stomach
while his neighbor is hungry.”
 In a hadith, he (PBUH) reportedly said, “Whoever believes in Allah and the Last Day,
let him not harm or annoy his neighbor.”
A Perfect Friend/companions:
 Routine after Fajr
Allah (Glorified is He) described the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) as being tender
and easy with his friends and used to joke with them too.
 Allah (Glorified is He) says, “It is a mercy from Allah that you were gentle with
them. If you had been rough or hard of heart, they would have scattered from
around you.” [Surah Al-Imran: 159].
Solve misunderstandings between his Companions and fulfill their needs
 Some of his Companions said, ‘But you joke with us?!’ The Messenger of Allah
(peace be upon him) replied, ‘I do not say anything but the truth’ as reported by Abu
Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him).
Grateful
Taught to say Jazak Allah
 “He who is not grateful to others is in fact not grateful to Allah.” (Sunan al-
Tirmidhī)
Journey to Taif
 Our Holy Prophet Muhammad (pbuh&hp) is reported to have said, “Oh Abu Dharr!
Value and revere five things before five others (happen).
1. Your youth before your old age.
2. Your health before your ailment.
3. Your wealth before your poverty.
4. Your leisure time before getting busy.
5. Your life before your death.”
When we appreciate these favors, God reminds us in the Holy Quran, that He will give us more.
 “Remember when your Lord said to you, ‘If you give thanks, I shall give you
greater (favors).” (14:7)
Patient
  “No Prophet has been tested as much as I am”.
 His patience in Makkah
Years of Sorrow (7th – 10th Nabbawi)
 On the 10th day of Ramadan, of the tenth year of Muhammad’s (‫ )ﷺ‬prophethood and
three years before his Hijrah (or migration to Al-Madinah), Khadijah bint Khuwaylid
(RA) was chosen by Allah (SWT) to return to Him. During that same year, and one
month exactly after her death, the Prophet’s (‫ )ﷺ‬dear uncle and guardian Abu Talib
(AS) sadly passed away. The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬was so overwhelmed with great grief, he
referred to the year of their tragic deaths as ‘The Year of Sorrow’, (Aa’m ul Hozn).
 God, the Almighty, reminds us, “We shall test you through fear, hunger, loss of life,
property, and crops. (Muhammad), give glad news to the people who have patience
(2:155) and [they are those who if affected with] difficulty say, ‘We are the servants of
God and to Him we shall all return.” (2:156)
Patience has great status in the sight of Allah Almighty. There are more than ninety verses in the
Holy Quran about the virtues and benefits of patience.
(2:153) ٢:١٥٣ ‫ِإَّن َهّللا َم َع الَّص اِبِر يَن‬
 “Indeed, Allah is with the patient “
A Caring Human Being
The Prophet Muhammad taught love, kindness and compassion to his people, and was seen to be
the most loving, kind, and compassionate of all of them.
His attitude with slaves (Made Zaid bin Haritha his son)
 “Your slaves, your slaves, your slaves, feed them from the same food you eat, clothe
them from the same clothes you wear, and do not torture the creation of Allah Almighty.”
Towards needy/poor
 Once He said to his wife: “0 ‘A’ishah! Never turn away any needy man from your door
empty-handed.”
 “You cannot reach the peak of Imaan until you choose for your brother what you choose
for yourself.”
Took Utmost Care of his Hygiene
 White color was his favorite and used to keep it clean
 Regular use of Miswak
 Regular oiling and combing of his hair and beard
 Purity is half the faith
Forgiving:
‫َفاْعُف َع ْنُهْم َو اْص َفْح ِإَّن َهَّللا ُيِح ُّب اْلُم ْح ِسِنيَن‬
“…so, pardon them and turn away; surely Allah loves those who do good (to others).” (5:13)
 ‫َو ْلَيْع ُفوْا َو ْلَيْص َفُحوْا َأاَل ُتِح ُّبوَن َأن َيْغ ِفَر ُهَّللا َلُك ْم‬
“…and they should pardon and turn away. Do you not love that Allah should forgive you?”
(24:22)
Respecting parents and elders
 Bahz b. Hakim, on his father’s authority, said that his grandfather told him that he had
asked Allah’s Messenger to whom he should show kindness and that the Prophet had
replied: “Your mother.” He asked who came next and he replied: “Your mother.” He
asked who came next and he replied for the third time: “Your mother.” He again asked
who came next and he replied: “Your father, then your relatives in order of relationship”
(Abu dawud, 5120).
Justice:

