UTS our physical body, an

What is Philosophy? then, there is also the

Philia- love perfect and permanent,
(strong desire for a
which is the soul.
particular object)
Sophia- wisdom Plato “The soul of a man is immortal
(correct application of and imperishable”
knowledge) Plato further expounded on the idea of
“lover of wisdom” the soul by stating that it has three
parts/components:
Rationalism – regards reason as the 1. the appetitive soul – responsible
chief source and test of knowledge.
for the desires and cravings of a
Philosophers:
Socrates, Plato and person;
Descartes 2. the rational soul – the thinking,
Skepticism – always in doubt and that reasoning, and judging aspect; and
knowledge is 3. the spirited soul – accountable
uncertain. for emotions and also makes sure
Philosophers: that the rules of reason is followed
Humes and Socrates in order to attain victory and/or
Empiricism – all of our knowledge honor.
comes from our ▪ In his work The Republic, he
sensory experience. emphasized that all three parts
Philosophers: of the soul must work
Humes, Locke and harmoniously to attain justice
Aristotle and virtue in a person. The
Naturalism – all beings and events in rational soul must be well-
the universe are developed and in-charge, the
natural. emotions from the spirited soul
Philosophers: are checked, and the desires of
Thales, Anaximander the appetitive must be
controlled and focused to those
Philosophical Perspectives that give life, like eating,
• Socrates: “The only true wisdom is drinking, and sleeping, among
in knowing you know nothing” others.
Socrates saw a person as
dualistic, that is, every Platonic Dualism
person is composed of 1.The Realm of the Shadows
body and soul. (changing sensible things which are
There is an imperfect and lesser entities
impermanent aspect of and therefore imperfect and flawed)
every one of us, which is
2.The Realm of Forms(eternal things
which
are permanent and perfect-the source of
all reality and true knowledge)
St. Augustine “The good man though
a slave, is free; the wicked, though he
reigns, is a slave”
- is considered as
one of the most significant
Christian thinkers, esp. in the
development of the Latin
Christianity theology.
His Philosophy: God encompasses all,
that everything will be better if we are
with God.
René Descartes “I think before I am”
- was a French mathematician,
scientist, and philosopher.
▪ He claimed that the person is
composed of the cogito (the mind), and
the extenza (the body), which is the
extension of the mind.
▪ He argues that a person should only
believe the things that can pass the test
of doubt.
▪ In his “Discourse on the Method” and
“Meditations on First Philosophy”, he
therefore concluded that the only thing
that a person cannot doubt is the
existence of his/her “self”. Because
even doubt about the self proves that
there is a thinking/doubting self (“cogito
ergo sum”)
John Locke “The only fence against
the world is a thorough knowledge of
it”
- was an English philosopher.
▪ His works as a physician provided him
with an idea that deviated from te
duality of the body or soul.
▪ A person’s mind is a blank state
(tabula rasa) at birth; it is through
experiences that this blank state is
filled, and a personal identity or “self’ is
formed.
▪ This “self” cannot be found in the soul
nor the body but in one’s
consciousness (Nimbalkar 2011).
1. Sensation- objects are experience
through the senses.
2. Reflection- the mind looks at the
objects were experienced to discover
relationships that may exists between
them.
David Hume “Be a philosopher; but,
amidst all your philosophy, be still a
man”
- was a Scottish philosopher
and an empiricist who believes that all
concepts, as well as knowledge, come
from the senses and experiences.
▪ He argued that there is no self beyond
what can be experienced.
We do not know others because we
have seen/touched their souls; we know
them because of what we can actually
observe.
▪ This “self” according to him is a
“bundle or collection of different
perceptions,
which succeed each other with an
inconceivable rapidity, and are
Experiences can be categorized into:
1. impressions – real/actual
experiences or sensations like feeling
the rough edges of a stone or tasting a
sweet ice cream
2. ideas – copies of
impressions/representation of
the world and sensations, like love, faith,
oreven an association that this certain
event is caused by something in the
past could possibly create another
reaction in the future.
Immanuel Kant “All our knowledge
begins with senses, turns into
understanding, ends with a reason.
There is nothing higher than reason”
▪ He thinks that reason, not mere
experience, is the
foundation of knowledge. It is like seeing
a visual
effect in television, your experience say
it is there,
but the reason says it is only a
computer-generated
image.
▪ The “self” organizes our experience
into something
meaningful. It can do such thing
because it is independent from sensory
experiences; something that transcends
or is above even our consciousness.
Philosophy: Mind is not just a passive
