Short and Long Vowels

/a/ is short and /ā/ is long. Same goes for the rest of the vowels:

 /a/ and /ā/

 /e/ and /ē/
 /i/ and /ī/
 /o/ and /ō/
 /u/ and /ū/

Let’s get started with those examples.

Aa

Short: /æ/ Long: /eɪ/

Short: “fat” Long: “fāte”

Ee

Short: /ɛ/ Long: /iː/

Short: “wet” Long: “whēat”

Ii

Short: /ɛ/ Long: /iː/

Short: “win” Long: “wīne”

Oo

Short: /ɒ/ Long: /oʊ/

Short: “bot” Long: “bōat”

Uu

Short: /ʌ/ Long: /juː/

Short: “cup” Long: “cūbe”

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PRACTICE

WRITE FIVE WORDS WITH THE SHORT AND FIVE WORDS WITH LONG
SOUND AND READ IT IN CLASS.

SHORT LONG

Aa

Ee

Ii

Oo

Uu

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BLESSING ENGLISH ACADEMY Pá gina 3
 Personal pronouns

number person Gender subject object

singular 1st male/ female I me

2nd male/ female you you

3rd Male he him

Female she her

Neuter it it

plural 1st male/ female we us

2nd male/ female you you

3rd male/ they them

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Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. We use them

depending on:

When we are talking about a single thing, we almost always use it. However,
there are a few exceptions. We may sometimes refer to an animal
as he/him or she/her, especially if the animal is domesticated or a pet. Ships
(and some other vessels or vehicles) as well as some countries are often
treated as female and referred to as she/her. Here are some examples:

 This is our dog Rusty. He's an Alsatian.

 The Titanic was a great ship but she sank on her first voyage.
 My first car was a Mini and I treated her like my wife.
 Thailand has now opened her border with Cambodia.

We often use it to introduce a remark:

 It is nice to have a holiday sometimes.

 It is important to dress well.
 It's difficult to find a job.
 Is it normal to see them together?
 It didn't take long to walk here.

We also often use it to talk about the weather, temperature, time and
distance:

 It's raining.
 It will probably be hot tomorrow.
 Is it nine o'clock yet?
 It's 50 kilometres from here to Cambridge

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PRACTICE

Write the personal pronouns in the pictures below

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 PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND VERB TO BE

I am I’m
You are You’re
He/She/It is He’s/She’s/It’s
We are We’re
You are You’re
They are They’re

INTERROGATIVE FORM
Am I ?
Are you ?
Is he/she/it ?
Are we ?
Are you ?
Are they ?
NEGATIVE FORM CONTRACTION FORM

I am not I’m not

You are not You aren’t
He/She/It is not He isn’t/She isn’t/It isn’t
We are not We aren’t
You are not You aren’t
They are not They aren’t

PRACTICE

WRITE THE FOLLOWINGS SENTECES IN NEGATIVE FORM

1.- SHE IS A WRITER

2.- WE ARE DOCTOR

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3.- THEY ARE STUDENTS

4.- HE IS A MECHANIC

5.- I AM THE TEACHER

6.- YOU ARE SOLDIER

7.- SHE IS TAYLOR

8.- HE IS MY BROTHER

9.- YOU ARE MY SISTER

10.- I AM THE WAITER

PRACTICE

WRITE THE FOLLOWINGS SENTECES IN NEGATIVE FORM

1.- WE ARE THE LAWYERS

2.- THEY ARE THE PILOTS

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3.- I AM THE SAILOR

4.- YOU ARE THE POLITICIAN

5.- SHE IS THE PRESIDENT

6.- HE IS IN THE SUPERMARKET

7.- WE ARE IN THE MOVIE THEATER

8.- I AM IN THE BEDROOM

9.- SHE IS IN THE KITCHEN

10.- YOU ARE IN THE GARDEN

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE AND NEGATIVE FORM

[VERB] + s/es in third person

Examples:

You speak English.

Do you speak English?

You do not speak English.

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Complete List of Simple Present Forms

USE 1 Repeated Actions

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or
usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or
something that often happens. It can also be something a person often
forgets or usually does not do.

Examples:

a. I play tennis.
b. She does not play tennis.
c. Does he play tennis?
d. The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
e. The train does not leave at 9 AM.
f. When does the train usually leave?
g. She always forgets her purse.
h. He never forgets his wallet.
i. Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.

The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true
before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the
speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations
about people or things.

Examples:

Cats like milk.

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Birds do not like milk.

Do pigs like milk?

California is in America.

California is not in the United Kingdom.

Windows are made of glass.

Windows are not made of wood.

New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.

USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in

the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public
transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.

Examples:

a. The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.

b. The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
c. When do we board the plane?
d. The party starts at 8 o'clock.
e. When does class begin tomorrow?

USE 4Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an
action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-
Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.

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Examples:

a. I am here now.
b. She is not here now.
c. He needs help right now.
d. He does not need help now.
e. He has his passport in his hand.
f. Do you have your passport with you?

SIMPLE FUTURE

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although
the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two
very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first,
but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be
going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

FORM Will

[will + verb]

Examples:

 You will help him later.

 Will you help him later?
 You will not help him later.

FORM Be Going To

[am/is/are + going to + verb]

Examples:

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  You are going to meet Jane tonight.
 Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
 You are not going to meet Jane tonight.

USE "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action

"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary

action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to
respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when
we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we
use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.

Examples:

 I will send you the information when I get it.

 I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
 Will you help me move this heavy table?
 Will you make dinner?
 I will not do your homework for you.
 I won't do all the housework myself!
 A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
 A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
 A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.

USE "Will" to Express a Promise

"Will" is usually used in promises.

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Examples:

 I will call you when I arrive.

 If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone
has access to inexpensive health insurance.
 I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
 Don't worry, I'll be careful.
 I won't tell anyone your secret.

USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan

"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a
person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is
realistic or not.

Examples:

 He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.

 She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
 A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
 I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
 Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
 They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
 Who are you going to invite to the party?
 A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.

USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction

Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the
future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In

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"prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and
therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference
in meaning.

Examples:

 The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.

 The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.

 John Smith will be the next President.

 John Smith is going to be the next President.

 The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.

 The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.

Future Continuous has two different forms: "will be doing " and "be
going to be doing." UnlikeSimple Future forms, Future Continuous forms are
usually interchangeable.

FORM Future Continuous with "Will"

[will be + present participle]

Examples:

 You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
 Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
 You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.

FORM Future Continuous with "Be Going To "

[am/is/are + going to be + present participle]

Examples:
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  You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
 Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
 You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.

THE COLORS

 Black PAINT THE SHAPES

 blue

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 brown
 gray
 green
 orange
 pink
 purple
 red
 white
 yellow

ANIMALS

Animal Male Female Young

Ass Jack Jenny Foal

Alligator Bull Cow Hatchling

Alpaca Male Female Cria

Ant Drone Gyne Lava

Queen Pupa
Worker

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Animal Male Female Young

Antelope Buck Doe Calf

Ape Male Female Baby

Armadillo Male Female Pup

Baboon Male Female Infant

Badger Boar Sow Cub

Kit

Bat Male Female Pup

Bear Boar Sow Cub

Beaver Male Female Kitten

Pup

Bee Drone Worker Larva

Queen

Beetle Male Female Larva

Bird Cock Hen Chick

Hatchling

Bison Bull Cow Calf

Boar Boar Sow Piglet

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Animal Male Female Young

Butterfly Male Female Caterpillar

Chrysalis
Larva
Pupa

Buzzard Cock Hen Chick

Camel Bull Cow Calf

Caribou Bull Cow Calf

Cat Tom Queen Kitten

Cattle Bull Cow Calf

Chamois Bull Doe Calf

Cheetah Male Female Cub

Chicken Rooster Hen Chick

Pullet
(hen)

Cockerel
(rooster)