‫ِإَّن َهَّللا َيْأُم ُر ِباْلَع ْد ِل َو اِإْل ْح َس ِن‬

“Surely Allah enjoins the doing of justice and the doing of good (to others) …” (16:90)
A Balanced Personality
 A devoted worshiper
 A family guy
 A friend in need
 Perfect preacher
 Role Model for an Educator
The main textbook of Islam is the Quran. The Quran must be taught to us by a ‘person’.
Whenever Allah sent one of His books, He sent a Prophet along with it so that he could teach it
to the people.
The Qur’an is this pure message that was revealed to Muhammad 1400 years ago, the greatest
role model in the world ever recorded who was Successful on religious as well as secular level.
The prophet’s character and actions are also recorded in the Hadith books which give us an
insight into this great man.
Mufti Shafi Usmani in his Tafseer, “Ma’arif ul Quran” says that “only a human can teach
and train another human.”
Importance of Education:
The importance of education and the profession of teaching is evident as Prophet Muhammad
PBUH called himself “Muallim: teacher” and sent by Allah to spread His message in the world.
The Quran gives various commandments such as daily prayers, fasting, zakat etc. but does not
tell us how to perform them. The Prophet SAW tells us how as One of the primary duties of the
Prophet SAW is:
‫َو ِإَّنَم ا ُبِع ْثُت ُمَع ِّلًم ا‬
“I have been sent as a teacher.” (Daarmi)
He (PBUH) presented religion as a religious obligation and taught duas to increase knowledge.
He (PBUH) used to welcome students with open arms, which resulted in mutual respect and was
a source of motivation to learn more.
Its importance can also be observed through Prophet (PBUH)’s act of sending his companions
to other areas for the sake of preaching and teaching
Companions Area for preaching and Teaching
1. Ma’az (RA) Yemen
2. Mus’ab bin Umair Madinah
Graduates of Suffa
Masjid e Nabavi as a center for learning (Suffa).
 Bilal,
 Ammar,
 Khabbab,
 Abdullah bin Masood,
  Abu Hurairah R.A.
The first verses of the Quran began with the word:
 “Read. Read in the name of thy Lord who created…”
The Qur’an says.
 “Are those who have knowledge equal to those who do not have knowledge?!”
(39:9).
The Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him and his progeny) has also emphasized the importance
of Seeking knowledge in different ways:
 “Seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave.”
Education without Gender Discrimination:
The first word revealed of the Qur’an was “Iqra” meaning “proclaim” or “Read”. Knowledge
is an important part of the Islamic faith, and the Qur’an makes no distinction between the pursuit
of education and acquisition of knowledge for men and women; it is a duty for every Muslim.
Education is a fundamental human right for all.

 “Seeking knowledge is obligatory on every Muslim male and female.” (Muslim)

The pre-Islamic period is referred to as al-jahiliyah, which means “the period of ignorance.” In
the pre-Islamic Arabia, women were treated as subordinate to men. Basically, women enjoyed no
rights; they could be inherited as possessions or enslaved. According to the Qur’an, Arabs during
jahiliyah would bury their daughters alive. The Prophet Muhammad and the Qur’anic revelations
had a powerful role in changing the social position of women.

 Primary reason to marry Aisha R.A. was to expand knowledge to women

Promoted Writing as Part of Learning:

 “Preserve knowledge with the help of your hand.” (Tirmizi)

 Read in the name of thy Lord who taught by the pen.” (96: 1-5).
 Compilation of Quran
The Quran was not in one place, and during wars against pretenders of Prophet many Hafizes e
Quran were martyred. So, Abu Bakr (RA) asked everyone to bring the pieces they have so we
can compile, but the condition was to bring two Witnesses as well. For this task Hazrat Umer
(RA) was made the leader.
Encouraged Contemporary Education as Well:

Companions Expertise

1 Umar R.A. Expert in the knowledge of stars (navigation)

2 Abubakar R.A. Expert in family trees

 3 Zaid bin Thabit and Abdullah Expert in languages
bin Zubair
“The Prophet SAW himself asked Zaid to learn
Hebrew language”