receiver of sense experience but
rather actively participates in
knowing the objects it
experiences.
Instead of the mind conforming
to the world, it is the external
world that conforms to the mind.
Knowledge is the result of
human understanding applied to
sense experience.
Gilbert Ryle “In searching for the self,
one cannot simultaneously be the
hunter and the hunted”
▪ Ryle do not adhere to the idea of
duality and sees the self as an entirely
of thoughts, emotions and actions of a
person that relates to observable
behavior.
▪ We get to know others by observing
their behavior and inferring about their
“selves”; we can apply the same
observation and reflections on
ourselves.
Philosophy: Once we encounter others,
their perceptions of what we
do, how we act, and the way
we behave will then result to
the understanding of other
people and establishing of
who we are.
Maurice Merleu-Ponty “We know not
through our intellect but through our
experience”
A leading French existentialist and
phenomenologist, also contributes
to the idea by stating that mind
and body are interconnected with
each other and therefore, cannot
be separated.
▪ Our body is our connection to the
external world, including other
people, thus all experiences are
embodied. This also includes the
thoughts and emotions of a
person.
Paul Churchland
A Canadian philosopher known for his
studies in neurophilosophy and the
philosophy of mind (the study of the
philosophy of the mind, the philosophy
of science, neuroscience and
psychology).
- “eliminative materialism” or
“eliminativism” means that the old
 terms we use to describe the
mind are outdated.
▪ If not mere “folk psychology”, thus the
need to use more accurate and
scientifically proven terms,
esp. based onneuroscience research.
▪ Neuroscience somehow shows a
connection of what we call mental states
to that of the physical activities of the
brain.
Patricia Churchland “Brains are not
magical; they are causal machines”
To understand the mind, we must
understand the brain
Patricia claims that man’s brain is
responsible for the identity known as the
self and the biochemical properties of
the brain is really responsible for man’s
thoughts, feelings and behavior.
Lesson 2: The Self, Society, and
Culture
Society, which is defined as a group of
people sharing the same culture
and typically interacting in a
definite territory. Each society has a
culture that has a way of life for those
living in a specific society.
Culture is commonly divided into;
▪ Material culture – attires, tools,
weapons, architectural designs,
religious implements
▪ Nonmaterial culture – the belief
systems, the values, the norms or
expected behaviors, as well as the
shared language and symbols.
Norms- Ideal behaviors or
principles that set the standard of what
is acceptable and admirable from a
person who is part of a society.
Values- Rules on what to
do or what not to do in a certain
situation.
Society and Culture are interdependent
with each other.
Social Institutions - sets of ideas, norms,
practices, or mechanisms organized and
focused on addressing the needs of the
community.
Government- functions to maintain
peace and order.
Socialization (or enculturation in
anthropology) is a lifelong process of
learning, teaching, internalizing, and
living the culture of a society.
Status- is our position in a society or a
particular group.
Status can either be:
1. Ascribed - inherited or given at birth
2. Achieved - personally acquired for
achieving something.
George Herbert Mead
THEORETICAL APPROACHES
Theory of Symbolic Interactionism
George Herbert Mead claimed that the
self is created, developed, and changed
through human interaction (Hogg
and Vaughan 2010) for three reasons:
1. The “self” did not just come out of thin
air.
Our sociocultural context affects who we
are, even most of the choices we think
we freely make. This influence still has
an effect on you even if you move from
one place to another and adapt to a new
perspective.
2. Whether we like to admit it or not, we
actually need others to affirm and
reinforce whom we think we are. We
also need them as reference points for
our identity.
3. Our notion of what is personally
important to us is also influenced by the
current trends of what is important in our
society.
- Social interaction and group
affiliation, therefore, are vital
factors in creating our
self-concept,
Ruth Fulton Benedict & Margaret
Mead
Culture and Personality
- Argued that the personality or the
self is dependent on the cultural
practices and socialization
process of a certain group.
Thus, studying a person’s personality
can already provide us an idea of
his/her cultural background and social
up bringing and vice versa (Dia et.al.
2014). This is especially highlighted in
Mead’s “Patterns of Culture”
masterpiece.
Cultural expectations
- The messages we internalize about
what is and is not acceptable
Symbolic and Interpretive Anthropology
Clifford James Geertz looks at culture
as a collection of symbols with
meanings, and these meanings are
made, communicated, and negotiated
