Smart Water Flow Meter for Improved

2022 Second International Conference on Advances in Electrical, Computing, Communication and Sustainable Technologies (ICAECT) | 978-1-6654-1120-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICAECT54875.2022.9808041

Measurement of Water Usage in a Smart City

N. Sushma
Department of E&C Engineering
Malnad College of Engineering
Hassan - 573202 and affiliated to
Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi - 590018, India.
sushma.sneha@gmail.com
H. N. Suresh J. Mohana Lakshmi
Department of E&E Engineering Electrical, Instrumentation and Controls
Malnad College of Engineering L & T Technology Services
Hassan - 573202 and affiliated to Mysuru - 570018, India.
Visvesvaraya Technological mohana2024@gmail.com
University, Belagavi - 590018, India.
mce.suresh@gmail.com

Abstract—Water shortage is one of the predominant
problems which influences billions of humans throughout the
world. With the cities transforming to dwelling places of smart
infrastructure, controlling, analyzing and reducing the water
consumption of the houses has proved to be challenging.
Existing smart water monitoring devices are prone to theft,
damage and can be quite expensive. As a result, developing
countries are facing a difficult time in acquiring and
maintaining high quality monitoring tools. Thereby water
information stays erroneous and generally depends on isolated
estimations. Hence, there is an increased demand for low-cost,
reliable and precise flow sensors that are easy to use. To meet
this necessity a low-cost, remote monitored smart water meter
is proposed in this article to monitor water usage in urban
private residences. A water flow sensor along with Raspberry Pi
Pico is used that continuously monitors water usage. With the
ability to monitor and visualize data with ease, the designed
smart water meter is capable of sensing even moderate pipeline
flow rates with a serverless architecture. The proposed meter
also records monthly average water requirement of a house.
Keywords—LoRa, Smart Water Meter, Smart City, Calibration
Factor, Raspberry Pi Pico.
I. INTRODUCTION
The adoption and use of modern technology to improve
the standard of life and lessen the effect of human activities
is becoming more anticipated across the world. The influence
of consumer behaviors on the environment, as well as the
increasing demand for pure water because of urbanization [1]
and the expense of managing a growing population in cities
transport, storage, purification and distribution of water has
become a matter of concern. Water use and associated sewage
overheads have been influenced by rapid changes in the way
of life and better paying capacity. Water utilities have
traditionally seen water distribution management as a delicate
undertaking requiring a philanthropic methodology, which
can result in uneconomically high water management costs
and irregular expense sharing agreements between diverse
customer groups [2]. Water utilities are rapidly recognizing
the value of smart meters in demand control, client service,
work enhancement and operational excellence.
Advancements in technology like smart meters based on IoT
and sensors that help in saving water are progressively
featured in today's sophisticated programs [3]. Leaks may be
identified, controlled and even patched automatically with
the help of automatic leak detection and monitoring systems,
allowing for significant advancements in the optimization of
water-intensive operations and activity control [4].
With the advancement of the smart city idea [5],
continuous information gathered from sensors placed in
essential locations [6], as well as waterworks networks, is
projected to enable centralized administration [7]. No
changes to the plumbing system are required for noninvasive
water flow monitoring [8]. If there is any leakage of water in
the pipeline, the location of leakage can be detected using
GSM/GPRS system and software analysis [9]. A system that
provides an instant alert about leakage is also developed [10].
Furthermore, real-time data from flow meters based on IoT
aids water saving [11]. An alarm and display shower monitor
system are employed at the shower end to alert the user on
water wastage [12]. The water meter is an important piece of
equipment in the administration of water distribution systems
as it measures the quantity of water delivered from a public
water supply system to a residential or business premises
[10]. In general, there are three types of water meters:
mechanical, electromechanical and entirely electronic water
meters. Table I indicates the operation pros and cons of these
water meters.
TABLE I. COMPARISON OF WATER METERS.
Classification Merits Demerits
Fully Mechanical Simple to design, Low flow rates result in a
minimal cost and restricted measuring
long-term reliability. range and lower accuracy,
lack of real-time data.
Electromechanical Data in real-time. Electronic component
demands additional
protection, resulting in
decrease in stability.
Fully Electronic Information with Additional water-proof
great precision and protection and power
that is updated in supply are required.
real-time.
Electronic circuit components have gradually been added
into mechanical water meters during the last two decades to
give autonomous features such as Automatic Meter Reading
(AMR) [13]. The electromechanical water meters have a
mechanical measuring base. New measuring concepts, such as
fluidic [14], electromagnetic flow meters [15] and ultrasonic
flow meters [16] have recently been used to build
sophisticated electronic water meters.
In ultrasonic water meters, the velocity of the fluid is
determined by transmitting ultrasonic sound waves through
the fluid using one or more ultrasonic transducers [17].
Completely electronic water meters, in general, have greater
measurement accuracy than fully mechanical water meters,
making them a suitable option for improving water supply
management in smart cities [18].
The requirement for low cost, reliable and efficient smart
water flow meters has seen an increasing necessity [19]. Self-
powered water flow meters are also being developed, but the
reliability of the system is of main concern [20]. In this
context, design and installation of a smart water meter
employing an embedded controller is proposed in this article.
A complete smart architecture employing Raspberry Pi-Pico
integrated with a LORA communication network is
developed. The system is designed to monitor water usage
while accounting for the energy consumption of the sensor
node. The contribution of the work carried out lies in
developing a system design for a smart water meter,
measurement of water flow using Hall Effect water flow
meter, development of the required circuitry and PCB
fabrication. The work focuses on using the water flow sensor
and microcomputer for water flow measurement and
collecting real-time data on water consumption.
II. SYSTEM DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
With the advancement in technology, deploying a
wireless network in large areas is not at all a problem today.
Integration of wireless modules with suitable IoT-based
controllers has led to the development of feasible water
measurement systems in smart cities [21]. With effective
communication protocols, LoRa and Raspberry Pi Pico, a
smart water flow meter is developed. The entire system is
simple, compact and is said to consume substantially less
current compared to Raspberry Pi and Arduino Uno. In this
section, the system design and methodology used for the
proposed residential water consumption tracking system are
discussed. This smart water flow meter has been shown to
measure water flow accurately consuming less power.
A. System Design
The proposed system in this research attempts to create a
smart water meter that can track water usage while
accounting for the sensor node's energy consumption. The
proposed system's block diagram is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Block diagram of the proposed smart water meter.