Encouraged Physical Knowledge:

 Swimming, archery, horse riding

Kids used to wrestle in front of him

 “The stronger believer is better and more beloved to Allah than the weak believer,
although both are good.” (Ibn Maajah)
Taught Manners & Etiquettes:

 “Umar bin Abi Salama says: I was a boy under the care of Allah’s Messenger and my
hand used to go around the dish while I was eating. So, Allah’s Messenger said to me, ‘O
boy! Mention the Name of Allah and eat with your right hand, and eat of the dish what is
nearer to you.“
Ordered Expansion of Knowledge

 “Pass on information from me, even if it is only a verse of the Qur’an.” (Mishkat)
_____________________________________:
The Prophet did not only preach about the importance of knowledge, he also gave examples of
promoting knowledge. In the very first battle between the Muslims and unbelievers or Mecca,
known as the war of Badr, the Muslims gain victory and caught seventy kuffars as prisoners of
war. One of the criteria of releasing the POWs devised by the Prophet was that those who were
literate among the prisoners could go free if they teach ten Muslim children how to read and
write.
 Role Model for a Military Strategist
Introduction:
The word; ‘Jihad’ in literal sense means utilizing one’s all strength for the sake of Islam.
Can be through knowledge as well as waging war against non-Muslims
Jihad will only be considered actual Jihad if it is for the sake of Allah
“A man asked the Messenger of Allah about fighting in the way of Allah, the Exalted and
Majestic, a man who fights out of rage or out of family pride. He raised his head towards him-
and he did so because the man was standing and said: “Who fights that the word of Allah be
exalted fights in the way of Allah.” (Muslim)
The Prophet also emphasized that a win in battlefield will only be by the grace of the All-
Mighty. Himself remained in dua during the battle of Badr
Taught Manners of War to his Companions (Al-Anfal: 45 – 47):

 Stand firm
 Remember Allah
 Obedience to Allah and His Messenger SAW
 Do not dispute
 Patience
 Do not boast
1.Used to consult his companions before every battle:

Badr Whether to fight or not

Uhud Whether to fight inside or outside Madinah

Khandaq How to tackle the large numbers of the enemy

2.Espionage & Intelligence activities:

 Acted as a spy himself before Badr

 Sent Huzaifa R.A as a spy during Khandaq
 Dr. Hamidullah’s paper; “Military intelligence during the lifetime of the Prophet
SAW”
3. Extremely Secretive:
 - Never used to describe his route except to the closest of his companions
4. A staunch believer in Meritocracy:
- The commanders appointed were always those who had expertise in military expeditions,
even if they accepted Islam late, such as Khalid bin Waleed and Amar bin Aas R.A
- Appointed Usama bin Zaid R.A as a commander of an extremely important battle even
though he was just 18 years old, and even though the army consisted of many senior
companions.
5. Acknowledged the fact that the use of trickery is valid in war:
- All war is cunning
- One of the main reasons behind victory in Khandaq
6. Encouraged and commanded material preparation for a war:
- “Prepare against them whatever force you can, and the trained horses whereby you frighten
Allah’s enemy and your own enemy.” (Al-Anfal – 60)
- Called for donations before Tabuk expedition
7. Praised his companions who fought bravely:
- What he said to Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas during Uhud
8. Accepted innovative ways of battle even if they were invented by non-Muslims:
- The digging of trench in Khandaq
- Use of catapult during the siege of Taif
 Role Model for a Diplomat
Diplomacy – the profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations, typically by a
country’s representatives abroad.
Islamic approach to diplomacy prioritizes:

 Justice and fairness

 Compassion and mercy

 importance of maintaining good relationships between nations
 avoiding conflict and promoting peace
 promoting mutual understanding and cooperation between nations
The Prophet (PBUH) set the perfect standards for the conduct of diplomats. The Prophet SAW
was a highly skilled diplomat who portrayed his diplomatic activities during his propagation of
Islam through

 writing letters,
 Visiting them personally,
 sending gifts and
 ambassadors to other tribes and countries.
While he remained diplomatic in Makkah as well, his actual prowess in diplomacy was seen after
his migration to Madinah when he himself established an Islamic state.
Diplomatic Activities in Makkah:
Hilf ul Fudool:
Hilf ul Fudool was perhaps the first attempt of Muhammad (PBUH) to resolve the conflict by
peaceful means between two Quraysh tribes. He had Single point agenda; “the oppressed will
be provided with justice.” The Prophet SAW was a part of it while he was a teenager, and
remained honored all his life to have been a part of such a pact. Used to say that if I were called
to another such pact, I’ll surely attend it.
Declaration of Prophet hood:
The Prophet (PBUH) naturally initiated his sacred mission right from home and then moved to
the people closely associated with him. He invited his family members over a meal to talk to
them about Allah and his prophet Hood.

