Prerana Test 9 Model Answers

1
PRERANA TEST -9 MODEL ANSWERS
10 Markers:
1) Discuss the global distribution of volcanoes and elaborate on how volcanic activity and climate
change are interconnected. (150 words)
The distribution of volcanoes in the world is majorly present near both divergent and convergent plate
boundaries. Volcanoes are not distributed randomly across the Earth's surface. Most are concentrated on the
equator, along island chains, or beneath the sea, forming long mountain ranges. The distribution of Volcanoes
around the Globe is highest near the Pacific Ring Of Fire as it is home to nearly 70% of the world's volcanoes. The
distribution of volcanoes around the globe is an important concept for understanding related geomorphology
related concepts like plate tectonics.
DISTRIBUTION OF VOLCANOES AROUND THE GLOBE
1) Volcanoes along divergent borders are the source of less violent and more fluid basaltic discharges.
2) Those found around continental margins are almost always andesitic and explosive.
3) There are no granitic magma outbursts on the surface. Underneath the surface, it always cools.
4) Hot Spot volcanoes are among the most peaceful, as they are not located on the plate borders.
5) Volcanoes aren't found on all collision boundaries. The collision zones between continents are
completely devoid of volcanic activity.
DISTRIBUTION OF VOLCANOES:
Most of the volcanoes in the world are found in three well defined belts:
➢ The Circum-Pacific Belt (The Pacific Ring of Fire).
@REFLECTIONSIASACADEMY www.reflectionsiasacademy.in
2
➢ The Mid-World Mountain Belt.

➢ The African Rift Valley Belt.
Reasons behind the distribution of Volcanoes
➢ Volcanoes are not spread across the Earth's surface at random.

➢ The majority of them are found on the margins of continents, along island chains, and beneath the sea,
where they create lengthy mountain ranges.
➢ The circum-Pacific "Ring of Fire" encircles the Pacific Ocean and contains more than half of the world's
active volcanoes above sea level.
➢ Scientists have devised a hypothesis known as plate tectonics that explains the locations of volcanoes
and their link to other large-scale geologic features over the last 25 years.
IMPACT OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION ON THE ENVIRONMENT:
1) Volcanic eruptions are responsible for forming new rock on the Earth’s surface.
2) The gases and dust particles thrown into the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions have influences on
climate.
3) Volcanoes have also caused global warming over millions of years during times in Earth’s history when
extreme amounts of volcanism occurred, releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
4) Even though volcanoes are in specific places on Earth, their effects can be more widely distributed as
gases, dust, and ash get into the atmosphere
5) This is due to the atmospheric circulation patterns, eruptions in the tropics can have an effect on the
climate in both hemispheres.
6) Eruptions at mid or high latitudes only have an impact on the hemisphere they are within.
7) Volcanic eruptions are generally preceded by increased seismic activity.
CONCLUSION
Most of the active volcanoes on earth occur on the Circum-Pacific Belt, also referred to as The Ring of Fire.
Volcanoes are a natural exogenic phenomenon that cannot be avoided, but developing disaster risk resilience will
surely be a step in the right direction. There is a close relationship between volcanic activity, earthquakes, and
plate tectonics, with many volcanoes located above subduction zones. Around 80% of volcanic activity is found
along subduction boundaries. Hundreds of millions of people live on the flanks of active volcanoes and could
suffer the acute effects of even a moderate-sized eruption.
3
Island arc nations such as Indonesia, the Philippines, and Japan host the largest populations within 100 km of an
active volcano. Indonesia prompts further distinction as having the most explosive eruptions on record as well as
the greatest number of eruption-related fatalities
2) Trace the Historical roots for ongoing Russian- Ukrainian Crisis. What are the lessons
to be learnt from it? (150 words)
Contesting the Post-Cold War central European territoriality and resurrecting Russian past is at the core of the
Ukraine crisis. They share hundreds of years of cultural, linguistic and familial links. Ukraine’s bid for NATO
membership and Russian interests in the Black Sea accompanied by the protests in the Ukraine are the major
causes of the ongoing conflict.
Winston Churchill(1939): Russia is “a riddle, wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma”.
HISTORICAL ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN CRISIS AND LESSONS TO BE LEARNED
Historical Background:
1) The ongoing Russian-Ukrainian Crisis has deep historical roots that trace back centuries. One key factor is
Ukraine's geographical location as a crossroads between Europe and Russia, which has led to complex
political and cultural dynamics.
2) Cultural and Ethnolinguistic Divide: Ukraine has a history of being under the influence of various empires,
including the Russian Empire. This has contributed to a divide between the western part of the country,
4
which has stronger ties to Europe and a Ukrainian-speaking population, and the eastern part, which has
closer ties to Russia and a Russian-speaking population.
3) Soviet Legacy: The Soviet Union's policies further shaped Ukraine's trajectory. The Holodomor, a man-
made famine in the 1930s, caused by Soviet policies, left a lasting scar on Ukrainian memory.
Additionally, the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to Ukraine's independence but left behind economic
and political challenges.
Recent Triggers and Lessons:
1. The crisis escalated significantly with Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014 and the ongoing conflict in
Eastern Ukraine. There are several lessons that can be learned from this ongoing crisis:
2. Respect for Sovereignty: The crisis underscores the importance of respecting the sovereignty and
territorial integrity of nations. The annexation of Crimea violated international norms and agreements.
3. Diplomatic Solutions: The crisis highlights the necessity of diplomacy in resolving conflicts. International
negotiations and dialogues should be pursued to find peaceful solutions.
4. Balancing International Relations: Countries must carefully navigate their international relationships to
avoid being overly dependent on any single nation. Ukraine's position as a buffer state between Russia
and the West emphasizes the importance of maintaining diversified international ties.
5. Addressing Historical Grievances: Acknowledging historical grievances and addressing them can help
prevent the escalation of conflicts. Remembering events like the Holodomor can foster understanding
and reconciliation.
6. Promoting Multiculturalism: Embracing multiculturalism and allowing regions with different cultural and
linguistic backgrounds to coexist harmoniously can prevent internal divisions from escalating into crises.
7. Economic Stability: Ensuring economic stability and development is crucial for preventing vulnerabilities
that could be exploited by external actors.
Conclusion : the Russian-Ukrainian Crisis is deeply rooted in historical, cultural, and geopolitical factors. Learning
from this crisis highlights the importance of upholding sovereignty, promoting diplomacy, addressing historical
grievances, and ensuring economic stability to prevent conflicts from escalating and to build a more peaceful and
stable world order.
5
3) Examine the key aspects of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act
(POCSO), and assess its effectiveness in ensuring the safety and protection of children.
150 words
POCSO Act was enacted by the Parliament in 2012 to prevent children aged less than 18 from offences like sexual
harassment, sexual assault, and child pornography. Its full form is the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences
Act. The Act was passed in 2012 under the Ministry of Women and Child Development. To make the punishment
for child abuse more stringent, the government notified the POCSO Act rules, 2020 which enabled the
implementation of amendments to the Act.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF POCSO ACT
There were 12 main principles defined under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act of 2012. These
were to be followed by everyone involved; the state governments, child welfare committees, the Special
Courts, and the Police alike. These 12 principles have been listed down below;
1) Best Interest of the child: The most significant part of the process is the development of the child in a
holistic manner.
2) Right to Life and survival: Any kind of psychological, physical, emotional, and mental harm should be
kept away from the child in the best manner feasible.
3) Right to be protected from discrimination: The passage of justice should not be marked by any
discrimination on any grounds. It should be transparent.
4) Right to be treated with dignity and compassion: As per the provisions of the POCSO Act, victims are to
be treated with great care and sensitivity throughout the process.
5) Right to be informed: The legal proceedings should be clearly explained to the child victim or witness.
6) Right to special preventive measures: The likeliness of once abused children being abused again is high
and since prevention is better than cure, this act operated on the preventive measures pretty seriously.
7) Right to effective assistance: The process of legal proceedings can be harrowing for an individual in more
than one way, which is why a lot of crimes go unreported because the mental and financial cost is often
too high. This is why the act provides for legal, health, counsel, psychological and financial aspects.
8) Right to be heard and to express views and concerns: A child has the right to be heard for the parts that
affect him/her.
9) Right to be protected from hardship during the justice process: There is a very real secondary
victimization that occurs when a child is involved in the process of legal cases. This is to be minimized.
10) Right to Privacy: Cases can get very public, which is why the POCSO Act 2012 made it necessary that the
identity and privacy of a child are protected at all times of the trial, pre and post-trial.
11) Right to compensation: Relief and rehabilitation of a child must be compensated for.
12) Right to safety: The protection of the child is vital, be it during the trial or after it.
6
POCSO ACT PUNISHMENT
The following table contains the sections that come under the POCSO Act 2012 by which the accused is
punished by the law:
Provision Name of the offense POCSO Act Punishment
Sexual assault that is penetrative in

nature on a child below 16 years of A minimum of 20 years of imprisonment that may be
Section 4 age extended up to imprisonment for the remainder of
natural life + fine
Sexual assault that is penetrative in A minimum of 10 years of imprisonment that may be

Section 4 nature on a child between 16 and 18 extended up to imprisonment for the remainder of
years of age natural life + fine
Penetrative sexual assault that is A minimum of 20 years of rigorous imprisonment that

Section 6
aggravated in nature may be extended to a life sentence + fine
Section 8 Sexual assault 3-5 years of imprisonment + fine
Section 10 Aggravated sexual assault 5-7 years of imprisonment + fine
Section 12 Sexual harassment Upto 3 years of imprisonment + fine
Upon the first conviction, 5 years of imprisonment will be

Section
Use of a child for pornography given. However, upon further convictions, the jail time
14(1)
can go upto 7 years + fine.
Section Use of a child for pornography while A minimum of 10 years of imprisonment that may extend
14(2) committing an offence under Section 3 upto imprisonment for life + fine
Section Use of a child for pornography while

A rigorous imprisonment term for life + fine
14(3) committing an offence under Section 5
7
Use of a child for pornographic

Section
purposes while committing an offence A 6 to 8 years of imprisonment term + fine
14(4)
under Section 7
Use of a child for pornographic

Section
purposes while committing an offence An 8 to 10 years of imprisonment term + fine
14(5)
under Section 9.
The offence of storing pornographic

A term of imprisonment that may extend upto 3 years +
Section 15 material involving a child for
fine OR both
commercial purposes
SALIENT FEATURES OF POCSO ACT 2012 UPSC
The POCSO Act 2012 has some distinct features which make it important and relevant. They are discussed below:
➢ The act defines children as any individual aged below 18 years of age. The problem of gender exclusion in
the previous acts was ignored here altogether, as this act is gender-neutral in its stance.
➢ There are multiple forms and acts of sexual abuse defined under this act that is not just limited to
pornography, harassment, or penetrative/non-penetrative offences.
➢ These acts would be considered ‘aggravated’ if the child is mentally ill and/or the perpetrator comes
from a position of authority and/or trust like a family member, doctor, teacher, etc.
➢ The prevention of ‘re-victimization’ of the child within the judicial system is of utmost importance, as the
POCSO act allows a policeman to act under the role of a child protector throughout the investigation.
➢ The process of investigation is to be made as child-friendly as possible, and justice to be served promptly
within a year front the reporting of the incident.
➢ The setting up of ‘Special Courts’ has been done under this act which will exclusively deal with such
offences with the sensibility and sensitivity they need.
➢ The central government is given the authority to make rules under the 45th section of the act.
➢ The State Commissions for the Protection of Child Rights (SCPCRs) and THE NCPCR have been given the
authority to monitor the implementation of the act’s provisions. Both of these authorities are statutory in
nature.
➢ The POCSO Act will override instances of inconsistencies with other provisions according to section 42A.
➢ The act makes the reporting of a sexual offense mandatory. Misuse of these laws with the purpose of
defamation of the person is punishable.
8
CONCLUSION
The POCSO Act is a crucial instrument for protecting children from sexual offences and ensuring their best
interests. However, it is not enough to have a strong law on paper; it is equally important to have a strong will
and commitment to implement it effectively on the ground. Therefore, there is a need for concerted efforts by all
concerned parties to create a conducive environment for the prevention, detection, reporting and prosecution of
such cases. Only then can we ensure that every child enjoys his or her right to a safe, secure and dignified
childhood.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION :
IMPORTANCE OF POCSO ACT 2012
❖ India has one of the biggest populations of children under 18 years of age- the estimated number was
around 472 million in the last census in 2011. The extension of protection to this naturally vulnerable
population is of primary importance in the working of the country.
❖ The protection of children is one of the guarantees the State must abide by if ARTICLE 21 is considered
carefully. India is also a signatory of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Hence, special laws
need to be put into effect to safeguard children’s interests and their innocent childhood in the best
possible way.
❖ The constitution, before the POCSO Act came into effect, was grossly inadequate to deal with sexual
offences against children. The only act that mentioned a specific part about child abuse was the Goa
Children’s act of 2003. All sexual offences and misdoings against children were processed under these
sections of the I.P.C. (1860) 377- Unnatural offences
1) I.P.C. (1860) 375- Rape
2) I.P.C. (1860) 354- Outraging the modesty of a woman
There was a lack of laws that especially catered to the best interest of the children, as this approach had its fair
share of drawbacks. It had several loopholes that prevented the proper and effective care to protect the child,
like;
❖ IPC 375 does not protect male victims from sexual offenses involving penetration.
❖ The word ‘modesty’ is vaguely ambiguous in terms of definition in the constitution. Hence, its violation
carries little weight regarding a penalty as it does not qualify as a compoundable offense. It also doesn’t
cover the modesty of a male child.
❖ IPC 377, which was annulled in the landmark judgement in 2018, did not define ‘unnatural offenses’. It
did not necessarily criminalize the act on children but was rather limited to the sexual act of the attacker.
9
These discrepancies and insufficient measures were the reason enough for wanting a reform that was driven by
its objective to protect children against such crimes. Therefore, the POCSO Act was implemented.
ISSUES RELATED TO POCSO ACT 2012
There are several issues that are linked to Child Sexual Abuse which are discussed below:
1) Multi-dimensional and Multi-layered: Sexual abuse itself is a layered issue. Child sexual abuse becomes
an even more layered issue. It has a detrimental impact on the child in more than one way. It affects their
mental health, physical well-being, and behaviour, among other things.
2) Digital Participation: The propagation of child abuse has increased many folds with the progress and
availability of technology and the internet. Child pornography, online harassment, and bullying are new
problems that have surfaced.
3) Ineffective Implementation: The POCSO act came into immediate effect in 2012, but its implementation
has staggered and, thus, failed its objective, which was to protect children from multiple forms of sexual
abuse. The reasons have been listed below;
➢ Conviction Rate: The conviction rate is low under the POCSO act. Only about 32% of the total reported
cases get to the stage of conviction. Nearly 90% of cases are pending under this act.
➢ Delay in Judicial Action: The Act mentions that all cases are to be resolved within a year of the crime
being reported. A prolific case like the Kathua Rape case went on for 16 months before a judgement was
served.
➢ Hostility towards the Child: The laws speculate only on the biological age and not the mental age. Hence,
there are multiple challenges that are age-dependent.
INITIATIVES RELATED TO POCSO ACT
There are multiple initiatives related to the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences act (POCSO Act) that
have been undertaken by the government. They are discussed below:
➢ Child Abuse Prevention and Investigation Unit: An Online Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation (OCSAE)
has been set up by the CBI. The unit is to work under the Special Crime Zone of CBI. The unit extends its
territorial jurisdiction all over the country.
➢ Juvenile Justice Act/Care and Protection Act, 2000: The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children)
Amendment Bill, 2021 was recently passed by the LOKSABHA and sought to reinforce to streamline the
government’s efforts to provide better aid for the adoption and subsequent care of children. The Bill is an
amendment to the JJA-2015.
➢ Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao: Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao is a campaign launched by the Government of India
which is related to the POCSO Act of 2012. It primarily targets the states of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Bihar, Punjab, and Delhi to address the declining Child SEX RATIO (CSR). it also aimed to
work on the issues related to WOMENS EMPOWERMENT and emancipation.
10
➢ Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 2016: This is an amendment to the act of 1986. The
government shall provide harsher sentences and punishment for those in violation of this act. It bars the
employment of teens in hazardous work conditions.
➢ Child Marriage Prohibition Act (2006): The CHILD MARRIAGES ACT OT 1929 was implemented under
British rule, and this act replaced it. It defines what a child is in the eyes of the law which makes it related
to the POCSO Act. An individual under 21 years of age and a female under 18 years of age shall be
‘minors’. A marriage between minors shall be null and void if either of the parties demands it to be so.
The marriage shall be void if the consent has been acquired through deceit, enticement, or fraud from
their guardians or if the primary purpose of the marriage was to abuse the child for human trafficking.
POCSO ACT CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
The constitution has several provisions related to the POCSO Act 2012 that guarantee the safeguarding of
every child’s childhood and subsequent youth.
➢ The CONSTITUTION OF INDIA promises every child the right to lead a life of dignity and the right to
privacy under Article 21, the RIGHT TO EQUALIITY under Article 14, the right against discrimination
under Article 15, and the RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION under Articles 23 and 24.
➢ It makes elementary education for children from age 6 to 14 a FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT under Article 21A.
➢ Article 39(f) under the DPSP obligates the State governments to make certain that equal opportunities
and facilities are provided to children so as to enjoy their childhood and youth, free from any and all
exploitation.
11
4) Critically Evaluate various Historical and Socio-cultural Factors responsible for Ethnic
Conflicts in Contemporary Manipur. (150 words)
The ETHNIC CLASHES IN MANIPUR have once again brought into focus the fragility of and schisms in the social
fabric in the northeastern states. The issues due to tribal-non tribal and ethnic diversity make them extremely
sensitive to actions that disrupt the equilibrium. Actions can trigger violent reactions and activate dormant
antagonisms. The current situation in Manipur is one such manifestation. It was triggered by the Manipur High
Court’s direction to the state to expedite ST status for Meiteis. However, the underlying reasons for the conflict
are complex.
Ethnic Conflicts in Contemporary Manipur: Historical and Socio-cultural Factors
HISTORY OF CONFLICT IN MANIPUR
❖ Manipur has been in the cross-currents of India’s oldest insurgent movements.