Clam - - Larva

Cockroach - - Nymph

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Animal Male Female Young

Codfish - - Codling

Coyote Dog Bitch Pup

Whelp

Crow Cock Hen Chick

Deer Buck Doe Fawn

Stag

Dog Dog Bitch Pup

Dolphin Bull Cow Calf

Pup

Donkey Jack Jennet Colt

Jackass Jenny Foal

Duck Drake Hen Duckling

Eagle Tiercel Hen Eaglet

Eel Male Female Elver

Elephant Bull Cow Calf

Elk Bull Cow Calf

Emu Male Female Chick

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Animal Male Female Young

Falcon Tiercel Falcon Chick

Ferret Hob Jill Kit

Fish - - Fry
Fingerling

Finch Cock Hen Chick

Flamingo Male Female Chick

Fly - - Maggot

Fox Dog Vixen Cub

Reynar Kit
d Pup

Frog Male Female Tadpole

Polliwog
Froglet

Gerbil Buck Doe Pup

Giraffe Bull Doe Calf

Gnat Male Female Larva

Gnu Bull Cow Calf

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Animal Male Female Young

Goat Billy Nanny Kid

Buck

Goose Goose Gander Gosling

Gorilla Male Female Infant

Grasshopper Male Female Nymph

Guinea Pig Boar Sow Pup

Gull Cock Hen Chick

Hamster Buck Doe Pup

Hare Buck Doe Leveret

Hawk Tiercel Hen Ellas

Hedgehog Boar Sow Piglet

Pup

Heron Cock Hen Chick

Hippopotamus Bull Cow Calf

Hornet Male Female Larva

Hog Boar Sow Farrow

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Animal Male Female Young

Shoat

Horse Stallion Dam Colt

Stud Mare (Male)
Filly
(Female)
Foal

Hummingbird Cock Hen Chick

Hyena Male Female Cub

Kangaroo Buck Doe Joey

Leopard Leopard Leopardess Cub

Lion Lion Lioness Cub

Llama Macho Hembra Cria

Mallard Drake Hen Duckling

Manatee Bull Cow Calf

Mink Boar Sow Cub

Kit

Mole Male Female Pup

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Animal Male Female Young

Monkey Male Female Infant

Moose Bull Cow Calf

Mouse Buck Doe Kitten

Pinky
Pup

Mule Jack Jenny Foal

Ostrich Cock Hen Chick

Otter Male Female Pup

Whelp

Owl Owl Hen Owlet

Ox Bull Cow Calf

Panda Boar Soar Cub

Penguin Male Female Chick

Pig Boar Sow Piglet

Polecat Hob Jill Kit

Porpoise Bull Cow Calf

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Animal Male Female Young

Rabbit Buck Doe Bunny

Kit

Raccoon Boar Sow Cub

Rat Buck Doe Kitten

Pinky
Pup

Reindeer Bull Cow Calf

Rhinoceros Bull Cow Calf

Sea Lion Bull Cow Pup

Seal Bull Cow Pup

Serval Male Female Kitten

Shark Bull Female Pup

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Animal Male Female Young

Sheep Buck Ewe Lamb

Ram

Skunk Boar Sow Kit

Snake Male Female Hatchling

Neonate
Snakelet

Spider Male Female Spiderling

Squirrel Buck Doe Kit

Kitten
Pup

Swan Cob Pen Cygnet

Termite Male Female Larva

Tiger Tiger Tigeress Cub

Toad Male Female Tadpole

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Animal Male Female Young

Turkey Tom Hen Poult

Turtle Male Female Hatchling

Wallaby Jack Jill Joey

Walrus Bull Cow Cub

Pup

Wasp Drone Queen Larva

Worker

Weasel Buck Bitch Kit

Dog Doe
Jack Jill

Whale Bull Cow Calf

Wolf Dog Bitch Pup

Wombat Jack Jill Joey

Woodpecker Male Female Chick

Yak Bull Cow Calf

Zebra Stallion Mare Foa

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Animal Male Female Young

FRUITS

Almond Almendra

Apple Manzana

Apricot damasco, albaricoque

Banana banana, plátano

Blackberry mora, zarzamora

Blueberry Arándano

Cherry Cereza

Chestnut Castaña

Coconut Coco

Date Dátil

Fig Higo

Grape Uva

Grapefruit pomelo, toronja

Hazelnut Avellana

Lemon Limón

Lime Lima

BLESSING ENGLISH ACADEMY Pá gina 28

Animal Male Female Young

Mango Mango

Melón Melón

morello cherry Guinda

Orange Naranja

Peach durazno, melocotón

Peanut cacahuete, maní

Pear Pera

Pineapple ananá, piña

Plum Ciruela

Raspberry Frambuesa

Strawberry fresa, frutilla

Tangerine mandarina

Watermelon sandía

VEGETABLES

Artichoke alcaucil, alcachofa

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Animal Male Female Young

Aubergine berenjena

Asparagus espárrago

Beans frijoles, alubias

Beetroot remolacha

Broccoli brócoli

Brussels sprouts col/repollito de Bruselas

Cabbage col, repollo

Carrot zanahoria

Cauliflower coliflor

celery Apio

corn Maíz

courgette zapallito, calabacín

cucumber Pepino

eggplant Berenjena

garlic Ajo

leek Puerro

lentils Lentejas

lettuce Lechuga

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Animal Male Female Young

mushroom Champiñón

onion Cebolla

peas arvejas, guisantes

pepper Pimiento

pickle Pepino

potato papa, patata

pumpkin Calabaza

radish Rabanito

rice Arroz

rye Centeno

spinach Espinaca

squash Calabacita

sweet potato Batata

tomato Tomate

turnip Nabo

watercress Berro

wheat Trigo

BLESSING ENGLISH ACADEMY Pá gina 31

There is / There are
We use there is for singular and there are for plural.

 There is one table in the classroom.

 There are three chairs in the classroom.
 There is a spider in the bath.
 There are many people at the bus stop.

 There is milk in the fridge.

 There is some sugar on the table.
 There is ice cream on your shirt.

Contractions
The contraction of there is is there's.

 There's a good song on the radio.

 There's only one chocolate left in the box.

The contraction of there are is there're.

Negative Form
The negative is formed by putting not after is or are:

 There is not a horse in the field.

 There are not eight children in the school.
 There is not a tree in the garden.
 There are not two elephants in the zoo.

The Negative contractions are:

 There's not = There isn't

 There are not = There aren't

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There aren't with ANY
When we want to indicate that a zero quantity of something exists we
use there aren't any.

 There aren't any people at the party.

 There aren't any trees in my street.

We also use this structure with uncountable nouns:

 There isn't any water in the swimming pool.

 There isn't any sugar in my coffee.

Questions
To form a question we place is / are in front of there.
Again we use any with plural questions or those which use uncountable
nouns.
We also use there is / are in short answers.

 Is there a dog in the supermarket? - No, there isn't.

 Are there any dogs in the park? - Yes, there are.
 Is there a security guard in the shop? - Yes, there is.
 Are there any polar bears in Antarctica? - No, there aren't.
 Is there any ice-cream in the freezer? - Yes, there is.

How Many with Are There

If we want to find out the number of objects that exist we use How many in
the following form:
How many + plural noun + are there (+ complement).

 How many dogs are there in the park?

 How many students are there in your class?
 How many countries are there in South America?
 How many Star Wars films are there?

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 THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

The word "the" is one of the most common words in English. It is our only
definite article. Nouns in English are preceded by the definite article when
the speaker believes that the listener already knows what he is referring to.
The speaker may believe this for many different reasons, some of which are
listed below.

WHEN TO USE "THE"

GENERAL RULES
Use the to refer to something which has already been mentioned.

 On Monday, an unarmed man stole $1,000 from the bank. The

thief hasn't been caught yet.
 I was walking past Benny's Bakery when I decided to go into the
bakery to get some bread.
 There's a position available in my team. The job will involve some
international travel.

Use the when you assume there is just one of something in that place, even if
it has not been mentioned before.

We went on a walk in the forest yesterday.

Where is the bathroom?

BLESSING ENGLISH ACADEMY Pá gina 34

Turn left and go to number 45. Our house is across from the Italian
restaurant.

My father enjoyed the book you gave him.

Use the in sentences or clauses where you define or identify a particular

person or object.

The man who wrote this book is famous.

I scratched the red car parked outside.

I live in the small house with a blue door.

He is the doctor I came to see.

Use the to refer to people or objects that are unique.

The sun rose at 6:17 this morning.

You can go anywhere in the world.

Clouds drifted across the sky.

The president will be speaking on TV tonight.

The CEO of Total is coming to our meeting.

Use the before superlatives and ordinal numbers.

This is the highest building in New York.

She read the last chapter of her new book first.

You are the tallest person in our class.

BLESSING ENGLISH ACADEMY Pá gina 35
This is the third time I have called you today.

Use the with adjectives, to refer to a whole group of people.

The French enjoy cheese.

The elderly require special attention.

She has given a lot of money to the poor.

Use the with decades.

He was born in the seventies.

This is a painting from the 1820's.

Use the with clauses introduced by only

This is the only day we've had sunshine all week.

You are the only person he will listen too.

The only tea I like is black tea.

Proper nouns

Use the with names of geographical areas, rivers, mountain ranges, groups of
islands, canals, and oceans.

They are travelling in the Arctic.

Our ship crossed the Atlantic in 7 days.

I will go on a cruise down the Nile.

Hiking across the Rocky Mountains would be difficult.

Use the with countries that have plural names

I have never been to the Netherlands.

BLESSING ENGLISH ACADEMY Pá gina 36

Do you know anyone who lives in the Philippines?

Use the with countries that include the words "republic", "kingdom", or
"states" in their names.

