Program : Bachelor of Building Surveying (Hons)

Course : Structural Mechanics

Course Code : BSR410
Lecturer/Tutor Name : DR. Nadia Kamarudin
Group : AP2291C

Assignment 1

GROUP PROJECT TITLE:

REINFORCEMENT BUILDING MATERIAL IN CONTRUCTION

PREPARED BY:

No. NAME: MATRIC NO.

1. RAJA MUHAMMAD IKHWAN ALHAKIM BIN RAJA IDRIS 2023698896

2. AHMAD AMMER HARITH BIN IBRAHIM 2023444252

3. MUHAMMAD IZZUL BIN KHAIROL 2023899172
4. MUHAMMAD YAZID BIN ROSLAN 2023238998

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 15/01/2024

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 CONTENTS

SECTION TOPIC PAGE

Cover Page i
Table of Contents ii
1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Reinforced Concrete 1

1.2 Type Of Reinforced In Concrete 1-2
2.0 Objective 2

3.0 Application Of Reinforced Concrete 2-6

4.0 Structure Failure 6

4.1 Inadequate Reinforcement Arrangements 5-6

4.2 Contruction Materials 6
4.3 Climatic Condition 6-7
4.4 Maintenance Of Building 7-8
4.5 Shear Cracking of Column 8-10
4.6 Short Column Effect 10-11

5.0 Case Study 12-30

5.1 Background of Building

5.2 Location
5.3 Defects, Causes and Remedial Works

7.0 Conclusion 21

8.0 Reference 22

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1.0. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Reinforced Concrete

Reinforced concrete, concrete wherein metal is embedded in the sort of way that the
two substances act collectively in resisting forces. The reinforcing metal—rods, bars, or
mesh—absorbs the tensile, shear, and now and again the compressive stresses in a concrete
structure.

Plain concrete does now no longer without problems face up to tensile and shear
stresses because of wind, earthquakes, vibrations, and different forces and is consequently
incorrect in maximum structural applications. In bolstered concrete, the tensile electricity of
metal and the compressive electricity of concrete paintings collectively to permit the member
to maintain those stresses over tremendous spans.

The invention of bolstered concrete withinside the 19th century revolutionized the
development industry, and urban have become one of the world’s maximum not unusual place
constructing substances.

1.2 Types of Reinforcement In Concrete

I. Reinforcing Concrete - Reinforcement in concrete is created with the combination

of gravel and small stones, combined with the cement to increase it electricity and
sturdiness below compression.

II. Traditional Rebar - Rebar is utilized in poured concrete as a manner to feature

yield energy and tensile durability. It is obtainable in a number of grades, lengths and
dimensional sizes. It is straightforward to govern and may be bent in a number of shapes
to satisfy the necessities of almost any poured application.

III. Post-Tensioned Concrete - Post-tensioning makes use of metal cables interior a

plastic sleeve or duct that gives anxiety as soon as the concrete has cured.

IV. Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete - used as a secondary steel bar, so that the
poured concrete has a higher tensile strength.

V. PC Strand - fabricated multi-wire high carbon steel product where it is applied to

supply compression forces

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 VI. Round Structural Solutions - Often known as pool cord, or cord mesh, spherical
structural metallic is used as an powerful reinforcement for concrete pouring.

2.0 Objective

2.1. Students are able to analyze the application of reinforced concrete in contruction.

2.2. Students are able to identify structural behaviour in contruction.

2.3. Students are able to elaborate the structure failure of reinforced concrete.

3.0 APPLICATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

Reinforced concrete (RC), and also called reinforced cement concrete (RCC), is a
composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are
compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility.
Reinforced concrete is an important item that is often used during steel building activities
because of its many advantages such as fire resistance, flexibility, seismic resistance and
durability to ensure that a building or construction can be used for a long time.