 First woman to accept Islam: Hazrat Khadija (RA)

 Free slave of Prophet PBUH: Zaid bin Haritha
Moved from family members to close kinspeople, and lastly, he gathered everyone at Makkah
and tried to convince them of his prophet hood at Mount Safa. Even though he faced severe harm
from non-believers but continued to preach openly.
Constant contact with pilgrims who came to Makkah in Zil Hijjah:
Makkah has always been religiously scared, so pilgrims used to come.
Prophet (PBUH) used to feed them properly.
Displayed height of tolerance & patience:
Quraysh tried their best to stop Him (PBUH) from open preaching but calling him with different
names in front of other people like;

 Kahin - soothsayer
 Majnun - possessed by jinn
 Poet
 Accusing of practicing witchcraft, etc.
Nevertheless, Muhammad (PBUH) managed to create a stir in the whole area through his act of
tolerance and patience and convince a few people to accept his call.
Two Aqabah Pledges - showing mastery level of diplomatic skills

 1st Pledge – 12th Nabavi;

12 people from Madinah accepted Islam after encountering Muhammad PBUH and being
impressed by his message and character.

 2nd Pledge – 13th Nabavi;

Following the first pledge, Prophet Muhammad PBUH send a Muslim ambassador
“Musab ibn Umair” to Medina. 75 people from Madinah accepted Islam and invited the
Prophet SAW to their town. The Prophet asked them for complete submission, and in
return, assured them that he would always remain with them. Appointed 12
representatives from each of the 12 tribes in Madinah.
Adopted Policy of Confidentiality:
Since the Prophet had to deal with different tribes and clans, He used a policy of complete
confidentiality. On several occasions, he kept his decisions completely to himself. He did not
entrust his important decisions, but only to the nearest few. The policy of confidentiality has two
dimensions.

 Complete secrecy about the important decisions.

 Exile-To stamp out distrustflu1 elements from the center of the state.
Before the conquest of Makah; the Prophet blockaded the gateways to Medina and posted armed
men to ensure that no one entered or left the city; for there was a danger of leakage of news
about the preparations of war. The nature of secrecy can be judged from the fact that even Abu
Bakar was unaware of the destination of the forthcoming expedition.
Policy of Appeasement 33 (Moallafat ul Quloob):
The policy of moallafat ul quloob means to appease the targeted people by financial and ethical
means. This strategy was for both; the Muslims and the non- Muslims. Financial moallafat ul
quloob was offered to four types of people;

 First, to form alliances with the non-Muslims.

 Secondly, to neutralize the adversary elements.
 Fourthly, to aid the new-Muslims to strengthen their loyalty, and then to make them a
role model for their family and clans.
Diplomatic Activities at Madinah
Charter of Madinah-
A written constitution between him and his companions consisting of 25 articles. Many modern
scholars have termed it as the first ever written constitution in human history
st
 1 article ensured unity, and the last article confirmed the Prophet’s person as the final
authority.
 Second charter included the Jews living in the outskirts of Madinah
 Added 24 articles
The Charter of Medina is a great diplomatic success of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), as apart from
ensuring fundamental rights of all the communities, it also included clauses for joint/collective
security and defence of Medina. It declared that safety/defence of city-state of Medina in case of
foreign aggression would be joint responsibility of all communities residing in Medina
irrespective of their religion, cast and creed.
In such a manner, he succeeded in creating Madinah a multi-religious, multi-cultural and multi-
tribal society.
Effective Foreign Policy
Aim was to secure Muslims
Umar R.A was given charge
3 principles of foreign policy