❖ Naga - The Naga movement (1950s) is the country’s longest-running insurgency which fights for the
Greater Nagaland or Nagalim.
❖ Kuki - Kuki groups also have fought the Indian government for an ‘independent Kuki homeland’, spread
across Manipur.
❖ The Kuki insurgency gained momentum after ethnic clashes with the Nagas of Manipur in the early
1990s.
❖ Meitei - The Meiteis in Manipur also opposed the merger agreement between the Manipuri king and the
Indian government (1949).
❖ In 1964, the United National Liberation Front (UNLF), a meitei insurgent group, was formed, demanding
secession from India.
❖ Subsequently, numerous Meitei insurgent (valley insurgent) groups like the People’s Revolutionary Party
of Kangleipak (PREPAK) and the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) came into being.
12
HISTORICAL FACTORS:
➢ Ethnic conflicts in contemporary Manipur stem from historical circumstances that have shaped the
state's complex socio-cultural landscape.
➢ Colonial Legacy: Manipur's borders were delineated during British colonial rule, often disregarding ethnic
identities and territories. This has led to disputes over land and resources among different ethnic groups.
➢ Identity Formation: Historical interactions, including invasions and migrations, have shaped the identities
of various communities. The struggle for recognition and autonomy amplifies conflicts.
MAJOR ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN MANIPUR
❖ Naga-Kuki clash - Land that the Kukis claim to be their ‘homeland’ in the Manipur hills overlaps with the
Greater Nagaland or Nagalim.
❖ The NSCN-IM entered a ceasefire agreement with the Indian government only in 1997.
❖ Kuki-Zomi - In 1993, a massacre of Kukis by the NSCN-IM left thousands of Kukis homeless.
❖ The Kuki-Zomi tribes organised various armed groups as a reaction to this aggression of Nagas.
❖ Meiteis and Meitei Pangals (Muslims) - Similar clashes were taking place between them which led to the
formation of the Islamist group People’s United Liberation Front (no longer active).
Socio-cultural Factors:
➢ The socio-cultural fabric of Manipur plays a significant role in the persistence of ethnic conflicts.
13
➢ Ethnic Identity: The Manipuri society comprises numerous ethnic groups, each with distinct languages,
cultures, and histories. This diversity, while enriching, can also ignite conflicts over recognition and
representation.
➢ Resource Competition: Limited resources like land and jobs intensify rivalries. The economic dimension
often intersects with ethnic divides, exacerbating tensions.
➢ Political Marginalization: Unequal political representation can lead to feelings of alienation and
frustration, creating an environment conducive to conflict.
➢ Cultural Clash: Dominance of one culture over others can result in marginalization and identity-related
conflicts. For instance, the dominance of the Meitei culture has been a source of tension.
Example: Naga-Kuki Conflict:
The Naga-Kuki conflict underscores these factors. The historical rivalry between Naga and Kuki communities over
land and political representation resulted in violent clashes, leading to displacement and loss of lives.
WAY FORWARD
Need to evaluate the criteria for ST status (to Meities) in line with recommendations given by several
Committees, like:
❖ The Lokur Committee (1965) recommended 5 criteria for identification, namely, primitive traits, distinct
culture, geographical isolation, shyness of contact with the community at large, and backwardness.
❖ Bhuria Commission (2002-2004) focused on a wide range of issues from the 5th schedule to tribal land
and forests, health and education, the working of Panchayats and the status of tribal women.
❖ A High-Level Committee (HLC) in 2013, under chairmanship of Prof. Virginius Xaxa was constituted to
study the 5 critical issues related to tribal communities: (1) livelihood and employment, (2) education, (3)
health, (4) involuntary displacement and migration, (5) and legal and constitutional matters.
1) Bring more surveillance along the border areas to prevent the incursion of the migrants from Myanmar.
Strengthening economic and diplomatic ties with neighboring countries can help enhance regional
stability and security.
2) Need to maintain the identity of the people along the border areas to identify the local residence. Signing
Peace settlement agreements with the local insurgent group to maintain the peace in the region.
3) The repeal of AFSPA, the controversial AFSPA 1958, is necessary to improve the human rights situation in
the region. The government should ensure that the legal system is fair and transparent to prevent the
misuse of power by security forces.
4) The government should foster the participation of the people of the region in the decision-making
process to instill a sense of ownership and belonging.
Conclusion:
Contemporary ethnic conflicts in Manipur are deeply influenced by historical legacies, colonial decisions, and
intricate socio-cultural dynamics. Resolving these conflicts requires addressing resource inequalities, promoting
14
inclusive political representation, and recognizing the identities and aspirations of all ethnic groups. Additionally,
fostering dialogue and understanding among communities is essential for achieving lasting peace in the region.
5) Is language a crucial factor for reorganizing states? Analyse this with

reference to the recent border dispute between Maharashtra and Karnataka
over the context of language. (150 words)
The recent escalation of the Karnataka - Maharashtra row into violence brought the criteria of State
Reorganisation to life. Reorganisation initially was on administrative convenience (recommendations of Dhar
commission and JVP committee). However, there are assertions to have language as the primary criterion.
“Supreme Court gives its verdict, no State will claim or generate demand for any territory as its own”.
Background-
1) Maharashtra claims that parts of Belagavi, where Marathi is the dominant language, should remain in
Maharashtra.
2) In October 1966, the Centre set up the Mahajan Commission, led by former Chief Justice of India Mehr
Chand Mahajan, to resolve the border dispute in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala.
3) The Commission recommended that Belgaum and 247 villages remain with Karnataka. Maharashtra
rejected the report, and in 2004, moved the Supreme Court.
Language to be given priority over other criteria:
1) The Fazl Ali commission recognised language apart from other factors.
2) Satisfy people’s aspirations, provide political representation and resolve border disputes like the recent
Belgaum one to transfer it to Maharashtra.
3) To maintain political stability and avoid causing alienation.
4) Convenience for people to be able to connect with state administration in their mother tongue
❖ The ongoing fracas between Karnataka and Maharashtra is over the status of Marathi and Kannada-
speaking towns and villages along the border.
❖ The complex nature of the dispute, which has legal implications for the federal structure of the country,
and the fervour of linguistic chauvinists on both sides mean that the issue will continue to simmer and
may explode into violence at any time as previous incidents over the decades have shown.
❖ The latest bout of wrangling began in November following reports that the Supreme Court was
considering a fresh hearing on a 2004 petition filed by Maharashtra. (The hearing by a three-judge bench,
which was to happen on November 23, did not take place.)
15
Reasons for not giving priority to language over other criteria:
1) State identity was linked to language. So, if a pocket that spoke the majority language of, for instance,
Maharashtra, was clubbed with Karnataka, it opened up the possibility of a future conflict.
2) Considering Hindi as a criterion in the north will ensure a large state creating instability as Doctor
Ambedkar had remarked.
3) Disputes still persist like for control over Bombay in the 50s.
4) Practical limitations with effect on linguistic minorities.
5) Language and ethnicity overlap in the northeast, so it may not be best practicable criteria.
WAY FORWARD
1) Boundary disputes between the states can be settled by using satellite mapping of the actual border
locations.
2) Reviving the Inter-state council can be an option for resolution of an Inter-state dispute.
3) Under Article 263 of the Constitution, the Inter-state council is expected to inquire and advise on
disputes, discuss subjects common to all states and make recommendations for better policy
coordination.
4) Similarly, zonal councils need to be revived to discuss the matters of common concern to states in each
zone—matters relating to social and economic planning, border disputes, inter-state transport, etc.
5) India is the epitome of unity in diversity. However, to strengthen this unity furthermore, both the centre
and state governments need to imbibe the ethos of cooperative federalism .
Conclusion:
India is the epitome of unity in diversity. However, to strengthen this unity furthermore, both the Centre and
state governments need to imbibe the ethos of cooperative federalism.But the ones taking the brunt of the
frequent protests and acts of violence are—like always in such disputes—the common people, irrespective of the
language they speak.The central government has consistently taken the position that inter-State boundary
disputes can only be settled amicably with the willing cooperation of the State Governments involved, and that
its role in the process is limited to acting as a facilitator for a settlement that promotes mutual accommodation
and understanding.since inter-state disputes involve people’s emotions and political stakeholders, there is a
greater need for stakeholders involved to resolve these issues with greater political will, and a spirit of consensus
16
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
The border town of Belagavi has been a part of Karnataka since boundaries were demarcated along linguistic
lines under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. But the inter-State border dispute between Karnataka and
Maharashtra erupts every now and then.
Recently, the decades-old dispute flared up again when Karnataka Chief Minister Basavaraj Bommai said that the
Karnataka government was “seriously” laying claim to Jath taluk in Maharashtra, evoking a strong response.
ORIGIN OF THE KARNATAKA-MAHARASHTRA BORDER DISPUTE
❖ Multi-lingual Population in border district: Belgaum, which was later renamed Belagavi, is located in the
northern part of today’s Karnataka and shares a border with Maharashtra’s Kohlapur district. Belgavi
district has both Kannada and Marathi speakers.
❖ Colonial Times: During the British Raj, the Belgaum region was part of the Bombay Presidency, which
included Karnataka districts such as Vijayapura, Belagavi, Dharwad and Uttara-Kannada.
❖ 1881 Census data: As per 1881 census, Belgaum had 864,014 people of which 556,397 were Kannada-
speaking (64.39%), while 225,008 were Marathi-speaking (26.04%). However, in 1948, the Belgaum
Municipality that was dominated by Marathi speaking politicians requested the Centre that the district
be incorporated into the proposed Maharashtra state.
❖ Post-Independence Reorganisation: The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 made Belgaum and 10 talukas
of Bombay State a part of the then Mysore State (which was renamed Karnataka in 1973). While
demarcating borders, the Reorganisation of States Commission sought to include talukas with a Kannada-
speaking population of more than 50 per cent in Mysore.
❖ Objection Raised by Maharashtra: Maharashtra objected to this by claiming that that in 1956, Marathi-
speakers outnumbered Kannada-speakers in those areas. It submitted a memorandum to the Ministry of
Home Affairs, demanding 7,000 sq km that included 814 villages, and three urban settlements of
Belagavi, Karwar and Nippani (all were part of Bombay Presidency in British Raj), to be added to
Maharashtra.
❖ Demands by Karnataka: On the other hand, Karnataka has sought areas in Kolhapur, Sholapur and Sangli
districts from Maharashtra, and Kasargod from Kerala to be included in its state.
Language has often been a significant factor in state reorganization, influencing identity, culture, and political
boundaries. The border dispute between Maharashtra and Karnataka serves as a pertinent case study to
understand the role of language in shaping state boundaries.
LANGUAGE AS A CRUCIAL FACTOR IN STATE REORGANIZATION: A CASE STUDY OF THE MAHARASHTRA-

KARNATAKA BORDER DISPUTE
17
1) Language as an Identity Marker: Language serves as a potent identity marker, creating a sense of
belonging among communities. In the Maharashtra-Karnataka border dispute, the linguistic divide
between Marathi-speaking regions (belonging to Maharashtra) and Kannada-speaking areas (belonging
to Karnataka) highlights how people's linguistic identity can become a driving force behind demands for
territorial realignment.
2) Cultural and Social Considerations: Language is often intertwined with culture and social practices. The
dispute exemplifies this aspect as both Maharashtra and Karnataka have distinct cultural histories
associated with their respective languages. Language is not merely a medium of communication; it
carries traditions, literature, and heritage that communities are reluctant to let go of, fuelling sentiments
for regional autonomy.
3) Political Agendas and Mobilization: Language-related conflicts can be manipulated for political gains. In
this context, political leaders often use language as a rallying point to mobilize support. The dispute
between Maharashtra and Karnataka witnessed politicians leveraging linguistic sentiments to garner
public backing and maintain or gain power.
4) Economic Implications: State reorganization based on language can impact economic dynamics. For
instance, administrative decisions and economic policies might be tailored according to the linguistic
majority's preferences. The Maharashtra-Karnataka dispute might also have economic ramifications as
resources and development projects could be prioritized differently based on linguistic alignments.
5) Examples from History: The creation of linguistic states in India post-independence, like Andhra Pradesh
and Tamil Nadu, illustrates how language played a pivotal role in redrawing state boundaries. These
instances underscore that language can be a determining factor in reorganizing states.
Conclusion: The Maharashtra-Karnataka border dispute highlights how language can be a crucial factor in
reorganizing states. Language influences identity, culture, politics, and even economics, shaping the aspirations
and demands of communities. While linguistic considerations can be unifying, they can also be divisive if not
managed prudently. State reorganization decisions should balance linguistic sentiments with other pragmatic
factors to ensure harmony and equitable development.
18
6) How have social movements and local organizations played a role in