She is visiting the United States.

James is from the Republic of Ireland.

Use the with newspaper names.

I read it in the Guardian.

She works for the New York Times.

Use the with the names of famous buildings, works of art, museums, or
monuments

Have you been to the Vietnam Memorial?

We went to the Louvre and saw the Mona Lisa.

I would like to visit the Eiffel Tower.

I saw King Lear at the Globe.

Use the with the names of hotels & restaurants, unless these are named after
a person.

They are staying at the Hilton on 6th street.

We ate at the Golden Lion.

Use the with the names of families, but not with the names of individuals.

We're having dinner with the Smiths tonight.

The Browns are going to the play with us.

WHEN NOT TO USE "THE"

BLESSING ENGLISH ACADEMY Pá gina 37

Do not use the with names of countries (except for the special cases above).

Germany is an important economic power.

He's just returned from Zimbabwe.

Do not use the with the names of languages.

French is spoken in Tahiti.English uses many words of Latin origin.

Indonesian is a relatively new language.

Do not use the with the names of meals.

Lunch is my favorite meal.

I like to eat breakfast early.

Do not use the with people's names.

John is coming over later.

Mary Carpenter is my boss.

Do not use the with titles when combined with names.

Prince Charles is Queen Elizabeth's son.

President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas.

Do not use the after the 's possessive case

His brother's car was stolen.

Peter's house is over there.

Do not use the with professions

Engineering is a well-paid career.

He'll probably study medicine.

Do not use the with names of shops

BLESSING ENGLISH ACADEMY Pá gina 38

I'll get the card at Smith's.

Can you go to Boots for me?

Do not use the with years

1948 was a wonderful year.

He was born in 1995.

Do not use the with uncountable nouns

Rice is an important food in Asia.

Milk is often added to tea in England.

War is destructive.

Do not use the with the names of individual mountains, lakes and islands

Mount McKinley is the highest mountain in Alaska.

She lives near Lake Windermere.

Have you visited Long Island?

Do not use the with most names of towns, streets, stations and airports

Victoria Station is in the centre of London.

Can you direct me to Bond Street?

She lives in Florence.

They're flying into Heathrow

BLESSING ENGLISH ACADEMY Pá gina 39

 DEFINITE ARTICLES

In English, the two indefinite articles are a and an. Like other articles,
indefinite articles are invariable. You use one or the other, depending on the
first letter of the word following the article, for pronunciation reasons.
Use a when the next word starts with a consonant, or before words starting
in u and eu when they sound like you.

Use an when the next word starts with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) or with a mute h.

a boy

an apple

a car

a helicopter

an elephant

a big elephant

an itchy sweater

an ugly duck

a european

a university

BLESSING ENGLISH ACADEMY Pá gina 40

a unit

an hour

an honor

The indefinite article is used to refer to something for the first time or to
refer to a particular member of a group or class. Some use cases and
examples are given below.

Use a to refer to something for the first time.

Would you like a drink?

I've finally got a good job.

An elephant and a mouse fell in love

Use a with names of jobs.

John is a doctor.

Mary is training to be an engineer.

Use a with nationalities and religions in the singular.

John is an Englishman.

Kate is a Catholic.

Use a with the names of days of the week when not referring to any
particular day.

I was born on a Thursday.

Could I come over on a Saturday sometime?

Use a to refer to an example of something.

The mouse had a tiny nose.

BLESSING ENGLISH ACADEMY Pá gina 41

The elephant had a long trunk.

It was a very strange car.

Use a with singular nouns in a exclamatory senntence.

What a shame!

She's such a beautiful girl .

What a lovely day !

Use a meaning 'one', referring to a single object or person, or a single unit of

measure. In these sentences using "one" instead of the indefinite article is
grammatically correct. It will add emphasis to the number, and contrast with
other numbers.

I'd like an orange and two lemons please.

I'd like one orange and two lemons please.

I need a kilogram of sugar.

I need one kilogram of sugar.

You can't run a mile in 5 minutes!

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 THE CARDINAL NUMBERS

0 zero, oh, nought, nil, love, 26 twenty-six

nothing 27 twenty-seven
1 one 28 twenty-eight
2 two 29 twenty-nine
3 three 30 thirty
4 four 40 forty
5 five 50 fifty
6 six 60 sixty
7 seven 70 seventy
8 eight 80 eighty
9 nine 90 ninety
10 ten 100 a/one hundred
11 eleven 101 a hundred and one
12 twelve 110 a hundred and ten
13 thirteen 120 a hundred and twenty
14 fourteen 200 two hundred
15 fifteen 1,000 a/one thousand
16 sixteen 1,001 a thousand and one
17 seventeen 1,010 a thousand and ten
18 eighteen 2,000 two thousand
19 nineteen 10,000 ten thousand
20 twenty 11,000 eleven thousand
21 twenty-one 100,000 a/one hundred thousand

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22 twenty-two
23 twenty-three 1,000,000 a/one million
24 twenty-four 2,000,000 two million
25 twenty-five 1,000,000,000 a/one billion

PRACTICE

WRITE THE NUMBER IN LETTERS

5,879 _________________________________________________________

12,321________________________________________________________

963 ________________________________________________________

200 ________________________________________________________

259 ________________________________________________________

5,126 ________________________________________________________

12,698________________________________________________________

Expressing Numbers in English

If a number is in the range 21 to 99, and the second digit is not zero, we
should write the number as two words separated by a hyphen:

25 twenty-five

57 fifty-seven

89 eighty-nine

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 Numbers over 100 are generally written in figures. However if you want to
say them aloud or want to write them in words rather than figures you
put 'and' in front of the number expressed by the last two figures. For
example:

203 two hundred and three (AmE: two hundred three)

622 six hundred and twenty-two (AmE: six hundred twenty-two)

Numbers between 1000 and 1,000,000 is usually said or written in words as:

1,803 one thousand, eight hundred and three (AmE: one thousand,
eight hundred three)

1,963 one thousand, nine hundred and sixty-three (AmE: one thousand,
nine hundred sixty-three)

2,840 two thousand, eight hundred and forty (AmE: two thousand,
eight hundred forty)

Four-figure numbers ending in 00 can also be said or written as a number of

hundreds. For example, 1800 can be said or written as "eighteen hundred"

If the number 1963 is being used to identify something, it is said as "one nine
six three". We always say each figure separately like this with telephone
numbers. If a telephone number contains a double number, we use the word
"double":

561 6603 five six one [pause] double six 'oh' three (AmE: five six
one [pause] six six 'oh' three)

Saying years. We normally say a year in two parts. In the case of years ending
in "00", we say the second part in "hundred":

1058 ten fifty-eight

1706 seventeen hundred and six (or 'seventeen oh six')

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1865 eighteen sixty-five

1900 nineteen hundred

There are two ways of saying years ending in "01" to "09" before 2000. For
example: "1901" can be said as "nineteen oh one" or "nineteen hundred
and one". The year 2000 is read "two thousand", 2006 "two thousand and
six" (AmE: two thousand six). Post-2010 dates are often said as normal (2010
would be "twenty ten").

Flight numbers. We pronounce a flight number in two parts or digit-by-digit.

For example:

110 one ten (or 'one one oh')

1248 twelve forty-eight

2503 twenty-five oh three

3050 three oh five oh (or 'three zero five zero', 'thirty fifty')

Expressing millions.

1,412,605 one million four hundred (and) twelve thousand six

hundred (and) five

2,760,300 two million seven hundred (and) sixty thousand three

hundred

Remember: The British use 'and' before tens and ones but the Americans
usually leave the 'and' out.

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 THE ORDINAL NUMBERS

Ordinal numbers such as 21st, 33rd etc are formed by combining a CARDINAL
ten with an ORDINAL unit.

The "y" of "twenty", "thirty", "forty", etc. is changed to "ieth":-

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THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSE

This flower is beautiful.

This car is dirty.

That house is expensive.

That dog is bad.

These apples are cheap.

These pencils are in the box.

Those stars are in the sky.

Those boys are my friends.

John, this is Mike.

This is the story…

THAT sirve para indicar algo que ha ocurrido o algo que alguien ha dicho.

That was an incredible story. (Ha sido una historia increíble).

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PRACTICE

Write in the blanck the this, these, that, or those

1. ______house is too big.

2. ______are my pupils.

3. ______window is small.

4. ______is my book.

5. ______flowers are beautiful.

6. ______shoes are black.

7. ______dog is bad.

8. ______children play in the street.

9 . _____are my pictures.

10. _____table is mine.

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 SOME / ANY

Some

Countable and uncountable

Some is used with both countable and uncountable nouns:

Countable Nouns - 'Some people in my school like Jazz.'

Uncountable Nouns - 'There was some snow here last winter.'