 Da’wah
 Peace
 Recognition of Muslims as a force to be reckoned with
Treaty of Hudaibiyyah- a deep diplomatic inside to tackle conflict:
Even in Medina, the Muslims were not left to live in peace; the Makan infidels continued
creating problems for them. But the Prophet (PBUH) used his great diplomatic acumen and
military genius for successfully defending Medina. In 628 AD, the Prophet (PBUH) left Medina
for Makkah along with 1400 companions to perform Umrah. But when they reached
‘Hudaibiya’— a place near Makkah — they came to know that the Makkans were coming out of
city for a war. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) stopped there and sent Hazrat Usman-e-Ghani as his
envoy for holding parleys with the Makkans. After hectic deliberations and diplomatic
maneuvering, a written agreement was signed between Muslims and infidels that the history
knows from the name of the Treaty of Hudaibiya.
The mere fact that there was a treaty helped in building a recognition of Muslims. On the outset,
it was against the Muslims, but it proved to be more beneficial for them.
“Although many clauses of that agreement were, apparently, not favorable to Muslims
and some companions of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) even showed concerns over those, but on
account of their diplomatic viability, the Prophet (PBUH) went on to conclude the agreement.”
Correspondence with other Kings and Rulers:
Another glorifying example of Prophet’s (PBUH) great diplomatic skills in his letters that he sent
to the rulers of important empires and kingdoms of that time. These letters were sent in 629 AD
i.e. one year prior to the Conquest of Makkah, to the rulers of Rome, Persia, Egypt, Abyssinia,
Bahrain, Yemen and Syria. These properly stamped and sealed letters were sent though special
emissaries who knew the language of the area where they were sent to — a fundamental
principle of diplomacy. Those letters had far-reaching effects on the subsequent relations of
Muslims with foreign powers.
Sent his messengers along with gifts. Heavily emphasized on this practice.

 First, through those letters message of Islam spread to foreign lands.

 Secondly, the influential rulers of world came to know about emergence of Islam and
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), and some of them like rulers of Abyssinia and Yemen
embraced Islam.
 Thirdly, through these letters, foreign powers realized that Arabia was a settled land
under a strong central government.

Established a Guesthouse for Guests:

Dressed formally to meet them. They were welcomed warmly and treated in the best possible
manner

Role Model for a Peace Maker

And we have not sent you but as mercy for all worlds.” (Al-Anbiyaa – 107)
The fabric of Islam accentuates the concept of peace as the word “Islam” itself has been derived
from another word “salaam” which means peace and the literal meaning of Islam is to enter
peace. Prophet PBUH always endeavored to maintain peace and tranquility in the Islamic society
like he Remained peaceful at Makkah despite what he and his companions faced at the hands of
Quraish.
When Islam came, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) talked about this in the following words:
“Islam strictly keeps standing all the peace agreements made during the days of
ignorance.”

The Holy Prophet’s (PBUH) Practical Steps For peace/Treaties for

Peacemaking
Hilf ul Fudool:
Hilf ul Fudool was perhaps the first attempt of Muhammad (PBUH) to resolve the conflict by
peaceful means between two Quraysh tribes. chiefs of Makkah to assemble at the house of
“Abdullah bin Jadaan” for an agreement of peace and justice under the Single point agenda;
“The oppressed will be provided with justice.”
The Prophet SAW was a part of it while he was a teenager, and remained honored all his life to
have been a part of such a pact. Used to say that if I were called to another such pact, I’ll surely
attend it.
The Issue of Al Hajr ul Aswad (The Black Stone):
When the Holy Kabbah got damaged due to heavy rainfall and flood, the Quraish and other
tribes of Makkah decided to rebuild it. When they reached the height where Al Hajr ul Aswad
was to be installed, they started disputing to install it.
The issue became so dangerous that swords were drawn, and people took oath to shed blood for
gaining the opportunity to install the Stone.
On the fifth day Abu Umayyah bin Mughirah, the eldest among the Quraish, suggested that the
first man who came the next morning would be accepted as judge.
The next morning it was none but the Holy Prophet (PBUH) who had reached the spot first. He
spread a sheet of cloth, put the stone on it and asked the chief of every tribe to take hold of the
cloth to carry the Stone to its fixed place. He then took the stone himself and installed it. In this
way a great war was averted by the Mercy for the whole mankind.
Established brotherhood between Muhajireen and Ansaar:
First, after the construction of Masjid al-Nabawi, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) established
brotherhood between the Mahajirun of Makkah and the Ansars of Madinah. The basis of it,
according to Ibn Qayyam, was that both the groups would share with each other’s joy and
sorrow.
Its purpose according to Muhammad Ghazzali, was to dilute prejudice and bias of Jahiliyyah.
Charter of Madinah; a successful attempt at ensuring peace:
In Madinah the Holy Prophet (PBUH) had to deal with three types of people: Companions
(Immigrants and helpers), Mushrikeen and Jews. For the establishment of the peaceful and just
order, Allah’s Messenger (PBUH) undertook the great task of uniting all of them in a common
bond. An agreement was made between the Muhajrun, the Ansars and the Jews. This is called
Mithaq ul Madinah (Treaty of Madinah). The main clauses of the treaty for peace were as:

