Complete Notes of 18cv71

QSCM – 18CV71
QUANTITY SURVEYING
AND
CONTRACTS
MANAGEMENT
Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 1

QSCM – 18CV71
QUANTITY SURVEYING & CONTRACTS MANAGEMENT

Subject Code : 18CV71 IA Marks: 40
No. of Lecture Hours/Week: 03 Exam Hours: 03
Credits: 03 Exam Marks: 60
Module 1
Quantity Estimation for Building; study of various drawing attached with estimates, important
terms, units of measurements, abstract, Types of estimates - Approximate, detailed,
supplementary and revised. Estimation of building: Long wall – Short wall method & Center
line method.
Estimate of R.C.C structures including Slab, beam, column , footings, with bar bending
schedule.
Module 2
Estimate of Steel truss, manhole and septic tanks and slab culvert.
Quantity Estimation for Roads: Road estimation, earthwork fully in banking, cutting, partly
cutting and partly Filling, Detailed estimate and cost analysis for
roads.
Module 3
Specification for Civil Engineering Works: Objective of writing specifications essentials in
specifications, general and detail specifications of different items of works in buildings.
Analysis of Rates : Factors Affecting Cost of Civil Works , Concept of Direct Cost , Indirect
Cost and Project Cost
Rate analysis and preparation of bills, Data analysis of rates for various items of Works, Sub-
structure components, Rate analysis for R.C.C. slabs, columns and
beams.
Module 4
Contract Management-Tender and its Process: Invitation to tender, Prequalification,
administrative approval & Technical sanction. Bid submission and Evaluation process.
Contract Formulation: covering Award of contract, letter of intent, letter of acceptance and
notice to proceed. Features / elements of standard Tender document (source: PWD / CPWD /
International Competitive Bidding – NHAI / NHEPC / NPC).
Law of Contract as per Indian Contract act 1872 , Types of Contract, Entire contract, Lump
sum contract, Item rate, % rate, Cost plus with Target, Labour, EPC and BOT, Sub Contracting.
Contract Forms : FIDIC contract Forms , CPWD , NHAI , NTPC , NHEPC

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Module 5
Contract Management-Post award :Basic understanding on definitions, Performance
security, Mobilization and equipment advances, Secured Advance, Suspension of work, Time
limit for completion, Liquidated damages and bonus, measurement and payment, additions and
alterations or variations and deviations, breach of contract, Escalation, settlement of account or
final payment, claims, Delay’s and Compensation, Disputes & its resolution mechanism,
Contract management and administration.
Valuation: Definitions of terms used in valuation process, Cost, Estimate, Value and its
relationship, Capitalized value. Concept of supply and demand in respect to properties ( land ,
building , facilities’), freehold and lease hold , Sinking fund, depreciation–methods of
estimating depreciation, Outgoings, Processand methods of valuation : Rent fixation, valuation
for mortgage, valuation of land.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Estimating & Costing, B. N. Dutta, Chand Publisher
2. Quantity Surveying- P.L. Basin S. Chand : New Delhi.
3. Estimating & Specification - S.C. Rangwala :: Charotar publishing house, Anand.
4. Text book of Estimating & Costing- G.S. Birde, Dhanpath Rai and sons: New Delhi.
5. A text book on Estimating, Costing and Accounts- D.D. Kohli and R.C. Kohli S. Chand:
New Delhi.
6. Contracts and Estimates, B. S. Patil, University Press, 2006.

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INTRODUCTION
Estimate: An estimate is a computation or calculation of the quantities required and

expenditure likely to be incurred in the construction of the work. The primary objective of an
estimate is to enable one to know beforehand, the cost of the work. The estimate is a probable
cost of a work and is determined theoretically by mathematical calculations based on plans and
drawing and current rates.
Actual cost: The actual cost of the work is known after the completion of the work.
Purpose of estimate
1. Probable cost to be made ready for taking a project.
2. To obtain administrative approval in case of public construction
3. To ascertain the qualities of the labour.
4. To fix up a construction schedule
5. To justify the benefit cost ratio
6. To invite tenders and prepare bills for payments
TYPES OF ESTIMATES
The estimates may be divided in to the following categories:-
1. Preliminary or Approximate estimate.

2. Rough cost estimate based on plinth area.
3. Rough cost estimate based on cubic contents.
4. Detailed estimate.
5. Annual repair estimate.
6. Special repair estimate.
7. Revised estimate
8. Supplementary estimate.
1. Preliminary or Approximate estimate
This estimate is prepared to decide financial aspect, policy and to give idea of the cost
of the proposal to the competent sanctioning authority. It should clearly show the necessity of
the proposal and how the cost has been arrived at

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The calculations for approximate estimate can be done with the following data. The
data can be had from a similar construction already complete in the nearby area, excuted by the
department.
For example: To calculate approximate estimate for a Hospital, per bed cost is
calculated from the recent completed hospital and is multiplied with the number of beds
required. Similarly for a house, per square metre plinth area is calculated and is multiplied with
the proposed covered area. The specifications should also be same. For a road, expenditure of
per kilometre length is taken, width also plays the role.
The following documents should be attached with it.
a) Detailed report
b) Site plan of the proposal
c) It should also clearly mention about the acquisition of land, Provision of electric
and water supply etc.
2. Plinth area Estimate (Based on Rough Cost)
Plinth area of a building means Length x Breadth ( roofed portion only ) excluding
plinth offsets. The estimates are prepared on the basis of plinth areas of the various buildings
proposed to be constructed. The rates are being arrived at the dividing the total cost of
construction with its plinth area. For example if total cost of a building is Rs. 2 lac and its plinth
area is 50 sq. m. then plinth area rate =2,00,000 = Rs.4000/- per 50 sq.m. Using this rate as
basis of the next construction, approximate or rough cost of the proposal can be arrived at by
multiplying the plinth area of the proposed building with this plinth area rate.
The following documents are attached with the estimate.
a) Line plan with brief specifications.

b) Cost of various services added i.e. electric and water supply etc.
c) North line should be shown clearly on line plan.
3. Cubic Contents Estimate (Based on Rough Cost)
The cubic contents of a building means plinth area x height of the building. The height
is taken from top of floor level to top of roof.

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The cubic contents of the proposed building are multiplied with cubic rates arrived at
for the similar construction i.e. total cost of construction divided by cubic contents = cost per
cubic metre.
Documents attached are as in No. 2
(Administrative approval is granted on rough cost estimate)
4. Detailed Estimate
After getting Administrative approval on rough cost estimate, detailed estimates are
prepared.
In this, the estimate is divided in to sub-heads and quantities of various items are
calculated individually.
In the end of the detailed quantities, an abstract of cost giving quantities of each item
and rate of every item according to the sanctioned schedule of rates shall be attached. In case
of non-schedule rates i.e. rates which are not given in the sanctioned schedule of rates, proper
analysis of rates shall be attached. If however the work proposed to be constructed is located
in a remote place, the provision for the carriage of the material shall be added in the estimate
to avoid any excess over the administratively approved estimate later on. Detailed
specifications & report should also be attached with the estimate. Technical sanction is given
on detailed estimate.
The detailed estimate shall also provide for the cost of approach road, water supply,
electric installations and acquisition of land etc, so as to call it a comprehensive estimate.
5. Annual repair estimate
In order to keep building and roads in perfect condition, annual repairs should be
carried out as follow:-
(i) In case of a building-white washing, oiling and painting of doors and windows,
cement plaster repairs (inside & outside), repairs of floors etc. In no case this annual repair
amount should increase more than 11/2% to 2% of the capital cost of the building.
(ii) In case of a road-filling patches, maintenance of berms etc.
6. Special repair estimate

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If the work cannot be carried out of the annual repair funds due to certain reasons
resulting in the genuine increase in cost, then special repairs estimate is to be prepard.
The reason of increase may be:-
(i) In case of a building-opening of new doors, change of floors, plastering walls

etc.
(ii) (ii) In case of roads-if the whole surface is full of corrugation & patches, then
the total surface is to be scarified. The old metal is taken out, consolidation by
adding more metal is done and top surface is repainted.
7. Revised estimate
When the sanctioned estimate exceeds by 5% either due to the rate being found
insufficient or due to some other reasons, a fresh estimate is prepared which is called a Revised
Estimate. A comparative statement on the last page of the estimate is attached giving there in
the reasons of the increase of cost in case of each item.
8. Supplementary Estimate
This is fresh detailed estimate in addition to the original sanctioned estimate prepared
when additional works are deemed necessary during the progress of a work to supplement the
original works. The abstract of cost should show the amount of the original sanctioned estimate
as well as the supplementary amount of the original sanctioned estimate as well as the
supplementary amount for which sanction is required.

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METHOD OF ESTIMATING
Detailed estimate: Preparation of detailed estimate consists of working out the quantities of
different items of work and then working out the cost i.e. the estimate is prepared in two stages
1. Details of measurement and calculation of quantities: the whole work is divided into
different items of work as earthwork, concrete, brickwork etc. and items are classified
and grouped under different sub-heads, and details of measurement of each item of
work are taken out and quantities under each item are computed in prescribed form.
Details of Measurement form -
Height
Item Length, Breadth, or Quantity,
Particulars of items No. Explanation
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
2. Abstract of estimated cost: The cost under item of work is calculated from the
quantities already computed at workable rate, and the total cost is worked out in
prescribed form. A percentage of 3 to 5 percent is added for contingencies, to allow for
petty contingent expenditures, unforeseen expenditures, changes in design, changes in
rates, etc. which may occur during execution of the work.
Abstract of Estimate form -
SI Rate,
No. Particulars Quantity Unit Per Amount, Rs
Rs
Data required to prepare an estimate
1. Drawings i.e. Plans, elevations, sections etc.

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2. Specifications.
3. Rates.
Drawings: If the drawings are not clear and without complete dimensions the preparation of
estimation become very difficult. So, It is very essential before preparing an estimate
Specifications
a) General Specifications: This gives the nature, quality, class and work and materials in
general terms to be used in various parts of wok. It helps no form a general idea of building.
b) Detailed Specifications: These gives the detailed description of the various items of work
laying down the Quantities and qualities of materials, their proportions, the method of
preparation workmanship and execution of work.
Rates: For preparing the estimate the unit rates of each item of work are required.
1. For arriving at the unit rates of each item.

2. The rates of various materials to be used in the construction.
3. The cost of transport materials.
4. The wages of labour, skilled or unskilled of masons, carpenters, Mazdoor, etc.,
Main items of work
1. Earthwork
2. Concrete in foundation
3. Soling
4. Damp proof course
5. Masonry
6. Arch Masonry work
7. Lintels over openings
8. R.C.C work
9. Flooring and roofing
10. Plastering and pointing
11. Doors and windows
12. Wood work
13. Iron work

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14. White washing or colour washing or distempering

15. Painting
RCC Work: RCC work is for slabs, beams, columns & footings. The quantities are
calculated in cu.m. The dimensions of the above mentioned structural elements are obtained
accurately from the plan & sectional elevation. Bearings are added to the clear lengths to get
the dimensions. Quantities are calculated in two parts, namely:
A. Cement concrete quantity including centering & shuttering excluding steel

reinforcement.
B. Steel reinforcement quantity calculation along with Bar Bending Schedule.
Flooring & Roofing: Quantity is calculated in sq. m multiplying the length with the breadth.
The length & breadth are measured as inside dimensions from wall to wall of superstructure.
Units of measurements in metric system

The principle for dimensions and measurements is to use millimetre (mm) for minute
dimensions, centimetre (cm) for small dimensions and metre (m) for big dimensions.
Particulars of materials and

Dimensions
work
1 Bricks, stone blocks etc. All dimensions in cm
Length and breadth are
Files, slates, wall board, glass
2 in cm or m and
panes A.C. sheets
thickness in mm
Height and breath are
3 Doors and windows
in cm or m
Length and height are
4 Masonry (brick or stone etc.)
in m
Length and breadth or
5 Painting
height are in m

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METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE
The dimensions, length, breadth and height of depth are to be taken out from the drawing-plan,
elevation and section. From the drawings, the dimensions are to be taken out correctly.
Method 1: INDIVIDUAL WALL METHOD
In this method, measure or find out the external length of walls running in the longitudinal
direction generally the long walls out-to-out, and the internal lengths of walls running in
transverse direction in-to-in. the same rule is applicable to the excavation in foundation, to
concrete in foundation and to masonry. Care should be taken to note the difference in
dimensions at different height due to offset or footings.
Long wall length out-to-out = centre to centre + half breadth on one side + half breadth on
other side = centre to centre length + one breadth
Short wall length in-to-in = centre to centre length – one breadth
That is, in case of long wall add one breadth and in case of short wall subtract one breadth
from the centre length to get the corresponding lengths.
Example 1: The diagram represents the plan of the superstructure wall of a single room
building of 5m x 4m, and sections represent the cross-sections of the walls with foundation.
Estimate the quantities of – earthwork in excavation in foundation, concrete in foundation,
brickwork in foundation and plinth, brick work in superstructure.
Length of long wall centre to centre = 5 + ½ * 0.30 + ½ * 0.30 = 5.30 m
Length of short wall centre to centre = 4 + ½ * 0.30 + ½ * 0.30 = 4.30 m

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Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
Earthwork in excavation in
1
foundation
L = 5.30 + 0.90 =
Long walls 2 6.20 0.90 0.90 10.04 6.20 m

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S = 4.30- 0.90 =
Short walls 2 3.40 0.90 0.90 5.51 3.40 m
Total 15.55
cu.m
2 Concrete in foundation
L = 5.30 + 0.90 =
Long walls 2 6.20 0.90 0.30 3.35 6.20 m
S = 4.30- 0.90 =
Short walls 2 3.40 0.90 0.30 1.84 3.40 m
Total 5.18
cu.m
1st class brickwork in
3
foundation and plinth
Long walls
L = 5.30 + 0.60 =
1st footing 2 5.90 0.60 0.30 3.65 5.90 m
L = 5.30 + 0.50 =
2nd footing 2 5.80 0.50 0.30 1.74 5.80 m
L = 5.30 + 0.40 =
Plinth walls 2 5.70 0.40 0.60 2.74 5.70 m
Short walls
S = 4.30-0.60 = 3.70
1st footing 2 5.50 0.80 0.20 1.76 m
S = 4.30-0.50 = 3.80
2nd footing 2 5.60 0.70 0.10 0.78 m
S = 4.30-0.40 = 3.90
Plinth walls 2 5.90 0.40 0.80 3.78 m
Total 14.45
cu.m
4 Damp proof course
2.5 cm thick c.c
L = 10.60 + 0.40 =
Long walls 2 11.00 0.40 - 8.80 11.00 m
S = 6.30-0.40 = 5.90
Short walls 3 5.90 0.40 - 7.08 m
Total 15.88
sq.m
1st class brickwork in lime
5 mortar in superstructure
L = 5.30 + 0.30 =
Long walls 2 5.60 0.30 3.50 11.76 5.60 m
S = 4.30-0.30 = 4.00
Short walls 2 4.00 0.30 3.50 8.40 m
Total 20.16
cu.m

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Example 2: Estimate the quantities of the following items of a two roomed building from the
given plan and section- Earthwork in excavation in foundation, Lime concrete in foundation,
1st class brickwork in cement mortar 1:6 in foundation and plinth, 2.5 cm c.c. damp proof course
and 1St class brickwork in lime mortar in superstructure.
Long wall c/c length = 4 + 6 + 0.30 + 2 * 0.30/2 = 10.60 m
Short wall c/c length = 6 + 2 * 0.30/2 = 6.30 m

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Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
Earthwork in
1 excavation in
foundation
Long walls 2 11.70 1.10 1.00 25.74 L = 10.60 + 1.10 = 11.70 m
Short walls 3 5.20 1.10 1.00 17.16 S = 6.30 - 1.10 = 5.20 m
Total 42.90
cu.m
Lime Concrete in
2
foundation
Long walls 2 11.70 1.10 0.30 7.72 L = 10.60 + 1.10 = 11.70 m
Short walls 3 5.20 1.10 0.30 5.15 S = 6.30 - 1.10 = 5.20 m
Total 12.87
cu.m
1st class brickwork
3 in foundation and
plinth
Long walls
1st footing 2 11.40 0.80 0.20 3.65 L = 10.60 + 0.80 = 11.40 m
2nd footing 2 11.30 0.70 0.10 1.58 L = 10.60 + 0.70 = 11.30 m
3rd footing 2 11.20 0.60 0.10 1.34 L = 10.60 + 0.60 = 11.20 m
4th footing 2 11.10 0.50 0.10 1.11 L = 10.60 + 0.50 = 11.10 m
Plinth walls 2 11.00 0.40 0.80 7.04 L = 10.60 + 0.40 = 11.00 m
Short walls
1st footing 3 5.50 0.80 0.20 2.64 S = 6.30-0.80 = 5.50 m
2nd footing 3 5.60 0.70 0.10 1.18 S = 6.30-0.70 = 5.60 m
3rd footing 3 5.70 0.60 0.10 1.03 S = 6.30-0.60 = 5.70 m
4th footing 3 5.80 0.50 0.10 0.87 S = 6.30-0.50 = 5.80 m
Plinth walls 3 5.90 0.40 0.80 5.66 S = 6.30-0.40 = 5.90 m
Total 26.10
cu.m
4 Damp proof course
2.5 cm thick c.c
Long walls 2 11.00 0.40 - 8.80 L = 10.60 + 0.40 = 11.00 m
Short walls 3 5.90 0.40 - 7.08 S = 6.30-0.40 = 5.90m
Total 15.88
sq.m
1st class brickwork
5 in lime mortar in
superstructure
Long walls 2 10.90 0.30 4.20 27.47 L = 10.60 + 0.30 = 10.90 m

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Short walls 3 6.00 0.30 4.20 22.68 S = 6.30-0.30 = 6.00 m

Total 50.15
cu.m
Deduct
Door Opening 2 1.20 0.30 2.10 1.51
Window Opening 4 1.00 0.30 1.50 1.80
Back of shelves 10 cm thick
Shelves 2 1.00 0.20 1.50
0.60 wall
Lintel over doors 2 1.50 0.30 0.15 0.14 Bearing 15 cm
Lintel over windows 4 1.30 0.30 0.15 0.23 Bearing 15 cm
Lintel over shelves 2 1.30 0.30 0.15 0.12 Bearing 15 cm
Total deduction 4.40
Net Total 45.75
cu.m
Method 2: CENTRE LINE METHOD
In this method the sum total length of centre lines of walls, long and short has to be found out.
Find the total length of centre lines of walls, of same type, long and short having same type of
foundation and footings and then find the quantities by multiplying the total centre length by
the respective breadth and the height.
In this method, the length of wall remains same for excavation in foundation, for concrete in
foundation, for all footings and for superstructure. This method is quick but requires special
attention and consideration at the junctions, meeting points of partition or cross walls, etc.
For buildings having cross or partition walls, for every junction of partition or cross wall with
the main walls, special considerations have to be made to find out the quantities accurately. For
each junction half breadth of the respective item should be deducted from the total centre line
length. Thus in the case of building having one partition wall, there are two junctions, for
earthwork in foundation trench and foundation concrete deduct one breadth of trench or
concrete from the total centre length (2 x ½ = one for two junctions).
For buildings having different types of walls, each et of walls shall have to be dealt separately.
Find the total centre length of all walls of one type and proceed in the same manner as described
above. Similarly find the total centre length of walls of second type and deal this separately,
and so on.

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In the case of buildings having different types of walls, suppose the outer walls are of A type
and inner cross walls are of B type, then all the A type walls shall be taken jointly first and then
B type walls shall be taken together separately. In such cases no deduction of any kind need to
be made for A type walls, but where B type walls are taken, for each junction deduction of half
breadth of A type wall (main wall) shall have to be made from the total centre length of walls.
It may be noted that at the corners of the building where two walls are meeting no subtraction
or addition is required.
Example 3: Solve Example 1 problem by Centre Line method
Total centre length of walls = AB + BC + CD + DA = 5.30 + 4.30 + 5.30 + 4.30 = 19.20 M
If the total centre length is multiplied by the breadth and the depth we get the quantity of
earthwork in excavation.
Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
Total centre
1 1 19.2 0.9 0.9 15.55 length of all walls
foundation = 19.20 m
cu.m
2 Concrete in foundation 1 19.20 0.90 0.30 5.18

cu.m

3
1st footing 1 19.20 0.60 0.30 3.46
2nd footing 1 19.20 0.50 0.30 2.88
Plinth wall 1 19.20 0.40 0.60 4.61
Total 10.94
cu.m
5 mortar in superstructure 1 19.2 0.3 3.5 20.16
cu.m
Example 4: Solve Example 2 problem by Centre Line method

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In this problem there are two junctions of the inner wall with the main wall
Total centre length of wall = 2 x c/c of long wall + 3 x c/c of short wall
= 2 x 10.60 + 3 x 6.30 = 40.10 m
Diagram
If the total centre length is multiplied by the breadth and depth, at the junction the portions A
and B shown by hatch lines come twice and we get the quantity in excess by these portions,
and these excesses shall have to be deducted. The deduction may be effected reducing the
centre length by half breadth for each junction
Thus the quantity of earthquake in excavation
= [Total centre length – (2x1/2 breadth)] x breadth x depth
Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
total centre
length =
40.10m
Earthwork in excavation in L = 40.10 - 2 x
1 1 39.00 1.10 1.00 42.90
foundation 1.10/2 = 39.00 m
cu.m
Lime Concrete in
2 1 39.00 1.10 0.30 12.87
foundation
cu.m
3
1st footing 1 39.30 0.80 0.20 6.29
2nd footing 1 39.40 0.70 0.10 2.76
3rd footing 1 39.50 0.60 0.10 2.37
4th footing 1 39.60 0.50 0.10 1.98
Plinth wall above footing 1 39.70 0.40 0.80 12.70
Total 26.10
L = 40.10 -
4 Damp proof course 1 39.70 0.40 15.88
2x0.40/2 = 39.70
Deduct door sill 2 1.20 0.40 0.96
Total 14.92
sq.m

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1st class brickwork in lime L = 40.10- 2 x

5 1 39.80 0.30 4.20 50.15
mortar in superstructure 0.30/2 = 39.80 m
cu.m
Deduct
Door Opening 2 1.20 0.30 2.10 1.51
Window Opening 4 1.00 0.30 1.50 1.80
Shelves 0.60 Back of shelves 10
2 1.00 0.20 1.50 cm thick wall
Lintel over doors 2 1.50 0.30 0.15 0.14 Bearing 15 cm
Lintel over windows 4 1.30 0.30 0.15 0.23 Bearing 15 cm
Lintel over shelves 2 1.30 0.30 0.15 0.12 Bearing 15 cm
Net Total 45.75
cu.m
Estimation of quantities from both the methods will be exactly same.