Positive sentences

Some is used in positive sentences:

'I have some friends.'

'We bought some coffee.'

Offering

We use some in questions when we expect the answer to be 'yes' or when

we are offering something, otherwise, we use any:

'Would you like some milk?

Requests

Some is also used in questions when we are making a request:

'Can I borrow some money?'

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Any

Negative sentences

Any is used in negative sentences:

'I don't have any friends.'

'There isn't any bread left.'

Questions

Any is used in questions:

'Do you have any money?'

'Is there any sugar?'

PRACTICE

Policeman: Is there anyone at home?

Criminal: Yes there is someone there! My friend.
Policeman: Is there anything in your pocket?
Criminal: Yes there is something. A gun!
Policeman: Did you go anywhere recently?
Criminal: Yes I went somewhere. I went to the old man's house to steal his
money.

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NEW WORDS

Anyone anything anywhere

Someone something somewhere

'HAVE' AND 'HAS'

Here are some points to remember when using 'have' and 'has'.

Let's start with the basics.

They can both be used to show possession and are important in making the
'perfect tenses'.
'Had' is the past tense of both 'has' and 'have'.

have

Have is used with some pronouns and plural nouns:

'I have a great English teacher.'
'You have toothpaste on your chin.'
'We have a meeting at 12.'
'Nurses have a difficult job.'

has

Has is used with the third person singular. For example:

'She has a great personality.'
'He has a new haircut.'
'The washing machine has a leak in it'.
'It has a hole near the door.'

contractions

I have = I've
you have = you've
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we have = we've
they have = They've
he has = he's
it has = it's

negative contractions

has not = hasn't

have not = haven't
had not = hadn't

'have' and 'has' in questions

'Have you been to Australia?'

'Has Andrew left yet?'
'Who has my pen?'
'Has anyone seen my mobile phone?'

'have got' and 'have'

Both 'have got' and 'have' mean the same thing. There is no difference.

'I have got an i-phone.' = 'I have an i-phone'.

'You have got a message.' = You have a message.'
'She has got no time to sleep.' ='She has no time to sleep.'

'have' and 'has' verb tenses

'have/has'' is an important verb in making the 'perfect tense':

Present Perfect
'She has lived here for a long time.'
'We have seen this TV show before.'
'I have cut my finger.'

Past Perfect
'I had already decided not to go before he asked me.'
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'They had finished the race before it started raining.'
'She had already left when he arrived'

modal verbs: 'have to'

'have to' is used to mean that something is necessary. It is used in the

following way in affirmative sentences:
subject + modal (have to / has to) + verb
'I have to wash my car today.'
'He has to write a report.'
'I had to go to the bank yesterday.'

'have to' in negative sentences

In negatives to show that something is not necessary we follow this rule:

subject + doesn't have to + verb
'We don't have to work tomorrow.'
'She doesn't have to wear a uniform to school'
'I didn't have to make my bed when I was young'

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 SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

REGULAR NOUNS
Most singular nouns form the plural by adding -s.

EXAMPLES

Singular Plural

boat Boats

house Houses

cat Cats

river Rivers

A singular noun ending in s, x, z, ch, sh makes the plural by adding-es.

EXAMPLES

Singular Plural

bus Buses

wish Wishes

pitch Pitches

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 Singular Plural

box Boxes

A singular noun ending in a consonant and then y makes the plural by

dropping the y and adding-ies.

EXAMPLES

Singular Plural

penny pennies

spy spies

baby babies

city cities

daisy daisies

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IRREGULAR NOUNS
There are some irregular noun plurals. The most common ones are listed
below.

EXAMPLES

Singular Plural

woman Women

man Men

child Children

tooth Teeth

foot Feet

person People

leaf Leaves

mouse Mice

goose Geese

half Halves

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 Singular Plural

knife Knives

wife Wives

life Lives

elf Elves

loaf Loaves

potato Potatoes

tomato Tomatoes

cactus Cacti

focus Foci

fungus Fungi

nucleus Nuclei

syllabus syllabi/syllabuses

analysis Analyses

diagnosis Diagnoses

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 Singular Plural

oasis Oases

thesis Theses

Crisis Crises

phenomenon Phenomena

criterion Criteria

datum Data

Some nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural.

EXAMPLES

Singular Plural

sheep Sheep

Fish Fish

Deer Deer

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 Singular Plural

species Species

aircraft Aircraft

IRREGULAR VERB/NOUN AGREEMENT

Some nouns have a plural form but take a singular verb.

Plural nouns used with a singular verb Sentence

News The news is at 6.30 p.m.

athletics Athletics is good for young people.

linguistics Linguistics is the study of language.

Darts Darts is a popular game in England.

billiards Billiards is played all over the world.

Some nouns have a fixed plural form and take a plural verb. They are not
used in the singular, or they have a different meaning in the singular. Nouns
like this include: trousers, jeans, glasses, savings, thanks, steps, stairs,
customs, congratulations, tropics, wages, spectacles, outskirts, goods, wits

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Plural noun with plural verb Sentence

Trousers My trousers are too tight.

Jeans Her jeans are black.

Glasses Those glasses are his.

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADVERBS

With adverbs ending in -ly, you must use more to form the comparative,
and most to form the superlative.

Adverb Comparative Superlative

quietly more quietly most quietly

Slowly more slowly most slowly

Seriously more seriously most seriously

EXAMPLES

The teacher spoke more slowly to help us to understand.

Could you sing more quietly please?

With short adverbs that do not end in -ly comparative and superlative forms
are identical to adjectives: add -er to form the comparative and -est to form
the superlative. If the adverb ends in e, remove it before adding the ending.

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 Adverb Comparative Superlative

Hard harder hardest

Fast faster fastest

Late later latest

EXAMPLES

Jim works harder than his brother.

Everyone in the race ran fast, but John ran the fastest of all.

Some adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms.

Adverb Comparative Superlative

Badly worse Worst

Far farther/further farthest/furthest

Little less Least

Well better Best

EXAMPLES

The little boy ran farther than his friends.

You're driving worse today than yesterday!

He played the best of any player.

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 USING "EACH" AND "EVERY"

Each is a way of seeing the members of a group as individuals, while every is

a way of seeing a group as a series of members. These distributives can only
be used in countable nouns. They are normally used with singular nouns, and
are placed before the noun. In many cases, they are interchangeable.

EXAMPLES

Each child received a present.

Every child received a present.

I gave each plant some water.

I gave every plant some water.

Each can also be used with plural nouns and pronouns but must be followed
by 'of'. Every cannot be used with plural nouns.

EXAMPLES

Each of the children received a present.

I gave each of the plants some water.

He told each of us our jobs.

I gave each of them a kiss.

Every can express different points in a series, especially with time

expressions. Each works in the same way, but is less common.

EXAMPLES

Every morning John goes jogging.

This magazine is published every week.

I have my coffee here every day.

I go visit my mother each week.

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 PROFESSIONS AND OCCUPATIONS

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 SPANISH ENGLISH
abogado lawyer
actor/actriz actor/actress
aduanero customs officer
agricultor farmer
albañil builder
arquitecto architect
asesor consultant
astronauta astronaut
azafata air hostess
basurero dustman
bombero fireman
camarero/a waiter/waitress
camionero lorry driver
cantante singer
capataz foreman
carnicero butcher
cartero postman
científico scientist
cirujano surgeon
cocinero cook
conductor driver
contable accountant
criado servant
cura priest
dentista dentist
dependiente shop assistant
electricista electrician
empleado employee
empleado de banco bank clerk
enfermero nurse
escritor writer
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estudiante student
farmacéutico chemist
PRACTICE

Using the professions and occupations list write sentences with the verb to
be in the present simple tense.

ADVERBS

Adverbs are a very broad collection of words that may describe how, where,
or when an action took place. They may also express the viewpoint of the
speaker about the action, the intensity of an adjective or another adverb, or
several other functions. Use these pages about the grammar of adverbs in
English to become more precise and more descriptive in your speaking and
writing.

FORMING ADVERBS FROM ADJECTIVES

In most cases, an adverb is formed by adding -ly to an adjective

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 Adjective Adverb

cheap Cheaply

quick Quickly

slow Slowly

If the adjective ends in -y, replace the y with i and add -ly

Adjective Adverb

easy Easily

angry Angrily

happy Happily

lucky Luckily

If the adjective ends in -able, -ible, or -le, replace the -e with -y.

Adjective Adverb

Probable Probably

Terrible Terribly

Gente Gently

If the adjective ends in -ic, add -ally. Exception: public -> publicly

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 Adjective Adverb

Basic Basically

Tragic Tragically

Economic Economically

Some adverbs have the same form as the adjective: early, fast, hard, high,
late, near, straight, & wrong

EXAMPLES

It is a fast car.

He drives very fast.