BUILDING

The building consists of beams,

Figure 1 : Reinforced Concrete Building
columns, walls, floors, and roofs. Reinforced
concrete is ideal for construction such as
floor construction, roof slabs, columns and
beams in residential and commercial
buildings. Reinforced concrete grid floors
consisting of beams and slabs are widely
used to cover large areas such as conference
halls where column -free space is an
essential requirement. It is proven to be an
economical, durable, fire -resistant, and
reliable construction material. The
versatility of concrete is another important
feature where architectural effects can be
achieved that cannot be obtained by using

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 other building materials. Historically
reinforced concrete buildings are routinely
used for both residential and office
complexes. For heavy duty floors in the
factory, RCC is ideal because of its
resistance to floor as well as wall wear and
its better and stronger durability
BRIDGES
Nowadays, trend is to adopt
reinforced concrete for bridges of long
spans,medium and small resulting in
aesthetically superior and economical
structures in comparison with steel bridges.
Due to the development of modern concrete,
the desired properties of concrete such as
concrete strength and durability can be
Figure 2 : Reinforced Concrete Bridges
achieved for any type of construction
activities.
ROADS
Road construction also uses
reinforced concrete designed to carry heavy
traffic. Runways and runways are examples
of high duty roads where reinforced concrete
is used.

Figure 3 : Reinforced Concrete Road

FLOATING STRUCTURES

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 Reinforced concrete may not be
superior construction material for floating
structures, but there are a number of projects
in which the use of reinforced concrete
obtained great success. Reinforced concrete
caissons and floating docks are examples of
floating structures.

Figure 4 : Reinforced Concrete Floating

Structure

FOUNDATIONS

The reinforced concrete can be said

to be used in the construction of almost all
types of foundations such as piles and rafts.
Reinforced concrete piles, both pre-printed
and cast-in-situ have been used for structural
foundations of various types such as bridges
and buildings.
Figure 5 : Reinforced Concrete
Foundations

PIPES AND CONDUITS

Figure 6 : Reinforced Concrete Pipes and
Conduits
The pipes and ducts have been
constructed of reinforced concrete and such
pipes are used in some applications, for
example, in the construction of sewage
systems. However, it should be noted that
reinforced concrete pipes cannot be used
when the pressure exceeds the water head of
91.5 meters unless the cylindrical steel
sheath is embedded into the reinforced
concrete pipe with special connectors.

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 MARINE STRUCTURE
Marine structures also use reinforced
concrete in construction such as piers, pier
walls, watchtowers and lighthouses in
coastal areas where corrosion is near, but
there are certain types of concrete that can
withstand such aggressive environments. It is
recommended to use reinforced concrete
frames for warehouses in coastal areas.
Figure 7 : Reinforced Concrete Marine
Structure
PRECAST WORKS
The precast concrete is a line of
reinforced concrete expansion whose
application has increased rapidly in recent
years. Precast concrete is used to build
various types of structures and various
structural elements and structural parts.
Examples of precast concrete are columns,
beams, slabs, pipes, fence posts, lighting
standards, hole holes, gap units and more
Figure 8 : Reinforce Concrete Precast
than that.
Works

4.0 STRUCTURE FAILURE

4.1 INADEQUATE REINFORCEMENT ARRANGEMENTS

Reinforcement in concrete members primarily confines concrete core, holds the

reinforcement cage during construction, and provides lateral or shear strength. Typically,
columns, sometimes shear walls, provide the main lateral load resisting mechanism in
reinforced concrete frame buildings in Malaysia. Therefore, the shear strength and ductility of
columns are crtitical in seismic performance of concrete buildings. The amount and detailing

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of column ties are directly related to the lateral strength and deformation capacity of the
columns. For example, 90-degree hooks at the end of column ties do not effectively carry shear
forces and cannot confine the concrete at large displacements, usually resulting in brittle shear
failure at a low lateral displacement or ductility.