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Example 5: The accompanying figure below shows the details of a two roomed building.
Estimate the quantities and cost of the following items of works: Earthwork in excavation for
the foundation in hard soil at Rs 14/m3, Lime concrete bed 1:2:4 for all walls at Rs. 1200/m3,
First class brick work (CM 1:4) in foundation and plinth at Rs. 2000/m3, First class brick
work (CM 1:4) in superstructure at Rs. 2200/m3, RCC 1:2:4 for roof slab

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Sol: Long wall and short wall method
c/c length of long walls of rooms = 4.50 + 0.30 + 4.00 + 2 x 0.30/2 = 9.10 m
c/c length of short walls of rooms = 3.60 + 2x 0.30/2 = 3.90 m
c/c length of partition walls of rooms = 3.60 + 2 x 0.30/2 = 3.90 m
c/c length of front long wall of verandah = (4.5 + 0.3 = 4.0 + 2x0.30) – 2x0.20/2 = 9.20 m
c/c length of verandah side walls = 1.60 + 0.30/2 + 0.20/2 = 1.85 m
Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
1
foundation
9.1 + 2 x 0.9/2 =
Long Walls 2 10.00 0.90 0.90 16.20 10.00 m
3.9 - 2x0.90/2 = 3.00
Short walls 3 3.00 0.90 0.90 7.29 m
Partition wall verandah front 1 3.00 0.90 0.90 2.43

9.20 + 2x0.7/2 =
Long Wall 1 9.90 0.70 0.90 6.24 9.90m
Verandah sides
Short wall 2 1.05 0.70 0.90 1.32 1.85 - 0.90/2 -0.70/2

=1.05
(1 + 0.3/2) - 0.7/2 =
Steps 1 2.60 0.80 0.15 0.31 0.80 m
Total 33.79
cu.m
2 Lime concrete bed 1:2:4

Rooms
Long walls 2 10.00 0.90 0.30 5.40
Short walls 3 3.00 0.90 0.30 2.43
Partition wall 1 3.00 0.90 0.30 0.81
Verandah
Front long wall 1 9.90 0.70 0.30 2.08
Side short walls 2 1.05 0.70 0.20 0.29
Steps 1 2.60 1.00 0.15 0.39
Total 11.40
cu.m

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First class brick work (CM

1:4) in foundation and
3
plinth rooms
Long walls
9.1+2X0.60/2 = 9.70
1st footing 2 9.70 0.60 0.20 2.33 m
9.1 + 2x0.5/2 = 9.60
2nd footing 2 9.60 0.50 0.20 1.92 m
9.1 + 2x0.4/2 = 9.50
up to plinth 2 9.50 0.40 0.80 6.08 m
Short walls
3.9 - 2x 0.6/2 = 3.30
1st footing 3 3.30 0.60 0.20 1.19 m
3.9 - 2x0.5/2 = 3.40
2nd footing 3 3.40 0.50 0.20 1.02 m
3.9 - 2x0.4/2 = 3.50
up to plinth 3 3.50 0.40 0.80 3.36 m
Total 15.90
cu.m
First class brick work (1:6)

4
in super structure
9.10 + 2x0.3/2 = 9.40
Long walls 2 9.40 0.30 3.60 20.30 m
3.90 - 2x0.3/2 = 3.60
Short walls 3 3.60 0.30 3.60 11.66 m
Vearandah over lintel
9.02 + 2x0.2/2 = 9.40
long Wall 1 9.40 0.20 0.90 1.69 m
Side short wall 2 1.60 0.20 0.90 0.58
1.85 - 0.3/2 - 0.2/2 =
Pillars 5 0.20 0.20 2.70 0.54 1.60 m
Total 34.78
cu.m
Deductions
Doors 2 1.20 0.30 2.10 1.51
Windows 8 1.10 0.30 1.50 3.96
Shelf 1 1.10 0.20 1.50 0.33
Lintels
4.5+0.3+4.0+2x0.30+
Main walls 1 20.20 0.30 0.15 0.91 3x3.6 = 20.20
4.5+0.3+4.0+2x0.30+
Verandah 1 12.60 0.20 0.15 0.38 2x1.6 = 12.60 m
Shelf Opening 1 1.30 0.20 0.15 0.04 1.1 + 2x0l.1 = 1.30
Net Total 27.65
cu.m

QSCM – 17CV81
0.30 + 3.6 +0.3 +1.6

5 RCC 1:2:4 for roof slab 1 9.40 6.00 0.10 5.64 +0.2 = 6.00 n
cu.m
Steel Reinforcement
(1% of RCC= 5.64 x 0.001 x 7850) 0.5 ton
Abstract of Cost
SI
No. Particulars Quantity Unit Rate, Rs Per Amount, Rs
1 Earthwork excavation in foundation 31.36 cu.m 140.00 cu.m 4390.40

2 Lime concrete bed 1:2:4 10.74 cu.m 1200.00 cu.m 12888.00
First Class brick work (1:4) in
3 15.90 cu.m 2000.00 cu.m 31800.00
First class brick work(1:6) in
4 27.65 cu.m 2200.00 cu.m 60830.00
superstructure
5 RCC 1:2:4 for roof slab 5.64 cu.m 3800.00 cu.m 21432.00
6 Steel reinforcement 0.50 ton 3800.00 ton 1900.00
133240.40
Taking 10% extra 13324.04
Total 146564.44
Example 6: The details of a residential building are shown in the below plan. Workout the
quantities and cost of the following items of work by centre line method
1. Earthwork excavation for foundation in soft soil at Rs.102/m3
2. Size stone masonry in CM 1:6 for foundation and basement at Rs.2400/m3
3. BBM with 1:6 CM in super structure at a rate of Rs.3650/m3
Sol: c/c line length of 30 cm wall =
[0.30/2 + 2.5 + 0.30 + 1.0 +0.3 +3.5 + 0.30/2] x 2 + [0.30/2 + 3.5 + 0.3 + 5.0 + 0.30/2] x 2
+ [0.30/2 + 3.5 + 0.30 + 6.5 + 0.30 + 1.7 + 0.30/2] x 3 + [0.30/2 + 3.5 + 0.30/2] = 75.60 m
No. of junctions of 30 cm wall with 30cm is 4

QSCM – 17CV81
Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
1 1 73.60 1.00 0.90 66.24 75.6 - 4(1.00/2)
foundation
cu.m
2 Size Stone Masonry (1:6)

75.6 - 4(0.75/2) =
1st footing 1 74.10 0.75 0.75 41.68 74.10m
75.6 - 4(0.45/2) =
2nd footing 1 74.70 0.45 0.45 15.13 74.70m

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Total 56.81
cu.m
3 Burnt Brick Masonry

75.6 - 4 (0.30/2) =
for 30 cm wall 1 75.00 0.30 3.00 67.50 75m
for parapet wall 1 41.00 0.15 0.75 4.61
Total 72.11
cu.m
Deduct
Opening for 30 cm wall
Door, D 7 1.20 0.30 0.30 0.76
D2 1 0.90 0.30 2.10 0.57
Window W 6 1.50 0.30 1.35 3.65
W1 1 1.50 0.30 1.20 0.54
V 1 0.90 0.30 0.45 0.12
Deductions for lintel
All round lintel 1 41.00 0.30 0.20 2.46
Lintel over internal walls
D 5 1.20 0.30 0.20 0.36
D2 1 0.90 0.30 0.20 0.05
Net Total 63.61
cu.m
Abstract of Cost
SI Amount,
No. Particulars Quantity Unit Rate, Rs. Per
Rs.
1 Earthwork excavation in foundation 66.24 cu.m 102.00 cu.m 6756.48
2 Lime concrete bed 1:2:4 56.81 cu.m 2400.00 cu.m 136344.00
First Class brick work (1:4) in
3 63.61 cu.m 3650.00 cu.m 232176.50
375276.98
Taking 10% extra 37527.70
Total 412804.68

QSCM – 17CV81
Example 7: Estimate by centre line method the quantities of the following items of a residential
building: 1) Earthwork in excavation in foundation, 2) Lime concrete in foundation, 3) First
class brickwork in 1:6 cement sand mortar in foundation and plinth, 4) Damp proof course and
5) First class brickwork in lime mortar in superstructure.

QSCM – 17CV81
Sol: Total centre length of all 30 cm walls of main rooms = Total centre length of walls of
drawing and left side bed room + Total centre length of walls of bed rooms right side.
= (2 x c/c length of long wall + 3 x c/c length of short wall) + (2 x c/c length of long wall + 2
x c/c length of short wall) = (2 x 10.60 + 3 x 5.30) + (2 x 9.60 + 2 x 4.80) = 65.90 m.
Number of junctions = 6 with main walls of 30 cm.
Total centre length of all 20 cm walls of front verandah, back verandah and bath room
= (c/c length of front wall + c/c length of side wall) + (c/c length of back verandah long wall
including bath + 2 x c/c length of cross walls of bath room) = (9.65 + 2.25) + (9.65 + 2 x 2.75)
= 27.05 m.
Number of junctions = 5 with walls of 30 cm and 1 with walls of 20 cm.
Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
1
foundation
Walls of main room (6 L = 65.90 -
1 63.20 0.90 1.00 56.88
junctions) 6x0.90/2 = 63.20 m
L = 27.05 -
Walls of verandah (5 and 1
1 24.50 0.60 0.50 7.35 5x0.90/2 -1x0.60/2
junctions) = 24.50 m
Total 64.23
cu.m
2 Lime Concrete in foundation
Walls of main rooms L = 65.90 -
1 63.20 0.90 0.30 17.06 6x0.90/2 = 63.20 m
Walls of verandah and bath L = 27.05 -
1 25.50 0.60 0.20 3.06 5x0.50/2 - 1x0.60/2
=225.50 m
Total 20.12
cu.m
3 foundation and plinth in 1:6
cement mortar
Walls of main rooms
L = 65.90 -
1st footing 1 64.10 0.60 0.20 7.69 6x0.60/2 = 64.10 m
L = 65.90 -
2nd footing 1 64.40 0.50 0.20 6.44 6x0.50/2 = 64.40 m
L = 65.90 -
Plinth wall above footing 1 64.70 0.40 0.90 23.29 6x0.40/2 = 64.70 m

QSCM – 17CV81
Walls of verandah and bath

L = 27.05 -
footing 1 25.85 0.40 0.20 2.07 5x0.40/2-1x0.40/2
= 25.85 m
L = 27.05 -5x0.40/2
Plinth wall above footing 1 25.90 0.30 0.70 5.44 -1 x 0.30/2 = 25.90
m
Total 44.93
cu.m
4 2.5 cm Damp proof course
L = 40.10 -
Walls of main rooms 1 64.70 0.40 25.88 2x0.40/2 = 39.70
Verandah pillars 4 0.50 0.30 0.60
Bath room (total 3 walls) 1 7.30 0.30 2.19 L = 7.30 m
Total 28.67
sq.m

5
mortar in superstructure
L = 65.90 -
Walls of main rooms 1 65.00 0.30 4.00 78.00 6x0.30/2 = 65 m
L = 27.05 -
Walls of verandah and bath 1 26.20 0.20 3.05 15.98 5x0.30/2 - 1x0.20/2
= 26.20 m
Total 93.98
cu.m

QSCM – 17CV81
ROADWORK ESTIMATION
Cross section of road in banking and cutting is generally in the shape of trapezium.
Quantity of earthwork = Sectional Area * Length
Therefore, Sectional area = Bd + 2*1/2*sd*d
A= Bd + sd2
Therefore, Quantity of earthwork = A * L
S:1 ( side slope = horizontal :Vertical)
i.e. for 1 Vertical, s is the horizontal
for d vertical, sd is the horizontal
Methods of doing roadwork estimation are
1) Mid-sectional area method

2) Mean-sectional area method
3) Prismoidal method
4) Trapezoidal method
1) Mid-sectional area method

Quantity = Area of mid-section x length. Let d1 and d2 be the height of bank at two ends
portion of embankment. L be the length of the section, B the formation width and s:1
(horizontal:vertical) the side slope then,
Area of mid section = Area of rectangular portion + area of two triangular portion
= Bdm + 1/2sdm2 + 1/2sdm2 = Bdm + sdm2

QSCM – 17CV81
Therefore, Quantity of earthwork = (Bd + sd2) x L, where d stands of mean height or depth
The quantities of earthwork may be calculated in a tabular form as shown below
Mean Area
Station Depth depth Area
of Total Length Quantity
or or or of
central sectional between
sides area, Bd stations
chainage height height portion sd2 + sd2 L Embankment Cutting
d Bd
2) Mean sectional Area method:

Quantity = Mean sectional area x length. Sectional area at one end A1 = Bd1 + sd 12, Sectional
area at one end A2 = Bd2 + sd22 , d1 and d2 are the heights or depth at the two ends.
The mean sectional area A = (A1 + A2)/2, Quantity Q = [(A1 + A2)/2] x Length
The quantities of earthwork may be calculated in a tabular form as shown below
Area Total Quantity

Station Depth ofArea sectional Mean Length
of between
or or central sides area, Sectional stations
chainage height portion sd2 Bd + Area L Embankment Cutting
Bd sd2
3. Prismoidal Formula Method:

Quantity or volume = L/6 (A1 +A2 + 4Am)
Where A1 and A2 are the cross sectional areas at the two ends of a portion of embankment of
road of length L and Am is the mid-sectional area
Let d1 and d2 be the heights of banks at the two ends, and dm be the mean height at the mid-
section, B be the formation width and s:1 be the side slope.
Cross-sectional area at one end
A1 = Bd1 + sd12

QSCM – 17CV81
Cross-sectional area at other end
A2 = Bd2 + sd 22
Cross-section at middle
Dm = (d1 + d2)/2
Am = Bdm + sd m2
= B(d1 + d2)/2 + s[(d1 + d2)/2] 2
Quantity = L/6 (A1 +A2 + 4Am)
4. Trapezoidal method
When a series of cross-sectional areas are calculated at equidistant points, the volume may be
worked out by trapezoidal formula
Volume by trapezoidal formula method
V = (D/2) {A0 + 2A1 +2A2 +2A3 + ….2 An-1 + An}
= D {(A0 + An)/2 + A1 + A2 + A3 + An-1}
Where A0, A1, A2, A3…..An-1 and An are the areas of cross-sections,
D = Distance between the section, V = Volume of cutting or banking
Example 1 Estimate the quantity of earthwork for a road of 12m formation width with the
following data using mid section formula.
Chainage 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
RL of
108.6 109.25 109.4 108.9 108.5 107.25 106.8 107.2 107.2
Ground
The road is proposed at uniform falling gradient 1 in 200 passing through GL at chainage
14. Length of one chain = 30 m, side slope 1.5:1 in cutting and 2:1 in banking. The rate of
earthwork in filling and cutting are Rs 180/m3 and Rs 120/m3 respectively.
Sol:- B = 12 m, s1=1.5 and ss = 2
To calculate RL of formation

QSCM – 17CV81
The road is at a falling gradient of 1 in 200 i.e. for every 200 m, there is 1 m fall for every 30
m
30
∗ 200 = 0.15 𝑚𝑚
1
The road passes from cutting to banking on between the chainage 18 and 19. The distance
where it passes through zero i.e. ground level is determined as follows:
𝑥𝑥 30 − 𝑥𝑥
=
0.5 0.60
Therefore, x = 13.63 m
RL of RL of Mean
Chainage Depth
Ground Formation Depth
14.00 108.60 108.60 0.00
15.00 109.25 108.45 -0.80 -0.40
16.00 109.40 108.30 -1.10 -0.95
17.00 108.85 108.15 -0.70 -0.90
18.00 108.50 108.00 -0.50 -0.60
Passes from cutting to banking
108.60 108.60 0.00 -0.25
19.00 107.25 107.85 0.60 0.30
20.00 106.80 107.70 0.90 0.75
21.00 107.15 107.55 0.40 0.65
22.00 107.20 107.40 0.20 0.30

QSCM – 17CV81
110.00
109.50 Ground Level

Formation level
109.00
108.50
108.00
107.50
107.00
106.50
14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00
Chainage
Area
Central Total Quantity, cu.m
Mean of Distance,
Chainage Depth Area, area,
Depth sides, m
sq.m sq.m Banking cutting
sq.m
14.00 0.00 - - - - 0
15.00 -0.80 -0.40 4.80 0.24 5.04 30 151.2
16.00 -1.10 -0.95 11.40 1.35 12.75 30 382.5
17.00 -0.70 -0.90 10.80 1.21 12.01 30 360.3
18.00 -0.50 -0.60 7.20 0.54 7.74 30 232.2
Passes from cutting to banking
0.00 -0.25 3.00 0.09 3.09 13.63 42.16
19.00 0.60 0.30 3.60 0.18 3.78 16.37 61.88
20.00 0.90 0.75 9.00 1.13 10.13 30 303.8
21.00 0.40 0.65 7.80 0.85 8.65 30 259.4
22.00 0.20 0.30 3.60 0.18 3.78 30 113.4
total 738.4 1168
cu.m cu.m

QSCM – 17CV81
SL Particulars Quantity Unit Rate/unit Amount

1 Earthwork in Filling 738.38 cu.m 180 132908.40
2 Earthwork in cutting 1168.35 cu.m 120 140202.00
Total 273110.40
Contingencies 3% 8193.31
work charge establishment 2% 5462.20
Grand total, Rs 286765.91
Example 2 Reduced level of a ground along the centre line of a proposed road from the
chainage 10 to chainage 20 are given below. The formation level at the 10th chainage is 107
and the road is downward gradient of 1 in 150 up to chainage 14 and then the gradient changes
to 1 in 100 downward. Formation width of the road is 10 m and side slope of banking are 2:1,
length of the chainage is 30m.
Draw longitudinal section of the road and the typical c/s and prepare an estimate of earthwork
at a rate of Rs 275 per cu.m
Chain
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
age
RL of
105.4 104. 104.
Grou 105 105.6 105.9 105.42 104.3 105 104 103.3
4 1 6
nd

QSCM – 17CV81
107.50
107.00 Ground Level
106.50 Formation level
106.00
105.50
105.00
104.50
104.00
103.50
103.00
102.50
10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00
Chainage
RL of RL of
Chainage Depth
Ground Formation
10.00 105.00 107.00 2.00
11.00 105.60 106.80 1.20
12.00 105.44 106.60 1.16
13.00 105.90 106.40 0.50
14.00 105.43 106.20 0.77
15.00 104.30 105.90 1.60
16.00 105.00 105.60 0.60
17.00 104.10 105.30 1.20
18.00 104.60 105.00 0.40
19.00 104.00 104.70 0.70
20.00 103.03 104.40 1.37

QSCM – 17CV81
B = 10 m and s = 2
Area
Central Total Quantity, cu.m
of Mean Distance
Chainage Depth Area, area,
sides, Area ,m
sq.m sq.m Banking cutting
sq.m
10 2.00 20.00 8.00 28.00
11 1.20 12.00 2.88 14.88 21.44 30 643.20
12 1.16 11.60 2.69 14.29 14.59 30 437.57
13 0.50 5.00 0.50 5.50 9.90 30 296.87
14 0.78 7.80 1.22 9.02 7.26 30 217.75
15 1.60 16.00 5.12 21.12 15.07 30 452.05
16 0.60 6.00 0.72 6.72 13.92 30 417.60
17 1.20 12.00 2.88 14.88 10.80 30 324.00
18 0.38 3.80 0.29 4.09 9.48 30 284.53
19 0.70 7.00 0.98 7.98 6.03 30 181.03
20 0.10 1.00 0.02 1.02 4.50 30 135.00
Total 3389.60
cu.m
SL Particulars Quantity Unit Rate/unit Amount

1 Earthwork in Filling 3389.6 cu.m 275 932140.00
Total 932140.00
Contingencies 3% 8193.31
workcharge establishment 2% 5462.20
Grand total, Rs 945795.51
Example 3 Estimate the cost o fearthwork for a portion of road for 400 m length from the
following data:
Formation width of the road is 10 m. Side slopes are 2:1 in banking and 1.5:1 in cutting
R.L of
Station Distance R.L of
in m Ground foramtion
25 1000 51.00 52.00
26 1040 50.90

QSCM – 17CV81
27 1080 50.50
28 1120 50.80
29 1160 50.60
30 1200 50.70 Downward
31 1240 51.20 gradient of
32 1280 51.40 1 in 200
33 1320 51.30
34 1360 51.00
35 1400 50.60
Sol: The road passes from banking to cutting in between the stations 30 and 31. The distance
where it passes through zero.i.e., ground level may be determined as followa
The two triangles on either side of zero point are symmetrical
𝑥𝑥 40 − 𝑥𝑥
=
0.3 0.40
Therefore, length of banking portion is 17 m and the length of cutting portion is 40 – 17 = 23

m.
B = 10 m, s = 2 for banking and s = 1.5 for cutting

Area Quantity
Area Total Length
Station Depth of
Distance, Mean of sectional between
or or central Embank Cutti
m depth sides area, Bd stations
chainage height portion ment ng
sd2 + sd2 L
Bd
25 1000 1.00 - - - - - - -
26 1040 0.90 0.95 9.50 1.81 11.31 40.00 452.20
27 1080 1.10 1.00 10.00 2.00 12.00 40.00 480.00
28 1120 0.60 0.85 8.50 1.45 9.95 40.00 397.80
29 1160 0.60 0.60 6.00 0.72 6.72 40.00 268.80

30 1200 0.30 0.45 4.50 0.41 4.91 40.00 196.20
Passes from banking to cutting
- 1217 0.00 0.15 1.50 0.05 1.55 17.00 26.27
31 1240 -0.40 0.20 2.00 0.06 2.06 23.00 47.38
261.6
32 1280 -0.80 0.60 6.00 0.54 6.54 40.00
0
383.3
33 1320 -0.90 0.85 8.50 1.08 9.58 40.00
5
383.3
34 1360 -0.80 0.85 8.50 1.08 9.58 40.00
5
309.4
35 1400 -0.60 0.70 7.00 0.74 7.74 40.00
0

QSCM – 17CV81
1384.
Total 1821.95 98
cu.m cu.m
-ve sign indicates cutting
Item Particulars of Rate,

Quantity Unit Per Cost, Rs.
No. items Rs.
Earthwork in
1 1821.95 cu.m 275.00 cu.m 501036.25
Banking
Earthwork in
2 1384.98 cu.m 350.00 cu.m 484743.00
Cutting
Total 985779.25
Adding 10% extra 98577.93
Grand total 1084357.18

QSCM – 17CV81
VERTICAL DROP IN GROUND
Whenever there is a vertical drop in the ground at any point, there will be two reduced levels
of the ground at that point. In calculating the earthwork the portions on the either side of the
vertical drop should be dealt in two operations one by taking the mean of the consecutive
heights or depths up to the point and the other by taking the mean of the two consecutive heights
or depths beyond the point.
Example 4 Estimate the quantity of earthwork for a portion of a road taking a constant
formation level of 49.50. Length of the chain is 50 m.
The Formation width of the road is 8 m and side slope in banking is 1.5:1 and in cutting is 1:1
R.L of
Station Distance R.L of Ground
foramtion
in m
10 500 50.00
11 550 50.60
50.30
12 600
48.50 49.50
13 650 47.90
14 700 48.20
15 750 48.00
51.00
RL. of Ground
50.50
50.00
49.50
49.00
48.50
48.00
47.50
10 11 12Chainage13 14 15

QSCM – 17CV81
B = 8m, s = 1.5 for banking and s = 1 for cutting

Area Quantity
Area Total Length
Station Depth of
Distance, Mean of sectional between
or or central
m depth sides area, Bd stations Embankme Cutting
chainage height portion mt
sd2 + sd2 L
Bd
10 500 -0.50 - - - - - - -
11 550 -1.10 0.80 6.40 0.64 7.04 50.00 352.00
12 600 -0.80 0.95 7.60 0.90 8.50 50.00 425.13
1.00
13 650 1.60 1.30 10.40 2.54 12.94 50.00 646.75
14 700 1.30 1.45 11.60 3.15 14.75 50.00 737.69
15 750 1.50 1.40 11.20 2.94 14.14 50.00 707.00
Negative sign indicates cutting Total 2091.44 777.13
cu.m cu.m

Estimation of RCC Structural Elements
Reinforced cement concrete work is usually estimated under two items. The concrete work
including centring & shuttering is taken under one item in cu.m and steel reinforcement
and its bending is taken under a separate item in quintal. The quantity of steel being small
no deductions is made for steel from the volume of concrete.
Steel reinforcement is calculated as per actual requirement as laid in position including

over=laps hooks, cranks. Etc and is determined from the detailed drawings. The density of steel
is taken as 78.5 q / cu.m.
Usually side covers for the steel bars can be taken as same as the clear covers. If no data on
clear cover or side cover is mentioned in the question, assume the suitable value.
Minimum clear cover for slab is 15 mm, beam is 20 mm, column is 40 mm, footing is 50
mm.
As said earlier, estimation for RCC components is done in two parts namely: 1) Estimation of
Concrete (obtained by multiplying the dimensions of the structural element), 2) Estimation of
steel reinforcement by determining the exact length of steel rebar including hook length, bent-
up or cranked bar length, lap distance The total measured length is multiplied with the steel
density to get the exact quantity of steel required in quintal.
Reinforcement calculation:
1. Hooked length of bar
Length of one hook = 9∅

where, Φ = Bar diameter in mm
If there are two hooks at either ends of straight bar,
then Total length of Bar = L+9 ∅ +9 ∅
= L + 18 ∅
2. Cranked or Bent-up bar length (45o bend) Cranked or Bent-up portion
The additional length for one bent-up = 0.42d
The additional length for two sided bent-up = 2 x 0.42d = 0.84d

where, d = distance b/w lever arm of top & bottom bars
d = Overall Depth – Effective cover at top & bottom
3. Length of stirrup
L = 2 (a+b) + 24 ∅
where, a = horizontal length of stirrup
b = vertical length of stirrup
24 ∅ = Overlapping length
4. Number of Bars = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 1
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
5. Development Length = 45∅
6. Lap Length, L = 65∅