This is a hard exercise.

He works hard.

We saw many high buildings.

The bird flew high in the sky.

Well is the adverb that corresponds to the adjective good.

EXAMPLES

He is a good student.

He studies well.

She is a good pianist.

She plays the piano well.

They are good swimmers.

They swim well.

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ADVERBS OF PLACE

Adverbs of place tell us where something happens. They are usually placed
after the main verb or after the clause that they modify. Adverbs of place do
not modify adjectives or other adverbs.

EXAMPLES

John looked around but he couldn't see the monkey.

I searched everywhere I could think of.

I'm going back to school.

Come in!

They built a house nearby.

She took the child outside.

HERE AND THERE

Here and there are common adverbs of place. They give a location relative to
the speaker. With verbs of movement, here means "towards or with the
speaker" and there means "away from, or not with the speaker".

Sentence Meaning

Come here! Come towards me.

The table is in here. Come with me; we will go see it together.

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 Sentence Meaning

Put it there. Put it in a place away from me.

The table is in there. Go in; you can see it by yourself.

Here and there are combined with prepositions to make many common
adverbial phrases.

EXAMPLES

What are you doing up there?

Come over here and look at what I found!

The baby is hiding down there under the table.

I wonder how my driver's license got stuck under here.

Here and there are placed at the beginning of the sentence in exclamations
or when emphasis is needed. They are followed by the verb if the subject is a
noun or by a pronoun if the subject is a pronoun.

EXAMPLES

Here comes the bus!

There goes the bell!

There it is!

Here they are!

ADVERBS OF PLACE ENDING IN -WHERE

Adverbs of place that end in -where express the idea of location without
specifying a specific location or direction.

EXAMPLES

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I would like to go somewhere warm for my vacation.

Is there anywhere I can find a perfect plate of spaghetti around here?

I have nowhere to go.

I keep running in to Sally everywhere!

ADVERBS OF PLACE ENDING IN -WARDS

Adverbs of place that end in -wards express movement in a particular

direction.

EXAMPLES

Cats don't usually walk backwards.

The ship sailed westwards.

The balloon drifted upwards.

We will keep walking homewards until we arrive.

Be careful: Towards is a preposition, not an adverb, so it is always followed

by a noun or a pronoun.

EXAMPLES

He walked towards the car.

She ran towards me.

ADVERBS OF PLACE EXPRESSING BOTH MOVEMENT & LOCATION

Some adverbs of place express both movement & location at the same time.

EXAMPLES

The child went indoors.

He lived and worked abroad.

Water always flows downhill.

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The wind pushed us sideways.

ADVERBS OF TIME

Adverbs of time tell us when an action happened, but also for how long, and
how often.

ADVERBS THAT TELL US WHEN

Adverbs that tell us when are usually placed at the end of the sentence.

EXAMPLES

Goldilocks went to the Bears' house yesterday.

I'm going to tidy my room tomorrow.

I saw Sally today.

I will call you later.

I have to leave now.

I saw that movie last year.

Putting an adverb that tells us when at the end of a sentence is a neutral

position, but these adverbs can be put in other positions to give a different
emphasis. All adverbs that tell us when can be placed at the beginning of the
sentence to emphasize the time element. Some can also be put before the
main verb in formal writing, while others cannot occupy that position.

EXAMPLES

Later Goldilocks ate some porridge. (the time is important)

Goldilocks later ate some porridge. (this is more formal, like a policeman's
report)

Goldilocks ate some porridge later. (this is neutral, no particular emphasis)

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ADVERBS THAT TELL US FOR HOW LONG

Adverbs that tell us for how long are also usually placed at the end of the
sentence.

EXAMPLES

She stayed in the Bears' house all day.

My mother lived in France for a year.

I have been going to this school since 1996.

In these adverbial phrases that tell us for how long, for is always followed by
an expression of duration, while since is always followed by an expression of
a point in time.

EXAMPLES

I stayed in Switzerland for three days.

I am going on vacation for a week.

I have been riding horses for several years.

The French monarchy lasted for several centuries.

I have not seen you since Monday.

Jim has been working here since 1997.

There has not been a more exciting discovery since last century.

ADVERBS THAT TELL US HOW OFTEN

Adverbs that tell us how often express the frequency of an action. They are
usually placed before the main verb but after auxiliary verbs (such as be,
have, may, & must). The only exception is when the main verb is "to be", in
which case the adverb goes after the main verb.

EXAMPLES

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I often eat vegetarian food.

He never drinks milk.

You must always fasten your seat belt.

I am seldom late.

He rarely lies.

Many adverbs that express frequency can also be placed at either the
beginning or the end of the sentence, although some cannot be. When they
are placed in these alternate positions, the meaning of the adverb is much
stronger.

Adverb that can be used Stronger position Weaker position

in two positions

Frequently I visit France frequently. I frequently visit France.

Generally Generally, I don't like spicy I generally don't like spicy foods.
foods.

normally I listen to classical I normally listen to classical music.

music normally.

occasionally I go to the I occasionally go to the opera.

opera occasionally.

often Often, I jog in the morning. I often jog in the morning.

regularly I come to this I regularly come to this museum.

museum regularly.

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 Adverb that can be used Stronger position Weaker position
in two positions

sometimes I get up very I sometimes get up very early.

early sometimes.

usually I enjoy being with I usually enjoy being with children

children usually.

Some other adverbs that tell us how often express the exact number of times
an action happens or happened. These adverbs are usually placed at the end
of the sentence.

EXAMPLES

This magazine is published monthly.

He visits his mother once a week.

I work five days a week.

I saw the movie seven times.

USING YET

Yet is used in questions and in negative sentences to indicate that something

that has not happened or may not have happened but is expected to happen.
It is placed at the end of the sentence or after not.

EXAMPLES

Have you finished your work yet? (= simple request for information)

No, not yet. (= simple negative answer)

They haven't met him yet. (= simple negative statement)

Haven't you finished yet? (= expressing surprise)

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USING STILL

Still expresses continuity. In positive sentences it is placed before the main

verb and after auxiliary verbs such as be, have, might, will. If the main verb
is to be, then place still after it rather than before. In questions, still goes
before the main verb.

EXAMPLES

She is still waiting for you.

Jim might still want some.

Do you still work for the BBC?

Are you still here?

I am still hungry.

ORDER OF ADVERBS OF TIME

If you need to use more than one adverb of time in a sentence, use them in
this order:

1: how long 2: how often 3: when

EXAMPLES

1 + 2 : I work (1) for five hours (2) every day

2 + 3 : The magazine was published (2) weekly (3) last year.

1 + 3 : I was abroad (1) for two months (3) last year.

1 + 2 + 3 : She worked in a hospital (1) for two days (2) every week (3) last
year.

ADVERBS OF MANNER
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Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens. They are usually placed
either after the main verb or after the object.

EXAMPLES

He swims well.

He ran quickly.

She spoke softly.

James coughed loudly to attract her attention.

He plays the flute beautifully. (after the direct object)

He ate the chocolate cake greedily. (after the direct object)

An adverb of manner cannot be put between a verb and its direct object. The
adverb must be placed either before the verb or at the end of the clause.

EXAMPLES

He ate greedily the chocolate cake. [incorrect]

He ate the chocolate cake greedily. [correct]

He greedily ate the chocolate cake. [correct]

He gave us generously the money. [incorrect]

He gave us the money generously. [correct]

He generously gave us the money. [correct]

If there is a preposition before the verb's object, you can place the adverb of
manner either before the preposition or after the object.

EXAMPLES

The child ran happily towards his mother.

The child ran towards his mother happily.

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Adverbs of manner should always come immediately after verbs which have
no object (intransitive verbs).

EXAMPLES

The town grew quickly after 1997.

He waited patiently for his mother to arrive.

These common adverbs of manner are almost always placed directly after
the verb: well, badly, hard, & fast

EXAMPLES

He swam well despite being tired.

The rain fell hard during the storm.

The position of the adverb is important when there is more than one verb in
a sentence. If the adverb is placed before or after the main verb, it modifies
only that verb. If the adverb is placed after a clause, then it modifies the
whole action described by the clause. Notice the difference in meaning
between the following sentences.

Example Meaning

She quickly agreed to re-type the letter. the agreement is quick

She agreed quickly to re-type the letter. the agreement is quick

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 Example Meaning

She agreed to re-type the letter quickly. the re-typing is quick

He quietly asked me to leave the house. the request is quiet

He asked me quietly to leave the house. the request is quiet

He asked me to leave the house quietly. the leaving is quiet

LITERARY USAGE

Sometimes an adverb of manner is placed before a verb + object to add

emphasis.

EXAMPLES

He gently woke the sleeping woman.

She angrily slammed the door.

Some writers put an adverb of manner at the beginning of the sentence to

catch our attention and make us curious.