4.2 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

CONCRETE - Concrete is a composite material made from mixing cement, aggregates such
as sand and crushed stone and water. The properties of concrete depend on the ratios used in
the mix design. Therefore, it’s a standard practice for concrete suppliers to provide material
properties and test results for each concrete patch. Fresh concrete can be poured into form
works to take any shape or form and takes time to harden into a stone-like material. It takes up
to 7 days for concrete to reach the majority of its strength and will need special attention to
curing to avoid cracking or reduction in capacity.

STEEL - Steel is one of the strongest building materials available with excellent strength
capacity in both tension and compression. Because of its high strength-to-weight ratio, it is
ideal for structural framework of tall buildings and large industrial facilities.

WOOD - Wood has been used as a construction material for thousands of years and if properly
maintained can last for hundred of years. It is a readily available and economically feasible
natural resource with a light weight and highly machinable properties. It also provides good
insulation from the cold which makes it an excellent building material for homes and residential
buildings.

MASONARY - Masonry construction is using individual units to build structures that are
usually uses mortar to bound the units together. The most common material I use in the design
of masonry structures is concrete block, with vertical steel reinforcing if required.

4.3 CLIMATIC CONDITION

Malaysia is a tropical country with hot and humid weather. High temperature and a
consistent diurnal rhythm throughout the year are the climatic elements. The average daily
maximum temperature is 34°C, while the average daily minimum temperature is 23°C. The
yearly mean temperature is 26.4°C. Malaysia has a complete, clear sky in the day for the whole

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year, ranging from 3.7 hours to 8.7 hours per day. On average, six hours of sunlight are received
each day. In terms of building design for warm humid climates, weather data analysis shows
that overheating is not as severe as in hot–dry places, but it is exacerbated by high humidity
and limited diurnal temperature change. There are two basic factors: excessive air temperature
and relative humidity impair the comfort and health of residents living in buildings with
inadequate ventilation.
As a result, changes in the environment's heat balance will raise air temperatures,
particularly in built-up urban areas compared to suburban or rural locations. The relevance of
vegetation coverage in reducing the thermal energy response in urban areas is demonstrated by
the inverse relationship between forest cover and built-up area in impacting land surface
temperature. However, in most new housing development areas, the building form, site plan,
and road layout have not been strongly examined for their master design in a hot, humid
climate. Over the country, the wind flow pattern is generally mild and erratic, with uniform
intermittent shifts. As a result of this climatic change, Malaysia has four seasonal monsoons:
northeast monsoon, southwest monsoon, and two shorter periods of inter-monsoon seasons.

4.4 MAINTENANCE OF BUILDING

Maintenance is the process that has been done to prevent the deterioration in the
building whilst also to repair the damages in happen in the building. The damages happen in
the building when some part of the building cannot functional well. There are many types of
damages in the building such as the electric system, water supply, floor, roof, the drainage
system and wall. This problem might be solving by doing the building maintenance to repair
or to restore the equipment that cannot functional well. The problem occurs in the building will
affect the tenant in the building, that why the maintenance process is very important to make
sure the tenants feel convenience and safe to use the building.
Building maintenance usually practice in every countries and it is very important in
every development to have maintenance management. In general the meaning of building
maintenance is the work done by someone who expertise to keep the building maintain and to
make sure that every part of building is well improve. In order to maintain the building, it also
wan too keeps the value of the building and to upgrade its services and surrounds. The building
maintenance also necessary in this country because by carried out the maintenance in the
building it will maintain the value of the building, safe for resident who live in the building and
the building can be used for extended period of time.