Problems:
1. Workout the quantity of M20 cement concrete and reinforcement in a beam for the
following details.
Clear span = 4m
Bearing = 230mm
Beam size = 300 x 500 mm
Reinforcement = 2#-25 mm ∅ bars in tension region, 2#-12 mm ∅ bars in compression
region.
Stirrups – 10 mm diameter bars @ 200 mm c/c
Side cover = Clear cover = 25 mm
Sol: Type of steel reinforcements in the above data:
a. Straight bars with hook on both ends

b. Stirrups
A. Concrete Estimation
Quantity of M20 concrete = L x B x D
Where, L = Overall length of the beam = 4000 + 230 +230 = 4460 mm = 4.46 m
B = Width of the beam = 300 mm = 0.30 m
D = Depth of the beam = 500 mm = 0.50 m
Therefore, Quantity = 4.46 x 0.30 x 0.50 = 0.67 cu. m
B. Steel Reinforcement Estimation
Length of Bottom bars
Providing 25 mm side cover at the ends
L = 4000 + 230 +230 -2 x side covers + 2 x Hook length
L = 4460 – 2 x 25 + 2 x 9 ∅ = 4460 – 2 x 25 + 2 x 9 x 25 = 4860 mm = 4.86 m
Length of Top bars
L = 4000 + 230 +230 – 2x 25 + 2 x 9 x ∅ = 4460 – 50 + 18 x 12 = 4626 mm = 4.63 m
Length of Stirrups
L = 2 (a+b) + 24 ∅
a = 300 – 2 x Clear cover – 2 x ½ of stirrup diameter
= 300 – 2 x 25 – 2 x 10 = 240 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
b = 500 – 2 x Clear cover – 2 x ½ of stirrup diameter
= 500 – 2 x 25 – 2 x 10 = 440 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

2
Therefore, L = 2 (240 + 440) + 24 x 10 = 1600 mm = 1.60 m
Number of Stirrups = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 1

= 4000 + 2 𝑥𝑥230−2 𝑥𝑥 25 + 1 = 23.05 = 24

200
Bar Bending Schedule
Total
Length, Quantity,
Length, Weight,
SI. Nos. m q
Particular m q/m
No. (1) (3) = (5) = (3)
(2) (4)
(1) x x(4)
(2)
Bottom bars, ∅ = 25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
1 2 4.86 9.72 0.0385 0.38
Top bars, ∅ = 12 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

2 2 4.63 9.26 0.00887 0.08
Stirrups, ∅ = 10 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 @ 200 c/c
3 24 1.60 38.40 0.00616 0.24
0.70
Total weight of steel
quintal
Note: Density of steel, 𝝆𝝆 = 78.5 q/m3
𝝅𝝅∅𝟐𝟐 ∅𝟐𝟐
Weight of steel per unit length = 𝝆𝝆 𝒙𝒙 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟓𝟓 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔∅𝟐𝟐 =
𝟒𝟒 𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
Where, ∅ = diameter of bar in meters

Abstract Estimate
SI. Rate,
Particular Quantity Unit Per Amount, Rs
No. Rs
1 RCC work excluding steel 0.67 cu.m 675.00 cu.m 452.00
2 Steel Reinforcement 0.70 q 515.00 q 360.00
Total 812.00
Add 5% extra 41.00
Grand Total 853.00
2. A simply supported doubly reinforced beam has the following data:

Clear span = 5.4 m
Bearing over the supports = 300mm
Size =300x800mm
Main reinforcement tensile: #7- 25 Ø. 4 straight and 3 bent up @ 1400mm from support.
Compression reinforcement: #4-25 Ø Spacer bars =25 Ø
Side face reinforcement = #2-12 Ø
Shear reinforcement: 2L- 12 Ø @ 150 c/c for a distance of 1.5 m from the support and 2L-
12 Ø @ 300 c/c for remaining middle portion.
Workout the quantity cement concrete and reinforcement in a beam.
a. Straight bars with hook on both ends at Top and bottom

b. Bars cranked at both ends
c. Side face reinforcement
d. Stirrups
Quantity of M20 concrete = L x B x D
Where, L = Overall length of the beam = 5400 + 300 + 300 = 6000 mm = 6.00 m
B = Width of the beam = 300 mm = 0.30 m
D = Depth of the beam = 800 mm = 0.80 m
Therefore, Quantity = 6.00 x 0.30 x 0.80 = 1.44 cu. m
Length of Bottom Straight bars
Assuming 25 mm side cover at the ends
L = 5400 + 300 + 300 - 2 x side covers + 2 x Hook length
L = 6000 – 2 x 25 + 2 x 9 ∅ = 6000 – 2 x 25 + 2 x 9 x 25 = 6400 mm = 6.40 m
Length of Top Straight bars
L = 6000 – 2 x 25 + 2 x 9 ∅ = 6000 – 2 x 25 + 2 x 9 x 25 = 6400 mm = 6.40 m
Length of Cranked bars
Steel bar is bent-up on both sides
Therefore, additional length of bar for 2 sided bent-up bar = 0.84d
d = 800 – 2 x 25 – 2 x 12 – ½ x 25 – ½ x 25 = 701.00 mm
Total length = L – 2 x side cover + 2 x hook length + 0.84d
= 5400 + 300 + 300 – 2 x 25 + 2 x 9 ∅ + 0.84 d
= 5400 + 300 + 300 – 2x 25 + 2 x 9 x 25 + 0.84 x 701.00
= 6988 mm = 7.00 m
Length of Stirrups
L = 2 (a+b) + 24 ∅
= 300 – 2 x 25 – 2 x 12 = 238 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
= 800 – 2 x 25 – 2 x 12 = 738 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

2
Therefore, L = 2 (238 + 738) + 24 x 12 = 2240 mm = 2.24 m
Stirrups are placed at 150 mm c/c up to a distance of 1.50 m from the support on either
end & in the remaining distance the spacing is at 300 mm c/c
Number of Closely spaced stirrups = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 1

= 3000 −2 𝑥𝑥 25 + 1 = 20.66 = 22
150
Number of stirrups in the remaining portion = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 1

= (5400−3000) + 1 = 9 = 10
300
Total number of Stirrups = 22 + 10 =32
Length of side face bars
Side face bars are not provided with hooks, they are simple straight
Total length of Side face bar = L – 2 x side covers
= 5400 + 300 + 300 – 2 x 25
= 5950 mm = 5.95 m
Total
Length, Quantity,
Length, Weight,
SI. Nos. m q
Particular m q/m
No. (1) (3) = (5) = (3)
(2) (4)
(1) x x(4)
(2)
Bottom Straight bars, ∅ = 25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
1 4 6.40 25.60 0.0385 0.97
Top Straight bars, ∅ = 25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

2 4 6.40 25.60 0.0385 0.97
Cranked bars, ∅ = 25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

3 3 7.00 21.00 0.0385 0.81
Stirrups, ∅ = 12 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
4 32 2.24 71.68 0.0088 0.63
Side face bars, ∅ = 12 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

5 2 5.95 11.90 0.0088 0.11
3.49
quintal
Note: Density of steel, 𝝆𝝆 = 78.5 q/m3

𝝅𝝅∅𝟐𝟐 ∅𝟐𝟐
Weight of steel per unit length = 𝝆𝝆 𝒙𝒙 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟓𝟓 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔∅𝟐𝟐 =
𝟒𝟒 𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
Where, ∅ = diameter of bar in meters

Abstract Estimate
SI. Rate,
No. Rs
1 RCC work excluding steel 1.44 cu.m 675.00 cu.m 975.00
Total 2772.00
Add 5% extra 139.00
Grand Total 2911.00
3. Prepare a detailed estimate with abstract for the RCC Slab as shown in figure.
Room size = 3 m x 4 m
Top & Bottom cover = 20 mm
Side cover = 50 mm
Alternate bars of main steel are bent-up
a. Straight bars as main reinforcement along shorter direction

b. Alternate bent-up bars as main reinforcement along shorted direction
c. Straight bars as distribution reinforcement along longer direction
Quantity of Concrete
Overall length of slab along longer direction, Ly = 200 + 4000 + 200 = 4400 mm
Overall length of slab along Shorter direction, Lx = 200 + 3000 + 200 = 3400 mm
Slab thickness, t = 120 mm
Volume of Concrete = Lx x Ly x t = 3.40 x 4.40 x 0.12 = 1.80 cu.m
Length of Straight bottom main bars
L = 3000 + 200 + 200 - 2 x side covers + 2 x Hook length
L = 3400 – 2 x 50 + 2 x 9 ∅ = 3400 – 2 x 50 + 2 x 9 x 12 = 3516 mm = 3.52 m
Number of Straight bottom main bars = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 1
4000 + 2 𝑥𝑥 200−2 𝑥𝑥 50
= + 1 = 22.5 = 24
200
Note: Spacing between two straight bars is 200 mm, because there is bent-up bar in
between the straight bar
Length of Cranked bars
Steel bar is bent-up on both sides
Therefore, additional length of bar for 2 sided bent-up bar = 0.84d
d = 120 – 2 x 20 – ½ x12 – ½ x 12 = 68 mm
Total length = L – 2 x side cover + 2 x hook length + 0.84d
= 3000 + 200 + 200 – 2 x 50 + 2 x 9 ∅ + 0.84 d
= 3000 + 200 + 200 – 2 x 50 + 2 x 9 x 12 + 0.84 x 68
= 3573 mm = 3.58 m
Number of Cranked Bars = Number of Straight bottom main bars – 1
= 24 - 1 = 23
Length of Distribution bars
L = 4000 + 200 +200 – 2 x 50 + 2 x 9 x ∅ = 4400 – 100 + 18 x 6 = 4408 mm = 4.41 m
Number of Distribution bars = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 1

= 3000+2 𝑥𝑥 200 − 2 𝑥𝑥 50 + 1 = 23 = 24 (Round off to near even number)

150
Number of Distribution bars at top near supports = 2 ( 600+200) − 2 𝑥𝑥 50 + 1 = 11 =12
150
(Round off to near even number)
Total
Length, Quantity,
Length, Weight,
SI. Nos. m q
Particular m q/m
No. (1) (3) = (5) = (3)
(2) (4)
(1) x x(4)
(2)
Straight Bottom main bars, ∅ = 12 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
1 24 3.52 84.48 0.0088 0.74
Alternate Bent-up bars, ∅ = 12 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

2 23 3.58 82.34 0.0088 0.73
Bottom Distribution bars, ∅ = 6 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

3 24 4.41 105.84 0.0022 0.23
Top Distribution bars, ∅ = 6 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

2 12 4.41 52.92 0.0022 0.12
1.82
quintal
Abstract Estimate
4. Prepare a detailed estimate with abstract for an isolated rectangular RCC column and
footing has the following details:
Column size (400x600) mm
Size of footing 2mx3m of uniform thickness 450mm
Depth of foundation below GL = 1.5m
Height of column to be shown above GL = 1.0m
Thickness of PCC bed in 1: 3:6 = 75mm
Details of reinforcement: Column: #8- 16Ø as main bars with 2L- 8Ø @ 150 c/c lateral ties
Footing: longer direction steel – 12 Ø @ 130 c/c, Shorter direction steel – 12 Ø 220 c/c
Take side cover & clear cover = 50 mm
a. Straight bars in column with development length

b. Stirrups in column
c. Straight bars with 2 sided hooks in both the direction of footing
Note: In the case of RCC Column & footing Estimation, quantities for earthwork in excavation
& PCC need to be calculated prior to RCC quantity calculations
A. Earthwork excavation
Depth of excavation from Ground level = 1.50 m
Size of footing for excavation from the drawing = 2.20 m x 3.20 m
Therefore, Quantity of Soil to be excavated = 2.20 x 3.20 x 1.50 = 10.60 cu.m
B. Plain Cement Concrete Bed
Size of PCC to be laid is same as excavation pit size = 2.20 m x 3.20 m
Thickness of PCC = 0.075 m
Quantity of PCC = 2.20 x 3.20 x 0.075 = 0.53 cu.m
C. RCC in Footing excluding steel
Size of footing = 2.00 x 3.00 m
Footing Depth = 0.450m
Quantity = 2 x 3 x 0.45 = 2.70 cu.m
D. RCC in Column excluding steel
Column size = 0.40 m x 0.60 m
Column Height = (1.50 – 0.075 – 0.450) + 1.00 = 1.98 m
Quantity = 1.98 x 0.40 x 0.60 = 0.48 cu.m
E. Steel Reinforcement Estimation
1. Column
Length of Straight bars
Providing 50 mm side cover

L = 2500 – 75 – 50 – 2 x 12 + 45 ∅ = 2351 + 45 x 16 = 3071 mm = 3.10 m
Length of Stirrups
L = 2 (a+b) + 24 ∅
= 400 – 2 x 50 – 2 x 8 = 292 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
= 600 – 2 x 50 – 2 x 8 = 492 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

2
Therefore, L = 2 (292 + 492) + 24 x 8 = 1760 mm = 1.76 m
Number of Stirrups = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 1

= 1975 − 50 + 1 = 13.83 = 14
150
Note:
a. Stirrups are provided till the junction of Column & Footing only, hence length of the
column = 1975 mm.
b. Side cover is provided only at top of the column because column height is given in the
detail as 1.00 m above the ground level.
2. Footing
Length of Straight bars with end hooks along 2.00 m
L = 2000 – 2 x 50 + 2 x 9 ∅ = 1900 + 2 x 9 x12 = 2116 mm = 2.12 m
Number of bars = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 1

= 3000 − 2 𝑥𝑥 50 + 1 = 25.16 = 26
120
Length of Straight bars with end hooks along 3.00 m
L = 3000 – 2 x 50 + 2 x 9 ∅ = 2900 + 2 x 9 x12 = 3116 mm = 3.12 m
Number of bars = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 1

= 2000 − 2 𝑥𝑥 50 + 1 = 15.61 = 16
130
Total
Length, Quantity,
Length, Weight,
SI. Nos. m q
Particular m q/m
No. (1) (3) = (5) = (3)
(2) (4)
(1) x x(4)
(2)
Straight bars, ∅ = 16 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
1 8 3.10 24.80 0.0158 0.39

Stirrups, ∅ = 8 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2 14 1.76 24.64 0.00395 0.10
Straight bars along 2.00 m, ∅ = 12 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

3 2.12 26 55.12 0.0088 0.49
Straight bars along 3.00 m, ∅ = 12 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

4 3.12 16 49.92 0.0088 0.44
1.42
quintal
Abstract Estimate
SI. Rate,
No. Rs
1 Earthwork in Excavation 10.60 cu.m 350.00 cu.m 3710.00
Plain Cement Concrete
2 0.53 cu.m 450.00 cu.m 239.00
Bed
RCC work in Column &
1 3.18 cu.m 675.00 cu.m 2147.00
Footing excluding steel
Total 6827.00
Add 5% extra 341.00
Grand Total 7168.00
Estimation of Septic Tank & Soak Pit
Septic Tank
• A septic tank is an underground chamber made of concrete, fiberglass or plastic into

which domestic wastewater (sewage) flows for basic treatment.
• Settling and anaerobic processes reduce solids and organics, but the treatment
efficiency is only moderate (referred to as "primary treatment").
• Septic tank systems are a type of simple onsite sewage facility (OSSF). They can be
used in areas that are not connected to a sewerage system, such as rural areas.
• The term "septic" refers to the anaerobic bacterial environment that develops in the
tank which decomposes or mineralizes the waste discharged into the tank.
Soak Pit
The basic functions and the need for a soak pit is wastewater management.
• The effluent water coming out from septic tank is called greywater, which must be
subjected to a partial treatment before letting it into the ground soil.
• The greywater passing through the soak pit is subjected to filtration. This results in the
settlement of smaller particles of effluents at the bottom of the soak pit.
• These smaller particles are digested by the microorganisms which are a sustainable
process of degradation. The filtered water is then discharged out through the porous
wall of the soak pit.
Soak Pit
Problem
Estimate the following quantities for the septic tank & soak pit as per the given drawing
Septic tank
1. Earthwork Excavation for septic tank & soak pit @ Rs.300 per cu.m
2. PCC (1:4:8) for bed concrete for septic tank @ Rs.500 per cu.m
3. First class Brick work in CM 1:3 for septic tank @ Rs.2000 per cu.m
4. Second class Brick Work for soak pit @ Rs.1000 per cu.m
5. 12 mm thick cement mortar plastering of walls for septic tank @ Rs.700 per sq.m
6. Plastering of floor for septic tank @ Rs.600 per sq.m
7. RCC (1:2:4) for cover slab with 1% steel reinforcement for septic tank & soak pit @
Rs.1500 per cu.m
Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
1 Earthwork in excavation
H = 140 + 30 + 20
Septic tank 1 2.80 1.70 1.95 9.28 +5 = 1.95 m
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2.002
Soak pit up to 3 m depthpp 1 4
= 3.14 3.00 9.42 Diameter = 2.00 m
Soak pit lower portion 1 4
= 1.54 0.20 0.31 Diameter = 1.40 m
Total 18.98
cu.m
PCC (1:4:8) for Bed concrete
2
for Septic Tank
Floor and foundation 1 2.80 1.70 0.20 0.95
D = (0+10)/2 =
Sloping floor 1 2.00 0.90 0.05 0.09 5cm
Total 1.04
cu.m
First class brickwork in 1:4
3
CM in septic tank
Long walls
1st step 2 2.60 0.30 0.60 0.94 L = outer to outer
2nd step 2 2.40 0.20 1.15 1.10
Short walls
1st step 2 0.90 0.30 0.60 0.32 L = outer to outer
2nd step 2 0.90 0.20 1.15 0.41
Total 2.78
cu.m
2nd class brickwork in 1:6
4
cement mortar
𝜋𝜋 (𝑑𝑑2−𝑑𝑑2)
Soak pit, d1 = 1.00 m, t = 0.20 2 1 Thickness must be
1 = 0.75 0.70 0.53
m, d2 = d1 + 2t = 1.40 m 4
considered
cu.m
12 mm cement plaster
5 1:3 with standard water
proofing compound in septic
tank
Long walls 2 2.00 1.70 6.80
Short walls 2 0.90 1.70 3.06
Total 9.86
sq. m
6 1:3 with standard water
proofing compound in floor of 1.80
septic tank 1 2.00 0.90
sq. m
RCC (1:2:4) for cover slab
7 with 1% steel reinforcement
Septic Tank 1 2.40 1.30 0.075 0.23

Soak Pit = 1.54 0.075 0.12
1 4
0.35
cu.m
1
0.35 𝑥𝑥 Steel density =
Steel @ 1% of RCC quantity 100 78.5 q 0.27 q 78.5q = 7850 kg
= 0.0035
ABSTRACT ESTIMATE
SI
Particulars unit Quantity Rate, Rs per Amount, Rs
No
Earthwork in
1 cu.m 18.98 300.00 cu.m 5694.00
excavation
PCC(1:4:8) for Bed
2 Concrete for septic cu.m 1.04 500.00 cu.m 520.00
tank
First class brickwork
3 in 1:4 CM in septic cu.m 2.78 2000.00 cu.m 5560.00
tank
2nd class brickwork in
4 cu.m 0.00 1000.00 cu.m 0.00
1:6 cement mortar
5 sq.m 9.86 700.00 sq.m 6902.00
WALL Septic tank
20 mm cement floor
6 sq.m 1.80 600.00 sq.m 1080.00
plaster
RCC (1:2:4) for cover
7 slab with 1% steel cu.m 0.35 1500.00 cu.m 525.00
reinforcement
Total 20281.00
Add 5% extra 1014.05
GRAND TOTAL 21295.05
Estimation of Manhole
A manhole or an inspection chamber is a unit constructed underground to provide access to the
utilities like a sewer system, drainage system, etc. Hence, with the help of a manhole,
underground utilities are inspected, modified, cleaned and maintained.
Purpose
The main purpose of a manhole is:
1. To perform inspection, cleaning, and removal of any obstruction present in the sewage
line.
2. The joining of sewers, the change of direction or the alignment of sewers can be
performed with the help of manhole.
3. These have a perforated cover which helps the foul gases to escape. Hence it is a good
means of ventilation for the underground sewage system.
4. Manholes help to lay the sewer line in the conventional lengths
Types of Manhole:
Based on the depth:
1. Shallow Manhole
2. Normal Manhole
3. Deep Manhole
Based on Purpose:
1. Where a change of sewer line is necessary

2. There is a change in sewer size and alignment.
3. A junction is formed by two or more sewer lines
Based on the material:
1. Plastic Manholes
2. Precast Concrete Manholes
3. Fiberglass Manholes
Prepare a detailed estimate of the following works in the construction of Manhole for the
details given below diagram.
1. Earthwork estimation @ Rs. 300 per cu.m

2. Cement concrete (CC) Bed with 1:3:6 @ Rs. 500 per cu.m
3. First class Brick work (BBM) in Cement Mortar (CM) 1:4 @ Rs. 2000 per cu.m
4. 12mm thick CM plaster 1:4 @ Rs. 700 per sq.m
5. 20 mm thick CM plaster @ Rs. 600 per sq.m
Height
No. m m depth, cu.m
m
1 Earthwork in excavation 1 2.80 1.90 2.90 15.43
cu.m
Cement concrete 1:3:6
2
with brick ballast
Foundation and bed 1 2.80 1.90 0.20 1.06
Benching 1 1.80 0.90 0.40 0.65
Total 1.71
cu.m
Deduct
Upper portion of main B = 0.90+0.38 = 0.64
1 1.80 0.64 0.15 0.17
channel 2
Upper portion of branch Skew Length of pipe

1 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.01
channel = 0.20+0.10 = 0.30 m
total deduction 0.18
Net Total 1.53
cu.m
I class brickwork in 1:4
3
cement mortar
Long walls 1st step 2 2.60 0.40 0.90 1.87
Long walls 2nd step 2 2.40 0.30 1.00 1.44
Long walls 3rd step 2 1.00 0.20 0.70 0.28
No deductions for
Short wall 1st step 2 0.90 0.40 0.40 0.29 main pipe
Short wall 2nd step 2 0.90 0.30 1.00 0.54
Short wall 3rd step 2 0.90 0.20 0.70 0.25
Total 4.67
cu.m
4 Cement Plastering 1:4
Long walls up tp slab 2 1.80 1.50 5.40
Short wall up to slab 2 0.90 1.50 2.70
D = 0.70 +0.12; (RCC
Left face Wall 1 0.90 0.82 0.74 slab of 0.12 m thick)
Right face Wall 1 0.90 0.70 0.63
D = 0.70 +0.12; (RCC
Remaining face 2 0.60 0.82 0.98 slab of 0.12 m thick
Total 10.45
sq.m
20 mm thick cement B = 0.90+0.30 =1.20
m
5 plaster 1:3 in floor and 1 1.80 1.20 2.16 Additional 0.30 m for
channels channel curvature
sq.m
ABSTRACT ESTIMATE
SI No Particulars unit Quantity Rate, Rs per Amount, Rs
1 Earthwork in excavation cu.m 15.43 300.00 cu.m 4629.00

Cement concrete 1:3:6
2 cu.m 1.53 500.00 cu.m 765.00
with brick ballast
I class brickwork in 1:4
3 cu.m 4.67 2000.00 cu.m 9340.00
cement mortar
4 Cement Plastering 1:4 cu.m 10.45 700.00 sq.m 7315.00
20 mm thick cement
5 plaster 1:3 in floor and sq.m 2.16 600.00 sq.m 1296.00
channels
Total 23345.00
Add 5% extra 1167.25
GRAND TOTAL 24512.25
SPECIFICATIONS
Definition
A Specification is a statement of particulars. Construction Specification may be defined as

written instructions distinguishing and describing in detail the construction work to be
undertaken.
Purpose of Specification
The Specifications are generally written to supplement the information shown on drawings.
The Specification, when included in the contract documents of a project, serve the following
purposes.
1. Monitors the cost of unit quantity of work.