by each person to make sense of their
lives and interactions (Clifford Geertz:
Work and Legacy, n.d.)
- Charles Horton Cooley said that
people change or develop their
respective concepts of self as
they engage in social interaction.
- This idea is called looking glass
self – a process by which a
person develops his self-image
based on how others treat him.
Looking glass self is a subjective
process and it is not necessarily in
accordance with what is real.
Cooley suggested that the looking glass
self is a life-long mental process that is
characterized by three phases:
1. How one imagines how he appears to
others.
2. How one imagines how others will
judge his appearance.
3. How one perceives other’s judgment
to be such as pride
or shame.
Erving Goffman
Dramaturgical Analysis
Goffman believes that people in their
everyday lives are very much like actors
performing on stage. If one imagines
himself doing what goes on in a theatre
of everyday life, he is doing
dramaturgical analysis – the study of
social interactions in terms of theatrical
performance.
He referred to this process of altering
how the person presents himself to
others as impression management.
Theory of Cultural Determinism
With the different cultures that exist not
only in a society but all over the world,
anthropologists suggest that THERE IS
NO UNIVERSAL or RIGHT WAY OF
BEING HUMAN; the right way is always
based on ONE’S CULTURE.
SOCIAL INTITUTIONS
Kinship / Family
The most basic social institution of
society organizes us based on our
familial ties. It can be based on blood
relations, like sibling relations
(consanguineal), by marriage, like a
husband and a wife (affinal), or social,
which are relationships not falling under
the first two but you still consider them
as family (Crossman 2019).
Economic/Market
This system aims to regulate the flow of
resources and services. Ideally, this
should ensure that everyone gets a fair
share of goods or that a person in need
will get the service he/she needs in
order to address a necessity.
Ideally, this system should also regulate
the price of theproducts to ensure fair
competition among producers and
sellers. At times, it can also control the
demand by promoting a need or want
for a certain product.
Politics/Government
This is usually composed of various
organizations ensuring peace and order
by legitimizing the use of power of
certain people or groups.
In the Philippines, the government is
divided into three equal branches
a. Executive – headed by the president
and who is in charge of
enforcing the law.
b. Legislative – composed of the House
of Representatives and the
Senate of the Philippines who is in
charge of creating,
amending, or repealing those laws.
c. Judiciary – led by the Supreme Court
to provide proper interpretation
of the laws and ensure that they are
following the Constitution and basic
human rights.
Education/School
-To ensure that the knowledge of the
past and the culture of society gets
transmitted from one generation to
another.
-It safeguards continuity or brings about
changes to other social institutions.
-It aims to produce people who can live
harmoniously in the given social
environment as well as able to be
productive citizens for the economy.
Religion/Church
-An organized set of practices, symbols,
and artifacts regarding the belief in the
supernatural.
-There are several reasons why people
believe in the supernatural:
a. explanation of the unexplainable
b. meaning and purpose of life
c. continuity of relationship with the
people that we care about even after
death among others.
A supernatural being is a being that is
better and more powerful than any
creature in the natural world.
-The supernatural or above natural
includes all that cannot be explained by
the law of nature, including things with
characteristics of or relating to ghosts,
gods, or other types of spiritual and
other non-material beings, or to things
beyond nature.
Mass / Social Media
plays a role in self-concept development
as well—both mass media and social
media.
- When these media promote certain
ideals, we're more likely to make those
ideals our own. And the more often
these ideals are presented, the more
they affect our self-identity and
self-perception.
Mass media refers to technological
devices that reach a large number of
people.
Social media refers to computer-based
technology that allows users to create
and distribute information as well as
participate in social networking.
Health
Well-being is a positive outcome that is
meaningful for people and for many
sectors of society because it tells us
that people perceive that their lives are
going well. Good living conditions (e.g.,
housing, and employment) are
fundamental to well-being.
- Well-being generally includes
global judgments of life
satisfaction and feelings ranging from
depression to joy.
Recreation
An organized system of social
relationships for the satisfying human
desire for entertainment, amusement,
and play among others.
-Consists of activities or experiences
carried on within leisure, usually chosen
voluntarily by the participant – either
