BOTAFUN Gynoecial Fusion:

MODULE 10: FLOWERS - VARIATIONS

FLOWER PARTS

FLORAL WHORLS Carpel Boundaries:

1. Sepals (Calyx) - Accessory part
2. Petals (Corolla) - Accessory part
3. Stamen (Androecium) - Essential part
4. Carpel/Pistil (Gynoecium) - Essential part

Perianth cycly = Number of whorls in perianth

Perianth merosity = Number of parts per whorl

Gynoecium - all female parts of a flower
Pistil - structure consisting of ovary, style(s), and
stigma(s)
Carpel - conduplicate megasporophyll; can be
unit of pistil if pistil is compound (composed of >1
carpel)
Carpel Number:
= Number of pistils (if >1 pistil)
= if 1 pistil = number of styles (if >1 style)
= if 1 style = number of locules (if >1)
= if 1 locule = number of placentae
Androecium
 Anther Dehiscence Direction

Perianth Fusion
Stamen Arrangement

Adnation: fusion of floral parts from different

whorls
Stamen Insertion

FLORAL VARIATIONS
Androecial/Stamen Fusion

1. Floral Whorls
a. Complete - all 4 whorls present
b. Incomplete - lacking 1 or more
whorls
2. Essential Parts
a. Perfect - both stamen and pistil are
present [Hermaphroditic]
b. Imperfect - either stamen or pistil
is absent
3. Symmetry - perianth arrangement
Fusion of Floral Parts important in pollination
a. Flowers radially symmetrical
(Actinomorphic)
b. Flowers bilaterally symmetrical
(Zygomorphic)
i. Zygomorphic Flowers:
1. Orchidaceous
2. Papilionaceous
3. Caesalpinaceous
4. Bilabiate
4. Nature of Corolla
a. Polypetalous
b. Gamopetalous
c. Apetalous
5. Position of Ovary ● Terminal - develops from apical
a. Superior meristem of primary shoot or from
b. Inferior an extended lateral branch with
6. Insertion of Parts vegetative leaves
a. Epigynous ● Axillary - develops from the axillary
b. Hypogynous bud of a vegetative leaf
c. Perigynous
7. Placentation Types Specialized Inflorescence:
a. Marginal a. Catkin / ament
b. Axile b. Spadix
c. Parietal c. Cyathium
d. Free-central d. Spikelet (grass)
e. Basal e. Head / capitulum
8. Inflorescence - Floral Displays
- Processing of flowers in clusters FLORAL VARIATIONS: SUMMARY
- These clusters facilitate pollination via a
prominent visual display and more 1) Four whorls:
efficient pollen uptake and deposition. a) complete / incomplete
Inflorescence parts: 2) Essential parts:
● Peduncle - stalk a) perfect/ imperfect
● Inflorescence axes - branches 3) Nature of corolla:
● Bract a) polypetalous (free petals)/
○ Flower bract - subtends gamopetalous (fused petals) /
individual flower apetalous (no petals)
○ Inflorescence bract - 4) Symmetry :
subtends entire a) actinomorphic/ zygomorphic
inflorescence/an 5) Position of Ovary:
inflorescence axis a) superior/inferior
■ Involucre - group of 6) Attachment of floral parts:
inflorescence bracts a) Epi-/hypo-/perigynous
subtending entire 7) Placentation:
inflorescence a) Marginal/axile/basal/free
■ Spathe - specialized central/parietal
single inflorescence 8) Inflorescence:
bract that subtends a) Solitary
entire inflorescence b) Raceme
Inflorescence development: c) Cyme
● Determinate - terminal flower d) Umbel
develops first e) Corymb
● Indeterminate - basal flower f) Spike
develops first g) PanIcle
h) Catkin
i) Spadix
j) Composite