empowering marginalized groups? Support your answer with relevant
instances. (150 words)
Social empowerment initiatives play a crucial role in addressing the challenges faced by poor and marginalized
sections of society. These initiatives aim to uplift and empower these sections by providing them with
opportunities and resources to overcome social exclusion, poverty, and unemployment. Social movements
often arise with the aim of bringing about changes on a public issue, such as ensuring the right of the tribal
population to use the forests or the right of displaced people to settlement and compensation. Social
movements and local organizations have played a pivotal role in empowering marginalized groups by
advocating for their rights, fostering community solidarity, and driving positive change
EMPOWERMENT OF MARGINALIZED GROUPS THROUGH SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS
Advocacy for Rights and Representation: Social movements and local organizations have been instrumental in
advocating for the rights and representation of marginalized groups. The Civil Rights Movement in the United
States, led by figures like Martin Luther King Jr., successfully fought against racial segregation and discrimination,
leading to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Similarly, the Dalit Panthers movement in India sought to empower Dalits,
historically oppressed by the caste system, by demanding equal rights and social dignity.
❖ Peasant movements have often been brutally suppressed. More recently the social movements of
erstwhile excluded groups like the Dalits have often invoked retaliatory action. Likewise proposals for
extending reservation in educational institutions have led to counter movements opposing them.
❖ Peasant movements or agrarian struggles have taken place from pre-colonial days. The movements in the
period between 1858 and 1914 tended to remain localised, disjointed and confined to particular
grievances.
❖ Well-known are the Bengal revolt of 1859-62 against the indigo plantation system and the ‘Deccan riots’
of 1857 against moneylenders.
❖ Some of these issues continued into the following period, and under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi
became partially linked to the Independence movement. For instance, the Bardoli Satyagraha(1928, Surat
District) a ‘non-tax’ campaign as part of the nationwide noncooperation movement, a campaign of
refusal to pay land revenue and the Champaran Satyagraha (1917-18) directed against indigo plantations.
❖ The first organisation to be founded was the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (1929) and in 1936 the AllIndia
Kisan Sabha. The peasants organised by the Sabhas demanded freedom from economic exploitation for
peasants, workers and all other exploited classes.At the time of Independence we had the two most
classical cases of peasant movements, namely the Tebhaga movement and the Telangana movement
(1946-51).
1) Fostering Community Solidarity: These movements and organizations foster a sense of solidarity and
unity among marginalized communities. The LGBTQ+ rights movement, through groups like Stonewall in
19
the 1960s, has rallied for equal treatment and acceptance of sexual minorities, creating a global network
of support and empowerment.
2) Driving Positive Change: Local organizations often address specific issues that directly impact
marginalized communities. Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, founded by Muhammad Yunus, has
empowered rural women through microcredit, enabling them to start small businesses and break the
cycle of poverty.
❖ Middle class mass upheaval in Gujarat (popularly known as Navnirman movement) against corruption,
price rise, unemployment, speculation,hoarding and black-marketing in 1974 was replicated in Bihar in
the nameof Sampoorna Kranti Movement under the leadership of a Gandhian leader,Jay Prakash
Narayan. The unprecedented strike of the railway workers gave proof of the political power of collective
strength of the working class.
❖ Women's Empowerment: The Gulabi Gang in India is a women's movement that addresses issues like
domestic violence, dowry harassment, and gender inequality. Clad in pink saris, the members of the
Gulabi Gang promote women's rights and challenge patriarchal norms.
❖ Promoting Education and Awareness: Social movements and local organizations have also emphasized
education and awareness. The Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences (KISS) in India provides free education
and holistic development to indigenous and marginalized children, equipping them with skills for a better
future.
❖ Examples of Grassroots Initiatives: The Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA) in India empowers
informal women workers by providing them with economic opportunities, healthcare, and a voice in
policymaking. This grassroots movement has uplifted countless marginalized women.
❖ The Chipko Movement,an example of the ecological movement, in the Himalayan foothills is a good
example of such intermingled interests and ideologies. A villagers rallied together to save the oak and
rhododendron forests near their villages.
❖ Nazdeek -It is a legal empowerment organisation committed to bringing access to justice closer to
marginalised communities in South Asia.they work with tea plantation workers, garment factory workers
and slum dwellers who predominantly come from Dalit and Indigenous communities, to seek
accountability from the government and employers.
Conclusion: Social movements and local organizations have been catalysts for change, amplifying the voices of
marginalized groups, promoting their rights, and addressing their unique challenges. These initiatives not only
empower individuals but also contribute to the broader goal of creating a more just and equitable society.
20
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: -
❖ India has for the first time included marginalized communities as key focus areas in assessing the
impact of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).” While it is an urgent call with a global
partnership recognising the ending poverty and deprivation such as reducing inequality, improving
health and education.
❖ When Raja Rammohun Roy campaigned against sati and formed the Brahmo Samaj, defenders of sati
formed Dharma Sabha and petitioned the British not to legislate against sati.
❖ ‘new farmer’s movements began in the 1970s in Punjab and Tamil Nadu. These movements were
regionally organized, were non-party, and involved farmers rather than peasants (farmers are said to
be market-involvedas both commodity producers and purchasers).
❖ Novel methods of agitation were used: blocking of roads and railways, refusing politicians’ and
bureaucrats’ entry to villages, and so on. It has been argued that the farmers’ movements have
broadened their agenda and ideology and include environment and women’s issues. Therefore, they
can be seen as a part of the worldwide ‘new social movements’.
❖ Tribal people’s struggles against destructive development which served the interests of the kulaks,
moneylenders, contractors, bootleggers and indigenous industrialists thriving on the barbaric means of
surplus extraction developed in Chhattisgarh, Singhbhoom, Bhojpur, Srikakulam, Chandrapur,Dhulia
and in the pockets of the North Eastern states.
❖ The tribal masses in Dhule region of Maharashtra demanded the Employment Guarantee Scheme in
response to the 1974 drought paralysing normal agricultural activities. This historic demand
revolutionised the thinking of the development workers about responsibility of the state at the time of
economic crisis.
Grassroots organisations contributions for empowerment of marginalized communities –
1) They are the first point of contact and are closely connected to the marginalized community they work
with. This enables them to build a relationship of trust
2) Deeper outreach of grassroots organizations and SHGs helps information dissemination easier.
Moreover, most of them are women centric which provides opportunity to bring behavioral change since
women have greater propensity to adapt towards environmental conservation.
3) The intermediaries provide structure and resources, such as training, research, or assistance with
advocacy, to help establish and maintain various efforts.
4) Since local people are directly dependent on ecological resources such as forest produce, apiculture in
local ponds, lakes, etc, they are more sensitive towards ecological conservation and should be given
more authority of local development.
5) When government forest contractors came to cut down the trees, villagers, including large number of
women, stepped forward to hug the trees to prevent their being felled. At stake was the question of
villagers’subsistence.
6) Economics of subsistence was pitted against the economy of profit. Along with this issue of social
inequality (villagers versus a government that represented commercial,capitalist interests), the Chipko
21
Movement also raised the issue of ecological Cutting down natural forests was a form of environmental
destruction that had resulted in devastating floods and landslides in the region.
7) Their model fuses grassroots legal education, community monitoring of service delivery, strategic
research, advocacy and use of judicial and non-judicial remedies to advance socio-economic rights.
8) Adivasi Munnetra Sangam- ACCORD (Action for Community Organisation, Rehabilitation and
Development) is an organization which began work in 1985 in the Gudalur Block of the Nilgiris District in
Tamil Nadu, abutting the border with Kerala and Karnataka.
9) ACCORD built a cadre of Adivasi youth who in turn formed a community-based organisation, the Adivasi
Munnetra Sangam (AMS), which has led protests for the recovery of land for the Adivasis which had been
taken over by outsiders. Over the years, the organization has established itself as an important and
effective voice for the protection of the Adivasis.
Conclusions-
Social movements and Grass root organizations empowers of local people in governance. Involvement of local
people, community, SHGs etc is important for empowerment of marginalized communities, environment
conservation and sustainable development.
7) What were the main features of ancient Indian art and architecture, and
how did they reflect the cultural diversity of the country? (150 words)
Introduction: Ancient Indian art and architecture exemplify the rich tapestry of cultures and civilizations that
thrived in the subcontinent. Characterized by distinct features, these artistic expressions evolved over centuries,
reflecting the cultural diversity of India. Ancient Indian art and architecture are a treasure trove of cultural
diversity, showcasing the fusion of various influences and local traditions.
ANCIENT INDIAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE: REFLECTING CULTURAL DIVERSITY
FEATURES OF ANCIENT INDIAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE:
1.Diverse Influences: Ancient Indian art and architecture were shaped by a blend of indigenous traditions, foreign
influences, and cultural interactions. From the Mauryan and Gupta empires to the Chola and Mughal dynasties,
different rulers contributed to the development of artistic styles.
2. Spiritual and Religious Significance: Religion played a pivotal role in shaping ancient Indian art. Temples,
stupas, and sculptures often depicted deities, narratives from sacred texts, and scenes from the lives of Buddha
and other spiritual figures.
22
3. Symbolism and Allegory: Artworks often contained symbolic elements and allegorical representations. The use
of symbols, such as the lotus representing purity and the wheel representing the cycle of life, enriched the depth
of meaning in these creations.
4. Intricate Carvings and Sculptures: Sculptures and carvings adorned temples and architectural structures. The
temples of Khajuraho are renowned for their intricate stone carvings that depict diverse aspects of human life,
including spiritual practices and everyday activities.
5. Architectural Marvels: Ancient Indian architecture showcased remarkable engineering skills. The rock-cut caves
of Ajanta and Ellora, with their intricate carvings and sculptures, and the grand temples of Konark and Hampi are
testament to the architectural brilliance of the time.
EXAMPLES :
1. Diverse Influences: Ancient Indian art and architecture were shaped by diverse influences. The Buddhist
stupas at Sanchi, with their ornate gateways (toranas) adorned with intricate carvings, reflect a blend of
indigenous styles and Hellenistic artistic influences.
2. Spiritual and Religious Significance: Temples like the Kailasa Temple in Ellora and the temples of Khajuraho
are prime examples of how ancient Indian art depicted religious narratives. The exquisite carvings on these
structures depict scenes from Hindu epics, mythological stories, and deities.
3. Symbolism and Allegory: The Great Stupa at Sanchi contains the Ashoka Pillar, adorned with the lion
capital—an iconic symbol of ancient India. The four lions, each facing different directions, symbolize different
virtues and directions in life.
4. Intricate Carvings and Sculptures: The sculptures of the Sun Temple at Konark are renowned for their
intricate detailing. The wheels of the temple, dedicated to the sun god Surya, showcase elaborate carvings of
horses, dancers, and scenes of everyday life.
5. Architectural Marvels: The cave temples of Ajanta offer exquisite murals and sculptures, depicting stories
from Buddhist Jataka tales. These paintings showcase the artistry of the time and provide insights into
clothing, hairstyles, and cultural practices.
CULTURAL DIVERSITY REFLECTED:
1. Regional Variation: Ancient Indian art and architecture displayed regional variations due to the diverse
geographical and cultural landscapes of India. For instance, the Dravidian architectural style of South India
differed from the Indo-Aryan style of North India.
2. Syncretism and Cross-Cultural Interactions: The art and architecture of ancient India were influenced by
various cultures through trade, invasions, and interactions. The Ajanta caves, for example, depict narratives from
Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism, showcasing the coexistence of diverse belief systems.
23
3. Dynastic Contributions: Different dynasties left their imprint on the art and architecture of their time. The
Mughal architecture, exemplified by the Taj Mahal, blended Persian, Indian, and Islamic elements, reflecting the
cultural amalgamation during the Mughal era.
4. Socio-Cultural Practices: Ancient Indian art often mirrored societal norms and practices. The sculptures at
Sanchi Stupa depict scenes of daily life, attire, and hairstyles of the time, offering insights into the social fabric of
ancient India.
EXAMPLES :
1. Regional Variation:The rock-cut cave temples of Ellora exhibit distinct architectural styles. While the Kailasa
Temple showcases intricate carvings, the Jain caves have simpler designs, reflecting the cultural variations
prevalent in different regions.
2. Syncretism and Cross-Cultural Interactions: The Qutub Minar complex in Delhi is a testament to the syncretic
blend of Hindu and Islamic architectural styles. The Iron Pillar within the complex, known for its rust-resistant
iron composition, stands as a symbol of technological advancement.
3. Dynastic Contributions: The Chola dynasty's Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur showcases the Dravidian
architectural style. Its towering vimana (shikhara) and detailed sculptures reflect the grandeur of the Chola
dynasty's cultural contributions.
4. Socio-Cultural Practices: The frescoes of the Ajanta Caves depict various aspects of ancient Indian life, from
court scenes and processions to daily activities. These paintings offer a glimpse into the clothing, jewelry, and
social customs of the time.
Conclusion: Ancient Indian art and architecture were dynamic reflections of the diverse cultures, traditions, and
interactions that characterized the subcontinent. The interplay of indigenous influences and external interactions
created a vibrant mosaic of artistic expressions that continues to captivate and inspire the world. Ancient Indian
art and architecture offer a kaleidoscope of cultural diversity, reflecting the amalgamation of influences,
traditions, and interactions. From temples to caves, sculptures to paintings, these artistic expressions continue to
be a testament to the rich heritage of India.
24
8) What is the meaning of the term "rare earth materials"? Evaluate their
significance in terms of strategic value and environmental implications,
particularly in the context of India. (150 words)
Recently, the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) has urged the government to encourage private-sector
mining in the Rare Earths minerals sector to counter India’s reliance on China for imports of such minerals. The
industry has demanded to Set up an ‘India Rare Earths Mission’.
Rare Earth Minerals:
1) Rare earth metals are a group of 17 elements – lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium,
promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium,
ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, yttrium.
2) They are lustrous silvery-white soft heavy metals.
3) These metals have unusual fluorescent, conductive, and magnetic properties, which make them very
useful when alloyed, or mixed, in small quantities with more common metals such as iron.
4) However, with the exception of the highly-unstable prometheum, rare earth elements are found in
relatively high concentrations in the earth’s crust.
5) The rare earths occur in many other minerals and are recoverable as by-products from phosphate rock
and from spent uranium leaching.
Reserves and Production:
1) The total world reserves are estimated at 121 million tonnes of rare earth oxides (REO).
2) China alone accounts for 44 million tonnes followed by Brazil and Vietnam (18% each) and Russia (15%).
3) China accounts for 90% of the world’s rare earth production.
4) The other major producers are Australia, USA, Russia, Malaysia and Vietnam.
Significance of Rare Earth Metals:
1) Manufacturing of Batteries: Minerals like Cobalt, Nickel, and Lithium are required for batteries used in
electric vehicles.
2) Used in most of the consumer products: REEs are an essential although often tiny component of more
than 200 consumer products which includes mobile phones, computer hard drives, electric and hybrid
vehicles, semiconductors, flat screen TVs and monitors, and high-end electronics.
3) Electric Vehicles: India has an ambitious plan to convert a large percentage of its transport to electric and
this would require these minerals.
4) 80 percent of the country’s two- and three-wheeler fleet, 40 percent of buses, and 30 to 70 per cent of
cars will be EVs by 2030.
5) Clean energy: They are critical for developing clean energy which is the need of the hour today.
6) Industrial use: Traditional uses like Cerium for glass polishing and lanthanum for car catalysts or optical
lenses.
25
7) Manufacturing of magnets: neodymium, praseodymium and dysprosium, are crucial to the manufacture
of magnets which are used in industries and also in wind turbines and Drones.
Issues associated with extraction of Rare Earth Metals:
1) Difficult to mine: Although they are more abundant than their name implies, they are difficult and costly
to mine and process cleanly.
2) Environmental Impact: The chief concern is that the rare earth elements are bound up in mineral
deposits with the low-level radioactive element thorium, exposure to which has been linked to an
increased risk of developing lung, pancreatic, and other cancers.
3) Chinese Dominance: Amid the transition to green energy, in which rare earth minerals are sure to play a
role, China’s market dominance is enough to sound an alarm in western capitals.
4) Monopoly of few: Most of the reserves being present in few nations causes problems for most of the
world because of the concentration of reserves in the hands of few countries.
5) Supply Chain: Forming forward and backward supply chains will create problems when the reserves are
mostly limited to one country.
Rare Earth Metals in India:
1) In India, monazite is the principal source of rare earths and thorium.

2) Rare earth elements contribute a total value of nearly $200 billion to the Indian economy.
3) India has the world’s fifth-largest reserves of rare earth elements, nearly twice as much as Australia, but
it imports most of its rare earth needs in finished form from its geopolitical rival, China.
4) Indian Rare Earths Ltd (IREL), a Government of India Undertaking, and KMML, a Kerala State Government
Undertaking, are actively engaged in mining and processing of beach sand minerals from placer deposits.
5) As per the Foreign Trade Policy, 2015-2020 and the effective policy on export and import, the import of
ores and concentrates of rare earth metals and of rare earth oxides including rutile sand are permitted
‘freely’.
CHALLENGES FOR INDIA:
1) Scaling Up: The key challenge for India today is to scale up upstream and downstream processes in the
rare earths value chain.
2) Monopoly of Government: India has granted government corporations such as IREL a monopoly over the
primary mineral that contains REEs: monazite beach sand, found in many coastal states.
3) Capital-Intensive: The mining and extraction processes are capital-intensive and consumes large
amounts of energy.
4) Competition from World: India must open its rare earth sector up to competition and innovation and
attract the large amounts of capital needed to set up facilities to compete with, and supply to, the world.
5) Toxic By-products: The mining releases toxic by-products, an issue that has caused some controversy in
India before.
26
Suggestive Measures for India:
A. New Department for Rare Earths (DRE): The best move forward might be to create a new Department
for Rare Earths (DRE) under the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, drawing on its exploration,
exploitation, refining, and regulation capabilities.
B. Allow Private Companies: This DRE should oversee policy formulation and focus on attracting investment
and promoting R&D, with its first move being to allow private sector companies to process beach sand
minerals within appropriate environmental safeguards.
C. Autonomous Regulator: It should also create an autonomous regulator, the Rare Earths Regulatory
Authority of India (RRAI), to resolve disputes between companies in this space and check compliance.
D. Better Coordination: The DRE could coordinate with other agencies to partner directly with groupings
such as the Quad, building up a strategic reserve as a buffer against global supply crises.
E. Encourage Indian Firms: While domestic reforms are awaited, Indian companies can be encouraged to
form such junior exploration businesses in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) to prospect for REEs and feed
value added products into Indian market.
Way Forward:
1) Building up domestic capability: There is a need to build domestic capability and broad-base supply
sources for such an important and strategic raw material.
2) Making it part of Make in India campaign: There is a need to make rare earth minerals a part of the
‘Make In India’ campaign, citing China’s ‘Made in China 2025’ initiative that focuses on new materials,
including permanent magnets that are made using rare earth minerals.
3) Supply chain resilience: The focus should be back on building cooperation on supply chain resilience
which is a trade partnership for critical and emerging technology to deal with issues of climate, economy
and pandemic impact.
4) Minerals Security Partnership (MSP): India should try through diplomatic channels to enter this
partnership. (As, India is not a member of this.)
5) It is a US-led partnership initiative of 11 nations which aims to bolster critical mineral supply chains.
6) Partnership includes the USA, Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, South Korea,
Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the European Commission.
7) QUAD critical and Emerging Technology Working group: It aims to develop supply resilience among
Quad members which includes India, US, Japan, and Australia.
8) Green goals: the critical minerals and emerging technology are the major need of the hour for
achievement of green future goals.
The time is right to focus on boosting the indigenous supply of rare earth metals that currently contribute a
total value of nearly US$ 200 billion to the Indian economy. A sustained supply is also essential to reduce its
dependence on Chinese imports and truly realize the vision of ATMANIRBHAR BHARAT.
27
Rare earth materials, a group of 17 chemically similar elements, are vital components in various modern
technologies due to their unique properties.
RARE EARTH MATERIALS: SIGNIFICANCE, STRATEGIC VALUE, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS
Understanding Rare Earth Materials: Rare earth materials include elements like lanthanum, cerium, neodymium,
and yttrium. They are used in electronics, renewable energy technologies, defense systems, and more due to
their magnetic, catalytic, and optical properties.
Significance in Terms of Strategic Value:
1) High-Tech Applications: Rare earth materials are essential for manufacturing electronics, such as
smartphones, laptops, and electric vehicle batteries. Neodymium is used in magnets for wind turbines
and electric motors.
2) Defense Sector: They play a critical role in defense technologies, including missile guidance systems,
radar systems, and aircraft components.
3) Green Technologies: Rare earths are crucial for renewable energy technologies. They are used in the
production of efficient LED lighting, photovoltaic cells, and hybrid vehicles.
4) Global Supply Chain Control: China dominates the global rare earth supply chain, giving it considerable
strategic leverage. Reducing dependence on a single source is of geopolitical significance.
Environmental Implications:
1) Extraction Challenges: Rare earth mining is environmentally intensive. The process generates large
amounts of radioactive waste and chemical pollutants, leading to soil and water contamination.
2) E-Waste and Recycling: The growth in electronic waste (e-waste) highlights the need for recycling rare
earths. Proper recycling methods can mitigate environmental impacts by reducing the demand for new
mining activities.
3) Energy-Intensive Processing: The extraction and processing of rare earths require significant energy
inputs, contributing to carbon emissions and environmental degradation.
RARE EARTHS IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT:
1) Economic Potential: India has significant rare earth reserves in states like Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.
Developing these resources can enhance India's economic potential and reduce dependency on imports.
2) Geopolitical Importance: Reducing reliance on external sources for rare earths aligns with India's goal of
strategic autonomy and diversifying supply chains.
28
3) Environmental Concerns: While exploiting rare earth resources can boost India's economy, the country
must address the environmental challenges associated with mining and processing.
Conclusion: Rare earth materials are invaluable for modern technologies, but their strategic significance and
environmental implications cannot be overlooked. India, with its reserves, has an opportunity to balance
economic growth with sustainable practices, ensuring a future where rare earths contribute positively to
technological advancements while minimizing their environmental impact.
9) Examine the influence of globalization on Indian society and culture? Add a note on
the recent phenomenon of Platformisation with an Example. (150 words)
Introduction: Globalization has significantly transformed Indian society and culture, ushering in new influences,
opportunities, and challenges. Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the
world a more connected and interdependent place. Globalization also captures in its scope the economic and
social changes that have come about as a result.
GLOBALIZATION'S IMPACT ON INDIAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE: EXPLORING PLATFORMISATION
1) Economic Transformation and Consumerism: Globalization has opened up Indian markets to