 The righteous believers shall rise against one who transgresses or commits injustice or sin
or spreads mischief among the believers
 And no believer shall kill another believer
 And whoever from among the Jews obeys (our principles of peace and justice) shall be
given help and treated with equity.
 And if anyone attacks (Madinah) they (the Muslims and the Jews) shall help each other.
This is the first written constitution of the world. The Treaty of Madinah built the society of
Madinah on the strong foundations of brotherhood, and it put an end to all discriminations of
caste, color, ethnicity, tribal prejudice.
Peace Treaty of Treaty of Hudaibiyyah with the Quraishis:
The treaty of Hudaybiyah was a ‘No War Pact’ between the people of Makkah and Allah’s
Messenger (PBUH) which took place in 6 A.H. the Prophet (PBUH) left Medina for Makkah
along with 1400 companions to perform Umrah. But when they reached ‘Hudaibiya’— a place
near Makkah — they came to know that the Makkans were coming out of city for a war. After
hectic deliberations and diplomatic maneuvering, a written agreement was signed between
Muslims and infidels. Although, most of its conditions were against the Muslims’ interest, but
the Holy Prophet (PBUH) accepted it just for peace and tranquility.
Prophet Muhammad (s) said, "Never aspire for confronting your enemies (in a fight). Pray to
God to be among those who seek living peacefully with others” [Narrated by Al Bukhari,
Muslim and Abu Dawoud]
The story of a woman who threw garbage on Prophet Muhammad explains the Prophet's
patience and tolerance:
One old woman made a habit of throwing rubbish on the Prophet Muhammad whenever he
passed from her house on the way to the Mosque. Even when the old woman threw rubbish on
him, he would pass silently without showing any anger or annoyance. This was a regular, daily
event. One day when the Holy Prophet was passing by the old woman was not there to throw the
rubbish. He stopped and asked the neighbor about her well-being. The neighbor informed the
Prophet that the old woman was sick in bed. The Prophet politely asked permission to visit the
old woman. When allowed he entered the house, the old woman thought that he had come there
to take his revenge when she was unable to defend herself because of sickness. But the Prophet
assured her that he had come to her, not to take any revenge, but to see her and to look after her
needs.
Promoted peace in his last sermon at Hajj

The Messenger of Islam, Muhammad (PBUH), is introduced to mankind, as the propagator of

the Message of peace and justice. It was due to such Just and merciful nature and character of the
“Prophet of Rahmah”(PBUH) that he succeeded in establishing the greatest ever commonwealth
where the ruler and the ruled were judged by the same law. Prophet Muhammad always
promoted tolerance and inter-communal harmony.

Conclusion (can be applied for each aspect)

Jules Masserman; a psychoanalyst from the U.S

 Laid down a criterion for the assessment of great leadership;

 Provide for the well-being of the led
 Provide a social organization in which people feel secure

 Provide them with one set of beliefs.

“Perhaps the greatest leader of all times was Muhammad.” (Time Magazine, July1974)
Thomas Carlyle; a Scottish historian
“He was just, truthful, smart, pure, magnanimous and present-minded; his face was radiant as if
he had lights within him to illuminate the darkest of nights; he was a great man by nature who
was not educated in a school nor nurtured by a teacher as he was not in need of any of this.”
Micheal Hart; American astrophysicist
Wrote; “The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History”
Ranked Muhammad first
“My choice of Muhammad to lead the list of the world’s most influential persons may surprise
some readers and may be questioned by others, but he was the only man in history who was
supremely successful on both the religious and secular level.”