Inflorescence position:
●
BOTAFUN
AGENTS OF POLLINATION

MODULE 11: FLOWERS - SEXUAL

REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
OF FLOWERING PLANTS

★ Flowers are for Sexual Reproduction

★ Sexual reproduction is important for
evolution.
★ Sexual reproduction produces variable
AGENTS OF CROSS-POLLINATION
offspring, creating diversity and variation
1. Wind
among populations (shuffling of genes)
a. Gymnosperms and some flowering
★ Variation is needed for Natural Selection to
plants (grasses, trees) use wind
occur
pollination.
b. Flowers are small, grouped together
Sexual reproduction is advantageous to an organism
c. Not a very efficient method (too
only if it happens with someone other than itself!
chancy and wasteful)
2. Water
Most plants (97%) have both sexes on one body
3. Animals
(hermaphroditic )
a. Insects – bees, wasps, flies,
butterflies, moths
SELFING / SELF-POLLINATION b. Birds – hummingbirds,
honeycreepers
➔ Requires self-compatibility c. Mammals – bats, mice, monkeys
➔ Often accompanied by structurally d. Even some reptiles and
enforced mechanism (cleistogamous amphibians!
flowers)
➔ Some species are obligate selfers, others Coadaptation - no changes
produce self- fertilizing flowers seasonally, Coevolution - has changes
etc.
Figs and their Wasps
METHODS TO PREVENT SELF-POLLINATION
(=OUTCROSSING MECHANISMS) Bees (melittophily)
● Bees are the most important group of
1. Dichogamy - anthers & stigmas mature at flower pollinators
diff. times to minimize self-pollination ● They live on the nectar and feed larvae, and
a. Protandry - Androecium ripens first also eat the pollen.
b. Protogyny - Gynoecium ripens first ● Bees are guided by sight and smell
2. Unisexual Flowers - Flowers with either ● See yellow and blue colors, also ultraviolet
male or female parts only (Monoecious or light (not red)
Dioecious)
3. Incompatibility - Flowers produce ● Flowers have “honey guides” and bee
chemical in stigma to prevent germination landing platforms
of their own pollens
4. Heterostyly - Thrum-eyed (anthers high Butterflies (psychophily) and moths
up & stigmas low down = short styled (phalaenophily)
flowers); Pin-eyed (stigmas high up & ● Both are guided by sight and smell
anthers low down = long-styled flowers) ● Butterflies can see red and orange flowers
● Flowers are usually shaped as a long tube
because of insect’s proboscis – to get
nectar
 ● Moth-pollinated flowers are usually white
or pale, with sweet, strong odor – for night
pollination
Flies (sapro myophily) and beetles
(cantharophily)
● Flies like flowers that smell like dung or
rotten meat.
● Lay their eggs there, but larvae die due to
lack of food
● Beetles pollinate flowers that are dull in
color, but have very strong odor
Birds (Ornithophily)
● Birds have a good sense of color, they like
yellow or red flowers
● But birds do not have a good sense of
smell, so bird-pollinated flowers usually
have little odor.
● Flowers provide fluid nectar in greater
quantities than insects
● Hummingbird-pollinated flowers usually
have long, tubular corolla
● Pollen is large and sticky
Mammals: bats (chiropterophily) and mice
● Bats pollinate at night, so flowers are
white
● Mouse-pollinated flowers are usually
inconspicuous, they open at night
WHY DO ANIMALS POLLINATE PLANTS?
➔ They get a REWARD: food! In exchange for
moving their pollen to another flower
➔ Nectar – a sugary solution produced in
special flower glands called nectaries
◆ Nectar concentration matches
energy requirements of the
pollinator: bird- and bee-pollinated
flowers have different sugar conc.
➔ Pollen – is high in protein, some bees and
beetles eat it.
◆ Flowers can produce two kinds of
pollen:
● The shape and form of pollen is related to
its method of pollination
● Insect-pollinated species have sticky or
barbed pollen grains
● Wind-pollinated species is lightweight,
small and smooth (corn pollen)
GETTING THE POLLINATOR’S ATTENTION
Plants advertise their pollen and nectar rewards
with:
1. Colors – bees see blue, yellow, UV; while
birds see red. Bats don’t see well, so
flowers are white.
2. Nectar or honey guides – a visual guide
for pollinator to locate the reward (pansy
flower)
3. Aromas – for insects. Can also be carrion
or dung smell
Plant Mimicry
● Some plants take advantage of the sex
drive of certain insects
● Certain orchids look like female wasps,
and even smell like them
● Males try to mate with them, and in the
process they pollinate the plant
● The orchid gets pollinated, but the male
wasp only gets frustrated!
Development of Pollen Grains, the male
gametophyte
★ Cells within anther undergo meiosis
★ Produce 4 spores
★ Each spore undergoes mitosis
★ Results in pollen grain containing 2 sperm
Development of the Embryo Sac, the female
gametophyte
★ Within ovule, a cell undergoes meiosis
★ Produces 4 spores
★ 1 spore undergoes mitosis
★ Produces embryo sac
★ Egg is contained within embryo sac
Double fertilization
★ During pollination, pollen lands on stigma
★ 2 sperms travel down pollen tube
★ 1 sperm fertilizes egg and becomes the
zygote
★ Another sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei
and forms the endosperm, the tissue that
will nourish the embryo
Growth of the pollen tube and double
fertilization
FATE OF FLORAL PARTS AFTER
FERTILIZATION
BOTAFUN
MODULE 12: FRUITS
FRUITS