EXAMPLES

Slowly she picked up the knife.

Roughly he grabbed her arm.

ADVERBS OF DEGREE

Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity or degree of an action, an

adjective or another adverb. Adverbs of degree are usually placed before the

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adjective, adverb, or verb they are modifying, although there are some
exceptions discussed below.

Adverb of degree Modifying Example

extremely adjective The water was extremely cold.

quite adjective The movie is quite interesting.

just verb He was just leaving.

almost verb She has almost finished.

very adverb She is running very fast.

Too adverb You are walking too slowly.

Enough adverb You are running fast enough.

USAGE OF "ENOUGH"

Enough can be used as both an adverb and as a determiner.

ENOUGH AS AN ADVERB

Enough as an adverb meaning 'to the necessary degree' goes after the
adjective or adverb that it is modifying, and not before it as other adverbs do.
It can be used both in positive and negative sentences.

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EXAMPLES

Is your coffee hot enough?

This box isn't big enough.

He didn't work hard enough.

I got here early enough.

Enough is often followed by "to" + the infinitive.

EXAMPLES

He didn't work hard enough to pass the exam.

Is your coffee hot enough to drink?

She's not old enough to get married.

I got here early enough to sign up.

Enough can also be followed by "for someone" or "for something".

EXAMPLES

The dress was big enough for me.

She's not experienced enough for this job.

Is the coffee hot enough for you?

He didn't work hard enough for a promotion.

ENOUGH AS A DETERMINER

Enough as a determiner meaning 'as much/many as necessary' goes before

the noun it modifies. It is used with countable nouns in the plural and with
uncountable nouns.

EXAMPLES

We have enough bread.

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You have enough children.

They don't have enough food.

I don't have enough apples.

USAGE OF "TOO"

"Too" is always an adverb, but it has two distinct meanings, each with its own
usage patterns.

TOO MEANING "ALSO"

Too as an adverb meaning "also" goes at the end of the phrase it modifies.

EXAMPLES

I would like to go swimming too, if you will let me come.

Can I go to the zoo too?

Is this gift for me too?

I'm not going to clean your room too!

TOO MEANING "EXCESSIVELY"

Too as an adverb meaning "excessively" goes before the adjective or adverb

it modifies. It can be used in both affirmative and negative sentences.

EXAMPLES

This coffee is too hot.

He works too hard.

Isn't she too young?

I am not too short!

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Too is often followed by "to" + the infinitive.

EXAMPLES

The coffee was too hot to drink.

You're too young to have grandchildren!

I am not too tired to go out tonight.

Don't you work too hard to have any free time?

Too can also be followed by "for someone" or "for something".

EXAMPLES

The coffee was too hot for me.

The dress was too small for her.

He's not too old for this job.

Sally's not too slow for our team.

USAGE OF "VERY"

Very goes before an adverb or adjective to make it stronger.

EXAMPLES

The girl was very beautiful.

The house is very expensive.

He worked very quickly.

She runs very fast.

If we want to make a negative form of an adjective or adverb, we can add

"not" to the verb, we can use an adjective or adverb of opposite meaning, or
we can use "not very" with the original adjective or adverb. The meanings of
BLESSING ENGLISH ACADEMY Pá gina 83
 the phrases are not identical. Usually the phrase using "not very" is less
direct, and thus more polite, than the other phrases.

EXAMPLES

Original phrase Opposite meaning Opposite meaning Opposite meaning with an

with "not" with "not very" opposite word

The girl was The girl was not The girl was not very The girl was ugly.
beautiful. beautiful. beautiful.

He worked He did not work He did not work very He worked slowly.
quickly. quickly. quickly.

DIFFERENCE IN MEANING BETWEEN "VERY" AND "TOO"

There is a big difference in meaning between "too" and "very". "Very"

expresses a fact while "too" suggests there is a problem.

EXAMPLES

He speaks very quickly.

He speaks too quickly for me to understand.

It is very hot outside.

It is too hot outside to go for a walk.

OTHER ADVERBS USED LIKE "VERY"

Some common adverbs are used in the same way as "very" to heighten the
degree of adjectives and adverbs.

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Expressing very strong feelings Expressing strong feelings Expressing somewhat doubtful
feelings

extremely, terribly, amazingly, especially, particularly, pretty, rather, fairly, not

wonderfully, insanely uncommonly, unusually, especially, not particularly
remarkably, quite

The movie was amazingly The movie was particularly The movie was fairly interesting.
interesting. interesting.

She sang wonderfully well. She sang unusually well. She sang pretty well.

The lecture was terribly boring. The lecture was quite boring. The lecture was rather boring.

INVERSION WITH NEGATIVE ADVERBS

Normally the subject goes before the verb, however, some negative adverbs
can cause an inversion when placed at the beginning of the clause. The order
is reversed and the verb goes before the subject. This inversion is only used
in writing, not in speaking.

Adverb Normal word order Inversion

Never I have never seen such courage. Never have I seen such courage.

Rarely She rarely left the house. Rarely did she leave the house.

Not only She did not only the cooking but the Not only did she do the cooking, but the
cleaning as well. cleaning as well.

Scarcely I scarcely closed the door before he Scarcely did I close the door before he started
started talking. talking.

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Adverb Normal word order Inversion

Seldom We seldom cross the river after Seldom do we cross the river sunset.
sunset.

ADVERBS OF CERTAINTY

Adverbs of certainty express how certain we feel about an action or event.

Adverbs of certainty go before the main verb unless the main verb is 'to be',
in which case the adverb of certainty goes after. certainly, definitely,
probably, undoubtedly, surely

EXAMPLES

He definitely left the house this morning.

He surely won't forget.

He is probably in the park.

He is certainly a smart man.

If there is an auxiliary verb, the adverb of certainty goes between the

auxiliary and the main verb.

EXAMPLES

He has certainly forgotten the meeting.

He will probably remember tomorrow.

He is definitely running late.

Sometimes these adverbs of certainty can be placed at the beginning of the

sentence.

EXAMPLES

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Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.

Certainly, I will be there.

Probably, he has forgotten the meeting.

When the adverb of certainty surely is placed at the beginning of the

sentence, it means the speaker thinks something is true, but is looking for
confirmation.

EXAMPLES

Surely you've got a bicycle.

Surely you're not going to wear that to the party.

PARTS OF THE HOUSE

HOUSE
room habitación
balcony balcón
bathroom baño
BLESSING ENGLISH ACADEMY Pá gina 87
 bedroom dormitorio
dining room comedor
living room salón
sitting room sala de estar
garage garaje
kitchen cocina
basement sótano
cellar bodega
attic ático
study estudio
toilet toilette
door puerta
doorbell timbre
doormat felpudo
letter box buzón
window ventana
roof techo
chimney chimenea
staircase/stairs escalera
flat (GB) departamento
apartment (US) departamento

DINING ROOM
dining room comedor
living room salón
table mesa
chair silla
armchair sillón
sofa / settee (GB) sofá
floor piso
ceiling techo
rug alfombra
carpet alfombra fija
fireplace chimenea
radiator radiador
lamp lámpara
light luz

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 curtain cortina
wall pared
wallpaper papel de pared
television televisor

KITCHEN
kitchen cocina
fridge heladera
oven horno
microwave oven horno de microondas
dishwasher lavavajillas
washing machine lavarropas
ironing board tabla de planchar
toaster tostadora
liquidizer (GB) licuadora
blender (US) licuadora
mixer batidora
broom escoba
sink pileta
tap canilla
waste bin tacho de basura
worktop mesada
tea towel repasador
frying pan sartén
saucepan cacerola
pressure cooker olla a presión
kettle pava
bowl bol
tin opener abrelatas
corkscrew sacacorchos
fork tenedor
knife cuchillo
spoon cuchara
teaspoon cucharita
cutlery drawer cajón de los cubiertos
cup taza
glass vaso
saucer plato
jug jarra
coffeepot jarra para café
coffee maker cafetera
teapot tetera
tablecloth mantel

BLESSING ENGLISH ACADEMY Pá gina 89

 napkin servilleta

BATHROOM
bathroom baño
bath bañera
shower ducha
toilet inodoro
bidet bidet
washbasin lavabo, lavatorio
tap canilla
mirror espejo
soap jabón
soap dish jabonera
towel toalla
towel rail toallero
bath mat alfombra de baño
toilet paper papel higiénico
sponge esponja
comb peine
hairbrush cepillo
hair drier secador de pelo
shampoo champú
conditioner crema de enjuague
safety razor afeitadora
electric razor afeitadora eléctrica
shaving foam crema de afeitar
toothbrush cepillo de dientes
toothpaste dentífrico
nailbrush cepillo de uñas

BEDROOM
bedroom dormitorio
bed cama
bedside table mesita de luz
bedside lamp lámpara
wardrobe guardarropas

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 chest of drawers cajonera
drawers cajones
mattress colchón
pillow almohada
blanket manta
sheet sábana
duvet edredón
bedspread colcha
alarm clock reloj despertador

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PARTS OF THE BODY

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 PRESENT PARTICIPLE

The present participle of most verbs has the form base+ing. It is used in many
different ways.