2. Serves as a guide to the supervising staff of the contract as well as to the owner to
execute the work.
3. Specifies the equipment, tools and plants to be engaged for work.
4. Specifies the workmanship and the method of doing the work.
Drawings do not furnish the details of different items of work, the quantity of materials,
proportion of mortar and workmanship which are described in the specifications. Thus,
drawings and specifications form important parts of contract document.
Specifications depend on the nature of the work, the purpose for which the work is required,
strength of the materials, availability of materials, quality of materials etc.
Specifications are of two types:
1) General Specification or Brief Specification

2) Detailed Specification
General Specification: It gives the nature and class of the work and materials in general terms,
to be used in the various parts of the work, from the foundation to the superstructure. It is a
short description of different types of the work specifying materials, proportions, qualities etc.
Detailed Specification: It specifies the qualities and quantities of materials, the proportion of
mortar, workmanship, the method of preparation and execution and the method of
measurement. The detailed specification of different items of work are prepared separately and
describe what the works should be and how shall be executed and constructed.
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
General specifications give the idea and class of work in general terms and are generally
attached with the rough cost and detailed estimates.
1. General Specifications of First Class Buildings
Foundation and Plinth: - Shall be of first class burnt bricks in lime or cement mortar(1:6)over
a bed of cement concrete. (1:6:12 or 1:8:16)
Superstructure:- Shall be of first class burnt brick work in lime or cement mortar (1:6)
Damp Proof Course:- Shall be of a cm thick cement concrete (1:2:4) with on-layer of bitumen
laid hot or any other specified water proof material.
Roofing:- Shall be of R.C.C. slabs (1:2:4) covered with two coats of bitumen lalid hot and a
layer of lime or cement concrete 8 cm. thick over it with a tile flooring with cement flush with
cement flush pointed on the top.
Flooring:- Shall be of TERRAZO in drawing, dining, bath and W.C., 4 cm thick plain
conglomerate polished floors in bed rooms and in other rooms.
Doors and Windows:- Doors and windows shall be of teak wood, panelled or panelled and
glazed with gauze shutters to outer doors and fixed wire gauze to windows and ventilators
Fittings shall preferably of brass or good quality metal.
Finishing:- The inside and outside walls shall have 1.25 cm. thick cement plaster. Drawing,
dining and bed rooms inside of walls shall have 2 coats of distemper and other rooms shall
have three coats of white washing. The outside of the wall shall have two coats of colour
washing over one coat of white washing.
Painting:- Doors and windows shall be given three coats of white lead where exposed and
white zinc or cream or grey silicate paint elsewhere.
Miscellaneous:- First class buildings shall be provided with first class sanitary and water
supply fittings and electrical installations. A plinth protection 1.50 m. wide of bricks sloped
away from the building shall be provided all round the building. Plinth Area Rate Rs. 4500.00
to Rs. 5,500 per sq. meter. (Rates variable).
2. General Specifications of Second Class Buildings
Foundation and Plinth:- All walls shall be built of first class burnt bricks laid in mud mortar
over a bed of lime concrete or cement concrete. Top course of the plinth shall be laid in cement
mortar(1:6)
Superstructure: - All walls shall be built of first class burnt bricks laid in mud mortar.
The Following portions to be built in cement mortar (1:6.)
a) Shills of windows, C. windows.

b) Top course of parapet.
c) Jambs of doors, windows, C. windows.
d) Drip course, cornice and weather course etc.
e) Two courses below the R.C.C. slab and roof battens.
Damp proof Course: - Damp proof course 4 cm thick shall be of Portland cement concrete
(1:2:4) with one coat of bitumen laid hot.
Roofing:- All main rooms shall have R.B. roof or R.C. roof and first class or second class mud
roofs over other rooms.
Floors:- the main rooms shall have conglomerate floors and verandahs shall have flat or brick
on edge floors over cement concrete and sand.
Doors and Windows:- Interior and exterior surface of wall shall be cement plastered 1.25 cm
thick, covered with three coats of white washing.
Painting: - Doors and windows shall be painted with three coats of chocolate paint or any other
approved paint.
Miscellaneous:- Roof drainage shall be carried by means of Gargolyes and khassi parnalas.
Plinth protection1.50 m. wide of bricks shall be provided all-round the building. Plinth Area
Rate: Rs. 2500 to Rs.3000 per sq.m
3. General Specification of Third Class Buildings

Foundations and Plinth: - All walls shall be built of second class burnt laid in mud mortar
over bed on lime concrete.
Superstructure: - All walls shall be built of second class burnt bricks laid in mud mortar.
Roofing:- All rooms shall have second class mud roof and the verandahs shall have G.I. sheet
roof.
Floors:- Floors everywhere shall be of brick over mid concrete and cement pointed.
Doors and Windows: - Doors and windows shall be of kail, Chir, Mango or any other soft
wood, ledged, battened and braced type.
Finishing: - Interior surface of walls shall be mud plastered and covered with three coats of
white washing. The outside surface shall be flush lime pointed.
Painting: - Doors and windows shall be give two coats of ordinary chocolate paint.
Plinth Area Rate: - Rs. 1500.00 to Rs. 1800.00 per sq.m.
4. General Specifications of Fourth Class Buildings
Foundation and Plinth:- All walls shall be built of se3cond class brick work laid in mud
mortar.
Superstructure: - All walls shall be built of sand moulded sun dried bricks laid in mud mortar
with the exception of the following which shall be built in second class brick work in mud.
1. Two courses underneath the roof battens.
2. Jambs of doors and windows.
3. Pillars under the roof beams.
4. Sills of windows, C. windows.
Roofing:- Third class mud roof. Floors: - Mud floors(2.5cm) mud plaster over the rammed
earth.
Doors and Windows:- Doors and windows shall be of kail, chir or any other soft wood batten
doors. Finishing:- mud and mud plaster inside and outside.
Painting: Two coats of ordinary paint.

Plinth Area Rate:- Rs. 800.00 to Rs. 1000.00 per sq.m.
Detailed Specifications of various items of works are as follows:
1. Earthwork in excavation in foundation

Excavation: Foundation trenches shall be dug out to the exact width of the foundation
concrete and the side must be vertical. If the soil is not good and does not permit vertical
sides, the sides should be sloped back or protected with timber shoring. Excavated earth
shall not be placed within 1m of the edge of the trench.
Finish of Trench:
1. The bottom of the trench shall be perfectly levelled in both the directions. The sides of
the trench must be perfectly levelled atleast to the thickness of the Bed Concrete.
2. Before placing the bed concrete, the surface of the trench must be lightly watered and
perfectly rammed.
3. Excess digging if done by mistake, shall be filled with concrete at the expense of the
contractor.
4. If rocks or boulders are found during the excavation, these should be removed and the
bed of the trenches shall be levelled and made hard by consolidation.
5. Concrete shall not be laid before the inspection and approval by the Engineer-In-
charge.
Finds: Any treasure and valuables or materials found during the excavation, shall be the
property of the Government.
Water in foundation: Water if accumulates in trench, should be taken out by pumping

without additional payment and necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent surface
water to enter into the trench.
Trench filling: After the bed concrete has be laid and masonry or RCC work is done, the
remaining portion must be filled by earth in layers of 15 cm and watered and rammed.
Earth fill must be free from rubbish and refuse matters and the clods shall be broken before
filling. Surplus earth not required shall be removed and disposed, and site shall be levelled
and dressed.
Note: Excavation in saturated soil or different kinds of soil, soft or decomposed rock etc.
shall be taken under separate items. The excavation shall be done on the same principle
discussed above.
2. Bed concrete in foundation in CC (1:4:8)
Materials: Cement, fine & coarse aggregates, water
Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard IS specifications, and shall have
required tensile and compressive stresses and fineness.
Fine aggregates shall be of coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains
and shall pass through screen of 5 mm square mesh. Sand shall be of standard
specifications clean and free from dust and organic matters. Sea sand shall not be used.
Fine aggregates may also be crushed stone if specified.
Coarse aggregates shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from
dust, dirt and other foreign matters. The stone ballast shall be 20 mm size and down and
shall be retained in 5 mm square mesh and well graded such that the voids do not exceed
42 %.
Water shall be clean and free from alkaline and acid matters and suitable for drinking
purposes.
Proportion of concrete shall be 1:4:8 as mentioned in the work above will be cement :
fine aggregates : coarse aggregates.
Mixing: Cement is to be placed on the mix of fine & coarse aggregates. The whole mass
mixed three or four times so that it shall be thoroughly incorporated. The required quantity
of water shall be added and the entire wet mass shall be turned over until the homogeneous
mixture of the required consistency is obtained.
Laying: Concrete shall be handled from the mixing platform to the place of final deposit
as rapidly as possible. It shall be laid slowly and gently in layers of 15 cm. and thoroughly
consolidated with 5.5 kg rammers.
Curing: The concrete shall be kept wet for a fortnight. The wetting should be done by
covering with gunny bags and watering frequently to keep the bags moist which helps in
curing process.
3. Size Stone Masonry (SSM) in footing, plinth & wall

Ashlar Masonry
Stone shall be hard, sound, durable and tough, free from cracks, decay and weathering and
defects like cavities, cracks, flaws. Sand holes, veins etc. The stones shall be laid in regular
courses and all the courses shall be of the same height. This class of work is suitable for the
face of piers and abutments of large bridges and also for important building.
Proportions of mortar shall be taken as 1 part of cement and 6 parts of fine aggregates by
volume, the water shall be mixed only at the time of placing the masonry and should be
potable.
Laying of stones: All stones shall be wetted before laying and stones shall be laid on their
natural bed. All courses shall be truly horizontal. All corners shall be truly in plumb and
side shall be in line and level.
Joints shall be full of mortar. Thickness must not exceed 6 mm.
Pointing All exposed joints shall be pointed with mortar as specified. The pointing when
finished shall be sunk from stone face by 5mm.
Scaffolding: Double scaffolding shall be used if necessary. However, single scaffolding is
provided, the holes left in the masonry work for supporting the put logs shall be filled and
made good by stones to match the face work.
Curing shall be done for atleast seven days.
Measurement is taken in cubic metres.
Coursed Rubble Masonry

This masonry will be laid in courses in varying height as may not be convenient and
economical according to the nature of the stone available from the quarry.
No course shall be less than 15 cm and no course shall be of greater depth than any course
below. Mortar shall be specified. Joint shall not be less thicker than 12 mm. All side joints
shall be vertical and beds horizontal.
Random Rubble Masonry

The stones are those which have been quarry dressed and unlike bricks, the stones are not if
uniform size and shape. Each stone shall be laid on its quarry bed and shall be wedged or
pinned strongly into position in the wall by spalls or chips. Mortar joints shall not be
thicker than 2 cm. Not more than 60 cm height of masonry shall be constructed at a time.
4. Damp Proof Course (DPC) 25 mm thick in CC 1:1.5:3

Materials: Damp proof course consist of cement, fine and coarse aggregates with 2% of
imperno or cem-seal by weight of cement or other standard water proofing compound
(1 kg per bag of cement). The DPC shall be applied at the plinth level of 25 mm thick.
Cement shall be fresh Portland cement as per IS standards. Fine aggregates shall be clean,
size of 5 mm and down, coarse aggregate shall be hard and tough of 20 mm size well graded
and free from dust and dirt.
Mixing: Mixing shall be done on masonry platform or tray. Cement will be first mixed
with required quantity of water proofing agent, then the mixture is combined with fine
aggregates and mixed till uniform texture is obtained and finally with coarse aggregates.
Water should be potable and shall be added to get the proper consistency until uniform and
homogenous concrete.
Laying:
• The level of the surface of plinth shall be checked vertically and horizontally.
• Side forms or shutters of 2.5 cm thick shall be fixed properly and firmly on both
sides to confine the concrete.
• Inner surface of shuttering shall be oiled or greased.
• Concrete shall be placed within half an hour of mixing and compacted thoroughly
by tamping to make dense concrete and levelled.
• Shuttering may be removed after three days.
• DPC work shall not be carried across door ways and verandah openings.
Curing: Cured by water for at least 7 days.
Painting with Asphalt:
• Two coats of asphalt painting shall be applied on the upper surface of DPC.
• The first coat of hot Asphalt at 1.5 kg / m2 shall be applied uniformly on the concrete
surface when it is dry and the painted surface shall be disturbed immediately with
coarse sand and tamped lightly.
• The second coat of hot Asphalt at 1 kg / m2 shall be applied uniformly on the concrete
surface when it is dry and the painted surface shall be disturbed immediately with
coarse sand and tamped lightly.
20 mm Damp proof course: Thickness of 2 cm with CM 1:2 along with water proofing
agent at a rate of 1 kg per cement bag. Mixing, laying, curing shall be done as above. The
form shall be 2 cm thick.
5. First class Brick Work in CM 1:6
Materials: Bricks, cement, fine aggregates, water
Bricks:
• Shall be of first class of IS standards made of good earth thoroughly burnt.
• Deep cherry red or copper colour.
• Regular in shape with sharp edges
• Emit ringing sound when two bricks are struck against each other
• Free from cracks, chips, flaws & lumps.
• Shall not absorb water more than one-sixth of their weight after one hour of soaking
by immersing in water.
• Crushing strength of 105 kg / m2
Proportions of mortar shall be taken as 1 part of cement and 6 parts of fine aggregates by
volume, the water shall be mixed only at the time of placing the masonry and should be
potable.
Soaking of bricks: Bricks shall be fully soaked in clean water by submerging in a tank for
a duration of 12 hours immediately before use.
Laying:
• Bricks shall be well bonded and laid in English Bond unless otherwise specified.
• Every course shall be truly horizontal and wall shall be truly in plumb.
• Vertical joints of consecutive course shall not come directly over one another.
• No damaged or broken bricks shall be used.
• Closers shall be clean cut bricks and shall be placed near the ends of the walls but
not at the other edge.
• Mortar joints shall not exceed 6 mm in thickness joints shall be fully filled with
mortar.
• Bricks shall be laid with frogs upwards except in the top course where frogs shall
be placed downward.
• Brickwork shall be carried out not more than 1m height at a time.
• All joints shall be raked and faces of wall cleaned at the end of each day’s work.
Curing: Shall be done for at least 10 days after laying.
Scaffolding: Suitable scaffolding shall be provided to facilitate the construction of brick

wall.
Measurement: Measurement is done in cu.m.

6. 2.5 cm thick CC flooring 1:2:4
Materials: Cement, fine & coarse aggregates, water
Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard IS specifications, and shall have required
tensile and compressive stresses and fineness.
Fine aggregates shall be of coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains and
shall pass through screen of 5 mm square mesh. Sand shall be of standard specifications
clean and free from dust and organic matters. Sea sand shall not be used. Fine aggregates
may also be crushed stone if specified.
Coarse aggregates shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from dust,
dirt and other foreign matters. The stone ballast shall be 20 mm size and down and shall
be retained in 5 mm square mesh and well graded such that the voids do not exceed 42
%.
purposes.
Preparation of Surface: The floor shall be levelled and divided into panels of size not
exceeding 1 m in its smaller dimension and 2 m in longer dimensions. Suitable cross stope
shall be provided in the floor for draining wash water.
mixture of the required consistency is obtained. Concrete for one panel shall be mixed in
one lot.
Laying:
• Alternate panels shall be laid in alternate days.

• The base shall be made rough and cleaned and soaked with water thoroughly and
then given a cement wash just before laying.
• Concrete shall be placed gently and evenly and compacted by beating with wooden
‘thapies’ and then the surface shall be tamped with wooden tampers.
• Any unevenness shall be removed by adding 1:2 cement: sand mortar.
Curing: After laying the surface shall be left undisturbed for 2 hours and then covered with
wet bags and after 24 hours cured by flooding water for at least 10 days.
Coloured floor: Surface shall be finished with coloured cement and colouring pigment of
the desired colour added.
Measurement: Measurement is taken in sq.m.
7. Cement Plastering in Cement mortar

Materials: Cement, fine aggregates and water.
Mixing: Cement and fine aggregates are dry mixed to proportion of 1:4 or 1:6 as per the
specification till in to a uniform texture and water shall be added slowly and gradually for
at least four times to give uniform paste. Mortar prepared shall be used with in 30 minutes.
Preparation of Surface: The work of cement plaster shall be carried out after masonry
joints are raked out to a depth of 20 mm and well-watered. Extra projection of masonry more
than 13 mm to the general level surface should be cut-off. To ensure uniform thicknessof
plaster as specified, narrow strips of about 10 cm wide plaster shall be applied first a distance
of about 1 m centres and the gaps between such strips shall immediately be filled up with
mortar.
Application of plaster: The first coat of plaster shall be uniformly applied in the best
workmanship. The thickness of the first coat shall not be less than 12 mm and should be
cured for 7 days.
Finish: The second coat shall be started at least after 7 days and should be 8 mm thickness.
Curing: Plastering surface shall be kept wet by sprinkling water after 12 hours for at least
7 days.
Measurement: Measurement is taken in sq.m.
8. Reinforced Cement Concrete (1:2:4)
Steel:
• Steel reinforcing bars shall be of mild steel or deformed steel of IS standards and
shall be free from corrosion, loose rust scale, oil, grease, paint etc.
• Bars shall be hooked and bent accurately and placed in position as per design and
drawing and bound together tight with steel wire at their point of intersection.
• Bars shall be bent cold by applying gradual and even motion, bars of 40 mm
diameter and above may be bent by heating to dull red and allowed to cool slowly
without immersing in water or quenching.
• Joints in the bar should be avoided as far as possible, when joints have to be made
an overlap of 40 times diameter of the bar shall be given with proper hooks at ends
and joints should be staggered. Bigger diameter bars should be joined by welding
and tested before placing in position.
• During laying and compacting of concrete the reinforcing bars should not move from
their positions and bars of the laid portions should not be disturbed.
Centring and Shuttering should be done with timber or steel plates and to prevent leakage
of mortar, if necessary props. Bracing and wedges are placed. A coat of soap solution, raw
linseed oil or form oil of approved manufacture should be applied over the shuttering to
prevent adherence of concrete.
Coarse aggregates shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from dust,
dirt and other foreign matters. The stone ballast shall be 20 mm size and down and shall
be retained in 5 mm square mesh and well graded such that the voids do not exceed 42
%.
purposes.
mixture of the required consistency is obtained.
Laying:
• Shuttering shall be clean, free from dust, dirt and other foreign matters.
• Concrete shall be deposited (not dropped) in its final position.
• In the case of column and wall, it is desirable to place concrete in full height if
practical so as to avoid construction joints but the progress of concreting in the
vertical direction shall be restricted to 1 m per hour.
• Time duration between mixing and placing the concrete should not exceed 20
minutes.
• During winter concreting shall not be done if the temperature falls below 4o C.
• Compaction shall be done using mechanical vibrating machine until dense concrete
is obtained.
• Compaction shall be completed within 30 minutes from the point of water added to
the dry mix.
• Over compaction must be avoided to prevent segregation and bleeding of concrete.
• Concrete shall be laid continuously, if laying is suspended for rest or the following
day, the end shall be sloped at an angle of 30o and made rough for future joining.
When the work is resumed, the previous sloped portion shall be roughened, cleaned
and watered and coat of neat cement shall be applied and fresh concrete shall be
laid.
• Upper layer shall be laid before the lower layer has set.
• Structures exceeding 45 m in length shall be divided by one or more expansion
joints.
Curing: Concrete surface shall be kept damp by covering with wet gunny bags for 24
hours soon after the removal of shuttering for at least 21 days.
Measurement: Measurement shall be done in cu.m.

9. Painting New wood work
Before commencing painting work, the surface should be rubbed down with sand paper and
make it smooth with 21 paper and then with 11 grade. All knots must be killed or covered
2 2
with two coats of patents knotting or with a preparation of red lead glue laid on hot. When
the wood surface is thoroughly dry, the priming coat shall be applied.
10. Painting on Old wood work

Before repainting, blisters must be removed making the surface level for a new coat. If it is
necessary to remove the old paint, it shall be burnt off with a blow lamp or removed with
paint remover. The surface shall be well scoured with hot water to remove alkaline traces
when paint remover is used.
After the paint as been removed, the surface shall be thoroughly rubbed down smooth with
sand paper and painted with two or three coats. Care shall be taken that wood is not charred
or that an alkaline paint remover does not come in contact with the wood.
11. Tile flooring

Consists of first class burnt bricks or tiles laid flat or on edge over a bed of 10cm, thick lime
concrete or cement (1:6:18) and 10cm. thick sand.
Laying: All bricks or tiles or tiles shall be laid in lime or cement mortar with bed and vertical
joints full of mortar1:4 simple “lipping” at the edge shall not be permitted. The laying shall
be in plain, diagonal, herring bone or other pattern as desired by the Engineer-in-charge.
The work shall be protected from the effect of sun, frost and rain during construction.
Soaking: Before use, all bricks or tiles shall be soaked in clean water in tanks for at least
one hour.
Joints: The joints shall not exceed 6mm in thickness. The mortar in the joints shall be struck
off flush with s trowel. Care shall be taken that no mortar shall spreed over the edge of the
bricks or tiles.
Curing: The floor must be kept wet for seven days after laying. If cement pointing is done,
it shall be kept moist for at least 15days after the pointing has been done.
12. Marble flooring

The marble flooring shall consists of marble tiles laid on 12mm thick mortar bed over the
usual base courses of 10cm base concrete 1:8:16 and 10cm said or stone filling in case of
ground floor or over R.C.C slabs. In case of upper floors the mortar bed shall be of 1:3
cement sand mortar.
The marble slabs should be of approved quality and thickness 20mm to 25mm with truly
plane surface. The size of marble slab shall be slightly oversize to permit cutting to actual
size of tiles at the site of work.
Curing: During the progress of work and for 10days after laying, each section of floor shall
be kept flooded. Three clear days shall be allowed for setting before the pavement is walked
over and no weight should be rested upon the surface, until 7days after laying is completed,
Polishing is done, as in case of Terrazzo flooring and no first cutting is usually needed.
13. Terrazo flooring

A rough foundation of ordinary cement concrete 1:2:4 to within 29mm below the required
finish grade shall first be provide. The material of the terrazzo consisting of 1½ parts of very
small marble chips machine crushed and free from marble dust and foreign matter, 6 to 13
mm, to one part cement shall then be laid and floated over the rough surface, so that flat
sides of the chips lay evenly at the top if the marble chips do not show up sufficiently, the
defective parts may be filled up by hand.
After the terrazzo concrete has hardened enough to prevent dislodgement of aggregate, it
shall be ground down with an approved type of grinding machine shod with free rapid
cutting carborundum stones to expose the coarse aggregate. The floor to be kept wet during
grinding process. After this the finish shall be scrubbed with warm water and soft soap and
mopped dry.
Rate Analysis
The basis of arriving the correct and reasonable price or rate per unit item of work following
its specification is called as Rate analysis.
Rate per unit = 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸
Rate analysis includes the following heads of cost:-

a. Cost of materials = Quantity of materials x Rate (from Schedule of rates / Analytical
basis)
b. Cost of labours = Number of labours with category x wage per day (depends upon
turnout per day per labour basis)
c. Cost of tools, plants & machinery = lumpsum (Rs. 300/- to 1500/-) depending on type
of work
d. Cost of over head and water charges = 1 % to 2 % of the total cost of material and
labour
e. Profit = 10 % of total cost of material and labour
Final / Overall Cost = a + b + c + d + e
Calculation of number of labours on the basis of turnout per day per labour
The following are the average turnout of each category of labour and item of work
SI. No. Item of work Turnout per day per labour
1 Earthwork 2.5 cu.m / day / labour
2 Cement Concrete 5.0 cu.m / day / labour
3 RCC works 3.0 cu.m / day / labour
4 Stone Masonry 2.5 cu.m / day / labour
5 Brick Masonry 2.0 cu.m / day / labour
6 Cement Plastering 20 sq.m / day / labour
7 Painting 40 sq.m / day / labour
Note:
1. Minimum number of labours – 02
2. Skilled workers – 02 to 05 (depending upon work)
3. Total strength of labours – 06 to 20
𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘

Number of mason =
𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
Ex: Cement concrete work
Sample = 10 cu.m
Turnout = 5.0 cu.m/day/labour
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
Number of mason = = 10 = 2 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 5
Therefore, 1 Nos head mason / day