international trade and investment, leading to economic growth and consumerism. The influx of
multinational corporations and global brands has reshaped consumer preferences and spending patterns.
2) Cultural Exchange and Hybridization: Globalization has facilitated the exchange of cultural ideas and
practices. Bollywood films, for instance, have garnered a global audience, showcasing Indian culture
while also incorporating elements from different cultures.
3) Technological Advancements and Connectivity: Technological advancements have enabled connectivity
and information sharing. Social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter have not only
changed communication patterns but have also become platforms for cultural expression and identity
formation.
4) Shift in Lifestyle and Values: Globalization has influenced lifestyle choices and values. Western concepts
of individualism and materialism have seeped into Indian society, reshaping aspirations and notions of
success.
ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION FOR INDIA
1) The increasing globalization of India has access to markets of the country to foreign companies seeking to
invest and operate within the massive Indian market.
2) Increase in employment opportunities.
3) Initially, globalization gave foreigners access to an inexpensive, robust labor force. But as the country has
progressed, the labor force has grown more skilled and educated over time. Now India has the largest
diaspora living abroad.
29
4) For foreign investors considering the economy as a whole, India offers a well-diversified export basket.
This has been highlighted in ECONOMIC SURVEY OF INDIA
PLATFORMISATION: THE NEW WAVE OF GLOBALIZATION:
1) Platformisation refers to the dominance of digital platforms in various aspects of life, including
commerce, communication, and entertainment. Platforms like Amazon, Uber, and Netflix have become
integral to daily routines, impacting society and culture.
2) Platformisation's Influence on Indian Society: The rise of e-commerce platforms like Amazon and Flipkart
has transformed shopping habits, altering traditional retail dynamics and expanding consumer choices.
3) Platformisation's Influence on Indian Culture: Streaming platforms like Netflix and Hotstar have
revolutionized entertainment consumption, allowing for diverse content choices and blurring cultural
boundaries. For instance, the Indian web series "Sacred Games" gained international recognition,
showcasing Indian culture through a global platform.
Challenges of Platformisation:
❖ While platformisation offers convenience and exposure, it also poses challenges. It can lead to data
privacy concerns, digital divide exacerbation, and the homogenization of cultural expressions.
Conclusion: Globalization has indelibly impacted Indian society and culture, fostering cultural exchange,
technological integration, and economic growth. Platformisation, as a recent phenomenon, further accelerates
these changes, offering both opportunities and challenges. Balancing the benefits of platformisation with
preserving cultural heritage and addressing societal disparities is essential for India's continued cultural vibrancy
and societal well-being.
30
10) Illustrate the potential impacts of integrating digital and technological tools within
the field of education. (150 words)
DIGITAL EDUCATION : Digital education is the innovative use of digital tools and technologies during teaching
and learning and is often referred to as Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) or e-Learning.
Exploring the use of digital technologies gives educators the opportunity to design engaging learning
opportunities in the courses they teach, and these can take the form of blended or fully online courses and
programs.
TECHNOLOGY AS A SAVIOUR
1) Flexibility: Online education enables both the teacher as well as the students to set their own learning
pace plus provides the flexibility of setting a schedule that fits everyone’s agenda. Consequently,
providing a better work-study balance.
2) A Wide Range of Courses: In a space as vast and wide as the internet, infinite skills and subjects are there
to teach and learn.
A growing number of universities and higher education schools are coming forward to offer online
versions of their programs for various levels and disciplines.
3) More Cost-Effective than Conventional Learning: Lesser monetary investment is there with better
results.
With the online mode of learning, the money spent on study materials along with commute charges is
considerably less.
4) A Comfortable Learning Environment: Online learning allows students to work in the environment that
best suits them.
THE OTHER SIDE OF THE COIN
Lack of a Healthy Learning Environment: Education is not just about classes but interactions, broadening of
ideas, and free-flowing open discussions.
❖ Students learn more from each other while engaging in challenging collective tasks and thinking together.
❖ There is substantial learning that is lost when education goes online. Staring at a screen prevents them
from using their mind and acting as remote receptors of what is beamed.
Lack of Technology Access: Not everyone who can afford to go to school can afford to have phones, computers,
or even a quality internet connection for attending classes online.
Due to this, the mental stress that students have to undergo is very high.
❖ In Contradictory with Right to Education: Technology is not affordable to all, shifting towards online
education completely is like taking away the RTE of those who cannot access the technology.
31
❖ Moreover, THE NEP that talks about the digitization of education is also in contradiction with the right to
education.
❖ Health - Eye issues: Younger students, especially in classes 1 to 3 were most likely to suffer from eye-
health issues due to staring at the computer or mobile screen for extended periods.
❖ Other health issues like neck and back pain etc. due to bad posture and lack of movement have been
noticed in older students.
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES FOR SMOOTH CONDUCT OF E-LEARNING
▪ Several initiatives have been taken to enable online education in India, such as:
➢ E-PG Pathshala: An initiative of the Ministry of Human Resource Development to provide e-content for
studies.
➢ swayam it provides for an integrated platform for online courses.
➢ NEAT It aims to use AI to make learning more personalized and customized as per the requirements of
the learner
➢ Other initiatives include: National Project on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL), NATIONAL
KNOWLEDGE NETWORK , and National Academic Depository (NAD), among others.
➢ PRAGYATA: The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) released guidelines on DIGITAL
EDUCATION titled PRAGYATA
Under the PRAGYATA guidelines, only 30 minutes of screen time per day for interacting with parents is
recommended for kindergarten, nursery and pre-school.
➢ Schools can hold live online classes for a maximum of 1.5 hours per day for Classes 1-8, and 3 hours per
day for Classes 9-12.
National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning
❖ The NPTEL is a project of MHRD initiated by seven Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), along with the
Indian Institute of Science Bangalore.
❖ It was created in 2003 to provide online education.
❖ The aim was to have web and video courses in engineering, sciences, and management.
WAY FORWARD
A Multi-Pronged Approach: Flexible rescheduling the academic timetable and exploring options in
collaboration with schools, teachers, and parents for providing access to education to a larger section of
students.
32
1) Staggering teacher-student interactions in physical mode with not more than 50% of the total strength
attending schools on alternate days.
2) Giving priority to the less advantaged students who do not have access to e-learning.
3) Genuine efforts must be invested to ensure every child gets good quality equitable education as a
fundamental right.
Making Online Education More Effective: Shorter but quality discussions rather than long hours of monotonous
sitting and one-way communication, should be preferred.
❖ The teacher’s role has to go beyond just being in control of the class to being a facilitator for the transfer
of knowledge.
Focussing more on Knowledge Aspect: Education is not about competence but more about motivation. The
students are meant to discover not just cover the syllabus.
The system should not just heartlessly push the students and teachers in only finishing the course regardless of
any gain of knowledge, stress should be upon quality learning and not quantity cramming.
CONCLUSION
❖ ‘Equality of Opportunity’ is one of the basic principles of the Indian Constitution. Shifting to a system that
benefits only a section of people and leaves behind the neediest ruins the very notion of this statement.
❖ Moreover, digital education is something where India is not successful yet. There is still a lot to do in
terms of checking if students’ entitlements are not being compromised or in providing meaningful
academic curriculum alternatives.
Integrating digital and technological tools into the Indian education system holds the potential to revolutionize
teaching and learning methods, enhance accessibility, and bridge educational gaps.
Transforming Indian Education through Digital and Technological Integration
1) Enhanced Accessibility and Reach: Digital tools can transcend geographical barriers, providing education
to remote and underserved areas. Initiatives like the National Programme on Technology Enhanced
Learning (NPTEL) in India offer online courses on diverse subjects, making quality education accessible to
a wider audience.
2) Personalized Learning Experience: Technology enables personalized learning, catering to individual
learning styles and paces. Adaptive learning platforms like BYJU'S have gained popularity by tailoring
lessons to students' needs, fostering a deeper understanding of concepts.
33
3) Interactive Learning and Engagement: Digital tools facilitate interactive and engaging learning
experiences. Platforms like Khan Academy and Coursera offer interactive modules, simulations, and
videos, making learning more dynamic and enjoyable for students.
4) Teacher Empowerment and Professional Development: Digital integration empowers teachers with
innovative teaching methodologies and resources. The DIKSHA platform in India provides teachers with
lesson plans, resources, and training materials, enhancing their teaching effectiveness.
5) Data-Driven Insights: Technology allows educators to collect and analyze data on student performance,
identifying areas of improvement and optimizing teaching strategies. This data-driven approach can lead
to better learning outcomes.
Example: National Digital Education Architecture (NDEAR):
❖ India's NDEAR initiative aims to provide a unified digital infrastructure for all schools, enabling seamless
access to e-learning resources. It emphasizes digital content, online teacher training, and assessment
tools, showcasing India's commitment to technological advancement in education.
❖ Addressing Diverse Learning Needs: Technology can accommodate different learning abilities and needs.
Platforms like Amar Chitra Katha's ACK Alive offer visually engaging content that caters to diverse
learners, including those with special needs.
Challenges and Equity Concerns:
❖ Despite the benefits, challenges such as the digital divide and the need for teacher training must be
addressed to ensure equitable access to quality education for all.
Conclusion: Integrating digital and technological tools within the Indian education system has the potential to
democratize education, create engaging learning environments, and empower both educators and learners. By
addressing challenges and embracing innovative approaches, India can harness the transformative power of
technology to shape the future of education.
34
15 MARKERS
11) To what extent do current legal structures, like the Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, effectively curb and penalize
discrimination and violence against marginalized communities? Are there avenues for
enhancement, and if so, what are they? (250 words)
The CB-CID has lodged complaints against the Inspector and a few other police employees under the provisions
of the Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989 while investigating claims of
custody torture in the Ambasamudram Police Sub-Division in Tamil Nadu. The Act lists various offenses relating
to various patterns or behaviours inflicting criminal offenses and breaking the self-respect and esteem of the
scheduled castes and tribes’ community, which includes denial of economic, democratic, and social rights,
discrimination, exploitation, and abuse of the legal process.
BACKGROUND : The Act was enacted by the Parliament of India to address the persistent and pervasive
discrimination, violence and oppression faced by the Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in
various spheres of life. It is also known as the SC/ST Act, the Prevention of Atrocities Act, or simply the
Atrocities Act.
It defines various offences against SCs and STs as atrocities and provides for stringent punishment for the
perpetrators.
MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE ACT
1) To recognize and criminalize various forms of atrocities committed against SCs and STs that violate their
constitutional rights and human dignity.
2) To provide adequate legal protection to SCs and STs against such atrocities and ensure their access to
justice.
3) To create a conducive environment for the social and economic empowerment of SCs and STs and
prevent their exploitation and marginalization.
4) To promote awareness and sensitization among the general public and public servants about the rights
and entitlements of SCs and STs under the Constitution and other laws.
KEY PROVISIONS
Coverage
❖ The Act covers a wide range of offences against SCs and STs, such as causing physical or mental harm,
sexual abuse, economic exploitation, social boycott, forcible conversion, land grabbing, denial of access
to public services, etc.
35
Responsibilities of Administration
❖ It imposes a duty on every public servant to take necessary steps to protect SCs and STs from any harm or
harassment arising out of an offence under the Act.
❖ Failure to do so can result in imprisonment of up to six months or a fine or both.
❖ It imposes a duty on every public servant to register a complaint or information relating to an offence
under the Act without any delay or discrimination.
❖ Failure to do so can result in imprisonment of up to one year or a fine or both.
Time-bound Investigation
❖ It mandates that any offence under the Act shall be investigated by an officer not below the rank of
Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP) within 30 days.
Special Courts
❖ It empowers the state governments to establish special courts for the exclusive trial of offences under
the Act within a period of 2 months from the date of filing of the charge sheet.
Relief to Victims
❖ It provides free legal aid to the victims and witnesses of atrocities at all stages of the legal process.
❖ It entitles the victims and their dependents to immediate relief, compensation, rehabilitation and
resettlement as per the prescribed norms.
Punishment
❖ It prohibits anticipatory bail for any person accused of an offence under the Act unless there is no prima
facie case against him or her.
❖ It prescribes a minimum sentence of 6 months imprisonment for any offence under the Act, which can
extend up to life imprisonment or the death penalty in certain cases.
SOME OF THE FACTS THAT RAISE QUESTIONS OVER THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SC/ST POA ACT:
❖ POA act is among the most misused laws in India. Many use this act to settle a personal score or to
defame some innocent person.
❖ Increase in crimes: As per the NCRB report, 2019, Crimes against members of Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes communities increased by 7.3% and 26.5% respectively in 2019.
❖ State-wise: Uttar Pradesh has the most number of cases of crime against SCs – 11,829 cases, which is
25.8% of the total such cases in the country followed by Rajasthan with 6,794 cases (14.8% of all cases),
Bihar (14.2%), and Madhya Pradesh (11.5%).
❖ Conviction rate: According to a status report on the implementation of the PoA Act, released by the
National Dalit Movement for Justice (NDMJ), over the decade prior to 2018, the average conviction rate
under (Prevention of Atrocities) Act for cases of atrocities against Dalits and Adivasis remained at 25.2%
and 22.8% respectively.
36
❖ Legal system: Consequently, there has been a huge backlog of cases pertaining to atrocity crimes and a
slow process of resolving them. The Special Courts are not adequately resourced.
CHALLENGES
❖ Lack of awareness and sensitization among the SCs and STs about their rights and remedies under the
Act. Many victims do not report the atrocities due to fear of retaliation, social stigma, or lack of
confidence in the legal system.
❖ Delay and denial of justice due to procedural hurdles, inadequate infrastructure, shortage of staff, and
bias or indifference of the police, judiciary, and public prosecutors.
❖ The conviction rate under the Act is very low compared to other criminal cases.
❖ Misuse and abuse of the Act by some individuals or groups for personal or political motives. The Act has
been criticized for being too harsh and draconian, violating the principles of natural justice and the
human rights of the accused.
❖ Resistance and opposition from the dominant castes and communities who perceive the Act as a threat
to their social and economic interests.
❖ The Act has often triggered violent protests and clashes between different groups, leading to further
victimization of the SCs and STs.
❖ Lack of coordination and cooperation among various stakeholders such as the central and state
governments, civil society organizations, media, and academia.
❖ The Act requires a holistic and multi-pronged approach to address the root causes of caste-based
discrimination and violence.
❖ These challenges call for urgent reforms and interventions to ensure that the Act fulfils its objectives and
purpose of preventing atrocities against the SCs and STs.
STEPS NEED TO BE TAKEN
❖ Creating awareness and education campaigns to inform the SCs and STs about their rights and
entitlements under the Act, as well as to sensitize the general public about the plight and problems of
these communities.
❖ Strengthening the implementation and monitoring mechanisms of the Act by providing adequate funds,
infrastructure, manpower, training, and guidelines to the authorities concerned.
❖ The special courts, public prosecutors, police officers, and welfare officers should be appointed
exclusively for dealing with cases under the Act.
❖ Preventing misuse and abuse of the Act by ensuring fair and impartial investigation and trial of the
cases. False or frivolous complaints should be discouraged and penalized.
❖ The rights and interests of the accused should also be protected as per the law.
❖ Promoting dialogue and reconciliation between different castes and communities to foster social
harmony and mutual respect.
❖ The role of civil society organizations, media, religious leaders, and opinion-makers is crucial in this
regard.
37
❖ Addressing the underlying issues of caste-based discrimination and violence by implementing

affirmative action policies, socio-economic development programs, legal reforms, and cultural changes.
❖ The SCs and STs should be empowered to participate in decision-making processes that affect their lives.
CONCLUSION
The Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989 is a progressive and comprehensive
legislation that seeks to uphold the constitutional rights and dignity of SCs and STs in India. It is a powerful tool to
combat caste-based discrimination, violence and oppression that has plagued Indian society for centuries.
However, the effective implementation of the Act depends on various factors such as political will, administrative
efficiency, judicial sensitivity, social awareness and civil society participation.
POA, WAS ENACTED TO PROTECT THE MARGINALIZED COMMUNITIES AGAINST DISCRIMINATION AND
ATROCITIES:
1) Awareness: The POA has improved awareness regarding different types of atrocities faced by SCs and STs
= ensured the reduction in the crime rate because of resultant legal punishment.
2) Change in Mindset: The act has created a positive change in the mindset of upper caste towards SCs and
STs.
3) Empowerment: POA has improved the political participation of Dalits. SCs and STs are now able to avail
better education and health facilities without much discrimination. The act has helped Dalits
economically by increasing access to grants and finances from the government without any
discrimination. Thus, the act has ensured the inclusive development of the Indian economy.
4) Ensuring rights: The act has increased awareness among SC/ST about various rights provided by the
constitution. The act has ensured Right to Equality as guaranteed under the Fundamental Rights of Indian
Constitution. The act has helped in protecting the unique identity and traditional practices of these
communities.
Scope of improvement:
1) Registration of Cases: Standard Operating Procedure (SoP) should be developed for filing and
investigating cases so that there is no confusion or doubt among the investigators about the procedure
to be followed.
2) Training and Capacity building of judges, lawyers, and policemen is required in these types of cases
3) Prosecution: Successful prosecution of genuine cases by the lawyers must be rewarded.
4) Research: There is a requirement for research into the types of punishment, as an alternative to
imprisonment that can prevent future crimes by individuals or communities.
38
12) The caste system in India is evolving, embracing new identities and modes of
organization. Debate the viewpoint that the caste system is an ingrained aspect of
India. (250 words)
The caste system in India is a system of social stratification, social restriction and a basis for affirmative action in
India. Historically, the caste system in India divided communities into thousands of endogamous hereditary
groups called Jatis. The caste system in India has a complex history, deeply intertwined with social, cultural, and
economic dynamics. While traditionally perceived as rigid and stratified, recent developments suggest that the
caste system is undergoing transformations, leading to the debate about whether it remains an ingrained aspect
of Indian society.
FEATURES OF INDIAN CASTE SYSTEM
❖ Caste is Innate: Caste system in India is characterised by absolute rigidity and immobility. It is the caste
that determines one’s status in life.
❖ Caste is Endogamous: Each one must marry within his own caste and within the subgroup if there be any
in that caste.
❖ Hierarchical Social Structure: The caste structure of the society is hierarchy or system of subordination
held together by the relations of superiority and inferiority at the apex of which are Brahmins and at the
lowest rung are the shudras.
IDENTITIES AND ASSOCIATIONAL FORMS
Political: In contrast to the older structure, various caste communities have asserted themselves by forming
political parties based on caste identities. For example-
❖ Bahujan Samaj Party. Political mobilization based on caste has been rising.
❖ Lingayats’ demand to be considered as a minority community.
Economic: Development policies targeting the backward castes and scheduled have benefitted only a section of
the population. These sections have emerged as the elite and this has created a division within the backward
castes. Also, the welfare policies have led to social stigma among the castes which are not included. These
policies have strengthened the caste-based mobilization. For example:
❖ Dominant castes like Marathas, kapus and patidars have been demanding reservation.
❖ Socially empowered and landholding communities like Jats have also mobilized themselves and have
demanded reservation.
Social: Under the impact of globalization and technological advancement, the strict codes of marriage and
inheritance have diluted with more inter-caste marriages taking place. Caste groups like Khap Panchayats have
been brought under the scrutiny of the judiciary. The expression of social exclusion and maintaining the caste-
39
based division by the communities has however not vanished but has changed to become more subtle. For
example-
❖ The matrimonial advertisements are frequent in the newspapers that especially demand brides and
grooms from particular communities.
❖ Even religions that do not follow caste systems like Muslims and Christianity have observed caste-like
discrimination. Dalits who have converted to Christianity have separate graveyards in States like Kerala.
THE EVOLVING NATURE OF THE CASTE SYSTEM IN INDIA: DEBATING ITS INGRAINED ASPECT
HISTORICAL CONTEXT:
1. Hierarchical Structure:
❖ The caste system's historical roots lie in its hierarchical structure, dividing society into four main varnas—
Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras—based on occupation.
2. Discrimination and Social Norms:
❖ The caste system historically led to discrimination and social norms that confined individuals to their
birth-assigned occupations and social statuses, perpetuating inequality.
CHANGING LANDSCAPE:
1. Constitutional Reforms:
❖ Post-independence, India's Constitution introduced affirmative action policies (reservation) to uplift