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 Assuring efficiency in building maintenance practice is very important every because
without efficiency in building maintenance, the operation of the building cannot be functional
well. There are many advantages of efficiency in building maintenance such as many problems
will be avoided if all the work done by the building management is efficient and follow the
standard and the guideline provided.
Efficiency of the building maintenance, to make sure that the building maintenance is
efficiency, the management can use the planned management. There are two type of planned
maintenance which is preventive and corrective. Planned preventive maintenance is the work
done directly to prevent the failure of the facility and amenities in the building in order to make
sure that the facilities can continue operation. We can schedule all planned work so that the
maintenance work will go smoothly and can ensure the damages can be monitored by the
anticipate staff. This type of strategies is referring to the planned maintenance and it is perform
with a predetermined plan at regular. By using this he preventive maintenance, the maintenance
can be planned and perform when it convenience to the building users. Then, the advantages
use this type of strategy maintenance is can reduce the maintenance cost by avoid the cost of
consequential damage.
Secondly, to assuring the efficiency in building maintenance practice, the management
of the building should perform the accurate cost estimating to certify the lowest cost for the
building maintenance. In determining the low cost for the building maintenance, the
management of the building should accurately track the costs of all maintenance work. The
maintenance management also can use the in house resources like to do the maintenance work
so that the cost can be minimize. It may cause higher cost if use the external resources to solve
the problem of damages in the buildings and it may take a long time to resolve the entire
problem. Then, to make the building maintenance is done efficiently, we must maintain a
proper level of material and spare parts to make easier to repair the damages equipment.

4.5 SHEAR CRACKING OF COLUMN

Diagonal Cracks - Diagonal cracking is an inclined crack beginning at the tension surface of
a concrete member. Steep diagonal cracks appear in concrete foundation due to point loads that
exceed the compressive strength of the concrete. This type of failure, known as settlement can
happen due to “volume changes in clay soils due to fluctuation in their water content, increased
pressure on a portion of the foundation, or long term consolidation of compressible clay under
the foundation” . If the soil under the footing cannot stand the compression force from the

8
weight of the foundation and house/building, then the structure will sink and any adjacent walls
that are adequately supported will resist this movement. Diagonal cracks in reinforced concrete
columns develops and encompass the entire face of column anywhere along its height. The
main cause of diagonal cracks in concrete columns is inadequate load carrying capacity of the
columns; insufficient cross-section and inadequate reinforcement steel. Diagonal Cracks would
influence structural soundness and hence it needs to be dealt with properly.

Horizontal cracks- .Horizontal crack in reinforced concrete column is observed to initiate

mostly at the beam-column junction, and on column face where tensile stress is large . Columns
with in adequate moment resistance capacity, insufficient reinforcements, or disposition of
installed reinforcement are prone to horizontal cracking; due the effect of shear force and direct
load and uniaxial bending. Finally, horizontal cracks substantially reduce the shear strength of
the column leading to a greatly increased risk of failure. So, it is required to be tackled as soon
as possible .

Splitting Cracks- Splitting cracks in reinforced concrete column are short parallel vertical
cracks with non-uniform width. Columns with Insufficient steel reinforcement, and low
concrete quality are susceptible to experience such types of cracks.

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Corrosion Cracks - Corrosion cracks in concrete columns are developed along the line of
reinforcements. This type of cracks is commonly uniform in width and widen as the column
is ageing. Possible reinforcement corrosion and inadequate bond between concrete and steel
bars are the cause of corrosion reinforcement in concrete columns .

4.6 SHORT COLUMN EFFECT

Short columns are required in certain buildings, either due to ground conditions or
because an intermediary beam is required, as seen in figure 9 below. Short columns are also
required in a variety of structural arrangements.

Figure 9

Because small columns are tougher than lengthy columns, they absorb the majority of
the earthquake forces operating on the structure (Figure-10). The stiffer a structural member is,

10
the less flexible it is to withstand any type of deformation. A building's earthquake design is
more efficient due to the structure's flexibility.

Figure 10

The stiffer the material, the more force will be required to cause any deformation. If the
short columns are not intended to withstand such a huge force, the column will be damaged,
and the structure would suffer as a result. The effect is known as the short column effect. The
shear failure of the short column results in x-shaped cracking. The shear force generated in a
short column will be eight times that of a long column.