2 Nos mason / day
Team Work
2 Nos skilled labour / day
2 Nos helper / day
Total strength of labours = 07 Nos.
RCC work
Sample = 10 cu.m
Turnout = 3.0 cu.m / day / mason
Number of mason = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
= 10 = 3.33 take nearest whole number = 3
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 3
Therefore, 1 Nos head mason / day

3 Nos mason / day
3 Nos Skilled labour / day
5 Nos helper / day
Total Strength = 12 Nos
Cost of Material
The cost of materials are taken as delivered at site inclusive of the transport, local taxes and
other charges. If the materials are to be carried from a distant place, more than 8 km, then
additional cost of transport is also added. The rates of materials and labour vary from place to
place and therefore, the rates of different items of work also vary from place to place.
The rates of all the construction materials along with their specifications for a particular work
at a particular place or state depend upon a market price or by refereeing a manual or guidelines
book called ‘Schedule of Rates’.
Note: For the analysis of rates in this module, if no rates are given for the materials, assume
suitable rate accordingly.
General Rates
1. Cement – Rs. 325 per bag
2. Size stone – Rs. 10 per stone
3. Table mould bricks – Rs. 6 per brick
4. Wood material – Teak wood – Rs. 75000 /cu.m; ordinary wood – Rs. 50000 / cu.m
5. Stone aggregates (jelly)
i. 40mm size – Rs. 600 / cu.m
ii. 20 mm size – Rs. 900 / cu.m
iii. 10 mm and down – Rs. 700 / cu.m
6. Mangalore tile or roof tile – (25 cm x 35 cm) – Rs. 1000 / 100 tiles
7. Mosaic tile – Rs. 3000 / 100 tiles
8. White cement – Rs. 30 / kg
9. Glazed tiles – Rs. 600 / sq.m
10. Bitumen barrel - Rs. 3000 / barrel
11. AC sheet roof covering – Rs. 150 / sq.m or Rs. 250 / sq.m including all fixtures.
12. Paints
i. Distemper paint – Rs. 75/L
ii. Emulsion paint – Rs. 250/L
iii. Enamel paint – Rs. 200/L
iv. Varnish – Rs. 300/L
13. GI pipe (25 mm dia) – Rs. 150 for running meter
14. PVC pipe – Rs. 100 for running meter
15. Water proof compound – Rs. 100 / kg
16. Sand – Rs. 2500 / cu.m
17. Cost of labours
i. Head mason – Rs. 500 / day
ii. Mason – Rs. 400 / day
iii. Skilled labour – Rs. 300 / day
iv. Helper – Rs. 200 / day
v. Carpenter – Rs. 500 / day
vi. Helper to carpenter – Rs. 300 / day
vii. Plumber – Rs. 500 / day
viii. Helper to plumber = Rs. 300 / day
ix. Bar bender – Rs. 500 / day
x. Electrician – Rs. 400 / day
xi. Painter – Rs. 400 / day
For rate analysis purpose, the following sample quantities are taken for the calculation
1. For all types of voluminous work – 10 cu.m
2. For all types of surface work – 100 sq.m
3. For all types of running meter work – 100 R m
IMPORTANT:
a. 1 cu.m of calculation will give higher cost for any particular item of work and a group
can do a minimum work of 6 cu.m (200 cu.f) or 25 sq.m (250 sq.f). Therefore the cost
of any work to be done must be as per the sample quantities shown above.
b. Total cost of the work is for one cu.m or one sq.m. Hence, the final cost of materials
and labours at the end of the calculation will be written in per cu.m or sq.m depending
on the type of work.
Rate Analysis for various items of work

1. Cement concrete of 1:5:10 for bed in foundation with 40 mm size coarse aggregates.
Materials: Cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates & water.
Take 10 cu.m wet volume of concrete
For 10 cu.m of wet volume of concrete, an additional 50 to 60 % of materials must be
taken for dry volume of concrete considering the loss of materials while transporting,
mixing and placing. Lets take 55 % of materials extra.
Dry Volume = 10 + 10 x 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
= 15.50 cu.m
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
For 10 cu.m of wet concrete, the dry volume of materials will be 15.50 cu.m
Concrete proportion = 1:5:10: Therefore, sum of proportion = 1+5+10 = 16
Quantity Calculations
Quantity Calculation = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
𝑥𝑥 Each part
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
1. Cement = 15.50 𝑥𝑥 1 = 0.968 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝑚𝑚

16
Always cement quantity must be in terms of number of bags.

1 cu.m volume requires 30 bags of cement (Each bag weighs 50 kg) [STANDARD]
Therefore, 0.968 cu.m requires 29 bags of cement
2. Fine aggregate / sand = 15.50 𝑥𝑥 5 = 4.84 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝑚𝑚
16
3. Coarse aggregate (40 mm) = 15.50 𝑥𝑥 10 = 9.68 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝑚𝑚

16
Cost Calculation
Quantity or Rate, per
Particulars unit Cost, Rs.
Nos Rs. unit
Materials
Cement 29 bags 325.00 bag 9425.00
Fine aggregates 4.84 cu.m 2500.00 cu.m 12100.00
Coarse aggregates (40
9.68 cu.m 600.00 cu.m 5808.00
mm)
Labours (as per Turnout)
Head Mason 1 Nos 500.00 per day 500.00
Mason 2 Nos 400.00 per day 800.00
Skilled labours 2 Nos 300.00 per day 600.00
Helper 2 Nos 200.00 per day 400.00
Cost of tools &
Lumpsum 800.00
machinery
Net Total 30433.00
Adding 1.5 % of water charges 456.50
Adding 10 % Contractor Profit 3043.30
Grand Total for 10 cu.m of work 33933.00
COST PER cu.m of work = Grand Total for 10 cu.m of work / 10 3395.00
2. Brick masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and plinth with 20 x 10 x 10 cm brick

Materials: Brick, cement, fine aggregates & water
Take volume of brick work = 10 cu.m
As per IS standards, size of modular brick = 20 x 10 x 10 cm
Size of actual brick = 19 x 9 x 9 cm
Since, brick and cement mortar used as two separate constituents in the masonry, their
quantity must be found separately as follow:
10
Number of bricks for 10 cu.m of work = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
= = 5000 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁.
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 0.2 𝑥𝑥 0.1 𝑥𝑥 0.1
Therefore, for 10 cu.m of work, 5000 bricks are required.

Actual volume of mortar = Total volume – net volume of bricks
= 10 – (5000 x actual brick size)
= 10 – (5000 x 0.19 x 0.09 x 0.09) = 2.30 cu.m
Increase the volume of mortar by 15 % for frog filling, for use of cut bricks, for uniform
joints, wastage etc.) = 2.30 + 2.30 x 0.15 = 2.65 cu.m
Further increase the volume of mortar by 25 % for dry volume = 2.65 + 2.65 x 0.25 = 3.31
cu.m
Quantity Calculation
Sum of Proportion (1:6) = 1 + 6 = 7
1. Cement = 3.31 = 0.47 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝑚𝑚
7

2. Sand = 3.31 𝑥𝑥 6 = 2.84 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝑚𝑚
7
Cost Calculation
Brick masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and plinth with 20 x 10 x 10 cm brick
Quantity
Particulars unit Rate, Rs. per unit Cost, Rs.
or Nos
Materials
Bricks 5000 Nos 6.00 Nos 30000.00
Cement 14.00 bags 325.00 bag 4550.00
Sand 2.84 cu.m 2500.00 cu.m 7100.00
Cost of tools &
Lumpsum 800.00
machinery
Net Total 47850.00
3. Brick masonry in CM 1:6 in Superstructure.

When Brick size is not mentioned, take the size of modular brick i.e. 20 x 10 x 10 cm
Materials: Brick, cement, fine aggregates & water
Take volume of brick work = 10 cu.m
As per IS standards, size of modular brick = 20 x 10 x 10 cm
Size of actual brick = 19 x 9 x 9 cm
Since, brick and cement mortar used as two separate constituents in the masonry, their
quantity must be found separately as follow:
10
Number of bricks for 10 cu.m of work = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = = 5000 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁.
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 0.2 𝑥𝑥 0.1 𝑥𝑥 0.1
Therefore, for 10 cu.m of work, 5000 bricks are required.
Actual volume of mortar = Total volume – net volume of bricks
= 10 – (5000 x actual brick size)
= 10 – (5000 x 0.19 x 0.09 x 0.09) = 2.30 cu.m
Increase the volume of mortar by 15 % for frog filling, for use of cut bricks, for uniform
joints, wastage etc.) = 2.30 + 2.30 x 0.15 = 2.65 cu.m
Further increase the volume of mortar by 25 % for dry volume = 2.65 + 2.65 x 0.25 = 3.31
cu.m
Sum of Proportion (1:6) = 1 + 6 = 7
1. Cement = 3.31 = 0.47 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝑚𝑚
7

2. Sand = 3.31 𝑥𝑥 6 = 2.84 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝑚𝑚
7
Cost Calculation
Quantity Rate, per

or Nos Rs. unit
Materials
Bricks 5000 Nos 6.00 Nos 30000.00
Cement 14.00 bags 325.00 bag 4550.00
Sand 2.84 cu.m 2500.00 cu.m 7100.00
Scaffolding Lumpsum 1000.00
Cost of tools & machinery Lumpsum 800.00
Net Total 50050.00
4. RCC work M20 grade with 2 % steel reinforcement in beams and slabs
Concrete proportion for M20 is 1:1.5:3
Materials: Cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates (20 mm), steel & water.
Take 10 cu.m wet volume of concrete
For 10 cu.m of wet volume of concrete, an additional 50 to 60 % of materials must be
taken for dry volume of concrete considering the loss of materials while transporting,
mixing and placing. Lets take 55 % of materials extra.
Dry Volume = 10 + 10 x 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
= 15.50 cu.m
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
For 10 cu.m of wet concrete, the dry volume of materials will be 15.50 cu.m
Summation of proportion = 1+1.5+3 = 5.5
1. Cement = 15.50 𝑥𝑥 1 = 2.81 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝑚𝑚
5.5

2. Sand = 15.50 𝑥𝑥 1.5 = 4.23 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝑚𝑚
5.5
3. Coarse Aggregates (20 mm) = 15.50 𝑥𝑥 3 = 8.45 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝑚𝑚

5.5
4. Steel Reinforcement = 2 % volume of RCC work

2
= 𝑥𝑥 10 𝑥𝑥 78.5 = 15.70 𝑞𝑞
100
Cost Calculation
RCC work M20 grade with 2 % steel reinforcement in beams & slabs
Quantity
or Nos
Materials
Cement 84 bags 325.00 bag 27300.00
Coarse aggregates (20 mm) 8.45 cu.m 600.00 cu.m 5070.00
Steel Reinforcement @ 2 % 15.70 q 75.00 q 1177.50
Binding wires 2.00 kg 100.00 kg 200.00
Bar bender 2 Nos 400.00 per day 800.00
Helper for Bar bender 4 Nos 200.00 per day 800.00
Carpenter 2 Nos 400.00 per day 800.00
Helper for Carpenter 2 Nos 200.00 per day 400.00
Scaffolding (including
Lumpsum 10000.00
centring and shuttering)
Net Total 62922.50
5. 120 mm thick RCC slab of 1:2:4 with 2 % steel reinforcement

Note: In this item of work, the thickness of slab is specified, therefore consider an area of
100 sq.m and find the volume of concrete required for the slab
Volume of Concrete = Area x thickness of slab = 100 x 0.12 = 12 cu.m
Materials: Cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates (20 mm), steel & water.
Take 12 cu.m as wet volume of concrete
Taking 55 % extra for dry mix, total dry volume = 12 + 12 x 0.55 = 18.60 cu.m = 19 cu.m
Summation of Proportion = 1+2+4 = 7
1. Cement = 19 𝑥𝑥 1 = 2.72 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝑚𝑚
7

2. Sand = 19 𝑥𝑥 2 = 5.44 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝑚𝑚
7
3. Coarse Aggregates = 19 𝑥𝑥 4 = 10.88 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝑚𝑚
7
4. Steel Reinforcement = 2 % volume of RCC work
2
= 𝑥𝑥 12 𝑥𝑥 78.5 = 18.84 𝑞𝑞
100
Cost Calculations
Quantity
or Nos
Materials
Cement 82 bags 325.00 bag 26650.00
Coarse aggregates (20
10.88 cu.m 600.00 cu.m 6528.00
mm)
Steel Reinforcement @ 2
18.84 q 75.00 q 1413.00
%
Binding wires 2.00 kg 100.00 kg 200.00
Bar bender 2 Nos 400.00 per day 800.00
Helper for Bar bender 4 Nos 200.00 per day 800.00
Carpenter 2 Nos 400.00 per day 800.00
Helper for Carpenter 2 Nos 200.00 per day 400.00
Scaffolding (including
Lumpsum 10000.00
centering and shuttering)
Net Total 66991.00
Grand Total for 100 sq.m of work 74694.97
COST PER cu.m of work = Grand Total for 100 sq.m of work / 100 750.00
6. Random Rubble masonry with CM 1:6 in foundation

Materials – Stones of irregular shape, cement, sand & water
Consider 10 cu.m of volume of the stone masonry.
Since, the stones are procured from the quarry, they are not in definite shape. Therefore,
taking 25 % extra considering the wastage the actual volume of stone is 12.5 cu.m
Assume the dry mortar volume as 4.5 cu.m (Random Rubble masonry)
Summation of proportion = 1+6 = 7
1. Cement = 4.50 𝑥𝑥 1 = 0.65 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝑚𝑚
7
2. Sand = 4.50 𝑥𝑥 6 = 3.85 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝑚𝑚
7
Cost Calculation
Quantity Rate, per
or Nos Rs. unit
Materials
Stone 12.50 cu.m 1500.00 cu.m 18750.00
Cement 0.65 bags 325.00 bags 211.25
Net Total 33886.25
7. Ashlar masonry with CM 1:6 in foundation

Materials – Well-dressed stones, cement, sand & water
Consider 10 cu.m of volume of the stone masonry.
Since, the stones are procured from the quarry, they are not in definite shape. Therefore,
taking 25 % extra considering the wastage the actual volume of stone is 12.5 cu.m
Assume the dry mortar volume as 3.00 cu.m (Ashlar masonry)
3. Cement = 3.00 𝑥𝑥 1 = 0.43 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝑚𝑚
7
4. Sand = 3.00 𝑥𝑥 6 = 2.60 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝑚𝑚

7
Note: Ashlar masonry work requires more work force in order to chisel the stones into
definite shape.
Cost Calculation
Quantity Rate, per
or Nos Rs. unit
Materials
Stone 12.50 cu.m 1500.00 cu.m 18750.00
Cement 0.43 bags 325.00 bags 139.75
Net Total 35189.75
8. 12 mm thick cement plastering in CM 1:6 over brick masonry
Materials: Cement, fine aggregates & water

Since plastering is a surface work, consider a sample area of 100 sq.m
Therefore, volume of mortar = Sample area x Thickness of plastering
= 100 x 0.012 = 1.2 cu.m
Increase the volume of mortar by 25 % for uneven wall surface = 1.2 + 1.2 x 0.25 = 1.50 cu.m
Further increase the volume by 30 % for dry mortar = 1.50 + 1.50 x 0.30 = 1.95 cu.m
1. Cement = 1.95 𝑥𝑥 1 = 0.28 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝑚𝑚 = 9 bags
7
2. Sand = 1.95 𝑥𝑥 6 = 1.67 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝑚𝑚

7
Cost Calculation
12 mm thick cement plastering in CM 1:6 over brick masonry
Quantity Rate,
Particulars unit per unit Cost, Rs.
or Nos Rs.
Materials
Cement 9.00 bags 325.00 bag 2925.00
Sand 1.67 cu.m 2500.00 cu.m 4175.00
Net Total 13900.00
Grand Total for 100 sq.m of work 15498.50
COST PER sq.m of work = Grand Total for 100 sq.m of work / 100 155.00
9. Earthwork in excavation for foundation in ordinary soil
Take 10 cu.m
Quantity Rate, per
or Nos Rs. unit
No Materials
Net Total 9500.00
QUANTITY SURVEYING AND CONTRACTS MANAGEMENT (15CV81) MODULE-4
MODULE-4
CONTRACT MANAGEMENT-TENDER AND ITS PROCESS
Contents:
Invitation to tender, Prequalification, administrative approval and technical
sanction. Bid submission and evaluation process. Contract formulation: covering
award of contracts, letter of intent, letter of acceptance and notice to proceed.
Features / elements of standard tender document (source: CPWD/ PWD/
International Competitive Bidding – NHAI/NHEPC/NPC). Laws of contract as per
Indian contract Act 1872, Types of contract, Lump sum contract, Item rate, % rate,
Cost plus with Target Labour, EPC and BOT, Sub contracting. Contract Forms:
FIDIC contract Forms, CPWD, NHAI, NTPC, NHEPC
Tender
The tender is an offer in writing to execute some specified work or to supply
the materials at certain rates within a fixed time under the certain conditions of
agreements between the contractor and department or owner of any party.
Where where a lot of contractors are expected to quote, sealed tender in a
prescribed form are invited from the approved list of contractors.
Necessity for tenders:

Entrusting work by calling tender is advantages because of
1. lower bids that may be obtained due to competition among the contractors.
2. selection of contractors can be made based upon their experience in their
line.
3. personal interests, prejudices, preferences, partially etc. can be avoided
by calling for tenders.
Tender document:
Before inviting tenders the tender documents have to be prepared and issued
to the interested tenderers. These documents generally consists of the following:
1. detailed specifications of the work and material should be used.

2. a complete set of Drawings with details of various parts.
3. general conditions of contract.
4. special conditions.
5.schedule quantities of various items of the work. Approximate
quantity of work under each item of work.
6. the location of the work.
7. the name of the division in which the work is situated.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, G. M.I.T., BHARATHINAGARA. 94
8. the rates of Steel and cement if they are supplied by the department.
9. hire charges for lorries, tools and plants to be levied when issued from
the department.
10. condition regarding employment of Technical personals.
11. location of water. And supply. For power and rates.
12. the period of completion of work and the time and completion of each stage
of work
13. the amount of earnest money deposit and the form in which it is to be
deposited.
14. the name of authority who is accepting or rejecting the tender.
15 conditions of penalty for slow progress and non fulfillment of the
condition of the contract.
16. In case of dispute the procedure to be followed for arbitration and
designation of the arbitrator to whom the reference is to be made.
Tender notice
After the tender documents have been prepared and approved by the
authority, a notice inviting tenders has to be published on the notice board of all
unit offices of the department. For works of Greater magnitude, wide publicity
should be given to the notice inviting tenders. Tenders must be invited in the most
open and public manner possible, buy advertisement in the press and by the notice
in the English/ Hindi and the written language of the district, posted in the public
place.
The following particulars are written in the tender notice.

1. name of the authority inviting the tender.
2. name of the work and its location.
3. estimated cost of the work.
4. period of contract and type of contract.
5. when and where the tender document should be purchased.
6. the amount to be paid for the set of tender documents.
7. last date and time of submission of tender.
8. the amount of earnest money that should be accompanied with the
tender and the amount of security deposit to be paid by the selected
contractor.
9. the date and time of the opening of tender.
10. the designation of the officer who accepts the tender.

Specimen of tender
Office of Executive Engineer,

PWD, Bengaluru Division.
Tender notification dated

Tender notification number
The sealed tender is duplicate In a prescribed form with the name of the
work is invited from register contractors of Karnataka II for the following works
and will be received bi Executive Engineer, Bengaluru division, Bengaluru up to
5:00 p.m. on 25th October 2010. the tender form with the complete set of contract
can be had from office of Executive Engineer from 10 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. on all
working days up to to 20th of October 2010 on the payment
of Rs tenders will be open at a m or PM on date by the
ExecutiveEngineer or is authorised agent in the office at representatives.
Details of estimates, terms of contract conditions etc.., maybe see in the office of
Executive Engineer, Bengaluru division, Bengaluru during the working hours at the
office.
The Executive Engineer receives the tender. He has the rights to accept or reject
any or all the tenders without assigning reasons.
Work details
Sl Name of the work Estimate Time Cost Class EMD

n d cost o of o
o f tender f
completion contractor
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Sale of tender documents:

Tender document should be prepared and kept ready for sale to the
contractors before the notice is actually sent to the Press or is pasted on the notice
board and every contractor desiring to tender shall be asked to make a written
application. it is the responsibility of the Executive Engineer/ Assistant Executive
Engineer/ Assistant Engineer to see the tender documents are made available to the
contractors as soon as the application is made.
Receiving, opening and scrutiny of tenders:
Receiving:
After issue of the tender document to contractors the tender opening
authority authorises an officer to receive the tenders and tender may be sent either
by post or can put in the tender box kept for the purpose in the premises of the
owner. Tenders placed in tender box is locked and kept under the safe custody of
the officer. The closing time for receipt of tenders should be kept after the normal
time of delivery of the post. Tender received after the due date and time are
rejected.
Opening of tenders:
The sealed tenders received are to be opened in the presence of all the
contractors for their representatives tendering for the work at the time and place
already notified.
The officer opening the tenders has to be read out the rates offered in case of
item rate and percentage rate tenders and amount in the case of lump sum tenders
for information of all those present. all the tenders will be serial in number and
signed by the officer opening the tender.
Preparing comparative statement of tenders:

After the tenders are opened, a comparative statement is made in the office of
the tender opening authority. It serves to compare the rates of various tenderers in
respect of each item against the estimated rates. The excess for Savings for each
tender is worked out.
1. comparative statement of percentage rates and lump sum tenders
contains information regarding the name of the contractor, date of receipt
of tenders, above or below the rates entered in the tender documents,
amount in case of lump sum tenders. The recommendation regarding
acceptance or rejection of the tender is recorded on it.

2. Comparative statement of item rate tenders is more elaborate and

comprehensive and is after thorough computation and check under
supervision of Divisional accountant.
The comparative statement must correctly in corporate the rates and amount
and their totals drawn up and checked on the individual tenders. A mistake in it
may lead to the work being awarded it to a contractor who is not lowest.
Scrutiny of tenders:
After preparing comparative statement the tender opening authority shall
verify whether the contractor has agreed to all the tender conditions or he has
included any special condition and the consequent variation in the total amount
has to be calculated.
If the acceptance of a particular tender does not rest with the Divisional
officer to forward the tenders along with comparative statements and tender
documents with his recommendations for observations to the next higher
authorities for consideration.
Acceptance of tenders:
Based upon the comparative statement, usually the lowest tender is
accepted except in the case where the work of the contractor who was quoted the
lowest rate has not been satisfactory on previous occasions or there is doubt.
The tender whose rates are accepted is intimated to sign the contract
documents. if we fails to sign with in specified time, is offer may be cancelled and
is security deposit forfitted and they work may be allotted to the next tender whose
bid is lowest among others.
Execution of contract agreement:

After the acceptance of the tender the preparation of contract document, it
the contractor is required to pay a the security deposit before the contract agreement
is signed. The contract agreement should be executed in the prescribed form and
signed by the contractor or is authorised representatives and the authority on the
behalf of Government.
Earnest money deposit( EMD)

When the contractor submit the tender for a work , he has to deposit some
amount usually at about 2% of the estimated cost to the department and a
guarantee of the tender. If the contractor refuses to take up the work when is tender
accepted, is earnest money is forfeited. But the earnest money of all other
contractors whose tenders have not been accepted will be returned to the
respective contractors. The earnest money may be in cash or fixed deposit in bank,
cash certificate, bank guarantee like saving certificate etc.
Security deposit:
Once the tender is accepted, the selected contractors should deposit 10%
of the total
cost of work as security deposit with the Department. This amount includes
the earnest money already deposited. The contractor may deposit the entire amount
at the beginning of the work or it may be deducted from the running bill of the
contractor.
The contractor should fulfill all the conditions of contract and carry out the
work satisfactory according to the specification and complete the work in time. If
the contractor fails to satisfy terms of agreement, then the part or complete amount
of security money will be forfeited. If he complete the work as per the conditions
of the agreement with in the specified time, the security deposit will be refunded to
the contractor. This amount will be refunded 6 month after the completion of
work. any defects noticed during this observation period is to be rectified by the
contractor at his cost.
Power of accepting the tender:

When the tenders are accepted by different authorities according to the
power of delegation. This differs from state to state generally the chief engineer
and the Superintendent engineer has full power. Executive Engineer will have
limited powers.
Work order:
This type of agreement is used for petty works. In this case No formal
agreement is drawn up with the contractor as in the case of piece work, when the
work is awarded by the work order. It can be used in situations where it is not
possible to call tender for petty works. The money limit is different in different
states. Sometimes in work order time limit with in which the work is to be
completed can be specified. Contractors are usually selected by taking quotations.
payment is made on the measurement of work and 10 percentage of total amount
is deducted from the running account bill as security deposit and which will be
refund date in the final payment on the satisfactory completion of work.
Site order book

The contractor shall within 10 days of the received of the return order to
take up work, He has to supply one site order book to the sub divisional officer/
Assistant Executive Engineer concerned. The site order book shall have machine
number pages in triplicate and will be initialed by the Assistant Engineer Incharge.
This site order book shall be kept at the site of work under the custody of the
Assistant Engineer or is authorised representative. important points related to site
order book are:
1. Directions or instructions from departmental officers to be issued to the
contractor, will be entered in the site order book( except when the
directions or instructions are given by separate letters).
2. The contractor or his authorised representative shall regularly note the
entries in the site order book and may take any of the duplicate page of the
site order book for his own record.
3. In case of supplementary( extra climes) five terms of claim shall not be
entertained unless supported by entries in this site order book or any
written order.
4. The site order book shall be enclosed along with the Final bill to verify
the Supplementary climes.
Work program:
The contractor shall have to submit within 3 days from the written order to
commence the work to the the Engineer in charge a fully detailed program showing
the proposed methods of construction, plant and Temporary works, sequence of
operation and time schedule of each such operation. The work program shall be
approved by the Engineer in charge. the contractor must maintain the progress of
work with the work program.
Contractors ledger
Contractors ledger is a personal account of a contractor where all transaction
regarding the particulars of contractor are entered. It is maintained in the Divisional
Office in prescribed form. All payments, recoveries adjustments etc are taken in
Ledger. For every contractor separate ledger is maintained and each contractors
ledger is closed and balanced monthly.