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE AS PART OF THE CONTINUOUS FORM OF A VERB

EXAMPLES

I am working.

He was singing.

They have been walking.

We will be staying.

She would have been expecting me.

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE AFTER VERBS OF MOVEMENT & POSITION

This construction is particularly useful with the verb to go.

EXAMPLES

She went shopping.

I go running every morning.

He lay looking up at the clouds.

She came running towards me.

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE AFTER VERBS OF PERCEPTION

The pattern for this usage is verb + object + present participle. There is a
difference in meaning when such a sentence contains a zero infinitive rather
than a participle. The infinitive refers to a complete action while the present
participle refers to an ongoing action.

BLESSING ENGLISH ACADEMY Pá gina 93

EXAMPLES

I heard someone singing.

He saw his friend walking along the road.

I can smell something burning!

I watched the birds flying away.

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE AS AN ADJECTIVE

EXAMPLES

It was an amazing film.

Dark billowing clouds often precede a storm.

He was trapped inside the burning house.

Many of his paintings show the setting sun.

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE WITH THE VERBS SPEND AND WASTE

The pattern with these verbs is verb + time/money expression + present

participle.

EXAMPLES

My boss spends two hours a day travelling to work.

Don't waste time playing computer games!

They've spent the whole day shopping.

I wasted money buying this game.

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THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE WITH THE VERBS CATCH AND FIND

The pattern with these verbs is verb + object + present participle. With catch,
the participle always refers to an action which causes annoyance or anger.
This is not the case with find, which is unemotional.

EXAMPLES

If I catch you stealing my apples again, there'll be trouble!

Don't let him catch you reading his letters.

I caught him going through my bag.

We found some money lying on the ground.

They found their mother sitting in the garden.

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE FOR TWO ACTIONS AT THE SAME TIME

When two actions occur at the same time, and are done by the same person
or thing, we can use a present participle to describe one of them. When one
action follows very quickly after another done by the same person or thing,
we can express the first action with a present participle.

EXAMPLES

Whistling to himself, he walked down the road. = He whistled to himself as

he walked down the road.

They went laughing out into the snow. = They laughed as they went out into
the snow.

Dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air. = She dropped the gun and
put her hands in the air.

Putting on his coat, he left the house. = He put on his coat and left the house.
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 THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE TO EXPLAIN A REASON

The present participle can be used instead of a phrase starting with as, since,
or because. In this usage the participial phrase explains the cause or reason
for an action.

EXAMPLES

Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge.

Being poor, he didn't spend much on clothes.

Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat.

He whispered, thinking his brother was still asleep.

VERBS

Selecting the correct verb tense and conjugating verbs correctly is tricky in
English. Click on the verb tense to read more about how to form this tense
and how it is used, or select a time to see the full list of tenses and references
on that time.

Present Tenses in English Examples

Simple present tense They walk home.

Present continuous tense They are walking home.

Past Tenses in English

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Present Tenses in English Examples

Simple past tense Peter lived in China in 1965.

Past continuous tense I was reading when she arrived.

Perfect Tenses in English

Present perfect tense I have lived here since 1987.

Present perfect continuous I have been living here for years.

Past perfect We had been to see her several times before she visited us.

Past perfect continuous He had been watching her for some time when she turned
and smiled.

Future perfect We will have arrived in the States by the time you get this
letter.

Future perfect continuous By the end of your course, you will have been studying for
five years.

Future Tenses in English

Simple future tense They will go to Italy next week.

Future continuous tense I will be travelling by train.

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Present Tenses in English Examples

Conditional Tenses in English

Zero conditional If ice gets hot it melts.

Type 1 conditional If he is late I will be angry.

Type 2 conditional If he was in Australia he would be getting up now.

Type 3 conditional She would have visited me if she had had time.

Mixed conditional I would be playing tennis if I hadn't broken my arm.

The -ing forms in English

Gerund I like swimming.

Present participle She goes running every morning.

The following is a list of Irregular Verbs

Verb Past Simple Past Participle

Arise arose arisen

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babysit babysat babysat
Be was / were been
Beat beat beaten
become became become
Bend bent bent
Begin began begun
Bet bet bet
Bind bound bound
Bite bit bitten
Bleed bled bled
Blow blew blown
Break broke broken
breed bred bred
Bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast broadcast
Build built built
Buy bought bought
Catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
Come came come
Cost cost cost
Cut cut cut
Deal dealt dealt
Dig dug dug
Do did done
Draw drew drawn
Drink drank drunk
Drive drove driven
Eat ate eaten
Fall fell fallen
Feed fed fed

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Feel felt felt
Fight fought fought
Find found found
Fly flew flown
forbid forbade forbidden
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
Get got gotten
Give gave given
Go went gone
Grow grew grown
hang* hung hung
Have had had
Hear heard heard
Hide hid hidden
Hit hit hit
Hold held held
Hurt hurt hurt
Keep kept kept
Know knew known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left left
Lend lent lent
Let let let
lie ** lay lain
Light lit lit
Lose lost lost
Make made made
mean meant meant

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Meet met met
Pay paid paid
Put put put
Quit quit quit
read read read
Ride rode ridden
Ring rang rung
Rise rose risen
Run ran run
Say said said
See saw seen
Sell sold sold
Send sent sent
Set set set
shake shook shaken
Shine shone shone
shoot shot shot
Show showed shown
Shut shut shut
Sing sang sung
Sink sank sunk
Sit sat sat
Sleep slept slept
Slide slid slid
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
Spin spun spun
spread spread spread
Stand stood stood
Steal stole stolen
Stick stuck stuck

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Sting stung stung
Strike struck struck
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
Swim swam swum
swing swung swung
Take took taken
Teach taught taught
Tear tore torn
Tell told told
Think thought thought
Throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
Wake woke woken
Wear wore worn
Win won won
withdraw withdrew withdrawn
Write wrote written
* HANG - Hang has two different meanings. The first is "to attach (or hang) something in a high
position" (e.g. on the wall or on a hook). In this case we use the above verbs Hang-Hung-
Hung.

BUT when Hang means "to kill someone by putting a rope around someone's neck and leaving
them in a high position without any support", we use different verbs: Hang-Hanged-hanged.
This verb is typical of public executions in the past. (e.g. They hanged him in the main square.)

** LIE - Lie has two meanings. When it means "to put your body in a horizontal position"
(normally on a bed) it uses the Lie-Lay-Lain verbs.

BUT it is regular Lie-Lied-Lied when it has the other meaning of "not to say the truth".

*** READ - Even though they are written the same, the pronunciation is different in the Past
Tense and Past Participle form.

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 Part Two
The following verbs can be regular or irregular:

Verb Past Simple Past Participle

Burn burned OR burnt burned OR burnt

dream dreamed OR dreamt dreamed OR dreamt

Learn learned OR learnt learned OR learnt

smell smelled OR smelt smelled OR smelt

The second form (burnt, dreamt etc.) is more common in British English.

Part Three
Verbs that have the same form in Present, Past and Past Participle form:

Verb Past Simple Past Participle

bet bet bet

broadcast broadcast broadcast

cut cut cut

hit hit hit

hurt hurt hurt

let let let

put put put

quit quit quit

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 read read read

set set set

shut shut shut

spread spread spread

All of the verbs above are written and pronounced the same in the three forms EXCEPT
for Read which is written the same but pronounced differently.