Figure 11

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5.0 CASE STUDY

5.1 MASJID MUKIM GEMANG, JELI

5.1.1 MASJID MUKIM GEMANG BACKGROUND

This mosque is located in the village area at Jeli District, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan Darul
Naim 17600 Kelantan. There is a library next to this mosque. The location of this mosque is
on the side of the main road of Jeli leading to Grik. The location of this mosque is 9km from
the town of Jeli. This mosque has a tower and a dome. In this mosque there is a main prayer
room with pillars that is used as a place to perform congregational prayers. There is also an
additional prayer room that can accommodate the capacity of many congregations at one time.
At the same time, this mosque is also rectangular in its basic design. The structure of this
mosque is made of cement as a whole.

5.1.2 MASJID MUKIM GEMANG’S LOCATION

ADDRESS :
MASJID MUKIM GEMANG
JELI DISTRICT, 17600 JELI, KELANTAN DARUL NAIM 17600 KELANTAN
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Masjid+Mukim+Gemang/@5.7612554,101.8631322
,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x31b4306d24acf2c9:0x48083fb07884e20d!8m2!3d5.76
12554!4d101.8653209

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 5.1.3 DEFECTS AND CAUSES

TYPES OF DEFECTS :
5.1.3 Cracks
A crack is a complete or incomplete
separation of concrete into two or more parts.
Cracks can occur due to various reasons
chemical reactions in construction materials,
foundation movements and settling of buildings,
changes in temperature and climate,
environmental stresses like the nearby
movement of trains, earthquakes etc. Faulty and
defective design, poor quality materials,
incorrect methods of construction, weather, and
loads of wear and tear can create cracks.
Figure 12 : Cracks at Masjid Mukim
Gemang 5.1.4 Causes of Cracks
 Permeability of concrete
 Thermal movement
 Creep movement
 Corrosion of reinforcement
 Moisture movement
 Poor construction practices
 Improper structural design and
specifications

5.1.5 Remedial Works

1) Use low water – cement ratio
2) Maximize the coarse aggregate in concrete
mix admixtures containing calcium chloride
Figure 13 : Cracks (Long View) at Masjid
must be avoided.
Mukim Gemang
3) Surface should be prevented against rapid
evaporation of moisture content.

13
 4) Loads must be applied on the concrete surface
only after gaining its maximum strength.

Figure 14 : Cracks (Short View) at Masjid

Mukim Gemang

5.3 RUMAH LOT 3311, KAMPUNG GEMANG, AYER LANAS

5.3.1 RUMAH LOT 3311, KAMPUNG GEMANG BACKGROUND

Rumah Lot 3311, Kampung Gemang was built in 1995. A family of six people lives in
this residence. This house has 3 bedrooms and 1 toilets. This house was flooded in 2014 as a
result of the significant rains that occurred in Kelantan. Parts of the house, particularly those
built with concrete, were damaged as a result of the accident.

5.3.2 RUMAH LOT 3311, KAMPUNG GEMANG LOCATION

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 ADDRESS :
LOT 3311,KAMPUNG GEMANG,17700,AYER LANAS,JELI KELANTAN
https://www.google.com/maps/@5.7568748,101.8618168,17.04z

5.3.3 DEFECTS AND CAUSES

TYPES OF DEFECTS :

5.4.1 Cracks
Cracks can occur due to various
reasons chemical reactions in construction
materials, foundation movements and
settling of buildings, changes in temperature
and climate, environmental stresses like the
nearby movement of trains, earthquakes etc.
Faulty and defective design, poor quality
Figure 15 : Cracks at Lot 3311,Kampung materials, incorrect methods of construction,
Gemang weather, and loads of wear and tear can
create cracks.

5.4.2 Causes of Cracks

 Natural Forces
 Poor Workmanship
 Permeability Of Concrete
 Structural Design
 Poor (Or) Lack Of Maintenance
 Elastic Deformation
Figure 16 : Cracks at Lot 3311,Kampung 5.4.3 Remedial Works
Gemang 1) Injection of Epoxy
Epoxy injection is a cost-effective
way to repair non-moving fractures in
concrete walls, slabs, columns, and piers,
and it can restore the concrete's pre-cracked
strength.