Contract
When two or more persons have common intention communicated to
each other to create some obligation between them there is said to be an
agreement.
An agreement which is enforceable by law is a “contract”.
In civil engineering construction contract is an undertaking by a person or
form to do any work under certain terms and conditions. the work maybe for
construction for maintenance and repairs, for supply of materials or labours etc,.
Contractor:
The contractor means a person or firm to do any type of contract.
Contract system of execution of work:

All departmental works except in special circumstances will be usually
executed through the contractors. the following procedure is followed:
1. after the detailed plans and drawings are approved and all the sanctions
obtained, contract for a work is arranged by inviting sealed tenders
2. tenders are opened at the specified date by officer inviting tender in the
presence of the contractor and comparative statement is prepared. usually
the lowest tender is accepted.
3. the contractor whose tender is accepted has to come to an agreement
with the department to execute the work as per the conditions in the
agreement. the contractor will be issued the work order to come in the
work.
4. the contractor will start the work under the supervision of Section
Officer in charge. for all day works executed, the contractor will be paid
on running account bill which will be prepared by the Section Officer.
Types of contract:
There are 6 types of contract:
1. Piece work contract.
2. Item rate or unit price contract .
3.lump sum contract.

4. cost plus percentage contract.
5. combination of lump sum and Schedule of Rates
contract. 6 Labour contract.
1. Piece work contract:

It is an agreement by which the worker agrees to execute the different items
of work on mutually agreed rates. The agreement contains different items of work
to be carried out with proper description and rates for unit quantity of work.
The contractors agrees to execute a specific work at stipulated rates, without
reference to total quantity or time taken. Small works which do not required
Engineering skills for execution like earth work excavation, maintenance work,
Patchwork and whitewashing may be carried through piece work contract.
Merits
1. It is the best suited for small work and they work which will not require
theEngineering skill
2. Work maybe completed very quickly.
3. It is the economical as the worker takes the small works with their wages a
little margin over it.
4. Where the works for small and spread out, fees work contract works out
to be cheaper and quicker.
Demerits:
1. The time is not considered so the workers can take their own time to
complete the job so that rate of progress of work will reduce.
2. The department has to arrange dated and close supervision and
checking the peace worker who does not have professional skills.
2. Item rate or unit price contract:

In this contract the contractor undertakes the execution of work at the unit
rates agreed at the time of tender. The payment is made to the contractor by detail
measurement of the work actually executed by the contractor.
This method of contract is used in most of the works in projects,
maintenance of buildings, irrigation projects etc.,
Merits:
1. since the work is distributed as an item wise there will be no dispute
between the owner and the contractor.
2. drawing and specifications can be changed at any instant at any time.
3. finalisation of bill is done by taking the measurement of work done by

the contractor hence it is economical

Demerits:
1. the final cost cannot be determined before the completion of work
2. comparative statement of item rate tender is more elaborate and
comprehensive and intelligent scrutiny is required.
3. lump sum contract:

In this contract the contractor agrees to execute a complete work in all
aspect for a specific amount within a specified time. The plans, drawings and
specifications of all items of the work are provided to the contractor but the details
of quantities will not be given and the contractor will have to complete the work as
per plan and specification within the contract period.
on completion off the work, ok no measurements will be taken by the department.
The contractor will be paid and fixed amount as agreed by checking the
whole work in comparing with plan, drawing and specification.
Merits:
1. production and cost of construction due to competition of contractors.
2. the amount to be spent on the work is known accurately well in advance.
3. the contractor try to complete the work early as it is advantages for him.
Demerits:
1. it is very difficult to make changes in drawings and plans during construction.
2. if the specifications and drawings are not clear, may lead to difficulties
and defective construction.
4. Cost plus percentage contract:

This contract the contractor is paid the actual cost of the building plus a
fixed percentage for is overhead expenses, services and profit.
The contractor procures the materials and arranges the labour at his own
cost keeping the proper account and he is paid by the department or owner the
whole cost together with certain percentage, normally 10 percentage as his profit.
Merits:
1. there is no chance of dispute for carrying out any extra. Item

2. the contractor can take the dishum independently and the work can be
completed quickly.
3. there is no major difference of opinion with the contractor and owner.
Demerits:
1. the final cost cannot be determined before the completion of the work.
2. the quality of work maybe poor.
3. it is very difficult to calculate actual cost incurred by the contractor. the
department/ Warner as to keep a check over labour, material cost and
Quality of work.
5. Labour contract:
In this contract the contractor undertakes only the labour portion of the
work. All the necessary materials are supplied to the site by the department or
owner and the contractor arranges his own labours and gets the work done as per
the specification.
The contractor is paid for the labours only on the actual quantities of the
work done measured under the item rate basis.
Merits:
1. the materials stored by the government for the utilised.
2. since materials are supplied by department, better progress and standard
quality can be maintained.
Demerits:
1. there may be a delay in obtaining the materials by the department.
2. a large Storage Area is required to store the different kinds of materials
a constant guarding etc are essential.
3. Theft from store, shortage of materials, accounting all the materials are
constant worries for a department.
6. Negotiated contract:
When work is awarded it on contract by manual negotiation between the
parties without call of tenders, it is said to be a negotiated contract. In PWD
contractors are negotiated only in special circumstances such as:
1. to obtain reasonable rates
2.to meet this situation arises out of emergency e like construction of Shelters
for displaced persons comer strengthening Runway for National Defence extra
at short notice
General conditions of contract

The following are the general conditions of contract:
1. the rates A grade by the contractor should be for complete work
including transportation of materials, labours, tools, plants and all other
necessary arrangements.
2. the contractor should deposit 10% of the cost of the work as security
deposit. play contractor May deposit the entire amount at the beginning of
the work or it may be deducted from the running bill of the contractor.
3. a contractor should complete the work within the specified time,
otherwise is liable for penalty
4. the time may be extended by the department for valid reasons requested
by the contractor.
5. the cost of the material issued to the contractor or equipment given to the
contractor shall be deducted from is running bill.
6. the work has to be done directly according to the drawing, plan and
specifications and order issued by the authority.
7. the contractor may be terminated for his bad work or unsatisfactory
progress and the part or full security deposit may be fortified.
8. the work shall be open for inspection.
9. extra items which are not included in the contractor shall be paid as
per current schedule of rates.
10. compensation to the workman shall be paid by the contractor for any
accident or damage.
11. all taxes, royalties etc,. shall have to be paid by the contractor which are
included in the rates.
Contract agreement:
Contract agreement is a written document binding legally the contractor and
the department to follow the rules and regulations and the conditions given, till the
work entrusted to the contractor is completed. All pages of the agreement must be
signed by both the parties.
The contract agreement must contain the following details:
1. title page with name of the work and contract number.
2. index page giving the contents of the agreement with page references.

3. tender notice with description of work, location, time, period of completion

etc,.
4. Bill of quantities and total cost of works etc,.
5. schedule of issue of materials giving list of materials to be issued to the
contractor with rate and place of issue.
6. general specifications giving the clauses and type of work.
7. detailed specifications for each item of work and materials.
8. complete drawing with plan, elevation, site plan and other relevant detail
drawings,all fully dimensioned.
9. conditions of contract giving rate of labour, materials, tools and plants,
progress rate excetra.
10. special conditions regarding nature of work, Texas, royalties, labour amenities
excetra

Law of contract as per Indian Contract Act 1872
The Contracts or agreements between various parties are framed and validated by
the Indian Contract Act. Contract Act is one of the most central laws that
regulates and oversees all the business wherever a deal or an agreement is to be
reached at. The following section will tell us what a contract is.
We will see how a contract is defined by The Indian Contract Act, 1872. We will
also define the terms as per the Act and see what that means. In these topics, we
will decipher all the vivid aspects of the Contract Act. Let us begin by
understanding the concept of a contract.
Contract Act
The Indian Contract Act, 1872 defines the term “Contract” under its section 2
(h) as “An agreement enforceable by law”. In other words, we can say that a contract
is anything that is an agreement and enforceable by the law of the land.
This definition has two major elements in it viz – “agreement” and “enforceable by
law”. So in order to understand a contract in the light of The Indian Contract Act,
1872 we need to define and explain these two pivots in the definition of a contract.
Agreement
The Indian Contract Act, 1872 defines what we mean by “Agreement”. In its section 2
(e), the Act defines the term agreement as “every promise and every set of
promises, forming the consideration for each other”.
Now that we know how the Act defines the term “agreement”, there may be some
ambiguity in the definition of the term promise.
Promise
This ambiguity is removed by the Act itself in its section 2(b) which defines the
term “promise” here as: “when the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his
assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted. Proposal when accepted, becomes
a promise”.
In other words, an agreement is an accepted promise, accepted by all the parties

involved in the agreement or affected by it. This definition thus introduces a flow
chart or a sequence of steps that need to be triggered in order to establish or draft a
contract. The steps may be described as under:
i. The definition requires a person to whom a certain proposal is made.
ii. The person (parties) in step one have to be in a position to fully understand all
the aspects of a proposal.
iii. “signifies his assent thereto” – means that the person in point one accepts or
agrees with the proposal after having fully understood it.
iv. Once the “person” accepts the proposal, the status of the proposal changes
to “accepted proposal”.
v. “accepted proposal” becomes a promise. Note that the proposal is not a

promise. For the proposal to become a promise, it has to be accepted first.
Thus, in other words, an agreement is obtained from a proposal once the proposal,
made by one or more of the participants affected by the proposal, is accepted by all the
parties addressed by the agreement. To sum up, we can represent the above
information below:
Agreement = Offer + Acceptance.
Enforceable By Law
Now let us try to understand this aspect of the definition as is present in the Act.
Suppose you agree to sell a unicorn for ten magic beans with a friend. Can you have
a contract for this?

Well if you follow the steps in the previous section, you will argue that once you and
your friend agree on the promise, it becomes an agreement. But in order to be a
contract as per the definition of the Act, the agreement has to be legally enforceable.
Thus we can say that for an agreement to change into a Contract as per the Act, it
must give rise to or lead to legal obligations or in other words must be within the
scope of the law. Thus we can summarize it as Contract = Accepted Proposal
(Agreement) + Enforceable by law (defined within the law)

Essential Qualification of Contractor:
1 He should be financially sound

2 He should have sufficient knowledge to read the drawings
3 He should be well versed with the procedure or the department to carry
out the work, submission of boils and experience
4 Good reputation and experience
5 Should have ability to handle labour and material efficiently and properly.
6 Should be capable of arranging men and material as per requirement.
Quotation: It is a response to notice inviting tenders by the department.
Earnest money: It is a guarantee in the shape of money, given by the contractor

along with tender proposals confirming their willingness to work for the
department. Earnest money is generally 2% of total estimate and must be deposited in the
form of demand draft in favour of the department. If the tender of the contractor is not
accepted, the earnest money will be refunded immediately.
Security money: It is a money which the contractor has to deposit with the department when
the contract is allotted to him. It is 10% of total estimate. This money also includes earnest
money already deposited by the contractor. This money can be forfeited by the department if
the progress and quality of the work is not satisfactory.
Purpose of the tender
• To select a suitable contractor at a time appropriate to the situation of the project.

• To obtain an acceptable tender or offer upon which a contract can be let.
• To ensure the completion of project at scheduled time.
• To protect the interest of all stakeholders.
Invitation to tender (ITT):
• It is the initial step in competitive tendering, in which suppliers and contractors are
invited to provide offers for supply or service contracts.
• Invitations to tender are also known as ‘Call for bids’ or ‘Call for tenders’.
• Published in Newspapers and on the Internet.
Tender Notification: It is an advertisement given in all leading newspapers and published in

official gazette of government to attract more number of bidders. Notification includes:-
1. Name of the Project.
2. Name & Address of the organization offering the tender.
3. Name of work, materials or services.
4. Place of work location.
5. Approximate estimated cost of work.
6. Earnest Money.
7. Period of completion.
8. Date on which the Tender Document sale commences.
9. Date and time up to which tender documents can be obtained.
10. The cost of tender documents.
11. Due date of submission.
12.Eligibility Criteria.
Samples of tender notifications published in newspapers
Types of Tender
1. Open tender
• Open to all qualified bidders
• Published in the newspaper and internet
• Chosen on the basis of price and quality.
• Most effective way of obtaining many competitive rates.

2. Close tender / Selective tender
• Open to bidders in the category stated in the notice only
• Contractor of known reputations.

• Contractor who submit the lowest tender.
• Chosen for their expertise and experiences.
3. Negotiated tender
• Only one contractor is approached.
• Architect and other members of the design team.
• As per the wish of client the contractor or firm will be selected.

Tender Procedure:
Stage 1 • Apporval to Tender

Stage 3 • Documentation
Stage 4 • Invitation
Stage 5 • Processing
Stage 6 • Contract Award
1. Approval to Tender
a. Administrative approval: Formal acceptance of the proposed work or project by the

competent authority. Department of Government for a work or project for which preliminary
estimate have been framed by the Public Works Department (P.W.D) to meet the needs of
Department requiring work. A proposal is sent to P.W.D by any other department for its
requirements. The P.W.D studies the proposal, if it is found required, a report along with
preliminary estimate is sent to the department concerned for the approval. After the approval,
the Engineering department prepares a detailed drawings, plans and estimates for the execution
of the work.
b. Expenditure Sanction: Approval of the Government for the expenditure proposed, in the
cases where all necessary. In all other cases, the re-appropriation of funds will operate as
sanctions to the expenditure concerned. A revised expenditure sanction is necessary if the
actual expenditure exceeds or likely to exceed the amount of original sanction up to 10%.
c. Technical Sanction: Sanction of the detailed estimate, design calculations, quantities of

works, rate and cost of the work by the competent authority of the Engineering department.
The work is taken up for construction only after technical sanction is approved. This sanction
guarantees that the proposals are structurally sound, and the estimate is accurately calculated
based on the adequate data.
2. Tender Documentation
Before inviting a tender, the department must have the following criteria fulfilled, so as the
allotment of contract to the contractor becomes a smooth process.
1. A set of detailed drawings of the proposed work.

2. Material statement mentioning material to be supplied by the department and material
to be brought by the contractor.
3. Time required for project completion.
4. Mode of payment.
5. Penalty to be imposed on the contractor in case of delay on the part of the contractor.
6. Detailed specification of item.
7. Conditions on arrangement of labour shelter and rates of minimum wages.
Documentation is a compilation of:
1. Letter of invitation to tenderers

2. Articles of agreement / conditions of contract
3. Form of tender
4. Form of tenderer’s details. i.e: contractor’s registration, organization background, track
record (past and present projects)
5. Letter of acceptance
6. Bank and insurance guarantee forms (performance bond)
7. Bank and insurance guarantee forms (advance payments)
8. Specifications
9. Summary of tender
10. Schedule of rates
11. Relevant drawings
3. Tender Processing
Screening of potential contractors, suppliers, or vendors to develop a list of qualified bidders

who will receive the invitation-to-bid (ITB)/ tender documents.
Parameters for screening: Financial Position, Previous work experience, Technical Expertise,
Management ability, Equipment workmanship and ability, Litigation history.
Opening of Tenders:
1. The tenders are opened at the place mentioned in the tender form on the due date and
time mentioned.
2. Executive Engineer, Divisional Accountant and Office Superintendent represent the
department on one side and contractors or their representatives are on the other side.
3. The lock of the box in which sealed tenders are dropped by the contractors is opened in
presence of all. The sealed tenders are opened and are signed by both the parties.
4. Comparative statement is made item wise and work is allotted to the lowest bidder.
5. The competent authority has powers to reject the tender of the lowest bidder, but he has
to give reasons and confidential remarks.
6. Earnest money of the rejected tenders is returned.
7. Signature of each contractor is taken as a token of certificate that tenders were opened
in their presence and the allotment has be done to the right bidder.
4. Award of Contract
• Notice to a bidder of the acceptance of the submitted bid.
• Written confirmation of an award of a contract by client to a successful bidder.
• Stating the amount of the award, the award date, and when the contract will be signed.
• Contract Agreement: It is a contract deed between the Government and the

Contractor. Divisional Engineer signs on behalf of Government.
Types of contracts
The different types of contracts are
1) Item rate contract

a) Percentage rate contract
b) Schedule rate contract
c) Labour rate contract
d) Through rate contract
2) Lump sum contract
3) Combination of both Item rate and Lump sum contract
4) Piece work contract
1) Item rate contract
It is also known as unit price contract. In this type of contract, the contractor quotes the
rate of each item of work without reference to any schedule of rates. This method is
adopted when a reasonable complete schedule of rates are not available for the place
where the work is to be carried out or when the number of non-schedule items in the
work is more.
a) Percentage rate contract: In this type, the rates of various items are fixed by the
department and the contractor agrees to do the work at a percentage above or below the
fixed rates. This method is adopted for the work at places where reasonable and
complete schedule of rates is available.
b) Schedule rate contract: In this type, the work is allotted at the fixed rates for different
items and the payments depends upon the quantity and kind of work done or supply
made.
c) Labour rate contract: In this type, contractor undertakes only the labour portion of
the work. The necessary materials are supplied to the site by the department or owner
and the contractor arranges his own labours and gets the work done as per the
specifications.
d) Through rate contract: In some cases, the contract quotes the rates at some percentage
above or below the through rates.
2) Lump sum contract: In this contract, the contractor agrees to execute the complete work
in all respects for the specified amount in specified time. The plans, drawings and
specifications of all the items of the work are supplied to the contractor but the details of
the quantities and schedule of items will not be given and the contractor will have to
complete the work as per the plan and specification within the contract period.
3) Combination of both Item rate and Lump sum contract: In those contracts, fixed sum
is agreed upon the completion of a particular work of a contractor. In case of any additions
or alterations the payment is made or deducted on the basis of schedule of rates.
4) Piece work contract: The contractor agrees to execute the different items of work on
mutually agreed rates. The agreement contains different items of work carried out with
proper description and rates for unit quantity of work. Small works which do not require
engineering skills for execution like earthwork excavation, patch work, maintenance work
and white washing etc., may be carried through piecework contract.
Letter of Intent (LOI):
• Interim agreement that summarizes the main points of a proposed deal.

• Does not constitute a definitive contract but signifies a genuine interest in reaching the
final agreement subject to due diligence, additional information, or fulfilment of certain
conditions.
• The language used in writing a letter of intent is of vital importance.
• Memorandum of understanding' or pre-contract.
Public Private Partnership (PPP)
• It is a Government service or private business venture which is funded and operated

through a partnership of government and one or more private sector companies.
• Long term partnership.
• Government of India defines PPP as “ A Partnership between a public sector entity and
a private sector entity on commercial terms and in which the private partner has be
procured through a transparent and open procurement system.
Airport
Port
Roads
Urban
Developments
PPP
Energy
Tourism
Railways
Health Care
PPP Engagement Models in India:
1 BOT-Toll (Build Operate Transfer – Toll)

2 BOOT (Build Operate Own Transfer)
3 Joint Venture (JV)
4 Management Contract (MC)
5 BOOST (Build Operate Own Share Transfer)
E-Tendering System:
• An electronic tendering solution facilitates the complete tendering process from the
advertising of the requirement through to the placing of the contract.
• This includes exchange of all relevant documents in electronic format.
• It offers an opportunity for automating most of the tendering process such as preparing
a tender specification, advertising, tender aggregation, to the evaluation and placing of
the contract.
• Allows contractor to download and upload tender documents online, track the status of
tenders and receive mail alerts.
• Tender process cycle is significantly shortened.
QUANTITY SURVEYING AND CONTRACTS MANAGEMET (15CV81) MODULE-5
MODULE-5
CONTRACT MANAGEMENT POST AWARD
Contract Management- Post Award:
5.1 Performance security:

Performance security includes performance bonds provided by a bank or Insurance
Company, retention funds and performance guarantee by a surety. In construction industry, a
performance bond is used to provide security in various situations. Commonly, these
performance points are used to provide security in respect to contractor’s performance during
contract period. Thus a performance Bond protects the client from the risk of a contractor failing
to fulfil its contractual obligation to the client. Guarantee to the contractor that the project will
be e satisfactorily completed.
There are two main types of performance Bonds.
1) On demand: This means that the bond, are the amount payable under the performance bond
is payable to the client requesting such payment. There is no requirement to show that the
contractor is in Breach of its obligation.
2) Conditional: This means that the bond is payable only after the occurrence of a prescribed
event. Usually, this is triggered by a default committed by the contractor such as a delay by the
contractor to complete the work by the stipulated period or a failure to rectify the defects after
the completion of works.
The client is better protected if the performance Bond lasts until the end of the defects
liability period when the final certificate is issued. Performance bonds may be represent around 5
to 10% of the contract value.
5.2 Mobilization and equipment advances:

Mobilisation advance payment are payments of funds to supplier or contractor before
Anticipation of, and for the purpose of performance under the contract. The basic purpose is to
extend financial assistance within the terms to the contractor to mobilize the man and material
resources for timely and take off the project or procurement of equipment material and other
service contact.
Mobilization advance is a kind of payment to the supplier for contractor.
5.3 Liquidated damages and bonus:

Liquidated damage is an amount of compensation payable by a contractor to the owner or
to the government due to delayed construction having no relationship with real damage. If the
contractor fails to complete the works within the time prescribed in the tender then the
contractor shall pay to the owner or to the government the sum stated in the tender as liquidated
damages.
Liquidated damages or an amount of money, agreed upon by the parties at the time of
contract signing that established the damages that can be recovered in the event a party e
breaches the contract. The Amount is supposed to reflect the best estimate of actual damages
when the party's Sign the contract. In construction, the damages frequently the failure to
complete the work on time
Liquidated damage class can provide many benefits:
1) When setting a predetermined amount of damages, it allows both parties chance to negotiate
and settle on a number they feel both its fair and reasonable.
2) In the event of breach the owner can immediately calculate the damage without going
through to the trouble of actual damages.
3) This allows the contractor to chart out the level of risk involved, and schedule appropriately.
4) Amount must be used as compensation not as a penalty.
5) The amount must be liquidated that is agreed upon advance.
Time limit for completion:

If the contractor cannot complete the work due to you having some unavailable problem in
the execution or any other ground the contractor shall give any immediate report of such
incidence to the Engineer in charge .He can apply for extension of time in writing to the
Engineer in charge. The Engineer in charge may grant such extension of time on reasonable
grounds for few days.
Security Deposit:
It is deducted from the running account bills, as funds available to client for any repair of
the work during the defect liability period (if the contractor fails to rectify the mistakes)
As the project is being executed, it has to be executed as per the procedure of contract.
The contractor is responsible for ensuring the quality of the project and ensuring 30 need effect
occurs the execution must be rectified by the contractor without any extra cost.
In order to ensure that the contractor as to rectified and if he would not able to do that the
client must execute that but cost must be able to recover from the contractor and security deposit
is the basis for that.
The money is refunded to contractor after this defect liability period has lapsed.
5.4 MEASUREMENT BOOK
Importance:
➢ Measurement book is the initial record of all kinds of works.
➢ Measurement books are the basis of all accounts of quantities of work done by contractor
and materials purchased for specific work.
➢ They must be maintained accurate and kept carefully so that they may be produced in a court
of law as evidence.
5.4.1 THE
RULES TO BE FOLLOWED IN RECORDING MEASUREMENT
BOOK:
The following are important points kept in mind while taking, recording inmeasurement
book:
a. The measurement should be recorded by engineer in charge to whom the measurement book
has been issued.
b. The measurement of work should be taken accurately and recorded neatly for different items
in respective columns.
c. Measurements should be recorded neatly and directly, in the Measurement book at the site
of the work.
d. For materials supply, quantities received are measured by weighing or counting and recorded
in the measurement book.
e. All measurement should be taken using the steel or metallic tape and entered in ink directly
in the measurement book.
f. Copying the measurement book from the note book should be strictly avoided.
g. Erasing or reentering are not allowed, the mistakes should be crossed out and correct entry
done should be attested by dated initials of Engineer who has taken the measurement.
h. When any measurement is cancelled, then cancellation should be attested by dated initials
of officer and reason for cancellation should be mentioned.
i. All measurements should be done continuously without leaving any blank page. If blank page
is left out by mistake that should be cancelled by drawing the diagonal lines attested with dated
initials.
j. The person recording the measurement shall put his signature at the end of the measurements
book certifying "measured by me".
k. Each measurement book should be provided with an index and kept up-to-date.
l. When measurements are entered for running contract, a reference to the last set of
measurements, should be duly entered in the measurement book.
5.4.2 PRE-MEASUREMENT
Generally the measurement of the work is taken after the construction at the finishing
stage, but for certain items of work the measurements are taken before their actual completion
because it may not possible to check such items after the completion of the works, such
measurements are known as premeasurement
Example:
i. Reinforced concrete work The Steel bars/reinforcement gets embedded inside the concrete
hence it is necessary to premeasure the steel bars/reinforcement to know the size and spacing
of bars provided in the form work before placing the concrete.
ii. Clearance of jungle the construction of road work, it is necessary to clear the shrubs of plants
before the road work is started. So area of jungle to be cleaned is pre-measured before the
clearance of site is started. iii. During the construction of road, the materials like the stone
aggregate and the gravel can't be counted after spreading on the road surface. These materials
are stocked at the site of the road and measurement is taken.
5.4.3 PAYMENT OF BILLS

When a contractor has executed a work as per contract, he is paid with reference to the
submitted bills. Bill: It is the account of work done or materials supplied. It contains full
particulars like total amount, amount due and agreement number is also mentioned.
5.4.4 VOUCHER
It is the return document as a proof of payment. After the preparation of bill the payment is
made and the bill is checked, duly acknowledged by payee who affixes his signature on a
revenue stamp. After the payments are made a voucher becomes the document.
5.4.5 MODES OF PAYMENT

Payments to contractors are made in a variety elf modes:
i) Mobilization Advance
ii) First and Final payment
iii) Final payment
iv) Intermediate payment
v) Advance payment
vi) Secured advance payment
i) Mobilization Advance :
The mobilization advance is an amount paid to the contractor prior to the execution of
work. Since these payments are not measured by contract performance, they differ from partial
payments which are based on actual performance of tasks in furtherance of the contract. The
basic purpose of mobilization advance payment is to extend financial assistance within the terms
of contact to the contractor to mobilize the man and material resources for timely and smooth
take off of the project or procurement of the equipment material or other services of contact.
Mobilization advance is a kind of payment to the supplier or contractor, primarily extended as
financial assistance within the terms of contracts.
ii) First and Final Payment:

This is the single payment made for a job on its completion. This is applicable only for
small works. Small miscellaneous works can be given to a contractor by client without callingfor
tenders by executing a written understanding at rates within the schedule of rates. In such cases,
he can pass the bill and make a single payment for the completed work/ contract. This isknown as
First and Final payment.
iii) Final Payment:
This refers to the payment made on running account to a contractor on the. Completion or
termination of his contract and in full settlement of the account.
iv) Intermediate Payment: This is the payment made on a running account to the contractor
for the work to be completed or materials to be supplied. This payment is done when only a
part of the whole work or supply has been done and the work or supply is in progress. The
contractor is paid time to time to the extent of completion of items of work. Running account
bills of measured works or supplies made is known as intermediate payment.
v) Advance Payment:
This is a payment made on the running account to the contractor for the work done or
supply of materials made by him, but not measured. The advance is adjusted through subsequent
bills in which the actual measurements have been taken. Advance payment is not generally
made to a contractor, but this can be done in exceptional cases when the work has sufficiently
progressed (but, for which measurements cannot be taken) based on the certificate of the
Assistant Engineer in charge of the work. The value of the work done shall not be less than the
advance proposed to be made and detailed measurements shall be taken as soon as possible and
the advance payment adjusted in the final bill.

vi) Secured Advance Payment:
This represents an advance payment made on security of materials brought to the site of
work when the contract is for completed items of work. The advance amount not exceeding 70%
of the value of materials brought to the site.
The payment will be made only after clarifying the following
1) The quantities of materials actually being brought to the site.
2) The contractor has not received any advance for such materials.
3) The materials are in good condition and as per specification.
5.5 PREPARATION AND PAYMENT OF FINAL BILLS

Before a final bill is prepared, the entries in the 'M' book shall be scrutinized by the
Engineer In charge and arithmetical calculations duly certified by the head clerk. The rates shall
be checked with the contract document and the Engineer shall compare quantities in the bill with
the 'M' book before signing the same for submission to the office. In the office, the auditors shall
check the arithmetical accuracy again exercising the official formalities of checking recoveries,
etc. by carefully scrutinizing contractor's ledger; T and P hire charges register, etc. The
memorandum of payment is made up with all recoveries shown therein. Final bills in all cases
shall be based on detailed measurements only.
5.6 ADDITIONS AND ALTERATIONS OR VARIATIONS AND DEVIATIONS

A variation (sometimes referred to as a variation instruction, variation order or change
order), is an alteration to the scope of works in a construction contract in the form of an addition,
alteration or omission from the original scope of works.
Almost all construction projects vary from the original design, scope and definition.
Whether small or large, construction projects will inevitably depart from the original tender
design, specifications and drawings prepared by the design team. This can be because of
technological advancement, statutory changes or enforcement, change in conditions, geological
anomalies, non-availability of specified materials, or simply because of the continued
development of the design after the contract has been awarded. In large civil engineering
projects variations can be very significant, whereas on small building contracts they may be
relatively minor.
Variations may include:
➢ Alterations to the design
➢ Alterations to quantities.
➢ Alterations to quality.
➢ Alterations to working conditions.
➢ Alterations to the sequence of work.
Variations may also be deemed to occur if the contract documents do not properly
describe the works actually required.
➢ Variations may not (without the contractors consent):
➢ Change the fundamental nature of the works.
➢ Omit work so that it can be carried out by another contractor.
➢ Be instructed after practical completion.

➢ Require the contractor to carry out work that was the subject of a prime cost sum. In legal
terms, a variation is an agreement supported by consideration to alter some terms of the
contract. No power to order variation is implied, and so there must be express terms in contracts
which give the power instruct variations. In the absence of such express terms the contractor
may reject instructions for variations without any legal consequences. Standard forms of
contract generally make express provisions for the contract administrator (generally the
architect or engineer) to instruct variations. Such provisions enable the continued, smooth
administration of the works without the need for another contract. Variation instructions must
be clear as to what is and is not included, and may propose the method of valuation.
5.7 VALUATION OF VARIATIONS

Variations may give rise to additions or deductions from the contract sum. The valuation of
variations may include not just the work which the variation instruction describes, but other
expenses that may result from the variation, such as the impact on other aspects of the works.
Variations may also (but not necessarily) require adjustment of the completion date.
Variations may be valued by:

➢ Agreement between the contractor and the client.
➢ The cost consultant. A variation quotation prepared by the contractor and accepted by the
client. By some other method agreed by the contractor and the client.
Valuations of variations are often based on the rates and prices provided by the
contractor in their tender, provided the work is of a similar nature and carried out in similar
conditions. This is true, even if it becomes apparent that the rates provided by the contractor
were higher or lower than otherwise available commercial rates. If similar types of works to
those instructed by a variation cannot be found in the drawings, specification or bills of
quantities, then fair valuation of the contractor's direct costs, overheads and profit is necessary.
Further, if the contract administrator omits work from contractor's scope, such an omission must
be genuine: that is, the work omitted must be omitted from the contract entirely, it cannot be used
to take work away from the contractor to give it to another. Similarly, the contract administrator
is not empowered to order variations to help the contractor if the contract works are proving too
difficult or expensive for them. Many construction contracts allow the construction period to be
extended where there are delays that are not the contractor's fault. This is described as an
extension of time (EOT). Variations may (but do not necessarily) constitute relevant events that
can merit an extension of time and so adjustment of the completion date. See Extension of time
for more information.
5.8 BREACH OF CONTRACT

The contract binds the contractor and owner or department legally. The contractor should
follow the rules and regulations, by laws of the department and complete the work within the
specified period in agreement as per drawings and specifications. He should also obey the
instructions given by the department and it is also the responsibility of the departmentor owner to
see that the work done in time as per drawings and specifications and quality is also maintained.
If all the above specifications are not done by both the parties then it will lead to breach of
contract.
5.9 PENALTY ON CONTRACTOR

Penalty is a sort of fine imposed on contractor for non-fulfillment of the terms of
contract. Every contract agreement makes provision for penalizing a contractor whenever there is
a breach in the terms of agreement.
Slow progress: For slow progress the contractor may be penalized with 1% of the cost of
construction per week and the maximum penalty shall not exceed 10% of the cost of contract.
Damages: In case of damages to the tools and plants, equipment’s, machinery, etc. taken by the
contractor, he will be asked to pay the repair charges of the equipment or will be directed to
replace the equipment.
Termination of Contract: The Executive engineer or the competent authority is empowered to
terminate the contract in case of bankruptcy or default of the contractor. An amount up to 10%
of the estimated cost is forfeited. If the contract is to be terminated a notice to that effect has to
be served on the contractor.
5.10 BLACK LISTING OF CONTRACTOR

➢ when the contractor cheats the Government.
➢ If he fails to satisfy the conditions laid down in the contract agreement.
➢ Refuses to work or runs away during the execution of the work.
➢ Executing work in poor and unsafe manner, even instructions are given by Engineer in-
charge.
➢ Not following labor laws. Then he will be disqualified from taking any further contracts in
the department. Such contractors are referred to as black listed contractor.
5.11 TIME EXTENSION OF CONTRACT
If the contractor cannot complete the work due to having been unavoidably hindered in its
execution or any other ground; the contractor shall give an immediate report of such hindrance
to the Engineer-in Charge. He can then apply for extension of time in writing to the Engineer-in-
Charge within seven days of the date of completion. The Engineer-in Charge may grant such
extension of time on reasonable grounds.
5.12 TERMINATION OF CONTRACT

The contract agreement may be terminated in the following conditions:
➢ Bankruptcy: If both or one of the parties become bankrupt the contract may be terminated
since the work cannot be completed due to lack of funds.
➢ Breach of conditions: If one party fails to follow the conditions mentioned in the contract
then the other party has every right to terminate the contract and can also claim for damages
done to him through court of law or through arbitration.
➢ Impossibility to complete work: Due to valid reasons it may not be possible to complete
the job which is partially completed. For example, the land may be acquired by the government
or floods may drown the land etc. In all such cases the contract is terminated as it is impossible
to complete the work. The damages to the contractor shall be made good by the owner or the
department as the case may be.

➢ Agreement: Due to extraordinary circumstances it may become necessary to terminate the
contract by mutual agreement. For example the owner or contra... to: may expire and no other
person may be there to fulfill the agreement.
➢ Completion of the work: If the work is completed satisfactorily as per the conditions in the
agreement then also the contract is terminated after making the final payment to the contractor
and releasing his security deposit.
To terminate a contract, a registered notice is served on the contractor framing; charges against
him for violation of the clause or clauses of the terms and conditions of contract allowing a fixed
time of usually 7 days or 14 days. In case, the contractor fails to defend him or the notice remains
un replied the contract can be terminated by the owner.
5.13 ESCALATION
The completion period for big project works is usually long and the cost of materials and
labor becomes more and more day by day. It is therefore difficult for a contractor to predict the
future cost of materials at the time of submission of his tender. The result is that a contractor does
not find interest to carry out the work-due to high rise of basic cost. Thus, progress of many
important works is hampered. In order to overcome such drawbacks many departments, provide
the price escalation clause in the tender. On the other-hand, many contractors incorporate such a
condition at the time of submission of their tenders. Escalation clause includes basic price of the
important materials (such as Cement, Steel, Wood, etc.) which directly affect the cost of
construction and excess amount to be paid by owner if cost of materials increased above basic
price.
5.14 SETTLEMENT OF ACCOUNT OR FINAL PAYMENT
After the works are completed in all respects, the engineer accurately prepares the final
amount of the works and then, after deducting all previous payments, the owner pays the final
amount to the contractor.
The usual provisions to be made under this clause will be as follows:
1. The period to be given to the engineer for the preparation of the final bill is usually a fortnight
to one month.
2. The period to be given to the owner for paying the final amount is usually a fortnight to one
month
3. There is mention of certain percentage of amount during maintenance period, if any. A typical
clause can be framed as follows: After acceptance of the works under this contract, the engineer
shall prepare a final estimate of the works as soon as practicable but within one month from
the date of such acceptance and the engineer shall give a certificate of final payment to the
contractor. The owner, after receipt of such certificate from the contractor, shall pay the entire
sum within one month after deducting all previous payments, other dues, etc. One-half of the
retained amounts shall be paid along with the final payment while the other half shall be paid
at the end of the maintenance period.
5.15 CLAIMS
In the context of a civil engineering contract normally a claim means a demand by a
contractor for payment of an item or items of work carried out by him on behalf of the employerfor
which a readily identifiable amount cannot be ascertained under the terms of the contract. Such a
claim is always made upon the employer but under standard forms of contract it is first
considered by the engineer and, should his decision be disputed, it is adjudicated by arbitration or
in the courts of law.
5.16 DELAY'S AND COMPENSATION

Delay in construction projects can be defined as the time difference between the date of
project completion stated in the contract and the date of the actual completion.
A fundamental specification of the construction contract is the project period or time of
project execution, which is established prior to bidding.
The successes execution of construction projects and keeping them within estimated cost
and prescribed schedules depend upon a methodology that requires expert engineering
judgment.
Project completion for the owner means that he can make use of his new assets on timeby
habitation; renting, or selling. Any delay in project completion will disturb his plans. The client
will not be able to make use of the property, and his business will be affected in almost all areas,
especially finance.
For the contractor, any delay in completion of the project gives rise to indirect overhead
expenses and additional payments to the project staff and workforce. It also means that he will
possibly be subjected to compensation claims. .His next project might be cancelled as a result of
delays in the present project, and loss of future opportunities will be made more likely by
damage to his reputation and credibility. Construction contracts generally allow the construction
period to be extended where there is a delay that is not the contractor's fault. This is described as
an extension of time (EOT). When it becomes reasonably apparent that there is, or that there is
likely to be, a delay that could merit an extension of time, the contractor gives written notice to
the contract administrator identifying the relevant event that has caused the delay. If the contract
administrator accepts that the delay was caused by a relevant event, then they may grant an
extension of time and the completion date is adjusted.
Relevant events may include:
➢ Variations.
➢ Exceptionally adverse weather.
➢ Civil commotion or terrorism.
➢ Failure to provide information.
➢ Delay on the part of a nominated sub-contractor.
➢ Statutory undertaker's work.
➢ A delay in giving the contractor possession of the site.
➢ Force majeure (such as an epidemic or an 'act of God').
➢ Loss from a specified peril such as flood.
➢ The supply of materials and goods by the client. ➢ Strikes. ➢ Changes in statutory
requirements.
5.17 ARBITRATION
The actual conditions encountered in practice cannot always be foreseen by the parties
involved in a contract.
The problems may be technical, managerial, or financial in nature and they may be caused by
various factors such as follows:
➢ Accidents
➢ Delayed payments
➢ Faulty contract documents
➢ Inadequate programming
➢ Inefficient execution
➢ Late issue of drawings
➢ Poor communications
➢ Procurement delays
➢ Over-zealous supervision, etc.
Definition: The process by which the parties under a contract get their disputes and differences
settled through the intervention of an impartial person or a committee of experts in a judicial
manner is known as the arbitration. The impartial person or persons are known as the arbitrators.
Thus, the definition of arbitration includes the following three concepts:
1. It is the reference of disputes and differences by parties which are at least two in number.
2. Such reference is made to a person or persons other than court of law of competent
jurisdiction.
3. The person or persons determine the award in a judicial way after hearing the concerned
parties. In case of building contracts, a condition of contract pertaining to the arbitration is
invariably added for the settlement of disputes. The proceedings of arbitration are controlled in
India by the provisions of the Arbitration Act of 1940.
5.18 CONTRACT MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

Construction projects in India are worth crores of rupees per year. It is the most
competitive and risky business: The money involved in this sector is from public fund, so it
becomes very important to see that such projects get successful to avoid any type of blockage of
funds.
In addition it is equally important to complete the project in time to avoid obsolescence
loss of the product. In almost all construction projects, there is a contract between owner (client)
and contractor for desired product after successful completion of the construction project. Each
construction contract is unique and need unique understanding and interpretation as per the
contractual requirements.
Each contract carries a set of obligations to be performed by the parties involved in the
contract, so there is a need of contract administration. In current time, the projects are becoming
giant in size and more complex due to technological development, joint ventures and foreign
collaboration, specified needs, time constraints, special infrastructural requirements and parallel
involvement of various agencies in project.
Today construction industry is operating under high level of competition-and
profitability became the prime concern for all the contracting organizations.
The real strength of successful contracting parties lies in cooperation of the owner and
contractor as partners of the same team with common goal laying more stress on their mutual
trust and understanding, their positions are rarely equal and contracts are left open to multiple
interpretations. Hence, study of Contract Administration is necessary tool for completion of
project. It is said that efficient and effective contract administration will reduce the cost of
project by 10%.
Contracting is an integral part of construction projects. Managing the contracts therefore
is equally important for the success of any business process due to rapid increase in multiple
contracts.
The appropriate procedures of settlement of dispute in a civil engineering contract are as
follows:
1. Appointment of the Arbitrator:

The contractor should submit his/her settlement of facts containing in detail his/her
grievances and claims against the respondent within the period of limitation of 90 days. On
receipt of request from a contractor for the appointment of an arbitrator, the Executive Engineer
/Superintending Engineer should examine the above facts and also whether the claim of the
contractor is time barred and falls within the preview of the arbitration clause. The
Superintending Engineer should then send his/her report to the chief engineer for his/her final
orders. The Chief Engineer shall then appoint an arbitrator. In the absence of the chief engineerthe
administrative head of the department, the chief engineer should process the case so as to
appoint an arbitrator within at least 30 days from the receipt of such a request. Preparation and
Submission of a Case for Arbitration:
(a) When an arbitrator is appointed he/she usually calls a preliminary meeting. In the
meeting, the arbitrator directs the claimant or contractor to submit his/her statement of facts
containing in detail his/her grievances and claims against the respondents, within a specified
date. This statement is accompanied with copies of all documents, correspondences,
agreements, bills, drawings, vouchers, etc., which the claimant wants to highlight in
justifying his/her claims. One copy of the statement of facts is also forwarded to the
respondent. Next, the arbitrator, directs the respondent to submit his/her counter statement of
facts within a specified date.
(b) The respondent who is usually the Executive Engineer takes prompt action to prepare the
defense duly supported by adequate documentary evidence and witness to the Superintending
Engineer and the department counsel, as may be necessary, expeditiously so as to reach the
arbitrator by the date and within the time specified by him. One copy of the counter statement
of facts is also forwarded to the claimant.
2. Hearing of the Case:

The case thereafter proceeds as per the provision in the Act. In conduction, the case
sittings are held one after another. The statement facts are read by the claimant's representative,
mainly a legal practitioner elucidating salient points in the claim. Certified copies of letters,
agreements, documents, bills, drawings, site instruction book, etc., are produced by the claimant
to make the case strong.
If the respondent so wants, the arbitrator can give permission to cross examine the
witness. After the claimant completes his/her pleading against the statement of facts filled by
him, the arbitrator directs the respondent to proceed with his/her pleadings as per counter
statement filed by him.
In course of the pleadings, the respondent's representative too also produces copies of
documents, agreements, and drawings, correspondence, etc., conductive to his/her counter
statement for strengthening his/her case. He/She also produces witnesses to support the counter
statement if deemed necessary.
After completion of the pleadings of both the parties, each party is given the permission to
argue his/her case on the basis of the findings in course of the sittings held in the case.
The arbitrator hears the pleadings and the argument of both the parties and scrutinizes
and examines all documents and papers produced in course of the sittings. He/She then closesthe
case and publishes the award. In accordance with the relevant clause, the case has to be
completed within a period of four months from the date the arbitrator first entered into reference.
3. Issue of the Award:

When the arbitrator has made his/her award, he/she shall sign it and shall give notice in
writing to parties of the making and signing thereof and the amount of fees and charges payable in
respect of the arbitration and the award. The award should always be obtained on the non
judicial stamped paper. The authority of an arbitrator ceases as soon as the award is made and no
action of the parties by way of consent or otherwise would give the arbitrators to make a second
award. When some money is payable to the party, he/she should first supply, to the arbitrator,
a stamped paper of appropriate value as may be asked for by the arbitrator according to amount of
the award, as per the rules of the state.
4. Filing of Award:
After the award is written on the stamped paper, it should be examined for its
acceptability by the party. Once it is decided to accept the award, immediate action should be
taken to have the award made a rule of the court by taking necessary steps before the court by
either party. If the reference was made by the court, the arbitrators or umpires should file the
award in the court. In case the reference made by the parties is out of court, the arbitrators or the
umpires should give notice of the same to the parties as soon as the award is made. They shall
file the award in court if so requested by the parties. If the arbitrators do not file in court, any of
the parties may move the court requiring the arbitrators or the umpires to file the award in the
court. An application for this purpose should be made within thirty days from the date of service
of the notice of making the award. An award will not be bad if it was made before, butfiled after
the date fixed by the court. In arbitrations out of court the award need not necessarily be filed in
court to give validity to it.
5. Effect In Case the Award is not Filed:

A party can enjoy the effect of an arbitration award determined by moving an application
to that effect in the court. But no suit can be filed for a decision upon the extensity, effect, or
validity of an award. An arbitration award cannot be set aside, amended, modified or in any way
affected otherwise than as provided in the Act. A suit cannot therefore be filed to enforce an
award or to obtain a relief on the basis of an award, in case the award has been acted upon by the
parties, even though it was filed in court. The party in house favor the award is given will take
steps to get it made the rule of the court. In case the award is not acceptable to a party, steps
should be taken to file objections against the application for filling of the award in the court
according to law.
5.19 CONTRACT MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

Construction projects in India are worth crores of rupees per year. It is the most
competitive and risky business; The money involved in this sector is from public fund, so it
becomes very important to see that such projects get successful to avoid any type of blockage of
funds.
In addition it is equally important to complete the project in time to avoid obsolescence
loss of the product. In almost all construction projects, there is a contract between owner (client)
and contractor for desired product after successful completion of the construction project. Each
construction contract is unique and need unique understanding and interpretation as per the
contractual requirements.
Each contract carries a set of obligations to be performed by the parties involved in the
contract, so there is a need of contract administration. In current time, the projects are becoming
giant in size and more complex due to technological development, joint ventures and foreign
collaboration, specified needs, time constraints, special infrastructural requirements and parallel
involvement of various agencies in project. Today construction industry is operating
under high level of competition and profitability became the prime concern for all the
contracting organizations.
The real strength of successful contracting parties lies in cooperation of the owner and
contractor as partners of the same team with common goal laying more stress on their mutual
trust and understanding, their positions are rarely equal and contracts are left open to multiple
interpretations. Hence, study of Contract Administration is necessary tool for completion of
project. It is said that efficient and effective contract administration will reduce the cost of
project by 10% Contracting is an integral part of construction projects. Managing the contracts
therefore is equally important for the success of any business process due to rapid increase in
multiple contracts.