Nakakatamad awhdkhdad
BOTAFUN ➔ It has been estimated that gram for gram,
ricin is 6,000 times more poisonous than
cyanide and 12,000 times more poisonous
MODULE 13: SEEDS than rattlesnake venom.
➔ The seeds of the rosary bean (Abrus
Cardiospermum halicacabum L. precatorius). are often made into bracelets
balloon vine, love in a puff and earrings

Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) prominent

SEED STRUCTURE AND GERMINATION funiculus and juicy, transparent aril

➔ The embryo and its food supply are

enclosed by a hard, protective seed coat
➔ In a common garden bean, a eudicot, the
embryo consists of the hypocotyl, radicle,
and thick cotyledons (seed leaves)

Hypocotyl: The embryonic axis below cotyledon

attachment point and above radicle
Epicotyl: The embryonic axis above point of
cotyledon attachment
Radicle: The embryonic root MONOCOT SEED

The embryo of a monocot has a single cotyledon, a

coleoptile, and a coleorhiza

CASTOR BEAN PLANT & SEEDS

● The seeds of other eudicots, such as castor
beans have similar structures, but thin
cotyledons
Maize, a monocot. Like all monocots, maize has
only one cotyledon. Maize and other grasses have
a large cotyledon called a scutellum. The
rudimentary shoot is sheathed in a structure
called the coleoptile, and the coleorhiza covers
the young root.

Coconut seed

THE DEADLIEST PLANTS IN THE WORLD

➔ Extremely poisonous proteins: ricin D from

the seeds of castor bean (Ricinus
communis) and abrin from the seeds of
rosary bean (Abrus precatorius).
Hypogeal or cryptocotylar germination in
Monocots
Epigeal or phanerocotylar germination in
Eudicots
HOW ARE SEEDLESS FRUITS FORMED?
● Pollination failure
○ in self-incompatible oranges
● Chromosomal imbalance
○ seedless watermelon are grown
from 3n seeds (formed by crossing
2n x 4n parents)
● Application of auxin
○ in some plants, e.g. tomato and
cucumber, application of auxin to
flowers before pollen matures can
promote parthenocarpy
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
● Fragmentation - separation of a parent
plant into parts that develop into whole
plants
● Apomixis - asexual production of seeds
○ A diploid cell in the ovule develops
into an embryo which mature into a
seed
● Vegetative propagation (Stem/leaf/root
cuttings, Budding, Grafting, Marcotting)
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
Produces plants which are genetically exact
replicas of the mother tree.
● Cuttings – portion of the root, shoot,
branch, stem, leaf or bud cut from selected
parent plant.
○ With root hormone or rooting
media – induce to produce roots
○ Root cuttings – rimas
○ Leaf cuttings – sansevieria ,
begonia and black pepper
○ Stem cuttings -
Crops propagated through cuttings:
● Grafting - involves joining the stock
(=mother plant) with the scion (=desired
variety)
○ fitting should be made to attain
maximum contact between the
cambium layers of the two parts
○ Being a meristematic region, the
cambium layer forms new xylem
and phloem vessels in both stock
and the scion, resulting in a
permanent union of these two
parts.
○ Aside from favorable environmental
conditions, the following have to be
met for successful graftage:
■ There be must be union of
the cambium layers of stock
and scion, and
■ The scion must also be kept
alive until the union has
been effected.
Asexual reproduction and agriculture
● What is the main disadvantage of asexual
reproduction?
○ No genetic variation
● Nearly all of today’s crop plants have very
little genetic variation
● Also grown in monocultures
○ Large areas of land with a single
plant species
LBBBION STAMEN ARRANGEMENT AND CYCLY