Pronunciation of ED

1. The /id/ sound

If the last letter of the word is spelled with D or T, the ED is pronounced as a
separate syllable with an /id/ sound (it rhymes with kid and lid).

 wanted (sounds like "want-id")

 waited
 needed
 folded

2. The /t/ sound

If the last consonant of the word is voiceless, then the ED is pronounced as a
T. Be careful not to create an extra syllable or "id" sound.

 talked (sounds like "talkt")

 kissed (the S sound comes from the front of mouth so it would sound
like "kisst")
 parked
 helped

NOTE: As an example, with the word "helped", if you say "help-id" as a two
syllable word, then it is very likely that people will NOT understand the word
or what you are saying. (It is pronounced like "helpt")

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3. The /d/ sound
If the last letter of the words ends in a voiced consonant (or sound), then the
ED is pronounced like a D (without creating another syllable)

 played (sounds like "playd")

 closed (the S sounds like a vibrating Z so the word would sound like
"clozd")
 opened
 lived

PLACES

abbey abadía
airport aeropuerto

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amusement park parque de atracciones
art gallery galería de arte
baker's, bakery panadería
bank Banco
bar Bar
barber's shop peluquería (de caballeros)
beauty parlor salón de belleza
bookshop (GB) librería
bookstore (US) librería
bus station estación de autobús
butcher's carnicería
café cafetería
canteen cantina
casino Casino
castle castillo
cathedral catedral
chemist's (GB) farmacia
church Iglesia
cinema Cine
convent convento
court juzgado, tribunal
dairy lechería
delicatessen charcutería
department store grandes almacenes
disco discoteca
drugstore (US) farmacia
fire station departamento de bomberos
fish shop (US) pescadería
fishmonger's (GB) pescadería
garage taller mecánico
gas station (US) estación de servicio
gym gimnasio
factory fábrica
fast food restaurant restaurante de comida rápida
hairdresser's peluquería (de mujeres)

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hospital Hospital
hotel Hotel
jail Cárcel
launderette (GB) lavandería automática
Laundromat (US) lavandería automática
library biblioteca
market Mercado
mosque mezquita
museum Museo
newsagent's (GB) kiosco de periódicos
newsstand (US) kiosco de periódicos
office Oficina
park Parque
pet shop tienda de mascotas
petrol station (GB) estación de servicio
pharmacy Farmacia
police station comisaría
post office oficina de correos
prison cárcel, prisión
pub Pub
railway station estación de ferrocarril
record shop tienda de discos
restaurant restaurante
school Escuela
sports centre polideportivo
square Plaza
subway station (US) estación de subterráneo / metro
supermarket supermercado
synagogue sinagoga
train station estación de tren
underground station (GB) estación de subterráneo / metro
university universidad
video store tienda de video
zoo Zoológico

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house Casa
detached house (GB) casa independiente, separada
semi-detached house (GB) casa semiadosada
terraced house (GB) hilera de casas adosadas
row house (US) hilera de casas adosadas
flat (GB) Departamento
apartment (US) Departamento
block of flats edificio de departamentos
high-rise flat Rascacielo
skyscraper Rascacielo
bungalow Bungalow
cottage casa de campo

Reading

INTRODUCING YOURSELF

Hello! My name is Ana. I am twenty-five years old. I live in

Miami, Florida with my husband and two children. I have one
son in kindergarten and one daughter in first grade. They
both attend public school. My husband is a mechanic. On
weekends, he works at a restaurant as a dishwasher. The
restaurant usually gets more customers on weekends, so they
need extra people to wash dishes.

BLESSING ENGLISH ACADEMY Pá gina 108

TRAFFICS

Paul looks at his watch. He is worried. He has fifteen minutes

to get to his interview and he is stuck in a traffic jam. He
looks around. Everyone is honking their horns and trying to
move into the lane that seems to be moving faster. They have
barely moved in the last thirty minutes. Paul looks out of the
window at the people walking past him on the sidewalk. An
old woman walking with a cane passed him fifteen minutes
ago. He cannot be late for this interview. He grabs his
suitcase, opens the door and gets out of the car. He shuts the
door and begins to walk quickly down the street. All the cars
behind him begin to honk and the drivers start yelling at him.
One yells: “HEY! WHERE DO YOU THINK YOU’RE GOING? YOU
CAN’T JUST LEAVE YOUR CAR!! HEY!!!! COME BACK!!

SPORTS

The team is exhausted. They sit in silence in the locker room,

waiting for their coach. It is halftime and they don’t know
what to do. They are losing 28 – 0. The coach staggers in. He
stinks of smoke and whiskey and his shirt has a big yellow
stain on it. He raises his hand and yells “SILENCE!! I CANNOT
UNDERSTAND ANYTHING IF YOU ALL TALK AT THE SAME
TIME!!” The players look at each other confused. No one had
said anything.

“Now, everyone be seated and listen to me. We can still win

this game. Just keep defending and… you know… scoring.
That’s the beauty of basketball. A twenty-eight point lead is
NOTHING!! Now… if you gentlemen will excuse me…” He
walks over to the restroom, goes in and shuts the door. The
players hear a loud thud and assume that he has passed out.
No one says a word. They look at their captain. He stands up
and speaks to the team. “Well…we should have mentioned
that we were playing soccer and not basketball… but I guess
it’s too late now. So, what can I say? Let’s go out there and
do our best to limit the humiliation. Okay?”

BLESSING ENGLISH ACADEMY Pá gina 109

 HOMOPHONES

weather/whether weather = tiempo (clima)

uezh’ehr
whether = conjunción para presentar opciones: whether, or‘sea
que… o’
to/too/two To = preposición que significa ‘a’ o ‘hacia’
tu Too = también
Two = el número dos
they’re/their/there They’re = contracción de they are, que significa ellos/ellas son/están
zheir
Their = pronombre posesivo que significa ‘su’ (de ellos/ellas)

There = allí
ate/eight Ate = tiempo pasado del verbo ‘comer’
eit
Eight = el número ocho
buy/by/bye Buy = el verbo ‘comprar’
bai
By = preposición que significa ‘por’ en oraciones pasivas

Bye = una forma de ‘adios’

cent/ scent/ sent Cent = centavo
sent
Scent = olor

Sent = pasado del verbo ‘sender’ to send

for/four/fore For = preposición que significa ‘por’ o ‘para’
for
Four = el número cuatro

Fore = hacia la primera plana to the fore

principal/principle Principal = principal, mayor
prihn’cih-pl
Principle = principio
stationary/stationery Stationary = estacionario
stei’shuhn-er-i
Stationery = artículos de oficina, papeles
cite/sight/site Cite = el verbo ‘citar’
sait

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 Sight = vista

Site = sitio
would/wood Would = verbo modal para formar el tiempo condicional
wud
Wood = madera
who’s/whose Who’s = contracción de who is quién es…?
juz
whose = pronombre que significa ‘de quién’ (posesión)
you’re/your You’re = contracción de you are tú eres/está (también usted/ustedes)
yor
Your = pronombre posesivo que significa ‘su’ (de tú/usted/ustedes)
it’s/its It’s = contracción de it is ello es/está
ihts
its = pronombre posesivo que significa ‘su’ (de ello, objetos no
animados)
ceiling/sealing Ceiling = ceilo raso
cil’ing
Sealing = selladura
allowed/aloud Allowed = permitido
uh-laud’
Aloud = en voz alta
ball/bawl Ball = pelota, bola
bal
Bawl = el verbo ‘berrear’
bear/bare Bear = oso, también el verbo ‘soportar’
ber
Bare = desnudo, el verbo ‘desnudar’, también la frase ‘dejar al
descubierto’
base/bass Base = base, fundamento
beis
Bass = bajo (eléctrico), también el pez ‘róbalo’, pero suena diferente
break/brake Break = un descando o pausa, también los verbos romper,
breik quebrantar

Brake = freno, aplicar los frenos

dew/do/due Dew = rocío
du
Do = el verbo ‘hacer’

BLESSING ENGLISH ACADEMY Pá gina 111

 Due = debido, merecido
facts/fax Facts = hechos, datos
faex
Fax = documento transmitido por teléfono
find/fined Find = los verbos hallar, encontrar
faind
Fined = el tiempo pasado de ‘multar’
hay/hey Hay = heno
jei
Hey = interjección que significa ¡oye!
hear/here Hear = el verbo ‘oír’
jir
Here = aquí
hole/whole Hole = hueco
jol
Whole = entero, íntegro
know/no Know = saber, conocer
no
No = no
mail/male Mail = correo
meil
Male = varón
meat/meet Meat = carne
mit
Meet = conocer por primera vez
morning/mourning Morning = la mañana
mor’ning
Mourning = luto, duelo
one/won One = el número uno
wuhn
Won = el tiempo pasado de ‘ganar’ to win
pear/pair/pare Pear = pera
per
Pair = par, pareja

Pare = el verbo ‘mondar’

patience/patients Pacience = paciencia

BLESSING ENGLISH ACADEMY Pá gina 112

pei’shihnts
Patients = pacientes
piece/peace Piece = pieza
pis (no se ría)
Peace = paz
plain/plane Plain = simple, común y corriente
plein
Plane = avión
read/red Read = tiempo pasado del verbo ‘leer’
red
Red = rojo
right/write/rite Right = correcto, derecho (legal), (a la) derecha
rait
Write = el verbo ‘escribir’

Rite = rito, ritual

sail/sale Sail = vela del bote
seil
Sale = venta, liquidación
scene/seen Scene = escena
sin
Seen = participio pasado del verbo ‘ver’
son/sun Son = hijo
suhn
Sun = sol
steal/steel Steal = el verbo ‘hurtar’
stil
Steel = acero
wait/weight Wait = el verbo ‘esperar’
weit
Weight = peso, también pesa
weak/week Weak = débil
wik
Week = semana

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