Contract Management: All activity that occurs in the contracting process. Monitoring and
supervision is crucial
Contract Administration: The management of all actions, after the award of a contract that
must be taken to assure compliance with contract. The act of managing duties, responsibilities, or
rules is administration.
"Contract Administration" is a process of carrying out construction work in a planned manner on
behalf of the appointee. Construction work includes detailed planning, feasibility study etc. from
the every stage of project.

The objective of Contract Administration is developing better relationship between

owner and contractor by reducing conflicts/arbitration.
Contract Management and administration involves making decisions and the timely flow
of information and decisions to enable completion of the project as required by the contract
documents including review and observation of the construction project. This is important to the
client, contractor and consultant not only to determine that the work is proceeding in conformity
with the contract documents, but also because it allows a final opportunity to detect any
inaccuracies, ambiguities or inconsistencies in the design.
Contract Management could be defined as a multi-stage process that goes on through the
entire duration of the contract and ensures that the parties meet their contractual obligations in
order to deliver the specific objectives provided in the contract.
The main purpose of contract management is to make sure that the objectives of the
contract (supply of goods, delivery of services or execution of works) are met in a timely fashion
and value for money is achieved. In practice this means optimizing the efficiency of the
processes, balancing costs and risks against returns and ideally aiming for a continuous
improvement in performance over the life of the contract. Figure below shows the contract
administration and management process.

VALULATION:
5.20 Technical terms
1. Expenditure: The whole amount can be spent during the financial year or not.
2. Capital cost: Total cost including all the expenditure incurred from beginning to the
completion of a work.
3. Provisional sum: Estimate of bill quantities for some special work to be done by a specialist
firm whose details are known at the time of preparation of estimate.
4. Rate of cost: The cost per unit of subhead which is arrived at by dividing the up-to date final
charges on a sub-head by its up-to-date progress.
5. Premium: The tendered percentage rate above the notified rates.
6. Rebate: The tendered percentage rate below the notified rates.
7. Plinth area: It is a covered area of a building measured at floor level. It is measured by
taking external dimensions excluding plinth offset if any.
8. Rates: Rates followed are of sanctioned schedule of rates or non-scheduled, this Fact is to
be mentioned under this sub – head.
9. Contingencies: Incidental expenses of miscellaneous character which cannot be classified
approximately under any distinct sub-head, but is added in the cost of construction necessarily.
10. Valuation: Valuation is the technique of estimating or determining the fair price or value
of a property such as building, a factory, other engineering structure of various types,
land…etc.
11. Salvage value: it is the value at the end of its useful life without being dismantled. This is
generally accounted by deducting the depreciation from its new cost.
12. Sinking fund: The fund is gradually accumulated by way of periodic on annual deposit for
the replacement of the building or structure at the end of its useful life.
13. Depreciation: Depreciation is the gradual exhaustion of a usefulness of a property.
Decrease or loss in the value of a property due to its structural deterioration use, life wear and
tear, decay and obsolescence.
14. Scrap value: Scrap value of dismantled material. For a building when the life is over at the
end of its utility period the dismantled materials such as steel, brick, Timber etc. will fetch a
certain amount which is the scrap value of the building. The scrap value of a building maybe
about 10% of the total cost of construction.
15. Market Value: The market value of a property is the amount which can be obtained at any
particular time from the open market if the property is put for sale. The market value will differ
from time to time according to demand and supply.
The market value also changes from time to time for various miscellaneous reasons such
as changes in industry, changes in fashions, means of transport, cost of materials and labour etc.
16. Book Value: Book value is the amount shown in the account book after allowing necessary
depreciations. The book value of a property at a particular year is the original cost minus the
amount of depreciation allowed per year and will be gradually reduced year to year and at the
end of the utility period of the property, the book value will be only scrap value.
17. Capital cost: Capital cost is the total cost of construction including land, or the original
total amount required to possess a property. It is the original cost and does not change while
the value of the property is the present cost which may be calculated by methods of Valuation.

18. Capitalized Value of a Property: The capitalized value of a property is the amount of
money whose annual interest at the highest prevailing rate of interest will be equal to the net
income from the property. To determine the capitalized value of a property, it is required to
know the net income from the property and the highest prevailing rate of interest.
Therefore, Capitalized Value = Net income x year’s purchase
19. Annuity: Annuity is the annual periodic payment for repayment of the capital amount
invested by a party.
20. Obsolescence: The value of property structure becomes less by it's becoming out of date
in style, in structure, in design etc. and this is termed as obsolescence. An outdated building
with massive walls, arrangements of rooms not suited in present days and for similar
reasons become absolute even if it is maintained in a very good condition and its value becomes
less. The obsolescence maybe due to the reason such as progress in Arts, changes in functions,
changes in Planning ideas, new inventions improvement in design techniques.
Obsolescence may be”
1. Internal obsolescence due to:
i) Poor, odd or eccentric original design
ii) Change in kind of construction
iii) Change in utility demand.
2. External obsolescence is:
i) Poor original location,
ii) Change in the character of the district,
iii) Specific detrimental influences, such as due to construction of factories, stock-yard,
traffic locations and noises, etc.
iv) Zoning laws.
21. YEAR’S PURCHASE (Y.P): Year's purchase is defined as the capital sum required to be
invested in order to receive an annuity of '1.00 at certain rate of interest.
5.21 OBJECTS / PURPOSE OF VALUATION

1. Buying or Selling Property: When it is required to buy or sell a property, its valuation is
required.
2. Taxation: To assess the tax of a property, its valuation is required. Taxes may be municipal
tax, wealth tax, Property tax etc., and all the taxes are fixed on the valuation of the property.
3. Rent Function: In order to determine the rent of a property, valuation is required. Rent is
usually fixed on the certain percentage of the amount of valuation which is 6% to 10% of
valuation.
4. Security of loans or Mortgage: When loans are taken against the security of the property,
its valuation is required.

5. Compulsory acquisition: Whenever a property is acquired by law; compensation is paid to

the owner. To determine the amount of compensation, valuation of the property is required.
Valuation of a property is also required for Insurance, Betterment charges, speculations
Etc.
5.22 SINKING FUND: The fund which is gradually accumulated by way of periodic or annual
deposit for the replacement of the building or structure at the end of its useful life is termed as
Sinking fund.
A certain amount of gross income is set aside periodically or annually normally as
sinking fund to accumulate total cost of construction when the life of the building is over.
The calculation of Sinking fund depends on the life of the building and scrap value of the
building. The cost of land is not taken into account in calculating Sinking fund as land remains
intact.
The amount of annual instalment of the Sinking fund may be found out by the formula
S = Total amount of Sinking fund to be accumulated

n = Number of years required to be accumulate the sinking fundi =
rate of interest in decimal (E.g.: 7% = 0.07) and
I = annual instalment required.
5.23 DEPRECIATION
Depreciation may be defined as the decrease or loss in the value of a property due to
structural deterioration, use, life wear and tear, decay and obsolescence. The value of a building or
structure will be gradually reduced due to its use, life, wear & tear, etc., and a certain percentage
of the total cost may be allowed as depreciation to determine the present value.
The present value of a property can be calculated after deducting the total amount of
depreciation from the original cost.
Types of depreciation:
1. Physical depreciation:
i. Wear and tear from operation.
ii. Decrepitude i.e. action of time and the elements.
2. Functional depreciation:
i. Inadequacy or suppression.
ii. Obsolescence.
3. Contingent depreciation: .
i. Accidents (due to negligence, the elements and structural defects).
ii. Diseases (parasites, pollution of water, etc.).
iii. Diminution of supply (natural gas, water, etc.).
5.23.1 Methods of calculating depreciation:
The various methods of calculating depreciation are as follows:
1. Straight-line method.
2. Constant percentage method or declining balance method.
3. Sinking fund method.

4. Quantity survey method.
1. Straight line method: In this method the property is assumed to lose value by a constant
amount every year, and thus a fixed amount of original cost is deducted every .year, so that at
the end of utility period only the scrap value is left.
Where C = original cost, Sc. = scrap value, n = life of the property in years.
2. Constant percentage method: In this method the property is assumed to lose value annually
at a constant percentage of its value.
By constant percentage method at the end of the first year the value of the property = C (1-p), at
the end of second year = C (1-p) 2 and so on.
The above formula does not hold good .for the scrap value, S is zero.
3. Sinking fund method: In this method the depreciation of property is assumed to be equal
to the annual sinking fund plus the interest on the fund for that year, which is supposed to be
invested on interest on interest bearing investment.
i = Rate of interest expressed in decimals.
4. Quantity survey method: In this method the property is studied in detail and loss value due
to life, wear and tear, decay, obsolescence, etc. worked out. Only experienced valuer can work
out the amount of depreciation and present value of a property by this method.

5.24 Year’s Purchase

Year’s purchase is defined as the capital sum required to be invested in order to receive a net
receive a net annual income as an annuity of rupee one at a fixed rate of interest.
The capital sum should be 1×100/rate of interest.
Thus to gain an annual income of Rs x at a fixed rate of interest, the capital sum
should be x (100/rate of interest).
But (100/rate of interest) is termed as Year’s Purchase.
The multiplier of the net annual income to determine the capital value is known as the
Year’s Purchase (YP) and it is useful to obtain the capitalized value of the property.
5.25 VALUATION OF BUILDING

Valuation of a building depends upon the type of the building, its structure and
durability, size, shape, width, width of roadways, the quality of material used in construction,
etc. A building located in the market area will have higher value than similar building in the
residential area. Building area having sewer, water' supply and electricity will have increase
value.
The valuation of building is determined on working out its cost of construction at present
day rate and allowing a suitable depreciation. Before valuation, the age of the building should be
obtained from record or by enquiries or from visual inspection and its future life should be
ascertained.
5.25.1 METHODS OF VALUATION
The following methods are usually followed for determination of Fair Market Value of theproperty
i) Land and building method
ii) Composite rate method
iii) Rent capitalization method
iv) Development method

v) Profit method
vi).Depreciation Method of Valuation
i. Land and Building Method

As the name indicates, in this method the value of land is added to the value of structureto
arrive at the fair market value of the property.
The method is generally adopted in the following situations:
➢ In the case of self-occupied property.
➢ In the case of property partly self-occupied (i.e. more than 60%) and balance tenanted.
➢ In the case where it is not possible to obtain fair and maintainable rent.
➢ In case where there is no direct evidence of rent such as schools and hospitals etc.
➢ In the case where the property is not fully developed, or the return from the property is not
commercial.
In this method, fair market value of land and depreciated value of the building on it together
gives the final value of property.
ii. Composite rate method

Composite rate method represents rate per unit area of building along with the
proportionate share of land. This method is used for residential apartments and commercial
complexes. Composite Rate has two components, i.e. proportionate land components and
building component. Land component is the deciding factor in apartment’s valuation. Location
land value, amenities provided by developer and specifications of land are necessary in
computation of composite rate. Further in case of old building/flat land component is added to
depreciated value to calculate the composite rate.
iii. Rent Capitalization Method

In this method the net rental income is calculated after deducting all outgoings from the
gross rent and year's purchase is calculated after adopting the current bank interest.
Thus to determine the fair market value of the property gross income per annum is to be
determined. From this income all the outgoings which are essential to be incurred for
maintenance are to be deducted to find out the net rent or annual letting value.
Then valuation of a property is worked out by multiplying the net rental income by year's
purchase.
This method is generally adopted to in the following situations : -
➢ In case the land is fully developed i.e. it has been put to full use legally permissible and
economically justifiable and the income out the property is normal commercial and not a
controlled return or a return depreciated on account of special circumstances.
➢ In the case of fully tenanted property and statutory control or terms and conditions of
tenancy.
➢ In the case of a property small portion of which is self-occupied and balance large portion
is tenanted.

➢ In the case of commercial establishment like cinemas and hotels, if the building is given on
outright lease / rental basis and rent fetched is reasonable.
iv. Development Method

This method of valuation is used for the properties which are in the undeveloped stage or
partly developed and partly undeveloped stage. The valuation in such a case depend on initial
investment, development cost and expected profit.
This method of valuation of large extent of land is adopted in the following situations.
➢ when the comparable sales of large tracts are not available but sales of small plot are
available.
➢ When the land is ripe for use for building purpose it possess necessary potentialities for
urban use.
The complete procedure to determine the fair market value of the large tracts of land, under this
method can divided into the following steps.
➢ Ascertain the demand for small plots in the area.
➢ Determine the area of land required for development work as per municipal bye laws.
Deduct this area from the total area of the plot so as to ascertain the area available for
development of small size plots. By rough estimation it works out to 20 to 25% of the total
area.
➢ Determine the number of small plots which can be legally formed out from the large tract
of land with necessary provisions for infrastructure facilities.
➢ Determine the cost of development works such as cost in of construction of road as per
municipal specifications with street lights, cost of laying parks, underground drains, water
supply lines, sewer lines, electric lines and substation, earth fitting or cutting, cross drainage
works and municipal taxes on open land. As the total amount of development is not paid to the
contractor at the commencement of work so defer it for half of the period of construction at
certain rate of interest say to 12%. Let the value be (A).
➢ Ascertain the total sale price of all the small plots of scheme on the valuation date from the
comparable sales of small developed plots. As all these small plots cannot be sold at one time,
so estimate the time of disposal of all the plots and defer the total sale price for half of the
period of the sale @ 10% to 12%. Let it be of (B).
➢ From the sale price (B) deduct the following.
(i) Present value of the cost of development for half of the period of development (A) along
with architect or engineers fee for his supervision and getting the scheme approved.
(ii) Incidental charges such as cost of stamps, registration legal cost, cost of advertisement etc..
Normally it is 8 to 10% of (B). If the cost of stamp, registration and legal cost is to be borne by
the purchaser then this percentage should be modifier accordingly.
(iii) Developer's profit and risk 15% of (B).
➢ This amount available after above deductions from (B) will represent the fair market value
of the large undeveloped plot on the date of valuation.

V. Profit method:
In the case of Hotels, Motels, Cinemas, Public houses which falls under the category of the
Licensed premises, the fair market value (F.M.V) depends primarily on the earning capacity ofthe
property. The F.M.V. of such properties is determined by applying profit method provided.
➢ The owner runs Hotel, Cinema himself.
➢ The owner gives Hotel or Cinema on conducting agreement to a conductor. The F.M.V. of
the property is determined by capitalizing the net profits (70% tangible + 30% intangible) at
certain rate of expenses, owners risk and other outgoings from the gross income.
VI. Depreciation Method of Valuation

According to this method of Valuation, the building should be divided into four parts:
1. Walls
2. Roofs
3. Floors
4. Doors and Windows
And the cost of each part should first be worked out on the present day rates by detailed
measurements.
The present value of land and water supply, electric and sanitary fittings etc. should be
added to the valuation of the building to arrive at total valuation of the property. Depreciation is
the gradual exhaustion of the usefulness of a property. This may be defined as the decrease or
loss in the value of a property due to structural deterioration, life wear and tear, decay and
obsolescence.

5.25.2. Factors affecting valuation

The valuation of property varies from time to time. Factors affect the market value of
property are as follows.
1. Forces of Demand and Supply: When there are few buyers as compared to a number of
properties available for sale in a locality, it will result in low prices for the property and vice-
versa.
2. Rise in Population: The rise in population is due to the growth of new industries in a
particular area or influx or manipulation i by brokers will result in a heavy demand for land,
building, and property.
3. Cost of Construction: The present cost of construction affects the value due to rapid
changes in price index in comparison with the rate of depreciation.
4. Rent Control Act: The value of a property is calculated from its probable income through
rent. But the rental value of a tenanted property in areas subject to Rent Control Act may not
reflect the value of a similar property unencumbered by tenancy as rents are artificially freeze
while the price of land, labour, and building materials rise continuously. This may cause a slump
in property values.
5. Imposition of Control of Prices of Building Materials: The imposition of control of prices
of building materials will cause violent fluctuation in the prices of building materials and the
value of the building will vary by an appreciable amount from time to time.
6. Rent Restriction Act: The value of a property is calculated from its probable annual income
through rent and so due to certain enactment of the Rent Restriction Act by the government, it
may cause the slump in the property values.
7. Improvement by Public Schemes: Taking up any public service scheme such as sewer line,
water line, means of transport, etc., to an area lacking in modern. Amenities will tend to make
that area more attractive and will be closely followed by an increase in land value. Even a
proposal to bring a sewer line to an unanswered area or even before the roads are made and
services installed, a mere proposal will cause rise in the value of property in that area.
8. Interest on Schedule Banks or. Government Securities: Lower the schedule bank interest
or government security, higher may be the interest for making more money available for
investment in property and vice-versa.
9. Abnormal Socio-Political Condition: Due to insecure conditions such as riots, war, etc.,
values may drop and remain so for, a considerable period.
5.26 MORTGAGE
An owner can borrow money against the security of his property, and for that purpose he
is required to grant an interest to the party advancing the loan. The loan is required to be
returned in specified time. The person who takes the loan is known as Mortgager and the person
who advances the loan is known as Mortgage and the relevant document for the mortgage
transaction is known as Mortgage deed.
5.27. FIXATION OF RENT

The rent of building is fixed on the basis of certain percentage of annual interest on the
capital coast and all possible annual expenditures on outgoings. The capital cost includes the
cost of construction of the building, the cost of sanitary and water supply work and the cost of
electrical installations and the cost of subsequent additions and alterations if any.
Gross rent = Net rent +Outgoings
Dividing the gross rent by 12, rent per month can be calculated.
5.27.1 FIXATION OF RENT

Capitalized value of the property can be known by any of the methods discussed earlier
and suitable value of year’s purchase is adopted according to the admissible rate of interest (8%
or any other fair rate).
Then,
Net income = capitalized value / year’s purchase
All possible outgoings are added to this net income which will give gross income from the
Property. Gross income or gross rent = Net rent + outgoings
The standard rent = (Gross Income / 12) per month.
Example:
(In Punjab / Haryana), standard rent is calculated on the capital cost of the residence and shallbe
either:
1. (a) A percentage equal to the rate of interest on the capital ( which includes the cost on
sanitary, water supply and electrical installation, fencing, boundary walls and service roads etc.
as fixed from time to time) value of a building. In addition, municipal and other taxes and the
expenditure for the maintenance of building are also realised, or
(b) 6%per annum of the capital value of a building constructed/ occupied after 1992 whichever is
less. Interest Maintenance Depreciation Sanitary and Water 6 %, 6 1/2 %, Supply Installation 5 %
ordinary repair11/2 % special repairs Electrical Installation 6 % 4 % 5 %
2. Municipal taxes etc. levied on the occupant will be payable to the occupant direct to the
authorities concerned in addition to the above rent calculations.
3. Generally the value of the land is excluded. If value of land to be considered a little less
percentage says 1 to 2 % on value of land be taken for calculation of standard rent.
PROBLEM: A building costing Rs. 3, 50,000/- has recently been constructed in a big city.
The plot measuring 450 sq. m was purchased @ Rs. 150/- per square meter. Work out the rent
of the property. Assume 8% as net return on the cost of the construction and 4 1/2 % on the
land value. All expected outgoing are Rs. 10000/- per year.
Solution:
(1) Cost of construction= Rs.3, 50,000/-
Value of land = 450 150= Rs. 67500/- Net
return:
1. On cost of construction
= Rs. 28000/-
2. On value of land = = 3037.50
Net return = Rs.28000/- + 3037.50
= Rs. 31037.50
Outgoing = Rs. 10000/-
Gross income = Rs. 31037.50/12 = Rs. 4320/-
Rent / month = 41037.50 / 12 = Rs. 4320/- (approx.)
2 A govt. accommodation is built at the cost of Rs. 60,000/- . The water supply and sanitary and
electrical installation expenditure is Rs. 15000/-. Calculate the standard rend of the building if the
following rate of return are fixed:
i. 6% on construction cost.
ii. 1 1/2 % towards maintenance of building work,
iii. 4 1/2 % on installation expenditure.
iv. 4% on maintenance of installation.
v. Rs. 120/- as property tax per year.
vi. Cost of land is be neglected.
Solution:
(a) (i) Return on construction cost = = Rs. 3600/-
(ii) Return on installation cost = = Rs. 675/-
(iii) Cost of maintenance of building = = Rs. 900/-
(iv) Cost of maintenance of installations = = Rs. 600/-
(v) Property tax = Rs. 120/-

Gross return = Rs.5895/-
Standard rent = Gross rent / 12 =
= Rs. 491.25 P.M. (Per Month).
b) Standard rent is also equal to 6% of capital value
Capital value
(1) Construction cost = Rs. 60,000.00
(2) Installation cost = Rs. 15,000.00
Total = Rs. 75000.00

Standard rent =
= 4500/- per year
= Rs. 375/- P.M.
Because the standard rent by (b) method is less and, therefore, the standard rent shall be Rs.
375/- P.M.







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Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 1

QUANTITY SURVEYING & CONTRACTS MANAGEMENT

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 2

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 3

Estimate: An estimate is a computation or calculation of the quantities required and

The estimates may be divided in to the following categories:-

1. Preliminary or Approximate estimate.

1. Preliminary or Approximate estimate

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 4

The following documents should be attached with it.

2. Plinth area Estimate (Based on Rough Cost)

The following documents are attached with the estimate.

a) Line plan with brief specifications.

3. Cubic Contents Estimate (Based on Rough Cost)

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 5

Documents attached are as in No. 2

(Administrative approval is granted on rough cost estimate)

5. Annual repair estimate

(ii) In case of a road-filling patches, maintenance of berms etc.

6. Special repair estimate

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 6

The reason of increase may be:-

(i) In case of a building-opening of new doors, change of floors, plastering walls

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 7

Data required to prepare an estimate

1. Drawings i.e. Plans, elevations, sections etc.

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 8

1. For arriving at the unit rates of each item.

Main items of work

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 9

14. White washing or colour washing or distempering

A. Cement concrete quantity including centering & shuttering excluding steel

Units of measurements in metric system

Particulars of materials and

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 10

METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE

Method 1: INDIVIDUAL WALL METHOD

Short wall length in-to-in = centre to centre length – one breadth

Length of long wall centre to centre = 5 + ½ * 0.30 + ½ * 0.30 = 5.30 m

Length of short wall centre to centre = 4 + ½ * 0.30 + ½ * 0.30 = 4.30 m

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 11

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 12

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 13

Long wall c/c length = 4 + 6 + 0.30 + 2 * 0.30/2 = 10.60 m

Short wall c/c length = 6 + 2 * 0.30/2 = 6.30 m

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 14

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 15

Short walls 3 6.00 0.30 4.20 22.68 S = 6.30-0.30 = 6.00 m

Method 2: CENTRE LINE METHOD

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 16

Example 3: Solve Example 1 problem by Centre Line method

Total centre length of walls = AB + BC + CD + DA = 5.30 + 4.30 + 5.30 + 4.30 = 19.20 M

2 Concrete in foundation 1 19.20 0.90 0.30 5.18

1st class brickwork in

Example 4: Solve Example 2 problem by Centre Line method

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 17

= 2 x 10.60 + 3 x 6.30 = 40.10 m

Thus the quantity of earthquake in excavation

= [Total centre length – (2x1/2 breadth)] x breadth x depth

Department of Civil Engineering, SJB Institute of Technology 18

1st class brickwork in lime L = 40.10- 2 x

Estimation of quantities from both the methods will be exactly same.

Therefore, Sectional area = Bd + 21/2sd*d