15
 2) Filling with Gravity
Gravity filling can be used to seal
fractures with surface widths of 0.001 to 0.08
in. with low viscosity monomers and resins.
Methacrylates with a high molecular weight,
urethanes, and some low viscosity epoxies
have all proved successful.
3) Routing and Sealing
Routing and sealing cracks is a
considerably more common and less
complicated form of crack correction.
However, it should only be used when only
remedial crack repair is necessary and no
structural repairs are required.
4) Stitching the Cracks
The stitching method of fixing
broken buildings is a simple and long-lasting
method. In this method, holes are drilled
throughout the broken surface to create entry
and exit sites. After that, a number of U-
shaped metallic staples are pushed through
the holes and firmly secured in place with a
grout or epoxy-based method.

5.5 LOT PT 3803 TAMAN BUKIT TEBU

5.5.1 LOT PT 3803 TAMAN BUKIT TEBU BACKGROUND

Lot Pt 3803 Taman Bukit Tebu was located in Tanah Merah Kelantan. It is a structure
constructed on the land of the landowner. A family of three lives in this residence. This house
was built in 2005.

5.5.2 LOT PT 3803 TAMAN BUKIT TEBU LOCATION

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 ADDRESS :

LOT PT 3803 TAMAN BUKIT TEBU 17500 TANAH MERAH KELANTAN

https://www.google.com/maps/place/3803,+Taman+Bukit+Tebu,+17500+Tanah+Me
rah,+Kelantan,+Malaysia/@5.8059942,102.1256963,21z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x31b69cf90ed
491e1:0xef9d0f5cfe8bf1b4!8m2!3d5.805938!4d102.125941

5.5.3 DEFECTS AND CAUSES

TYPES OF DEFECTS :

Figure 17 : Cracks at Lot Pt 3803 Taman
Bukit Tebu
5.4.1 Cracks
When the stress on a building component
surpasses its strength, it creates fractures.
Externally imposed forces such as dead, live,
wind, seismic loads, or foundation settlement
can generate stress in building components, or
stress can be induced inside owing to
temperature changes, moisture changes, and
chemical reactions. Cracks detract from the
building's aesthetic appeal, as well as destroying
the wall's integrity, compromising the structure's
safety, and reducing its durability.

17

Figure 18 : Cracks (Long View) at Lot Pt
3803 Taman Bukit Tebu
Figure 19 : Cracks (Short View) at Lot Pt
3803 Taman Bukit Tebu
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5.4.2 Causes of Cracks
 Thermal Movement
 Chemical Reaction
 Shrinkage
 Quantity of Cement
 Vegetation
 Defective construction techniques
5.4.3 Remedial Works
1) Create a deeper hairline crack (using a
scraper, screwdriver or utility knife) before
starting the repair work. This “opens up” the
crack so that you can clean out the loose
concrete, paint, debris or old filler (using a cloth,
dry brush or vacuum) before mending. This also
helps the filling solution to properly fill the
insides of the crack.
2) After cleaning the crack, fill it with filling
solution/joint compound. Make sure the filler
covers the entire crack.
3) Even out the surface with your scraper and let
the filling dry out for a day. Keep point 3 and 4
in mind. Don’t rush the process.
4) Once the surface has dried, sand it down so
the surface is completely smooth and even.
5) Then apply paint. If you are applying two
coats, always make sure the first coat has
properly dried before applying the second coat.
A good paint option is Nippon Paint 3-in-1
Medifresh, which is specially formulated to
cover hairline cracks.