historically marginalized castes, indicating a shift towards social justice and equality.
2. Economic Mobility:
❖ Modernization and economic growth have led to increased mobility. People from lower castes have
entered various professions, challenging traditional occupational restrictions.
3. Inter-Caste Marriages:
❖ Inter-caste marriages are becoming more common, transcending traditional boundaries and fostering
social integration.
4. Political Empowerment:
40
❖ The rise of leaders from historically disadvantaged castes in politics showcases changing power dynamics
and challenges the notion of the caste system as an unchanging social hierarchy.
5. Education and Awareness:
❖ Education and awareness campaigns have empowered individuals to challenge discriminatory practices
and assert their rights.
Debate: Is it Ingrained?
Viewpoint: - The caste system's deep-rooted history, social norms, and historical oppression suggest that it
remains ingrained in Indian society. Despite changes, caste-based discrimination and prejudices still persist.
Counter Viewpoint: - The evolving nature of the caste system, exemplified by changing dynamics and increasing
social integration, indicates that it is not an inherently static or unchangeable system.
Examples:
❖ Political Representation: Leaders like B.R. Ambedkar, a prominent Dalit leader, played a pivotal role in
challenging the caste system's rigid nature by advocating for equality and social justice.
❖ Cultural Influences: Modern literature, art, and media often challenge caste norms, promoting inclusivity
and questioning traditional hierarchies.
Recent Trends In Indian Caste system
1) Increase in the Organisational Power of Caste: With the growth of literacy in India caste-consciousness of
the members has been increasing to safeguard their interests. For example, formation of caste
associations such as Jat sabha.
2) Political Role of Caste: Caste has become an inseparable aspect of our politics as elections are fought
more often on the basis of caste.
3) Decline in the rigidity of the caste system: This is evident in the rising inter-caste marriages.
4) Demand for caste-based reservation: Recent rise in reservation demands by Patidar community, Kapu
community are some examples.
5) Protection for Scheduled Castes and other Backward Classes: The constitutional safeguards provided to
protect the interests of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has given a new lease of life to caste.
These provisions have made some of them develop vested interests to reap permanently the benefits of
reservation.
6) Sanskritization and Westernisation: The former refers to a process in which the lower castes tend to
imitate the values, practices and other life-styles of some dominant upper castes. The latter denotes a
process in which the uppercaste people tend to mould their life-styles on the model of Westerners.
41
7) Competitive Role of Castes: Mutual interdependence of castes which existed for centuries is not found
today. Now, each caste looks at the other with suspicion, contempt, and jealousy and finds in it a
challenger, a competitor.
CAUSES FOR THE RECENT TRENDS IN THE CASTE SYSTEM
1) Uniform Legal System: The uniform legal system introduced by British and independent India has not only
assured equality to all but also declared the practice of untouchability unlawful.
2) Impact of Modern Education: Modern secular education has given a blow to the intellectual monopoly of
a few upper castes by creating awareness among people and weakened the caste system.
3) Industrialisation, Urbanisation and Westernisation: Due to these new economic opportunities are created
which have weakened the rigid caste system.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the recent changes in the Indian caste system, highlights the increasing trend in caste-loyalty, caste-
identity, caste-patriotism and caste-mindedness. Through various policy measures and awareness programmes
efforts should be made to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of
India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or castes diversities.Considering that these divisions offer
solidarity and psychological strength to various marginalized groups, even if the caste-based discrimination is
diffused through the legislative enforcement the divisions of identity will be difficult to erase.
42
13) How has the Khalistani separatist movement evolved over time, and how has the
Indian government addressed it. Add a note on its present status. (250 words)
In light of the planned rallies by pro-Khalistan separatists in the U.S., the U.K., Canada, and
Australia on July 8, specifically targeting Indian diplomatic missions and diplomats, the Indian
government is taking proactive measures to ensure enhanced security and vigilance.
Separatism refers to a political ideology or movement that seeks the separation of a particular group or region
from a larger political entity, typically driven by cultural, ethnic, or religious distinctions. In the case of Khalistani
separatism, it entailed a movement during the 1970s and 1980s that aimed to establish a separate Sikh state
known as Khalistan in the Punjab region of India.
EVOLUTION OF KHALISTANI SEPARATISM:
1) During the 1970s, various Sikh separatist organizations emerged, advocating for greater political and
economic autonomy for Sikhs. The Indian government responded by suppressing these organizations and
detaining their leaders.
2) The Anandpur Sahib Resolution, introduced by the Sikh political party Akali Dal, called for increased
autonomy for Punjab and its Sikh population.
3) The 1980s witnessed escalated violence as security forces retaliated against Sikh militant attacks on
government targets. Sikh terrorists also targeted the government and Hindu communities, with support
from Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence and led by J. S. Bhindranwale, a prominent religious figure at
the time.
4) Operation Blue Star was launched by the Indian government to remove insurgents from the Golden
Temple complex.
43
5) Following the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards, anti-Sikh riots
erupted.
6) The Punjab Accord of 1985 aimed to bring peace and grant more autonomy to Punjab and its Sikh
population, but the Khalistan issue remained unresolved.
7) Effective counter-insurgency operations and internal divisions among terrorist factions led to a decline in
the insurgency during the 1990s. Sikh Gurdwara administration committees were established for better
Gurudwara administration.
8) After the 9/11 attacks, international support for Khalistan diminished as Sikh militancy became
associated with terrorism. While demand for Khalistan has decreased, certain Sikh organizations continue
to advocate for greater autonomy within India.
INDIAN GOVERNMENT'S APPROACH TO COUNTER KHALISTANI SEPARATISM:
1) The government implemented significant counterinsurgency efforts, such as Operation Black Thunder in
1988, to combat militant groups. Notable police officer K. P. S. Gill played a key role in the 1990s
counterinsurgency operations.
2) Political measures were undertaken, including the establishment of separate gurdwara management
committees to address Sikh concerns.
3) Intelligence operations were employed to gather information on militant activities and disrupt their
plans.
4) Efforts were made to improve relations between the Sikh and Hindu communities, such as the creation of
the Punjab Rural Development Board.
5) Collaborative initiatives with neighboring states like Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir aimed to prevent
the movement of terrorists and weapons across borders.
STATUS OF THE KHALISTAN MOVEMENT TODAY
1) Punjab has long been peaceful, but the movement lives among some Sikh communities overseas.
2) The diaspora is composed predominantly of people who don’t want to live in India.
3) These people include many who remember the bad old days of the 1980s, and thus the support for
Khalistan remains stronger there.
4) The deep-rooted anger over Operation Blue Star and the desecration of the Golden Temple continues
to resonate with some in the newer generations of Sikhs. However, even as Bhindranwale is viewed as a
martyr by many and the 1980s remembered as dark times, this has not manifested into tangible political
support for the Khalistan cause.
5) There is a small minority that is clinging to the past, and that small minority remains significant not
because of popular support, but rather because they are trying to keep up their political influence with
various political parties both from the left and the right.
44
INDIA'S CONCERN AND DIPLOMATIC ACTION
1) National Security Adviser Ajit Doval discussed the matter with his British counterpart during talks in Delhi,
and the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) engaged in conversations with partner countries, urging
preemptive actions.
2) Alarming posters promoting "Kill India" and "Khalistan Freedom" rallies, featuring photographs of India's
top diplomats stationed in these nations, have raised concerns in New Delhi.
3) While these protests highlight an alarming increase in separatist activities overseas, it is crucial for the
countries harboring these groups to be equally concerned, as their own citizens are involved.
4) The upcoming rallies serve as a test for respective governments to fulfill their international obligations by
ensuring adequate protection for Indian diplomatic interests, investigating and sharing intelligence on
violent organizations, and taking measures to prevent criminal acts, rather than using the guise of
"freedom of speech."
REEVALUATING DIPLOMATIC STRATEGY:
1) While the primary responsibility lies with the four countries experiencing a rise in pro-Khalistan attacks,
the Indian government must also reconsider its public diplomacy approach on this issue.
2) Publicly admonishing foreign governments, severing diplomatic contact, and engaging in retaliatory
measures, such as downgrading security for the British High Commission, may be symbolic but lack
diplomatic efficacy.
3) Apart from the United States, the MEA has frequently summoned senior diplomats from the mentioned
countries to voice concerns regarding attacks, often without distinguishing between violent incidents and
mere graffiti.
4) Although New Delhi is justified in raising concerns over the safety of Indian citizens and property, it is
essential to respect the sovereignty of the host country in matters of law and order and policing.
5) Critically, India's vocal protests on behalf of the Indian diaspora and targeted community centers fail to
acknowledge that both the victims and perpetrators often have Indian origins.
6) Given the escalating protests and the gravity of the threats, the need of the hour is increased
cooperation rather than brinkmanship between governments, establishing mechanisms for information
sharing, intelligence collaboration, and seeking solutions to address the growing violence perpetrated by
such groups.
Conclusion:
It is imperative for India to adapt its diplomatic approach to effectively address the Khalistan issue. The planned
pro-Khalistan rallies necessitate urgent action from the concerned governments to protect Indian diplomatic
interests, fulfill international obligations, and prevent criminal acts. Simultaneously, New Delhi should reassess its
public diplomacy strategies, moving away from symbolic measures toward fostering cooperation with partner
nations. Recognizing that law and order matters fall under the jurisdiction of the host country, India should
engage in constructive dialogue, information sharing, and intelligence collaboration to tackle the rising violence
perpetrated by pro-Khalistan groups. By doing so, a collective effort can be made to safeguard the interests of all
parties involved and work towards a peaceful resolution.
45
PAKISTAN'S INVOLVEMENT IN INCITING INSTABILITY IN INDIAN PUNJAB:
❖ Extremist organizations with ties to Pakistan and support from the ISI still operate in Punjab.
❖ The ISI continues to provide training and support to militants in preparation for attacks in Punjab,
utilizing methods like dropping weapons and explosives through drones.
❖ Increased drug trafficking activities, backed by Pakistan, ensnare youth in organized crime, with potential
links to terrorism.
❖ Pakistan circulates counterfeit Indian currency in Punjab to finance militancy.
❖ The ISI exploits social media to radicalize and recruit young Sikhs in India.
❖ Pakistan funds pro-Khalistan demonstrations and gatherings in Western nations to reignite the Khalistani
movement, notably in Canada.
❖ Pakistan denies its involvement in the Khalistani separatist movement, instead blaming India for alleged
human rights abuses in Punjab.
❖ This indicates an ongoing proxy struggle in Punjab. However, steps towards peace, such as the opening of
the Kartarpur corridor, have been taken, albeit with suspicions. India should leverage Pakistan's current
economic crisis to improve law and order in Punjab, exert pressure on the international community to
combat terrorism, and collaborate with civil society to address issues like drug abuse. India must remain
prepared in all aspects to ensure national unity and integrity.
14) Do you concur that the League of Nations' decline was due to inherent
contradictions? Explain. (250 words)
Introduction: : The League of Nations was established after World War I with the aim of promoting
international cooperation and preventing future conflicts. However, it faced numerous challenges and
eventually declined. This essay examines the role of inherent contradictions in contributing to the
League's downfall, exploring dimensions of its structure and effectiveness.
THE DECLINE OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS: INHERENT CONTRADICTIONS
INHERENT CONTRADICTIONS:
1. Limited Power and Enforcement: The League lacked a standing army or the authority to enforce its
decisions. While it aimed to prevent aggression, it couldn't effectively intervene militarily, as exemplified
by the League's failure to prevent the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931.
2. Unequal Representation: The League's structure was marred by unequal representation of powerful
and smaller nations. This imbalance undermined the credibility of its decisions and raised questions about
fairness and effectiveness.
46
3. NATIONAL INTERESTS VS. COLLECTIVE SECURITY: Member states often prioritized their national
interests over collective security, rendering the League impotent in addressing conflicts. The failure to halt
Italian aggression in Ethiopia highlighted this contradiction.
4. Absence of Major Powers: The absence of major powers like the United States and the Soviet Union
weakened the League's global influence. The U.S. Senate's rejection of the League's membership
contributed to its limited impact.
5. Economic Constraints: The League's economic sanctions lacked teeth due to member states' reluctance
to impose meaningful penalties that might harm their own economies. The League's inability to halt the
rearmament of Nazi Germany is an example of this challenge.
FAILURES :
1) The League of Nations came to be viewed as an organisation of the allied powers especially of France and
Britain, setup for implementation of unjust peace treaties, which failed to satisfy all nations.
2) The Conference of ambassadors was set up as a temporary body to resolve disputes. But, it continued to
exist even after the formation of the League. This hurt the legitimacy and the authority of the League of
Nations.
3) The League of Nations failed to check any violations of the frontiers established after WWI through the
peace treaties. It also failed to take a firm stand on aggression displayed by Italy, Germany and Japan. For
example, it imposed only partial trade restrictions on Italy after its Abyssinia invasion.
4) The League of Nations was not a truly representative organization. It had limited membership and the
USA did not join it. This resulted in lack of funds for the League’s work.
5) It was also made to defend an imperfect treaty which suffered from biases and was prone to be broken.
The Peace treaties signed were against the principle of self determination. For instance, millions of
Germans resided outside Germany in Czechoslovakia and Poland after the peace treaties. Similarly, many
Turks were now residents of Greece.
6) It was only Germany, which was made to disarm under the Treaty of Versailles. The League failed to
convince other major powers to disarm. Hitler used this as an excuse to quit the World Disarmament
Conference. Soon, he denounced the League of Nations and made Germany quit it as well.
All the imperfections of the league were responsible for the occurrence of the 2nd major world war.
1) First and foremost, major powers like the USA and the USSR were not members of the League of Nations.
This was a serious defect.
2) There were many states which considered the Treaty of Versailles as a treaty of revenge and were not
prepared to ratify the same. By not ratifying the treaty, they refused to be members of the League.
3) There was a feeling among the nations that the League of Nations was fully dominated by the victorious
countries of World War I especially France and England. The result was that the other states began to
doubt about the working of the League of Nations.
47
4) After World War I, situations arose for the rise of dictatorships in Italy, Japan and Germany. Manchurian
conquest of Japan, capturing of Abyssinia by Italy and German rearmament could not be challenged by
the League.
5) The already weak international organisation was further weakened when nations like Japan, Germany
and Italy left the League.
6) Small nations lost their faith in the working of the League. They felt that the League of Nations had no
power to control the aggressive activities of the big powers.
Examples Related to India:
1. Failure in Addressing Colonialism: The League's inability to address colonialism and the interests of
imperial powers like Britain and France compromised its credibility. For instance, the League's response to
the Italian invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) revealed its limitations in challenging colonial aggression.
2. Impact on India's Struggle for Independence: The League's contradictions and inability to address global
conflicts affected India's struggle for independence. The lack of decisive League action against imperial
powers impeded international support for India's freedom movement.
Conclusion: The decline of the League of Nations was indeed influenced by inherent contradictions that
hindered its ability to effectively prevent conflicts and maintain international order. The structural
weaknesses, unequal representation, and conflicts of national interests undermined its legitimacy and
contributed to its ultimate demise. The League's experience serves as a lesson for international
organizations seeking to promote peace and cooperation, highlighting the need for strong enforcement
mechanisms, equal representation, and the commitment of major powers.
48
15) Critically analyse the impacts of the ghadar movement on the Indian
freedom struggle (250 words)
The Ghadar Party was founded in 1913 in San Francisco, USA. It was centred around the weekly journal called
“The Ghadar,” which served as a platform for disseminating anti-imperialist and revolutionary ideas. The majority
of Ghadar Party members were Punjabi immigrants who had migrated to the United States and Canada in search
of better economic opportunities. Many of them were ex-soldiers and peasants from Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur
districts in Punjab. They had experienced economic hardships and were driven by a desire for India’s
independence.
The Ghadar Party aimed to overthrow British rule in India through various means. Their activities included
planning official assassinations, distributing anti-imperialist literature, coordinating with Indian troops stationed
abroad, procuring weapons, and sparking a synchronized uprising across British colonies.
GHADAR PARTY - ACTIVITIES
❖ The Ghadr programme aimed to organise assassinations of officials, publish revolutionary and anti-
imperialist literature, work with Indian troops stationed abroad, obtain arms, and spark a simultaneous
revolt in all British colonies.
❖ When the First World War broke out in 1914, some members of the Ghadar Party arrived in Punjab to
foment an armed revolution for India's independence.
❖ They were also successful in smuggling weapons and inciting mutiny among Indian soldiers in the British
Army.
❖ The ensuing uprising, now known as the Ghadar Mutiny, was brutally suppressed by the British, who
executed 42 mutineers following the Lahore Conspiracy Case trial.
❖ Nonetheless, the Ghadar Party fought against colonialism from 1914 to 1917, with the support of
Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire, both of which were Central Powers opposed to the British.
❖ The party was organized around the weekly newspaper The Ghadar, which featured the masthead
caption: Angrezi Raj Ka Dushman (an enemy of British rule). "Wanted brave soldiers to stir up rebellion
in India," the Ghadar declared.
❖ Following the Komagata Maru Incident in 1914, which was a direct challenge to Canadian anti-Indian
immigration laws, thousands of Indians living in the United States sold their businesses and homes in
order to drive the British out of India, bolstering the ranks of the Ghadar Party.
GHADAR PARTY - CAUSES OF FAILURE
1) A large number of Ghadar leaders were arrested even before they set foot on Indian soil, and they were
imprisoned after they disembarked.
2) Some of those who escaped arrest, including Kartar Singh Saraba, Pandit Kanshi Ram, and G. Pingale,
gathered in Punjab to carry out the revolution. Micheal O' Dwyer was the Lieutenant-General of
Punjab at the time.
49
3) Different strategies were used by Ghadar leaders in Punjab. The British branded them as dacoits, and the
native Punjabi population did not welcome them either. A section of Punjabi Sikhs labelled the Ghadar
leaders as apostates.
4) Sikhs were the most loyal men in the British Army at the time, and they had reaped enough benefits from
these jobs.
5) The Ghadar leaders were appalled by their countrymen's devotion to the British. Winning over native
Punjabis became critical to the revolution's success.
6) One of the many strategies they used to carry out operations within India was to recruit Indian soldiers
from the British Army.
7) They accomplished this by secretly crossing cantonments and conversing with well-trained soldiers in the
lines. Kartar Singh Saraba, 19, was the most involved in this operation.
8) The bombings caused widespread unrest, prompting the British-Indian government, led by Micheal
O'Dwyer, to launch an aggressive crackdown on them.
9) O'Dwyer ordered the incarceration of all Ghadar members, whether legally or illegally.
Evaluation of Ghadar Party
❖ The Ghadr movement's achievement was in the realm of ideology. It preached militant nationalism while
remaining completely secular.
❖ However, it failed to achieve much politically and militarily because it lacked organized and sustained
leadership, underestimated the extent of preparation required at every level—organizational, ideological,
financial, and tactical strategic—and perhaps Lala Hardayal was unsuited for the job of an organizer.
CONCLUSION :
The Ghadar Party played a significant role in the revolutionary phase of the Indian national movement, inspiring
and mobilizing people in the fight against British colonial rule. Despite their efforts to incite rebellion and achieve
independence, the party faced challenges such as detention, lack of public support, limited leadership,
underestimation of preparation, repressive measures, and a focus on ideology over political and military strategy.
While the Ghadar Party’s activities left a lasting impact on India’s struggle for freedom, their ultimate objectives
were not fully realized.
50
CRITICAL ANALYSIS :
The Ghadar Party faced several challenges and shortcomings that contributed to its failure in achieving its
political and military objectives. Here are some key reasons for the failure of the Ghadar Party:
1) Detention and Imprisonment: Many Ghadar Party leaders were detained even before they reached
India, and upon their arrival, they were imprisoned. This significantly hindered their ability to carry out
their plans and disrupted their organizational structure.
2) Lack of Public Support: The Ghadar Party faced opposition and distrust from both the native Punjabi
population and the British authorities. Some Punjabi Sikhs considered the Ghadar leaders as apostates, as
Sikhs were known for their loyalty to the British Army. The lack of support and hostility from the local
population limited the party’s ability to gain traction and mobilize a significant uprising.
3) Limited Organizational Leadership: The Ghadar Party lacked organized and sustained leadership. The
imprisonment and detention of key leaders disrupted the chain of command and hindered effective
decision-making and coordination of activities.
4) Underestimation of Preparation: The Ghadar Party underestimated the level of preparation required in
various aspects. They underestimated the organizational, ideological, financial, and tactical strategic
preparations needed for a successful uprising. This lack of thorough preparation hampered their
effectiveness in implementing their plans.
5) Repressive Measures: The British authorities, led by Lieutenant-General Michael O’Dwyer in Punjab,
implemented repressive measures against the Ghadar Party members. These measures included
widespread detention of party members, regardless of their involvement in illegal activities. The
crackdown by the authorities weakened the party’s capabilities and limited its ability to carry out its
plans.
6) Ideological Focus over Political and Military Strategy: While the Ghadar Party was successful in
spreading its ideology of militant nationalism and secularism, it failed to translate this ideological
influence into significant political and military achievements. The party’s emphasis on ideology may have
come at the expense of developing robust political and military strategies necessary for achieving its
goals.
51
16) Japan not only evaded imperialist dominance but also modernized, leading to its
emergence as a global influence. Examine this and assess the factors that led to the rise
of 'military-fascism' in Japan. (250 words)
Introduction: Japan's remarkable transformation from a feudal society to a global influence during the
late 19th and early 20th centuries is a testament to its ability to simultaneously avoid imperialist
dominance while embracing modernization. This multifaceted evolution laid the groundwork for its
subsequent surge into militaristic-fascism.
THE JAPANESE TRANSFORMATION: EVADING IMPERIALIST DOMINANCE, ACHIEVING MODERNIZATION, AND