FLOWER MORPHOLOGY
FLOWER MORPHOLOGY
FUSION OF FLORAL PARTS

ASEXUAL VS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

ASEXUAL PRESENCE/ABSENCE OF ESSENTIAL

: results in new individuals genetically identical to REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
the parent.
: the parent and all progeny are equally adapted to PERFECT/BISEXUAL FLOWER VS IMPERFECT
the habitat FLOWER
SEXUAL
: results in progeny that differ from each other
genetically
: there is a range if fitness & some progeny may
have a combination of maternal and paternal
genes

BASIC FLORAL STRUCTURE

➔ Essential/ reproductive structures

◆ concerned with sporogenesis and
gametogenesis PRESENCE/ABSENCE OF FLORAL PARTS
◆ pistil/ carpel/ gynoecium and (COROLLA, CALYX, STAMEN, PISTIL)
stamen/androecium
➔ Accessory/ sterile structures COMPLETE FLOWER VS INCOMPLETE FLOWER
◆ does not participate in spore/ sex
cell formation
◆ perianth, receptacle
 5. Free central - ovules are borne on
SYMMETRY placentae on a free, central column within
an ovary that has only one locule.

● Actinomorphic/ Regular flower (2 equal

halves along any plant)
INFLORESCENCE
● Zygomorphic flower (2 equal halves
through a central axis)

PETAL ATTACHMENT

● Apetalous/Polypetalous flower
● Gamopetalous flower
● Apetalous flower

OVARY POSITION FLOWERS: COMPOSITES

● Superior/ hypogynous flower ● A single flower with many tiny separate

● Inferior/ epigynous flower flowers densely clustered together on a
● Semi- inferior common receptacle.
● Example: Asteraceae family.
○ Sunflowers
○ Daisies
○ Chrysanthemums
● Inflorescence: head or capitate.
● 2 kinds of flowers in the head:
○ Ray flowers: corolla looks like one
petal.
■ found on the outer edge of
the head
○ Disk flowers: corolla forms a tube of
united or fused petals.
■ Constitutes the inner circle
● In some composites, the disk flowers are
missing and the head consists only of ray
flowers.
● In others, it is the ray flowers that are
missing and the head consists only of disk
flowers
FLOWERS: PLACENTATION
FLOWERS: GRASSES
Pattern of ovule attachment and distribution in
an ovary.
● Grasses: flowers, highly modified.
● The individual grass flower, the floret, is
1. Axile - ovules are borne on placentae on
enveloped by a pair of bracts or modified
the central axis of a compound ovary.
leaves.
2. Basal - has a single ovule that is almost at
● The outer and larger bract is termed the
the base of the ovary.
lemma and the inner and smaller one is
3. Marginal - ovules are borne along the
called the palea.
fused margins of placenta of a single
● The palea encloses the stamens and the
ovary.
pistil.
4. Parietal - ovules are borne in placentae
● When the flower is mature, the stamens
located on the inner surface of the outer
are large and usually extend well above the
wall of the ovary.
stigma.
● The stigma is feathery and large.
LBBBION
FLOWER MORPHOLOGY: CROSS
POLLINATION VS SELF POLLINATION
MICROSPOROGENESIS &
MICROGAMETOGENESIS

POLLEN GRAIN

ANTHER CROSS SECTION

● Tapetum layer
○ Parenchyma cells that surrounds
the Pollen sac
● Epidermis
○ Outer layer of anther
● Endothecium
○ Parenchyma cells that constitutes
the rest of the anther
 X-S OVULE

OVULE

Female Gametophyte = Embryo Sac

Ovule = embryo sac + integuments

FERTILIZATION

How flowering plants reproduce:

LBBBION
POLLINATION
● Scent: flowering plants use scents as a
POLLINATION
➔ In seed plants, the transfer of pollen
grains from the anther to the stigma.
● Some flowers use chemical and tactile
➔ Flowering plants rely on living (biotic) and
nonliving (abiotic) pollinating agents
➔ Approximately 80% is biotic
➔ Among the abiotic factors, 98% rely on
wind and 2% on water.
FERTILIZATION
patterns, and colors specific to the
pollinator. For example, flowering plants
seeking to attract insect pollinators are
typically blue and ultraviolet, whereas red
and orange are designed to attract birds.
means of instructing insects as to their
location. Since scents become stronger
closer to the plant, the insect is able to
hone-in and land on that plant to extract
its nectar.
means to mimic female insect species to
attract the male species. For example,
orchids secrete a chemical that is the
same as the pheromones of bee and wasp
species. When the male insect lands on
the flower and attempts to copulate, the
pollen is transferred to him.

➔ Fusion of male and female gametes. AGENTS OF POLLINATION

➔ After fertilization, flowering plants
produce seeds inside fruits. 1. Wind (Anemophily)
a. Gymnosperms and some flowering
COEVOLUTION plants (grasses, trees) use wind
pollination.
b. Flowers are small, grouped together
● Interactions between two different
c. Not a very efficient method (too
species as selective forces act on each
chancy and wasteful)
other, resulting in adaptations that
2. Animals (Zoophily)
increase their interdependency.
a. Insects – bees, wasps, flies,
○ Plants evolve elaborate methods to
butterflies, moths
attract animal pollinators.
b. Birds – hummingbirds,
○ Animals evolved specialized body
honeycreepers
parts and behaviors that aid plant
c. Mammals – bats, mice, monkeys
pollination
d. Even some reptiles and
● Occurs when two different organisms
amphibians!
(flowering plants and their animal
pollinators) form such an interdependent
Bees
relationship that they affect the course of
● Bees are the most important group of
each other’s evolution
flower pollinators
● While plants were coevolving specialized
● They live on the nectar and feed larvae, and
features (petals, scent, nectar) to attract
also eat the pollen.
pollinators, animal pollinators coevolved
● Bees are guided by sight and smell
specialized body parts and behaviors
● See yellow and blue colors, also ultraviolet
that enabled them to aid pollination and
light (not red)
obtain nectar and pollen grains as a
● Flowers have “honey guides” and bee
reward
landing platforms
● Coevolution is responsible for long, curved
beaks of honeycreepers, which insert
Butterflies and moths
their beaks into tubular flowers to obtain
● Both are guided by sight and smell
nectar
● Butterflies can see red and orange flowers
● Long, tubular corollas of flowers that
● Flowers are usually shaped as a long tube
honeycreepers visit also developed
because of insect’s proboscis – to get
through coevolution
nectar
● Distinct visual cues: flowering plants
have evolved bright colors, stripes,
 ● Moth-pollinated flowers are usually white
or pale, with sweet, strong odor – for night
pollination
Flies (sapro myophily) and beetles
(cantharophily)
● Flies like flowers that smell like dung or
rotten meat.
● Lay their eggs there, but larvae die due to
lack of food
● Beetles pollinate flowers that are dull in
color, but have very strong odor
Birds (Ornithophily)
● Birds have a good sense of color, they like
yellow or red flowers
● But birds do not have a good sense of
smell, so bird-pollinated flowers usually
have little odor.
● Flowers provide fluid nectar in greater
quantities than insects
● Hummingbird-pollinated flowers usually
have long, tubular corolla
● Pollen is large and sticky
Mammals: bats (chiropterophily) and mice
● Bats pollinate at night, so flowers are
white
● Mouse-pollinated flowers are usually
inconspicuous, they open at night
WHY DO ANIMALS POLLINATE PLANTS?
➔ They get a REWARD: food! In exchange for
moving their pollen to another flower
➔ Nectar – a sugary solution produced in
special flower glands called nectaries
◆ Nectar concentration matches
energy requirements of the
pollinator: bird- and bee-pollinated
flowers have different sugar conc.
➔ Pollen – is high in protein, some bees and
beetles eat it.
◆ Flowers can produce two kinds of
pollen:
● The shape and form of pollen is related to
its method of pollination
● Insect-pollinated species have sticky or
barbed pollen grains
● Wind-pollinated species is lightweight,
small and smooth (corn pollen)
GETTING THE POLLINATOR’S ATTENTION
Plants advertise their pollen and nectar rewards
with:
4. Colors – bees see blue, yellow, UV; while
birds see red. Bats don’t see well, so
flowers are white.
5. Nectar or honey guides – a visual guide
for pollinator to locate the reward (pansy
flower)
6. Aromas – for insects. Can also be carrion
or dung smell
Plant Mimicry
● Some plants take advantage of the sex
drive of certain insects
● Certain orchids look like female wasps,
and even smell like them
● Males try to mate with them, and in the
process they pollinate the plant
● The orchid gets pollinated, but the male
wasp only gets frustrated!
AGENTS OF CROSS-POLLINATION
Water (Hydrophily)
● Certain plants, such as those of the
families Naiadaceae, Ceratophyllaceae,
Potamogetonaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, etc.,
are completely aquatic so that their
pollination is adapted to such conditions.
● Pollination takes place completely under
water (hypohydrogamous) in Naias and
Ceratophyllum while it takes place on the
water surface (epihydrogamous) in the
common water weeds Vallisneria, Hydrilla
and Elodea of Hydrocharitaceae.
LBBBION
5. Rupture of the seed coat
6. Embryo sprouting