Figure 20 : Non-Structural Cracks (Short
View) at Lot Pt 3803 Taman Bukit Tebu
Figure 21 : Non-Structural Cracks (Short
View) at Lot Pt 3803 Taman Bukit Tebu
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TYPES OF DEFECTS :
5.3.3 Non-Structural Cracks
Non-structural fractures emerge in your
foundation, but they do not now pose a threat to
the home's structural integrity. Weather
conditions, temperature variations, and moisture
content will naturally produce these types of
cracks in your foundation over time.
5.3.4 Causes of Non-Structural Cracks
Non-structural cracks can be caused by a number
of factors :
 Creep damage
 Settlement
 Shifting foundations
 Hydrostatic pressure
 Vegetation or trees can also cause non-
structural cracks.
5.3.5 Remedial Works
Many non-structural cracks do not
require repair because they are merely aesthetic.
If they do need to be repaired, it must first be
established if they are dormant or active. Some
cracks, such as those generated by plastic
shrinkage, go dormant practically immediately
after forming. Any further cracking may follow
the lines of weakness generated by the plastic
shrinkage cracks when there is thermal
contraction. This will bring the cracks back to
life.
In most cases, dormant fractures are
easily repaired by injecting an epoxy resin or
cementitious sealant into them.
 They'll need to be sealed with a material
that allows for enough movement without
cracking the seal, and they might need to be
grooved to provide for enough slot width for the
sealer to work properly.

Figure 22 : Non-Structural Cracks (Short

View) at Lot Pt 3803 Taman Bukit Tebu

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6.0 Conclusion
The use of reinforced concrete is a great leap in the history of human society. It has
got rid of the construction difficulties and serious shortcomings of consumables. It has made
great progress in fire prevention, earthquake prevention and disaster prevention. It has got
rid of the limitation of human resources. Nowadays, the use of new materials and
technologies in building has made great progress in durability, but this does not mean that
the building will not lose. After the long-term use of buildings, the components in some
common parts will be worn out, and there will be some potential safety hazards over time. At
this time, it is necessary to reinforce the damaged parts of buildings. Several methods
mentioned above are aimed at the damaged buildings, different problems and different parts
to reinforce, which also reduces the demolition of old buildings to a certain extent. The loss
of money in building new buildings shows that the development and application of concrete
structure reinforcement technology in civil construction is very common nowadays.

Combinations of moisture, temperature, and chlorides may cause corrosion of

reinforcing and prestressing metal in shapes exposed to competing conditions, resulting in
concrete deterioration and loss of serviceability. Using fiber-strengthened polymer rebars in
concrete is a popular solution that has gained traction in recent research in a number of
industrialized countries. Fiber concrete is also becoming a more well-known manufacturing
fabric as a result of its improved mechanical properties over non-strengthened concrete and
its ability to improve the mechanical overall performance of conventionally reinforced
concrete.

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7.0 Reference

I) Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Reinforced concrete. Encyclopædia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/reinforced-concrete/

II) Editor. (2021, May 25). Editor. Concrete Ideas.

https://www.concreteideas.com/reinforcement-methods-for-concrete/

III) APPLICATIONS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN CONSTRUCTION. The Constructor.

(2019, July 19). https://theconstructor.org/concrete/applications-reinforced-concrete/6732/

IV)Construction materials. Construction materials - Designing Buildings Wiki. (n.d.).

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Construction_materials.

V)Maintenance. Maintenance - Designing Buildings Wiki. (n.d.).

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Maintenance.

VI) Common types of cracks in reinforced concrete column. Causes Of Cracks In Columns |
Types Of Cracks In Concrete Columns. (n.d.).
https://www.quantitytakeoff.com/cracksinreinforcedconcretecolumn.htm#:~:text=The%20cra
cks%20happen%20in%20columns,longevity%2C%20and%20adversely%20impact%20aesth
etics

VII) Types & Summary of Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Column. GharPedia.(2020, June
29) https://gharpedia.com/blog/types-summary-of-cracks-in-reinforced-concrete-column/

VIII) 2,807,515. Masjid Mukim Gemang (n.d.).

http://masjid.islam.gov.my/index.php?data=aW5mby1tYXNqaWQucGhw&id=4094&jenis=
&nama=&negeri=&daerah=.

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