THE RISE OF MILITARY-FASCISM
Evading Imperialist Dominance and Achieving Modernization:
❖ Isolationist Stance: Japan skillfully managed to evade direct colonization by Western powers during the
Age of Imperialism through strategic diplomacy and embracing an isolationist stance. The nation's
successful adaptation of foreign ideas while retaining its cultural identity is exemplified by the Meiji
Restoration of 1868.
❖ Selective Borrowing: Japan's ability to select and adopt Western concepts and technologies, such as
industrialization, education, and military tactics, enabled its rapid modernization. The construction of a
strong navy and the establishment of a modern army were pivotal in enhancing Japan's global influence.
FACTORS LEADING TO THE RISE OF MILITARY-FASCISM:
1) Military Tradition and Nationalism: Japan's long-standing samurai tradition and deep-rooted nationalism
fostered a military-centric society. The combination of these factors created an environment conducive
to the rise of a powerful military establishment.
2) Socio-economic Unrest: Rapid industrialization and urbanization brought about socioeconomic disparities
and political discontent. The military, presented as a unifying force, gained traction as a solution to these
issues.
3) Expansionist Ambitions: The military-fascist ideology was fueled by expansionist ambitions, driven by
desires for resource acquisition and the establishment of a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. The
invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and subsequent aggression in China demonstrated Japan's militaristic
intent.
❖ Similar to European nations like Italy and Germany, nationalism and aggressive expansionism began to
rise to prominence in Japan after World War I.
52
❖ The 1919 Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I did not recognize the Empire of Japan’s territorial
claims, which angered the Japanese and led to a surge in nationalism.
❖ Throughout the 1920s, various nationalistic and xenophobic ideologies emerged among right-wing
Japanese intellectuals, but it was not until the early 1930s that these ideas gained full traction in the
ruling regime.
❖ During the Manchurian Incident of 1931, radical army officers bombed a small portion of the South
Manchuria Railroad and, falsely attributing the attack to the Chinese, invaded Manchuria.
❖ International criticism of Japan following the invasion led to Japan withdrawing from the League of
Nations, which led to political isolation and a redoubling of ultranationalist and expansionist tendencies.
❖ In 1932, a group of right-wing Army and Navy officers succeeded in assassinating the Prime Minister
Inukai Tsuyoshi.
❖ The plot fell short of staging a complete coup d’état, but it effectively ended rule by political parties in
Japan and consolidated the power of the military elite under the dictatorship of Emperor Hirohito.
EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING THE PHENOMENON:
➢ Anglo-Japanese Alliance: Japan's wise diplomacy resulted in the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902,
allowing it to enhance its global influence by securing British support for its actions in East Asia.
➢ Pearl Harbor Attack: The 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor showcases Japan's militarism reaching its zenith.
This event marked Japan's direct confrontation with a major world power and led to its involvement in
World War II.
CONCLUSION: Japan's unique ability to avoid colonial subjugation while achieving modernization was a
remarkable feat that earned it global recognition. However, the interplay of factors such as a militaristic
tradition, nationalism, socioeconomic disparities, and expansionist ambitions contributed to the rise of
military-fascism. The legacy of this era continues to shape Japan's role on the global stage and serves as a
reminder of the complexities of political and ideological evolution.
53
17) Evaluate the growth of art and architecture during the period of Delhi
Sultanate. How has it inspired the Indian Heritage and culture? (250 words)
INTRODUCTION: The Delhi Sultanate, spanning from the 13th to the 16th century, witnessed a confluence of
artistic and architectural influences from various regions, resulting in a distinct and influential visual culture. The
synthesis of Persian, Central Asian, and Indian elements during this period not only shaped the architectural
landscape but also left an indelible mark on Indian heritage and culture.
The ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF DELHI SULTANATE had a distinct style that was influenced by Islamic and Indian
traditions. Since Delhi served as the capital of the sultanate, its architecture, and construction exhibited the traits
of Indo-Islamic style and heritage. This meant the city witnessed a combination of two entirely different cultures
and histories in its infrastructure. Furthermore, the art and architecture of Delhi Sultanate saw tremendous
changes, and there was a nexus between two styles -the Indian and the Islamic. This gave the city a unique
identity that it has preserved through the years.
ART AND ARCHITECTURE DURING THE DELHI SULTANATE: A CATALYST FOR INDIAN HERITAGE AND CULTURE
The Indo-Islamic architecture manifested the aesthetic heritage of the new sultans that includes both religious
and secular structures. While indigenous architecture is Trabeate i.e. the space is spanned by mean of beams
laid horizontally; the Islamic form is Arcuate, whereby arches are used to bridge a space. The dome is the
prominent feature of the mosque in contrast to the Sikhar of Hindu temples.
ARCHITECTURAL BRILLIANCE AND INFLUENCES:
➢ Indo-Islamic Fusion: The architecture of the Delhi Sultanate reflects a harmonious blend of Islamic and
Indian architectural styles. The Qutub Minar, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, exemplifies this fusion with
its Persian-inspired design and intricate Indian detailing.
➢ Mosques and Tombs: The establishment of mosques like the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque in Delhi
showcased intricate calligraphy, geometric patterns, and arches that became iconic in Indian Islamic
54
architecture. The tomb of Iltutmish introduced the use of true domes in India, a feature later seen in the
Mughal architecture.
➢ Fortifications and Gateways: The Sultanate rulers fortified their cities with imposing walls and gateways.
The Alai Darwaza, a magnificent gateway built by Alauddin Khilji, is adorned with intricate latticework
and geometric designs, reflecting the artistic excellence of the period.
➢ Indo-Islamic Fusion: The Qutub Minar in Delhi is a prime example of the fusion of Indo-Islamic
architectural styles. The tower's distinct Persian-inspired fluted design complements intricate Indian
carvings and calligraphy, demonstrating a harmonious blend of influences.
➢ Mosques and Tombs: The Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, adjacent to the Qutub Minar, showcases the
distinct Indo-Islamic architectural style. Its imposing arches, intricate geometric patterns, and ornate
calligraphy on the walls highlight the synthesis of Persian and Indian elements. Similarly, the tomb of
Iltutmish features a true dome, a feature that was later perfected in Mughal architecture.
➢ Fortifications and Gateways: The Alai Darwaza, built by Alauddin Khilji, exemplifies the architectural
excellence of the Delhi Sultanate. The towering gateway features intricate latticework, geometric
designs, and inscriptions in Persian and Arabic, showcasing the cultural and artistic diversity of the
period.
INSPIRATION FOR INDIAN HERITAGE AND CULTURE:
➢ Cultural Syncretism: The Delhi Sultanate era witnessed the amalgamation of diverse cultural influences.
This syncretism extended beyond architecture, influencing literature, music, and cuisine. Sufism, a
mystical Islamic tradition, also gained prominence during this period, contributing to a more inclusive
cultural landscape.
➢ Language and Literature: Persian, the administrative language of the Sultanate, enriched Indian
literature. Works like Amir Khusrau's poetry became the bridge between Persian and Indian languages,
fostering a unique literary heritage.
➢ Legacy in Mughal Period: The artistic and architectural innovations of the Delhi Sultanate laid the
foundation for the grandeur of the Mughal period. Mughal emperors incorporated and evolved the
Sultanate's architectural elements, creating iconic structures like the Taj Mahal.
➢ Cultural Syncretism: The Delhi Sultanate era fostered cultural syncretism. The blending of Persian,
Central Asian, and Indian elements not only influenced architecture but also extended to other aspects
of culture, including music, literature, and cuisine. The Sufi tradition, which gained prominence during
this period, further contributed to a more inclusive cultural landscape.
➢ Language and Literature: The Persian language, used for administration during the Delhi Sultanate,
enriched Indian literature. Amir Khusrau, a renowned poet of the time, composed poetry in Persian and
introduced new styles, contributing to the evolution of Indian poetry.
55
➢ Legacy in Mughal Period: The architectural innovations of the Delhi Sultanate significantly impacted
the Mughal period. The Mughal emperors, such as Akbar and Shah Jahan, integrated and advanced the
Sultanate's architectural elements. The Taj Mahal, a masterpiece of Mughal architecture, features
intricate carvings and a central dome reminiscent of the Delhi Sultanate's architectural style.
CULTURAL CONTINUITY AND EVOLUTION:
➢ Religious Tolerance: The Delhi Sultanate's architecture reflects religious tolerance, seen in the
construction of mosques and tombs alongside temples and other religious structures. This tradition of
syncretism continued in subsequent Indian art and culture.
➢ Regional Influence: Sultanate architecture showcased regional variations, demonstrating the diversity of
Indian art and architecture. These regional styles continued to evolve and influence later architectural
endeavors.
Religious Tolerance: The Sultanate's architecture reflects religious tolerance. The Qutub Minar complex, for
instance, includes the Iron Pillar, a testament to the coexistence of different religious and cultural elements
within the same space.
Regional Influence: The Delhi Sultanate's architecture displayed regional variations. The Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra
in Ajmer showcases Indo-Islamic architecture with Hindu-style ornamentation, highlighting the influence of
regional traditions.
CONCLUSION: The artistic and architectural achievements of the Delhi Sultanate era are a testament to the
rich cultural exchange and syncretism that shaped Indian heritage. The fusion of diverse influences, innovative
architectural forms, and the subsequent impact on literature and culture underline the lasting significance of
this period. The Delhi Sultanate's legacy serves as a reminder of India's ability to absorb and transform foreign
influences into a unique and vibrant cultural tapestry.
ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF DELHI SULTANATE
❖ The delhi sultanate refers to the Muslim rulers who established their reign in India between the 13th and
16th centuries. During this interval, Delhi witnessed the emergence of a distinct style of art and
architecture. The art and architecture of Delhi Sultanate also represented a fusion of Islamic and Indian
styles that was never seen before. In fact, many of the city’s iconic landmarks are a testament to the
legacy of the Delhi Sultanate.
❖ In addition, the art and architecture of the Delhi Sultanate had a significant influence on subsequent
architectural styles in India. For instance, the Mughal Empire, which succeeded the Delhi Sultanate, built
many iconic buildings in Delhi, such as the Red Fort and the TAJMAHAL that were inspired by the Delhi
Sultanate architecture.
56
FEATURES OF ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF DELHI SULTANATE
Since the Delhi sultanate had a significant influence on the capital of Delhi, it is interesting to notice how it
shaped the city’s architecture. The Delhi Sultanate architecture had some unique features that can be observed
in different monuments and landmarks across the city. Here are some of these features.
❖ Islamic Influences: The Delhi Sultanate rulers were predominantly Muslims, and this is reflected in the
architectural style of the period. The buildings featured typical Islamic elements such as domes, arches,
and minarets and were often adorned with intricate calligraphy and geometric designs.
❖ Large Courtyards and Gardens: The buildings of the Delhi Sultanate were typically organized around
large courtyards used for public gatherings and ceremonies. Also, the Delhi Sultanate architecture cannot
be discussed without mentioning the beautiful gardens built by different rulers during this era.
❖ Indo-Islamic Fusion: The art and architecture of the Delhi Sultanate also represented a fusion of Islamic
and Indian styles. This is evident in Hindu motifs such as lotus and bell-shaped domes in Islamic buildings.
For example, the Qutub Minar features intricate carvings of Hindu deities, along with Arabic inscriptions.
❖ Use of Red Sandstone: The Delhi Sultanate rulers extensively used locally available materials such as red
sandstone, which was abundant in the region.
NOTABLE ARCHITECTURE OF DELHI SULTANATE
❖ The capital city of Delhi is home to some of the most magnificent structures in the country. And the Delhi
Sultanate contributed immensely to this. Let’s take a look at some of the most significant art and
architecture of the Delhi Sultanate.
Qutub Minar
➢ One of the most notable landmarks of Delhi that is part of the Delhi sultanate architecture is the Qutub
Minar.
➢ The QUTUB MINAR is a towering minaret located in Delhi that was built by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, the first
ruler of the Delhi Sultanate.
➢ The minaret is over 73 meters tall and features intricate carvings and inscriptions. Also situated in the
Qutub complex, the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque is one of the oldest mosques and was built under the
instruction of the first Sultan of Delhi.
TUGHLAQABAD FORT
➢ Tughlaqabad Fort is a ruined fort located in Delhi, built by the TUGHLAQ DYNASTY ruler Ghiyas-ud-din
Tughlaq in the 14th century. The fort was designed as a defensive structure with high walls, towers, and
bastions and is one of the best examples of the military architecture of the Tughlaq dynasty and the Delhi
sultanate architecture.
57
Lodhi Garden
➢ The lush green Lodhi Garden is a public park located in the heart of Delhi. It was originally a part of the
Lodhi dynasty tombs, built in the 15th century.
➢ Hence, it is an indispensable part of the art and architecture of Delhi sultanate. The architecture of the
tombs is a blend of Islamic and Indian architectural styles, with intricate carvings and calligraphy.
Hauz Khas Complex
➢ The Hauz Khas Complex is a group of monuments located in Delhi and includes several buildings built
during the Delhi Sultanate period. The most famous of these is the Hauz Khas Mosque, which features
intricate carvings and calligraphy.
18) Discuss in detail various aspects of Harappan economy with special

focus on Internal & external trade? Add a note on the possible factors that
contributed to its decline. (250 words)
The civilization of the Indus Valley was very successful. The main source of income for them was agriculture,
animal husbandry, industry, trade and commerce. Pots, weaving tools, and pieces of metals were also found by
archaeologists, indicating that they traded these goods with other cities. Seals belonging to the Indus Valley
Civilization also shows their involvement in exports. The main occupation of the Indus Valley people was
agriculture, and the second was the domestication of animals. The land received a good amount of rainfall and
was rich in natural vegetation.
AGRICULTURE
➢ Agriculture was the main profession of the people of Indus Valley. The land was pretty fertile when the
Harappans used to live there. In the cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro, leftovers of large granaries were
found that suggest that they produced was more than their requirements.
➢ Barley and wheat were grown by them on a large scale. They also grew some other crops such as pulses,
cotton, cereals, dates, melons, pea, etc. There was no clear evidence of rice, but some grains of rice were
found in Rangpur and Lothal.
➢ The Indus Valley Civilization is said to be an agro-commercial civilization as most of the people were
peasants. The Harappan were the first people to grow cotton.
58
ECONOMIC LIFE
❖ The Harappan civilization's economy was built on domestic animals, primarily cattle, as well as a variety
of crops including grains, pulses, and other plants.
❖ Rains and other local water resources supported agriculture in the region, as well as cattle grazing
in Gujarat, Punjab, and the Baluchistan uplands.
❖ In the Middle Bronze Age, Mesopotamian (Sumerian) scribes regularly mention a location called
Meluhha.
❖ Meluhha was a significant Sumerian commerce partner, importing large quantities of wood and ebony.
❖ Meluhha, which was most likely the Indus Valley Civilization, also imported sesame oil and luxury
commodities like lapis lazuli.
ECONOMIC LIFE - FEATURES
❖ All fields of economic activity, such as agriculture, manufacturing, crafts, and trade, saw significant
improvement.
❖ Apart from sesame, mustard, and cotton, the principal crops cultivated were wheat and barley.
❖ Granaries are used to store excess grain.
❖ Domesticated animals included sheep, goats, and buffalo. Horseback riding is not yet well-established.
Deer and a variety of other animals were hunted for sustenance.
❖ Goldsmiths, brick makers, stone cutters, weavers, boat builders, and terracotta producers are among
the specialized groups of craftsmen.
❖ The Harappan metal craft is best represented by bronze and copper vessels.
❖ Gold and silver decorations may be found in a variety of settings.
❖ Pottery is mostly basic, however red and black decorated pottery can be seen in select spots. A wide
range of semi-precious stones was used to make beads.
❖ Harappan civilization had weights and measures, which were visible at Lothal.
❖ The weights were generally cubical in form and constructed of limestone, steatite, and other minerals.
HARAPPAN ECONOMY: INSIGHTS INTO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL TRADE AND FACTORS OF DECLINE
INTERNAL TRADE
❖ Internal commerce with other Indian states was significant..