because of satisfaction, pleasure, or
creative enrichment derived, or because
he perceives certain personal or social
values to be gained from them.
Leisure refers to the free time that
people can spend away from their
everyday responsibilities (e.g. work and
domestic tasks) to rest, relax, and enjoy
life. It is during leisure time that people
participate in recreation and sporting
activities.
Sport refers to any type of organized
physical activity, e.g.
soccer, rugby, football, basketball, and
athletics (Gulzar 2021).
Lesson 3: Self as a Cognitive Construct
Psychology as Science
• Systematic method explains
human behavior and mental
processes.
• Reasons behind behavior, mental
processes or capacity
• Analyzing and conducting studies
Cognition- thoughts
Perception- senses
Emotion- feelings
Psychology of self focuses on the
representation of an individual based on
his/her
experiences either from the home,
school, and other groups, organizations,
or affiliations he/she engaged in.
William James
1.“I self”
-It comprises the totality of the person’s
identity
-It takes into account the past, present,
and future selves of the individual.
Ex. I borrowed the book from the library.
I won the game.
2. “Me Self”
It is the physical characteristics as well
as psychological capabilities that make
you who you are.
-It can also be considered as a separate
object or individual that the person
refers to when discussing or
describing their personal experiences.
ex. The gifts were sent to ME.
Carl Rogers
Was humanistic American psychologist
who focused on the therapeutic
relationship and developed a personality
theory known as the Person-Centered
Theory.
• Was one of the first to use the term
client rather than the patient.
Carl Rogers’ Theory of personality also
used the same terms, the “I” as one who
acts and decides, while the “me” is what
you think or feel about yourself as an
object
1. Identity – composed of one’s personal
characteristics, roles, and
responsibilities, as well as affiliations
that define who one.
2.Self-concept – is basically what comes
to your mind when you are asked about
yourself.
▪ Other concepts similar to self are:
▪ Self, identity, and self-concept are not
fixed.
▪ In his concept of self-schema
our own organized system or
collection of knowledge about
who we are)
● As you grow and adapt to
the changes around you,
they also change. But they
are not passive receivers
as they actively shape and
affect how you see, think,
and feel about other things
or the people around you
(Gleitman et.al. 2011; Jhangiani
and Tarry 2014).
● Theories generally see these
concepts of self and identity as
mental constructs, created and
recreated in memory.
Freud conceptualized the processes,
construct, and behavior of the “self” as
the results of the interaction between
the Id, the Ego, and the Superego.
1.Id – the structure that
is primarily based on the
pleasure principle.
2. Ego – the structure that
is based on the reality
principle. It mediates
between the impulses of id
and the restraints of
superego.
3. Superego – primarily
dependent on learning the
difference between right
and wrong. Morality of the
action is largely dependent
on childhood upbringing
(reward and punishment)
James Carver and Michael Scheir
1.The private self
- a person’s internal
thoughts and feelings.
2. The public self
- what a person commonly
shows to others, especially
for creating a good public
Image.
Self Awareness
Presents us with at least three other
self-schemas:
1. Actual Self - who we are at the
present
2. Ideal Self - who we like to be,
especially in the future
3. Ought Self - who we think we should
be in contrast to the actual self
Deindividuation or “the loss of individual
self-awareness and individual
accountability” in groups
Self Esteem
Group identity and self-awareness also
affect our self- esteem, which is defined
as our personal positive or negative
perception or evaluation of ourselves
(Jhangiani and Tarry 2014; Gleitman
et.al. 2011)
One of the ways in which our
social relationship affects our
self-esteem is through social
comparison.
Self Comparison Theory:
1. Upward social comparison
– happens when an individual compares
himself to others who are better than
him.
2. Downward social comparison
– it is the more common type of
comparing ourselves with others. It
happens when an individual
compares himself to someone who is in
a worse situation than he is especially
when he is feeling so low. This may
make him feel better knowing that he is
more fortunate than this person.
Self-Evaluation Maintenance
Theory
1.We distance ourselves from that
person or redefine our relationship with
them.
2. We may reconsider the importance of
the aspect or skill in which we were
outperformed.
3. We may also strengthen our
resolution to improve that certain aspect
of ourselves.

Narcissism is “a trait characterized by

overly high self-esteem, self-admiration,
and self-centeredness”.

GAWA ‘TO NI RYZA OYY KAYA WAG

KA MANGBABASAG, BAKA IKAW ANG
BASAGIN KO!

Kidding aside,
Goodluck to us! I hope this reviewer
helps.