The suggested system is designed by combining a Hall
effect water flow meter/sensor and Raspberry Pi Pico along
with E32/1W LoRa module. Raspberry Pi Pico, a
microcomputer, serves as the system’s heart to perform all
the required tasks. The water flow sensor is connected to the
Raspberry Pi Pico to collect the data in real-time. Raspberry
Pi Pico also controls the solenoid valve connected to the
pipeline. Water usage is measured using the YF-S201 water
flow sensor. The water flow sensor consists of a rotor. This
magnetic rotor rotates as water flows through the sensor and
the rotor's rotational speed varies with the flow rate. The data
collected will be stored in the controller Raspberry Pi Pico
and will be transferred through E32/1W LoRa module to the
municipal corporation when requested. LoRa will wake up
from sleep mode when an interrupt is detected from the
sensor or a signal to retrieve information for shutting the
valve is received from municipal corporation. The working
of the water flow sensor, motor driver and solenoid valve are
presented in the subsections to follow.
B. YF-S201 Hall Effect Water Flow Meter/Sensor
Accurate flow measurement is a critical step from both
qualitative and economic standpoints. Flow meters are
effective instruments for measuring water flow. Water flow
sensor YF-S201 is used in this work to design a reliable water
management system. Fig. 2 depicts the interior structure of
the YF-S201 sensor. YF-S201 is a turbine flow sensor with a
pulse output. A plastic body and a water rotor make up this
low-cost water flow sensor. It also has an internal circuit for
the Hall effect sensor, which operates on the basis of
electromagnetism and generates pulses at the output pin. It is
a low-power device with a maximum flow rate of 30 liters per
minute. The Red (5-24V DC power), black (ground) and
yellow (Hall effect pulse output: PWM output) wires are
included with the sensor. The turbine blades are subjected to
a torque that powers the rotor when liquid flows over the
sensor. The speed of rotation is related to fluid velocity once
a constant rotation speed has been achieved. Another
rotational speed measurement device, a Hall effect sensor, is
utilized in the YF-S201 to determine the turbine's rotational
speed.
Fig. 2. Different parts of YF-S201.
On each turn, an electrical pulse is created by the
integrated magnetic Hall effect sensor. The water pipe and
the Hall effect sensor are separated which keeps it safe and
dry. The number of pulses at the sensor's output makes
calculating the water flow simple. Each pulse contains about
2.25 milliliters of water. In this sensor, pulse rate varies based
on flow rate, fluid pressure and sensor orientation. The
current consumption of the YF-S201 water flow sensor is
about 15-20mA at 5V.
C. L293 Motor Driver IC
The L293 motor driver IC serves as a link between
Raspberry Pi Pico and the solenoid valve. The L293D IC
receives Raspberry Pi Pico signals and transfers the
corresponding signal to the solenoid valve. It has two voltage
pins, one for pulling current to power the L293D and the other
for applying a voltage to the valve. The L293D alters its
output signal from 1 to 0 and 0 to 1 in response to the Pico's
input. L293D is made up of two H-bridges as shown in Fig.
3.
If the switches S1 & S4 are maintained closed and the
switches S2 & S4 are kept open, electricity travel from the
Vin input to the motor's switch S1, then to switch S3 and
finally out of the circuit. The motor would turn clockwise as
a result of the current flow. The current flows in the other
direction when S4 and S2 are closed but S1 and S3 are left
open, causing the motor to rotate counter-clockwise. The
motor obtains positive voltage from both sides when S1 and
S4 are closed while S2 and S3 are open, bringing the motor
shaft to a halt.
Fig. 3. H-bridge with four switches on the corners of the H.
D. Solenoid Valve.
The solenoid valve and its associated components are
shown in Fig. 4. When electricity passes through the
solenoid, the coil is triggered and creates a magnetic field.
The plunger and the spring force form a magnetic
attraction, forcing the plunger to move. If the valve is
normally closed, the plunger is lifted, allowing the seal to
open the aperture and allow the fluid to flow through the
valve. The plunger goes down while the valve is normally
open, obstructing the orifice and limiting water flow
flowing through the valve.
Fig. 4. Solenoid valve's components: A-coil, B- armature,
C-shading ring, D-spring, E-plunger, F-seal and G- valve body.
The smart water flow system is an integrated module
comprising the LoRa, Hall effect sensor, motor driver IC and
the solenoid. All these components are arranged and
assembled together to form a smart water flow meter. The
assembly of the components once done into a single casing
can be further connected to measure water flow in residential
areas.
E. Methodology
To detect the movement into the pipe, a water flow sensor
is linked to it and the water flow sensor's Hall effect converts
water movement into pulses. When the pipeline valve is shut,
the detected output is zero i.e., no pulse is detected as there is
no flow of water. The sensor converts the Hall effect motion
into pulses when the water valve is open, which is
subsequently transformed to a measured value.
The Hall-effect flow sensor's output is also represented by
the calibration coefficient. For accurate reading during the
working period, this factor is modified. The calibration
coefficient varies as the water pressure and diameter of the
water pipe vary. As the loop may not finish in a precise one
second span, the output is scaled by the number of
milliseconds since the most recent execution. The flow rate is
computed by considering the number of pulses per second per
unit of measurement and the calibration factor which affects
the Flow Rate output (FR) as given in (1). When water stops
flowing through the sensor, the time to compute the current
flow of water does not increase. Therefore, the current time
of the water flow is the same as the one it was before it
stopped.
 1000
×CP
CT-PT 
FR=
CF
where, CT is Current Time in millisecond, TP is previous
scan time in millisecond, CP is the count of the Current Pulse
and CF is the Calibration Factor of the water flow sensor.
The current milliliters of water that has passed through
the sensor every one second is calculated using (2). The total
milliliters of water flowing via the sensor is calculated using
(3). Hence, the total amount of water consumed can be
calculated at any moment.
Flow rate
Flow in Milliliters= ×1000 (2)
60
Total flow in Milliliter
= Current flow in milliliters
+ Previous flow in milliliters (3)
The methodology employed follows a sequence of steps
as shown in Fig. 5. The process involved in smart water meter
is as follows:
i. The solenoid valve is normally closed. A pulse of
10ms is sent from the controller to the driver circuit to
open the solenoid valve.
ii. The turbine wheel turns as water runs through the
pipeline, causing the magnet flux to interfere with the
Hall effect sensor. The sensor creates a pulse signal,
which may be used to estimate the water volume,
because the rate of interference is dependent on the
speed of water flow.
iii. The water flow sensor's output is connected to the
Raspberry Pi Pico unit's interrupt pin, which counts
the number of pulses or interrupts per unit time. The
number of pulses counted will be directly proportional
to the rate of water flow.
iv. When an interrupt is detected, the total pulse count
received from the sensor is utilized to calculate the net
amount of water flow in liters.
v. If there is no water flow for a predetermined time, say
1 minute, the total liters measured will be saved for
the next estimation and will also be displayed for the
user.
vi. In addition to these functions, the solenoid valve can
be remotely shut off in the event of a failed bill
payment and switched back on in the event of a
successful payment thereafter.
 Fig. 5. Flowchart illustrating the different phases involved in the proposed methodology.