❖ Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, and Iran were the principal destinations for foreign commerce. Imports
included gold, copper, tin, and a variety of semi-precious stones.
❖ Agricultural items such as wheat, barley, peas, oil seeds, and a range of completed products such
as cotton textiles, ceramics, jewelry, terracotta figurines, and ivory products were the main exports.
❖ The commercial contacts between the Indus and Sumerian populations are well documented.
❖ Many Indus Valley seals have been discovered in Mesopotamia.
❖ Barter was the mode of exchange.
❖ The Indus Valley seals and terracotta models demonstrate the usage of bullock carts and oxen for land
transportation, as well as boats and ships for river and sea transportation.
59
ECONOMY
1) The importance of trade in the life of the Indus people is witnessed by the presence of numerous seals,
uniform script and regulated weights and measures in a wide area.
2) The Harappans carried on considerable trade in stone, metal, shell, etc.
3) Metal money was not used and trade was carried by barter system.
4) They practised navigation on the coast of the Arabian Sea.
5) They had set up a trading colony in northern Afghanistan which evidently facilitated trade with Central
Asia.
6) They also carried commerce with those in the land of the Tigris and the Euphrates.
7) The Harappans carried on long distance trade in lapis lazuli; which may have contributed to the social
prestige of the ruling class.
Harappans had trade with Mesopotamia (Sumeria), Central Asia, Persia, Afghanistan Makan (Oman), and
Dilmun (Bahrain). Trade was through the barter system.
1) Export items: Teak ( obtained from Gujrat), Amazonite (Hirapuri, GJ), Slate (Kangra), Lead (Kashmir and
South India), Copper (from Baluchistan and RJ(Khetri mines))
2) Import Items: Jade (from Central Asia); Turquoise (from Khorasan); Lapis Lazuli, Gold, Silver, Tin ( from
Afghanistan) (Gold was also obtained from Iran and Kolar mines in Karnataka); Steatite (Iran)
It shows the advanced trade relation of Harappan civilization with other parts of India as well as also with
other contemporary civilizations.
1) Harappan seal found at Susa, Ur, and Nippur (Mesopotamia), Failaka, and Bahrain (Persian Gulf).
2) Mesopotamian three-cylinder seals have been found in Mohenjo-Daro
TRADE AND COMMERCE
1) The archaeological remains such as enormous granaries, multiple seals of clay, instruments to measure
weight were found by archaeologists in Mohenjodaro, Harappa, and Lothal, suggesting that the people of
Indus Valley were involved in trade and export.
2) To produce crafts, they needed a variety of raw materials. Clay was available locally, but they had to
acquire metal outside the alluvial plain. Raw materials were brought into town through trade routes by
traders and craftsmen. They were then used to make jewellery, pottery, and metalware.
3) Bullock carts were used to transport goods from one place to another. They also used the river routes
along the Indus and its tributaries for transportation.
EXTERNAL TRADE:
1) Maritime Trade: The Indus River and the Arabian Sea facilitated maritime trade, connecting Harappa to
regions like Mesopotamia. The discovery of seals with inscriptions in both Harappan and Sumerian script
supports the existence of trade links. The port city of Lothal exemplifies Harappan maritime trade with its
sophisticated dockyard and warehouses.
60
2) Overland Trade: Trade routes connected the Indus Valley to Central Asia, Persia, and even China. The
finding of Harappan artifacts in these regions highlights the extent of overland trade. The Indus Valley's
strategic location fostered its role as a crossroads of trade routes.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO DECLINE:
1) Environmental Changes: The shift in the course of the Indus River, possibly due to tectonic activity or
changing climate, could have led to reduced agricultural productivity, contributing to the decline of the
civilization.
2) Decline in Trade Network: The breakdown of trade links, perhaps due to conflict or political instability,
could have disrupted the economy. The end of external trade would have affected the inflow of crucial
resources.
3) Urban Decay: Some cities, such as Mohenjo-daro, show signs of urban decay, possibly caused by a
combination of factors including ecological stress, resource depletion, and decline in infrastructure
maintenance.
CONCLUSION
The Indus Valley Civilization’s economy was largely based on agriculture and animal husbandry. The land they
lived in was quite fertile and was rich in vegetation. It received a good amount of rainfall, which helped the
people grow wheat, barley, pea, mustard, etc.
They also domesticated animals like cows, buffaloes, goats, pigs, etc. The people of the Indus Valley Civilization
had high skills in making arts and crafts. Pieces of evidence, such as large granaries and weights and
measurements, suggest that they were involved in trade and export.
The Harappan economy thrived due to its focus on organized agriculture, internal and external trade, and
specialized craft production. The interconnectedness of its urban centers and the robust trade network
contributed to its prosperity. However, factors like environmental changes, decline in trade, and urban
decay likely played roles in its eventual decline. Studying the Harappan economy offers insights into the
dynamics of an ancient civilization's economic structure and its interactions with the wider world.
61
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: -
The Harappan civilization, one of the world's earliest urban cultures, thrived in the Indus Valley from
approximately 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. Its robust economy was characterized by organized agriculture,
advanced urban planning, and a well-developed trade network. The economy's focus on internal and
external trade played a pivotal role in its prosperity and eventual decline.
INTERNAL TRADE:
1) Urban Centers and Craftsmanship: The Harappan cities were centers of trade and craft production. The
standardized weights and measures found across sites indicate a regulated trade system. Artisanal
products like pottery, beads, and ornaments were traded within the urban centers.
2) Trade Hubs and Specialization: Mohenjo-daro and Harappa were key trade hubs where goods were
collected and redistributed. These hubs encouraged specialization, with different cities focusing on
specific crafts. For instance, Harappa was known for bead-making, while Lothal specialized in maritime
activities.
❖ Urban Centers and Craftsmanship: Mohenjo-daro and Harappa were prominent urban centers engaged in
internal trade. These cities showcased specialized craftsmanship, including pottery, which was produced
in large quantities and traded across settlements. The pottery found at Mohenjo-daro indicates
standardization of sizes, likely for trade purposes.
❖ Trade Hubs and Specialization: Lothal, a coastal city, acted as a trade hub for maritime activities. It had a
sophisticated dockyard with interlocking bricks and warehouses to facilitate trade. The discovery of seals,
indicating the city's involvement in seal-making and trade, underscores its role as a specialized trade
center.
EXTERNAL TRADE:
❖ Maritime Trade: The Indus Valley's proximity to the Arabian Sea allowed maritime trade connections with
Mesopotamia. The discovery of Harappan seals in Mesopotamian cities like Ur and Kish suggests a two-
way trade system. The seals likely acted as identifiers for trade goods and merchants.
❖ Overland Trade: The trade routes of the Harappan civilization extended overland to regions like Central
Asia and Persia. The finding of Harappan artifacts, such as beads and pottery, in distant regions
showcases the civilization's participation in long-distance trade. The presence of Harappan seals in
ancient Mesopotamia and the Gulf points to the existence of trade links.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO DECLINE:
❖ Environmental Changes: The possible shift in the course of the Indus River, indicated by archaeological
evidence, could have led to changes in agricultural patterns. Reduced water supply for irrigation may
have impacted food production and overall economic stability.
62
❖ Decline in Trade Network: The decline in external trade connections due to factors like conflict or political
upheaval could have disrupted the flow of essential resources. This loss of trade networks might have
contributed to economic instability.
❖ Urban Decay: Mohenjo-daro, once a thriving city, showcases signs of urban decay in its later stages. The
crumbling infrastructure and evidence of flooding suggest challenges in maintaining the city's
functionality and urban planning.
CONCLUSION: The Harappan economy's internal and external trade networks were crucial for its
prosperity and global engagement. Urban centers acted as trade hubs and centers of specialized
craftsmanship, fostering economic growth. However, factors like environmental changes, decline in trade
networks, and urban decay likely played roles in the eventual decline of the civilization. Studying the
Harappan economy provides valuable insights into the dynamics of ancient trade, urbanization, and the
complex interplay of factors that shape the rise and fall of civilizations.
63
19) What was the role of the Sufi movement in the evolution of Indian
culture, and how did it impact religious and social practices? (250 words)
Sufism has left a prevailing impact on religious, cultural, and social life in the world. Its teachings of service to
humanity and love for God still resonates with people today. Sufis were firm in abstaining from religious and
communal conflict and strived to be peaceful elements of civil society.
The word ‘Sufi’ derives its name from another Arabic word ‘Suf which means wool. The Muslim saints who wore
garments of coarse wool began to be called Sufi saints. Sufism entered India in the 12th century with Muslim
invaders and became popular in the 13th century. The Sufi’s main theme was Wahadut-ul-Wajud (Unity of God).
It developed first in Iraq. The first Sufi saint was Begum Rabia of Bashera in Iraq. Sufi orders were called
as Silsilas Maximum number of orders were found in Afghanistan
IMPACT OF SUFISM
The liberal and unorthodox elements of Sufism had a profound impact on medieval Bhakti saints. In the later
period, the Sufi doctrines influenced the religious perspective of the rulers along with reminding them of their
moral obligations. For example, the Mughal Emperor, Akbar’s religious outlook and religious policies were
shaped a lot under Sufism.
➢ Sufism influenced both rural and urban regions and had a deep political, cultural and social influence on
the masses. Spiritual bliss became the ultimate aim and the people could raise their voice against all
forms of orthodoxy, falsehood, religious formalism and hypocrisy. In a world torn by strife and conflict,
the Sufis tried to bring peace and harmony.
➢ The most important contribution of Sufism is that it helped to develop a bond of solidarity and
brotherhood between Hindu and Muslim communities. The Sufi saints are revered not only by Muslims
but also by a huge number of Hindus and their tombs have become a common place of pilgrimage for
both communities.
THE SUFI MOVEMENT MADE A VALUABLE CONTRIBUTION TO INDIAN SOCIETY.
❖ Like the BHAKTI SAINTS who were engaged in breaking down the barriers within Hinduism, the Sufis too
infused a new liberal outlook within Islam.
❖ The Sufis believed in the concept of Wahdat-ul-Wajud (Unity of Being), which was promoted by Ibn-i-
Arabi (1165-1240).
❖ He opined that all beings are essentially one. Different religions were identical. This doctrine gained
popularity in India.
❖ There was also much exchange of ideas between the Sufis and Indian yogis. In fact, the hatha-yoga
treatise Amrita Kunda was translated into Arabic and Persian.
❖ A notable contribution of the Sufis was their service to the poorer and downtrodden sections of society.
❖ Nizamuddin Auliya was famous for distributing gifts amongst the needy irrespective of religion or caste.
❖ According to the Sufis, the highest form of devotion to God was the service of mankind.
64
❖ They treated Hindus and Muslims alike. Amir Khusrau said, “Though the Hindu is not like me in religion,
he believes in the same things that I do”.
❖ The Sufi movement encouraged equality and brotherhood. In fact, The Islamic emphasis upon equality
was respected far more by the Sufis than by the ulema.
❖ The Orthodox attacked the doctrines of the Sufis. The Sufis also denounced the ULEMA
❖ The Sufi saints tried to bring about social reforms too.
❖ Like the Bhakti saints, the Sufi saints contributed significantly to the growth of rich regional literature.
Most of the Sufi saints were poets who chose to write in local languages.
➢ Baba Farid recommended the use of Punjabi for religious writings.

➢ Shaikh Hamiduddin, before him, wrote in Hindawi. His verses are the best examples of early Hindawi
translations of Persian mystical poetry.
➢ Syed Gesu Daraz was the first writer of Deccani Hindi. He found Hindi more expressive than Persian to
explain mysticism.
➢ Many Sufi works were also written in Bengali.
The most notable writer of this period was Amir Khusrau (1252-1325), a follower of Nizamuddin Auliya.
1) Khusrau took pride in being an Indian and looked at the history and culture of Hindustan as a part of his
own tradition.
2) He wrote verses in Hindi (Hindawi) and employed the Persian metre in Hindi.
3) He created a new style called sabaq-i-hindi.
CONTRIBUTION OF THE SUFI MOVEMENT
❖ Unity: The contribution of the Indian Sufis to society lies in their sincere and dedicated struggle to find
unity for the heterogeneous elements in the society.
❖ Promoted hetro-ethnicity: They appreciated the multi-racial, multi-religious and multilingual pattern of
Indian society.
❖ Peaceful: Their efforts were directed towards the creation of a healthy social order free from dissensions,
discords and conflicts.
1) Like the Bhakti saints who were engaged in breaking down of barriers within Hinduism, the Sufis too
infused a new liberal outlook within Islam.
2) The interaction between early Bhakti and Sufi Ideas laid the foundation of more liberal movements of the
fifteenth century.
Influence on Hinduism: Sufism influenced Hindu society and religion.
1) The saints of Bhakti-cult like Kabir, Nanak, Dadu Dayal were certainly influenced by Sufi saints.
2) Many Bhakti saints were influenced by monotheism of Islam.
3) Efforts were made by several of them to remove the barriers of caste. Probably, the concept of Guru or
the preceptor among the saints of Bhakti Cult was also influenced by the concept of Pir among the Sufis.
65
Helping oppressed: A notable contribution of Sufis was their service to the poorer and downtrodden sections of
society.
1) While the Sultan and Ulema often remained aloof from the day to day problems of the people, the Sufi
saints maintained close contact with the common people.
2) Nizamuddin Auliya was famous for distributing gifts amongst the needy irrespective of religion or caste.
Brotherhood: The Sufi movement encouraged equality and brotherhood. In fact, the Islamic emphasis upon
equality was respected far more by the Sufis than by the Ulema.
CONCLUSION
Sufi saints introduced the mystical version of Islam. It comprises a number of mystical paths aimed at
determining the nature of humanity and God, as well as facilitating the experience of divine love and wisdom in
the world. Sufism had a profound impact on South Asia's religious, cultural, and social life. Sufi academics from all
across continental Asia played an important role in India's social, economic, and philosophical development.
SALIENT FEATURES RELATED TO SUFISM
1) Sufis were a group of religious-minded people who turned to asceticism and mysticism in protest
against the growing materialism of the Caliphate as a religious and political institution.
2) Sufism derives is inspiration from Islam.
3) These Sufis had a deep study of vedantic philosophy and had come in contact with great sages and seers
of India.
4) Sufism emphasized upon leading a simple life. Sufi saints preached in Arabic, Persian and Urdu etc.
5) The Sufis were divided into 12 orders each under a mystic Sufi saint like Khwaja Moinuddin Chisthi,
Fariuddin Ganj-i-Shakar, Nizam-ud-din Auliya etc.
6) While the orthodox Muslims depend upon external conduct and blind observance of religious rituals,
the Sufi saints seek inner purity.
7) They were critical of the dogmatic definitions and scholastic methods of interpreting the Qur’an and
Sunna (traditions of the Prophet) adopted by theologians.
8) Instead, they laid emphasis on seeking salvation through intense devotion and love for God by following
His commands, and by following the example of the Prophet Muhammad whom they regarded as a
perfect human being.
9) The Sufis thus sought an interpretation of the Qur’an on the basis of their personal experience
10) Devotion is more important than fast (Roza) or prayer (Namaz).
66
11) Sufis bridged the communal divide as is evidenced by the reverence the Subcontinent’s non-Muslim
population exhibited for Sufi saints. Sufism around the world and in the Subcontinent had the depth to
connect beyond caste, creed and gender
LIBERAL OUTLOOK ASSOCIATED WITH SUFISM
1) It does not believe narrow societal classification such as caste

2) They awakened a new sense of confidence and attempted to redefine social and religious values.
3) Their stress on social welfare led to the establishment of works of charitable nature, opening of
orphanages and women service centres.
4) A notable contribution of the Sufis was their service to the poorer and downtrodden sections of
society. Nizamuddin Auliya was famous for distributing gifts amongst the needy irrespective of religion or
caste.
5) At a time when struggle for political power was the prevailing madness, the Sufi saints reminded men of
their moral obligations. To a world torn by strife and conflict they tried to bring peace and harmony.
6) Other ideas emphasized by Sufism are meditation, good actions, repentance for sins, performance of
prayers and pilgrimages, fasting, charity and suppression of passions by ascetic practices.
67
20) Explain the reasons behind India's requirement to seriously pursue

exploitation of Under Water Resources. Elaborate upon various options and
offer recommendations to realise these objectives. (250 words)
Water is the most valuable natural resource as it is essential for human survival and life on earth.
However, the availability of freshwater for human consumption is highly under stress because of a variety
of factors. This crisis of water scarcity is most visible in India as well as in other developing countries.
SDG 6 and Constitutional Provisions-Article 47 - It is the duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and the
standard of living and improve Public Health.
WATER SCARCITY -
❖ Water scarcity is the lack of freshwater resources to satisfy water demand.

❖ It is manifested by partial or no satisfaction of expressed demand, economic competition for water
quantity or quality, disputes between users, irreversible groundwater depletion, and negative effects on
the environment.
❖ It affects every continent and was categorised in 2019 by the World Economic Forum as one of the
largest global risks with respect to its potential impact over the next decade.
❖ One-third of the global population (2 billion people) live under situations of severe water scarcity at least
one month of the year.
❖ Half a billion people in the world affected by severe water scarcity all year round.
❖ Half of the world’s largest cities have been facing water scarcity.
STATUS OF GROUND WATER EXTRACTION IN INDIA
❖ Currently, 85% of rural and 50% of urban population is dependent on groundwater for
sustenance, making India the largest groundwater user globally.
❖ India’s stage of groundwater extraction, which is the percentage of utilization of groundwater against
recharge, has dropped from 61.6%in 2020 to 60.08% in 2022, according to the report on the NATIONAL
COMPILATION OF DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES IN INDIA .
Recently, four more states (Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh) have been found to be water-
stressed to add to the seven (Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and
Uttar Pradesh) already on a Central list amid a growing crisis over groundwater extraction, primarily for
irrigation.
A rapidly growing economy and population are straining the country’s groundwater resources.Therefore,
the governance of groundwater resources has become an important issue in the country.
68
GROUNDWATER DEPLETION IN NORTHWEST INDIA:
❖ Agricultural practices in N-W India heavily depend on groundwater withdrawal due to limited monsoon
rain.
❖ Data from the CGWB reveals alarming levels of groundwater exploitation:
❖ Punjab: 76% of groundwater blocks are 'over exploited.'
❖ Chandigarh: 64% of groundwater blocks are 'over exploited.'
❖ Delhi: Approximately 50% of groundwater blocks are 'over exploited.'
ISSUES ASSOCIATED:
❖ Unregulated Pumping: Several states affected by depletion of groundwater provide free or heavily
subsidized power (including SOLAR PUMPs) for pumping groundwater for irrigated agriculture.
❖ This enables overexploitation and depletion of scarce groundwater resources.
❖ Preference to Water-Intensive Crops: The MSP for wheat and rice creates highly skewed incentive
structures in favor of wheat and paddy, which are water intensive crops and depend heavily on ground
water for their growth.
❖ This makes groundwater a heavenly resource for their farming.
❖ Saline Water Intrusion: In coastal areas, excessive groundwater pumping can cause SALINE WATETR
INFUSION
❖ As fresh groundwater is depleted, seawater infiltrates into the aquifers, making the water unsuitable
for various uses and adversely impacting agriculture and ecosystems.
❖ Ecological Impacts: Groundwater depletion affects ecosystems by altering the flow of water in rivers,
lakes, and wetlands.
❖ This disrupts the natural balance, harming aquatic life and biodiversity. It also affects the availability of
water for plants and animals dependent on groundwater sources.
DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT, 2022
❖ The total annual ground water recharge is 437.60 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM) and the annual ground
water extraction is 239.16 BCM.
❖ Assessment indicates an increase in ground water recharge.
❖ By comparison, an assessment in 2020 found that the annual groundwater recharge was 436 bcm and
extraction 245 bcm.
❖ Groundwater Recharge is a (hydrologic) process where the water from the surface of the earth seeps
downwards and gets collected in aquifers. So, the process is also known as deep drainage or deep
percolation.
❖ The 2022 assessment suggests that groundwater extraction is the lowest since 2004, when it was 231
bcm.
❖ Further, out of the total 7089 assessment units in the country, 1006 units have been categorized as
‘Over-exploited’.
❖ About 87% of total annual groundwater extraction i.e., 208.49 bcm is for irrigation use. Only 30.69 bcm
is for Domestic & Industrial use, which is about 13 % of the total extraction.
69
STATE WISE GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION:
➢ The overall stage of groundwater extraction in the country is 60.08%.