OVARY TO FRUIT (MATURED, RIPENED

FRUITS AND SEEDS OVARIES)
OVULES BECOME THE SEED
★ Simple Fruit = 1 flower, 1 ovary, 1 fruit
★ Aggregate Fruit = 1 flower, several ovaries, 1
fruit
★ Multiple Fruit = Several flowers
(Inflorescence), several ovaries, fuses to
form a single fruit

SEED (DICOT)

MULTIPLE FRUITS
SEED (DICOT)
★ Pineapple (Ananas comosus)
★ Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

AGGREGATE FRUITS

★ Raspberry (Rubus strigosus)

★ Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus)
★ Sugar-apple/sweetsop(Annona squamosa)

MONOCOT VS DICOT GROWTH PATTERN

FRUIT-BERRY
A fleshy fruit without a stone produced from a
single flower containing one ovary.
★ Banana (Musa acuminata)
★ Pepper (Capsicum annuum)
★ Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

HESPERIDIUM
A fleshy fruit with a tough, aromatic rind.
★ Orange (Citrus sinensis)
★ Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa)
SEED GERMINATION

1. Absorption of water in the micropyle

2. Increased metabolic rates
3. Cellular respiration proceeds
4. Cell division and growth proceeds
PEPO
Has a hard, thick rind; typical fruit of the gourd
family (Cucurbitaceae).
★ Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)
★ Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

FOLLICLE
Splits along one seam.
★ Milkweed (Asclepias
syriaca)
★ (Yung hinihila sa
DRUPE Santan)
One-seeded fruit with the pericarp distinctly
divided into thin skin-like exocarp, thick fleshy
mesocarp and hard, stony endocarp.
★ Coconut (Cocos nucifera)
★ Pistachio (Pistachio vera) SILIQUE
★ Mango (Mangifera indica) Two fused carpels that separate, leaving a
★ Coffee (Coffea arabica) persistent wall between them.
★ Mustard (Brassica campestris)

POME
A fruit with papery pericarp.
★ Apple (Malus domestica) GRAIN
★ Pear (Pyrus amydaliformes) One seeded the coat of which is completely fused
to the inner surface of the pericarp.
★ Corn
★ Rice (Oryza sativa)

LEGUME/POD
Splits along two seams.
★ Peanut(Arachis hypogaea)
★ Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) ACHENE
One seed can be separated from the ovary wall
except at a point of attachment to the inside of
the pericarp.

CAPSULE
Splits in a variety of ways.
★ Lady finger’s (Abelmoschus esculentus)
NUT
PARIETAL
One seeded fruit similar to achene but with a very
hard and thick pericarp.
★ Chestnut (Castanea dentata) The ovules are found along the walls of a
★ Oaknut (Quercus alba) uniloculate ovary.

SAMARA
An achene-like fruit with wing-like outgrowth.
★ Narra (Pterocarpus inducus)
BASAL

FREE CENTRAL

The ovules are attached to a central axis of a

uniloculate ovary.
MARGINAL

AXILE

The ovules are attached to a central axis in a

multiloculate ovary.