vii. The working hours of the unit must be reduced to is set correctly. As the water pressure and diameter of the
minimize the power consumption. Hence, sleep mode water pipe change, so does the calibration coefficient. As a
is activated for the LoRa module when there is no result, a correct calibration factor value must be established
process involved. to achieve more precision. To determine the calibration
factor, the trial-and-error method is used. The calibration
viii. An interrupt caused by water flow through the sensor
factor is initially set to 1 in the trial-and-error approach and
or by sink node to turn ON/OFF solenoid valve wakes
500ml of water is passed through the sensor and the measured
up the LoRa module of the smart water meter and
value is compared. The calibration factor is increased and the
returns to the sleep mode after completing the process.
process is repeated until the measured value is the actual
The methodology clearly shows the operation of a smart value to the best extent. Based on the trial-and-error method,
water meter. The complete process is explained with the help a greater level of accuracy is obtained in the present work for
of a flow chart in Fig. 5. Further, the procedure followed in the calibration factor of 4.5.
the adjustment of calibration factor and initialization of
G. Water Flow Sensor Parameters
parameters is discussed in section F and section G
respectively. The controller initializes the various parameters used to
calculate the total amount of water flow. The value of Pulse
F. Selection of Calibration Factor
Count, Flow Rate, Previous Time in Milliseconds, Current
Choosing the proper calibration factor value requires a Time in Milliseconds and Total Flow in Milliliters are
trial-and-error method for achieving greater accuracy. The initialized to ‘0’. This initialization does not affect billing
higher the accuracy, the more is the closeness between actual when the system is installed for the first time. The value of
and measured value. Table II shows the calibration factor for the calibration factor is set to 4.5. The minimum water
multiple readings. pressure required is 0.5 bar for the sensor to operate. This
TABLE II. CALIBRATION FACTOR ADJUSTMENT.
precaution is taken to ensure that the water flow sensor does
not produce pulses for airflow within the water pipe. The
Iteration Calibration True Value Measured Value values of each parameter get updated with the last measured
Number Factor in milliliters in milliliters
value which is the initial value for the next readings. Table II
1 3 500 1000
shows that measured and actual values for the calibration
2 4 500 650
factor of 4.5 are in close proximity. Discussion on further
3 4.5 500 510
4 5 500 460
results obtained upon experimental studies conducted is
5 6 500 388 narrated in the next section.