➢ The stage of ground water extraction is very high in the states of Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Dadra &
Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu where it is more than 100%.
➢ In the states of Delhi, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka and UTs of Chandigarh, Lakshadweep and
Puducherry, the stage of ground water extraction is between 60-100%.
➢ In the rest of the states, the stage of ground water extraction is below 60 %.
STATUS OF GROUNDWATER IN INDIA
India is the largest user of groundwater with a fourth of the total global withdrawal. Indian cities cater to about
48% of its water supply from groundwater. There are over 4,400 statutory towns and cities in India, with around
400 million residents, which will increase by up to 300 million by 2050.
Issues with Groundwater Depletion:
1) The unmanaged groundwater and increasing population may result in seasonal water shortages by
2050 for an estimated 3.1 billion people and perpetual water shortage for almost a billion.
2) Further, water and food security will also be compromised and lead to POVERTY in the cities despite
having good infrastructure development.
CHALLENGES WITH MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER IN INDIA
Unregulated extraction
1) Groundwater, regarded as a “common pool resource”, has historically witnessed little control over its
extraction.
2) Driven by a rising population URBANISATION and expansion of irrigation activities, groundwater
extraction has been on the rise for several decades.
Excessive Irrigation:
➢ Groundwater irrigation popularised in the 1970s has led to socio-economic well-being, increased
productivity and better livelihoods.
Poor Knowledge of Groundwater Management Systems:
1) The mismatch in demand and supply at the local level represents a large part of the problem in India.
2) A growing population or rampant urban development are two examples of the reasons behind this
phenomenon, but they may be less direct.
3) For example, better economic status of a population may assert more demand for water supply and
distribution.
70
GROUNDWATER POLLUTION:
➢ Water quality data obtained by the CGWB shows that groundwater in as many as 154 districts across 21
states has arsenic contamination.
➢ The quality is largely compromised on accounts of anthropogenic activities and geogenic sources.
➢ This further raises the level of contamination as HEAVY METAL concentration in the earth’s crust is
higher than on the surface.
➢ Additionally, surface water pollution also affects groundwater quality as pollutants at the water surface
percolate through the layers of the land, contaminating groundwater, and may even alter the soil
structure in case of oil leakages or spillage.
CLIMATE CHANGE:
➢ The cumulative effect of all the challenges mentioned above is intensified by the climate
shocks experienced by the country.
➢ The problems groundwater faces in India feeds into worsening the climate crisis, which further deepens
the distress associated with groundwater availability.
➢ Disturbances in the hydrological cycle causing long spells of FLOODS and DROUIGHTS adversely affect
the quality and quantity of groundwater.
➢ For example, flood events risk increased runoff of chemicals and biotic contaminants into groundwater.
INITIATIVES TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT
➢ ATAL BHUJAL YOJAN - It is a Rs. 6000 crore Central Sector Scheme with World Bank assistance, for
sustainable management of ground water resources with community participation.
➢ JAL SHAKTI ABHIYAAN- It was launched in 2019 in 256 water stressed districts in the country to improve
water availability including ground water conditions in these areas.
➢ It has special emphasis on creation of recharge structures, rejuvenation of traditional water bodies,
intensive afforestation etc.
➢ Aquifer Mapping and Management Programme: The CGWB has taken up AQUIFIER MAPPING AND
MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME.
➢ The program is aimed to delineate aquifer disposition and their characterization for preparation of
aquifer/ area specific groundwater management plans with community participation.
➢ AMRUT- The Mission focuses on development of basic urban infrastructure in the AMRUT cities, such as
water supply, sewerage & septage management, storm water drainage, green spaces & parks, and non-
motorized urban transport.
WAY FORWARD
1) Integrated Water Resource Management framework: There is a need to focus on the Integrated Water
Resource Management framework. It promotes the coordinated development and management of
water, land and related resources.
71
2) Adopting Water Sensitive Urban Design: To begin with, adopting water-sensitive urban design and
planning can help maintain the water cycle by managing groundwater, surface water and rainwater for
water demand and supply.
3) Provision for Water Recycle and Reuse: Provision for wastewater recycle and its reuse to promote the
circular economy of one water cycle will also help in source sustainability and groundwater pollution
mitigation.
4) Other Interventions: Interventions like rainwater harvesting, stormwater harvesting, rain-garden and
bio-retention ponds that intercept rainfall with vegetated land are low-maintenance alternatives to
conventional systems. These help in groundwater recharge and urban flood mitigation.
CONCLUSION:
The government’s interventions in enabling a positive impact on the overall groundwater scenario in India reflect
the spirit of cooperative federalism in managing this precious resource.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION :-
➢ As per the World Bank report, India is the largest groundwater user in the world.
➢ There is no central law governing the use of groundwater and various States have their own laws on
regulating its extraction that is deployed in a perfunctory manner.
➢ India, with nearly 18% of the world’s population, occupies about 2.4% of the total geographical area
and consumes 4% of total water resources.
Importance of Groundwater:
➢ Groundwater is the backbone of India’s agriculture and drinking water security in rural and urban areas,
meeting nearly 80% of the country’s drinking water and two-thirds of its irrigation needs.
➢ Widespread use of groundwater for agricultural production in a setting of economic growth has resulted
in India becoming the largest groundwater extractor in the world.
➢ Groundwater plays an important role in increasing food and agricultural production, providing safe
drinking water and facilitating industrial development in India.
➢ It contributes fresh water to meet the requirements of nearly 65% of irrigated area, which caters to
nearly 85% of rural drinking water and 50% of urban drinking water needs.
➢ Groundwater is pivotal to India’s water security.
EFFORTS FOR BETTER GOVERNANCE OF GROUND WATER:
➢ The central government is working to achieve the goal of sustainable groundwater management in
collaboration with States and Union Territories.
➢ In this process, certain important efforts have been identified such as
72
➢ A reduction in groundwater extraction to below 70%.

➢ Increasing the network of groundwater observation wells.
➢ Installing digital water level recorders for real-time monitoring.
➢ Periodic monitoring of groundwater quality.
➢ Aquifer mapping and data dissemination.
➢ Having better regulation of groundwater extraction by industries.
➢ Promoting participatory groundwater management and periodic groundwater resource assessment.
➢ Creation of Jal Shakti Ministry (By merging the erstwhile Ministries of Water Resources, River
Development and Ganga Rejuvenation along with Drinking Water and Sanitation) to give impetus to the
management of water resources with a special focus on demand and supply management.
➢ Realising the importance of community participation, the Jal Shakti Abhiyan was launched subsequently
to transform Jan Shakti into Jal Shakti through asset creation, rainwater harvesting (‘Catch the Rain’
campaign) and an extensive awareness campaign.
➢ Some Initiatives have also been taken for the effective management and regulation of groundwater,
examples being the Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABY) and the National Project on Aquifer Management
(NAQUIM).
➢ NAQUIM, envisages the mapping of subsurface water-bearing geological formations (aquifers) to help
gather authentic data and enable informed decision-making.
➢ Around 24 lakh square kilometres of the country have been mapped from the available mappable area
of nearly 25 lakh sq. km. The remaining area is likely to be mapped by March 2023.
➢ A heliborne-based survey (state-of-the-art technology), has been used along with traditional exploratory
methods for rapid and accurate aquifer mapping.
Increasing the Monitoring Stations:
➢ There are around 65,025 monitoring stations in India, which include 7,885 automated stations.
➢ The numbers are set to go beyond 84,000; in this, the number of automated stations will rise to over
35,000, with a special focus on identifying high groundwater-extracting industrial and urban clusters and
groundwater stressed regions.
➢ Dynamic groundwater assessments will be done annually now and a groundwater estimation
committee formed to revise the assessment methodology.
➢ A software, ‘India-Groundwater Resource Estimation System (IN-GRES)’, has also been developed.
GROUNDWATER EXPLOITATION : -
❖ Groundwater has become the major source of water in most countries today. It currently contributes to
about half of the world’s total drinking water , 40 per cent of agricultural needs and one-third of
industrial demand. The contribution of groundwater in India is much higher than the world average. Is
groundwater exploitation in India within safe limits?
❖ The reports on groundwater coming from different regions are worrisome The Standing Committee
of Water Resources in its 23rd report (2017-18) warned that groundwater in 21 cities will be badly
depleted by 2020, because of which about 100 million people could be severely affected.
73
❖ For centuries, we have used water predominantly from rivers and tanks (small water bodies) for various
purposes. However, since the mid-1980s, due to man-made reasons, we have been forced to rely on
groundwater for almost all purposes. India became the world’s largest user of groundwater now, more
than double that of the US.
❖ According to the data released by the Central Groundwater Board in 2021, the total amount of
groundwater that can be utilised in a year is 398 billion cubic meters (BCM), of which, approximately 245
BCM is currently being utilised, which is about 62 per cent of the total. But the level of exploitation of
groundwater is very high in States like Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana, Delhi and Tamil Nadu (see Chart).
❖ Groundwater is currently a principal source of water for drinking, agriculture, and industrial purpose. The
Central Groundwater Board has repeatedly warned that the rapid extraction of groundwater could
increase the cost of water and cause irreparable damage to the environment.
Reasons for over-exploitation
❖ The problem of groundwater exploitation did not exist in India before the Green Revolution. But that
changed completely since the 1970s mainly due to the need for assured irrigation for crop cultivation.
The rapid development of borehole technology in the 1980s accentuated the problem.
❖ The exploitation also increased because of faulty minimum support price policies, which did not consider
the issue of water consumption of the crops for fixing their prices. Due to this, farmers have been forced
to cultivate more water-guzzling crops like paddy, wheat, sugarcane, etc.
❖ Additionally, the horticulture (fruits and vegetables) revolution that took place around 2000-01
also increased the exploitation of groundwater. For example, India’s net groundwater irrigated area was
just 7.30 million hectares in 1960-61, which increased to 46 million hectares in 2018-19, an increase of
about 530 per cent. The share of groundwater in the total irrigated area also increased from 29 per cent
to 68 per cent during the same period.
❖ The demand for water has increased manifold since 1990-91 due to rapid urban agglomeration and
industrial development. But the supply of water from surface sources like canals, tanks and other small
water bodies could not be increased in consonance with the demand. As a result, the country has
become over-dependent on groundwater for various purposes since early the 1990s.
❖ The over-exploitation has reduced the level of groundwater, creating economic hardships for the
farmers. As deep bore-wells exploit more groundwater, the water in shallow wells gets depleted and
ultimately becomes defunct. Such changes are having a huge impact on poor farmers, who cannot afford
to have deep bore-wells with high HP pump-sets.
❖ The reduced water level also shortens the lifespan of the wells. The 5th Minor Irrigation Census released
in 2017 shows that a total of 4.14 lakh open wells in India were defunct during 2006-07 to 2013-14. A
large number of wells became defunct in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu during
the last 30 years, causing a huge economic burden on the farmers.
74
QUALITY WILL BE AFFECTED
❖ The increased groundwater exploitation also leads to seawater intrusion into coastal districts, which will
cause irreversible damage to the quality of groundwater. The Central Groundwater Board data show that
in 34 blocks in Tamil Nadu and 38 blocks in Andhra Pradesh the groundwater has turned saline.
❖ With the declining groundwater level, electric motors have to be run for long hours to irrigate the crops,
which increases electricity consumption. As many States are providing free electricity to farmers, the
subsidy cost on electricity will increase due to falling water levels. Falling groundwater tables will also
result in the escalation of irrigation costs for farmers and, thereby, raise the cost of cultivation.
❖ Some estimates suggest that in 2050 India’s per capita water availability will only be 22 per cent of the
current level if the present rate of groundwater depletion persists. The NITI Aayog’s ‘Report on
Composite Water Management Index, 2018’ has also warned that if the situation persists, there will be a
6 per cent loss in the country’s GDP by 2050. Up to a quarter of India’s harvest has been estimated to be
at risk due to groundwater depletion.
STRINGENT REGULATIONS
❖ Therefore, if we do not regulate groundwater use by imposing stringent regulations, the consequences
will be unimaginable.
❖ First of all, the groundwater conservation fee (2019) notified by the Ministry of Water Resources
to regulate groundwater exploitation needs to be implemented expeditiously without any compromise.
In particular, the exploitation and sale of groundwater by large corporations should be monitored on a
continuous basis.
❖ In addition to imposing a cost to curb the over-exploitation, both Central and State governments
must take continuous steps to store rainwater in all possible ways to increase recharge. Rainwater
harvesting system must be made mandatory in every household, particularly in big cities where
groundwater has been declining alarmingly.
WAY FORWARD:
❖ Considering the groundwater balance, MSPs for crops should be fixed according to the consumption of
water; higher prices for crops that require less water and vice-versa. Of the total 6,965 blocks assessed
by Central Groundwater Board, the groundwater condition in 2,529 blocks is precarious. Micro-
irrigation (drip and sprinkler), which can save about 50 per cent of water in the cultivation of different
crops, should be promoted in the over-exploited blocks to reduce the exploitation of groundwater.
❖ Importantly, as underlined in the groundwater report released for World Water Day 2022 by the United
Nations, people from all walks of life must continue to be made aware of water literacy and on the
hazardous effects of rapidly declining groundwater.
➢ Poor land use policies in India have resulted in loss of smaller wetlands and degradation of most
wetlands that ultimately pushed groundwater levels very low.
75
➢ Most of the wetlands are treated as wasteland by local administrations and encroached for other land-
use purposes that need to be immediately stopped.
➢ Communities will have to manage their groundwater resources better with the help of various
government agencies and non-governmental organisations.
➢ In the context of climate change, as uncertainties will increase in connection with groundwater
resources, efforts must be made to find solutions that are essential for sustainable development.
➢ A draft National Water Policy has recommended a shift in usage from water-guzzling crops and
prioritising recycling over freshwater for industrial purposes.
➢ Water ought not to be considered a free, private resource but one whose costs must be measured and
borne equitably.
➢ While water remains a politically contentious subject in India, the climate crisis should inspire consensus
across the political spectrum on disincentivizing wasteful consumption of this precious resource.

Prerana Test 9 Model Answers

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Prerana Test 9 Model Answers

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

PRERANA TEST -9 MODEL ANSWERS

DISTRIBUTION OF VOLCANOES AROUND THE GLOBE

➢ The Circum-Pacific Belt (The Pacific Ring of Fire).

➢ The Mid-World Mountain Belt.

Reasons behind the distribution of Volcanoes

➢ Volcanoes are not spread across the Earth's surface at random.

IMPACT OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION ON THE ENVIRONMENT:

Winston Churchill(1939): Russia is “a riddle, wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma”.

HISTORICAL ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN CRISIS AND LESSONS TO BE LEARNED

Recent Triggers and Lessons:

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF POCSO ACT

POCSO ACT PUNISHMENT

Provision Name of the offense POCSO Act Punishment

Sexual assault that is penetrative in

Sexual assault that is penetrative in A minimum of 10 years of imprisonment that may be

Penetrative sexual assault that is A minimum of 20 years of rigorous imprisonment that

Section 8 Sexual assault 3-5 years of imprisonment + fine

Section 10 Aggravated sexual assault 5-7 years of imprisonment + fine

Section 12 Sexual harassment Upto 3 years of imprisonment + fine

Upon the first conviction, 5 years of imprisonment will be

Section Use of a child for pornography while

Use of a child for pornographic

Use of a child for pornographic

The offence of storing pornographic

SALIENT FEATURES OF POCSO ACT 2012 UPSC

IMPORTANCE OF POCSO ACT 2012

ISSUES RELATED TO POCSO ACT 2012

INITIATIVES RELATED TO POCSO ACT

POCSO ACT CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

Ethnic Conflicts in Contemporary Manipur: Historical and Socio-cultural Factors

HISTORY OF CONFLICT IN MANIPUR

❖ Manipur has been in the cross-currents of India’s oldest insurgent movements.

MAJOR ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN MANIPUR

Example: Naga-Kuki Conflict:

5) Is language a crucial factor for reorganizing states? Analyse this with

Language to be given priority over other criteria:

Reasons for not giving priority to language over other criteria:

ORIGIN OF THE KARNATAKA-MAHARASHTRA BORDER DISPUTE

LANGUAGE AS A CRUCIAL FACTOR IN STATE REORGANIZATION: A CASE STUDY OF THE MAHARASHTRA-

6) How have social movements and local organizations played a role in

EMPOWERMENT OF MARGINALIZED GROUPS THROUGH SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS

Grassroots organisations contributions for empowerment of marginalized communities –

ANCIENT INDIAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE: REFLECTING CULTURAL DIVERSITY

FEATURES OF ANCIENT INDIAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE:

CULTURAL DIVERSITY REFLECTED:

Rare Earth Minerals:

Reserves and Production:

Significance of Rare Earth Metals:

Issues associated with extraction of Rare Earth Metals:

Rare Earth Metals in India:

1) In India, monazite is the principal source of rare earths and thorium.

CHALLENGES FOR INDIA:

Suggestive Measures for India:

RARE EARTH MATERIALS: SIGNIFICANCE, STRATEGIC VALUE, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS

Significance in Terms of Strategic Value:

RARE EARTHS IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT:

GLOBALIZATION'S IMPACT ON INDIAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE: EXPLORING PLATFORMISATION

1) Economic Transformation and Consumerism: Globalization has opened up Indian markets to

ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION FOR INDIA

PLATFORMISATION: THE NEW WAVE OF GLOBALIZATION:

THE OTHER SIDE OF THE COIN