The closer the actual and measured value, the best is the III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
calibration factor. The system is designed to deliver an This section discusses the findings and inferences drawn
accuracy of 95 percent or greater when the calibration factor from the experiments conducted. Following the design of the
smart water meter, the system is evaluated to confirm whether communication using the LoRa unit. The data is transmitted
accurate water measurement is possible. Multiple tests are to the sink node after the total liters have been calculated and
carried out to assess the smart water meter's functionality. the same is displayed for the user. The readings transmitted
from the smart water meter are the same as the readings
A. Testing of Water Flow Quantity
received by the sink node.
This test is performed to check whether a water flow
The commands ‘off_sol’ and ‘on_sol’ are used to turn
meter can gather the amount of water flowing through a pipe.
OFF and turn ON solenoid valve, on failing to pay the water
The hardware setup is shown in Fig. 6. The prototype is
bill and upon successful payment of water bill respectively,
linked to the house's water input line. To compare the
as shown in Fig. 9. The total liters consumed are sent to the
measured and collected water quantities, the water pouring
sink node on request and also when water stops flowing
out of the hardware is collected in a 1-liter water bottle. Water
through the sensor.
is pumped through a 1/2-inch conduit to test the system. The
measured water flow value is transmitted to the sink node
within 4 seconds by LoRa module. The solenoid valve is
successfully turned OFF and ON remotely via sink node, in
addition to detecting the water flow.

Fig. 8. Data transmission of sensor node to sink node.

Fig. 9. Remote turn ON and OFF of solenoid value upon receiving a signal
from the sink node.

The available smart water flow meters though perform

with an accuracy level of 98%, yet they pose a disadvantage
with respect to cost, maintenance and clogging. This makes
Fig. 6. Prototype of the smart water meter.
them unreliable to be deployed on large scale in a bigger area
of a smart city. Table IV gives the comparison with accuracy
To assess the accuracy of the water flow meter utilized, a and other characteristics of different flow meters currently
series of tests are conducted that captures data using 500ml deployed in smart cities in India.
of water for several iterations. Table III indicates that the
TABLE IV. COMPARISON OF EXISTING FLOW METERS WITH THE
smart water meter captures data with an approximate PROPOSED FLOW METER.
accuracy of 99%. The measured values of the five iterations
are almost equivalent to the real value, as shown in Fig. 7. Sl.
Meter Type Accuracy Advantages Disadvantages
No.
TABLE III. DATA ACQUIRED UPON EXPERIMENTATION. 1. Inferential 95% Tamper- Affected by
Water Meter free, rust- clogging.
Number of [22] free, air- Requires
Actual Value Measured Value Accuracy
Iterations tight vertical
1 500 504 99.2% installation
2 500 510 98% 2. Mechanical 98% Necessitates Clogging
3 500 495 99% Water Meters less in-line
4 500 506 98.8% [12] maintenance
5 500 496 99.2% 3. Electromagnetic 99.5% No moving High cost, high
Meters [13] parts maintenance
4. Ultrasonic 98% No moving High cost
Comparison of True and Measured Water Meters parts, no
[16] contact with
Value water and
500 504 500 510 500 495 500 506 500 496 hence no
Experimental Data

600
pressure
400 drop
5. Proposed Water 99% Low cost, Requires
200
4 10 5 6 4 Flow Meter easy to periodic
0 install, low calibration
1 2 3 4 5 maintenance

No. of Iterations Table IV indicates the accuracy of the proposed water

True Value Measured Value
Fig. 7. Comparison of the actual value and measured value of the water
flow for the calibration factor of 4.5.
Fig. 8. depicts the result of a sensor node that successfully
communicated data to a sink node via wireless
flow meter to be greater than the other available flow meters.
Error
Also, the proposed system involves less maintenance and
ease of installation and operation when compared with other
flow meters. Further, the proposed system provides IoT
enabled feasible solution for tracking and forecasting water
consumption via domestic pipeline, especially in a residential
locality of smart cities.
 IV. CONCLUSION
In the present work, an accurate smart flow meter is
deployed which provides long-range communication of 8km
(line of sight). Water flow in the water pipe is successfully
monitored by the water flow sensor and the data is
successfully sent to the sink node wirelessly by LoRa
wireless communication in real-time. The proposed smart
water meter exhibited 99% accuracy. Furthermore, the
monitoring system assists users in changing their water usage
and reducing water consumption, as well as identifying and
correcting aberrant water usage. This method is a promising
replacement for the conventional data collection mode
followed in India which is the pen and paper method. The
proposed method has proven to be a potential solution for
smart water management systems with respect to the
challenges the country is currently facing in implementing
smart city projects. The proposed smart water flowmeter
makes it ideal for use in smart cities. The proposed system
can be scaled further by varying the dimensions of the circuit
components to make them fit for different pipes and
pipelines.
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