PP For CH 22

₢
PHYS II
Electricity and Magnetism Mechanical Wave and
Optics
1. Electric Field and Gauss’s Law (Ch22,23)
❖Vibration and wave (Ch15-17)
2. Electric potential
❖Optics (Ch34-37)
3. Capacitance
4. Electric Circuits (Ch26,27)
5. Magnetism (Ch28, 29)
6. Induced electricity (Ch30, 31)
7. AC Circuits
1
Ch22 Charge, Electric Force, Electric Field
1. What causes electricity? 1. Charge (notation: 𝑞, 𝑄)
2. Where does charge originate? 2. Atom (all matter consists of atoms.)
3. What particles carry the two kinds 3. The atom consists of the nucleus
of charge? (protons + neutrons) and electrons
➢ Positive ➢ Proton (positive)
➢ Negative ➢ electron (negative)
4. What does one need to know at 4. The three basic properties of charge
the beginning about charge? 5. At normal situation, the sum of
5. Why can’t I “feel” charges, since positive charge and the negative
they are everywhere? charge is zero (electric neutral)
6. What is charge’s SI unit? 6. Coulomb (𝐶)
** The fact of electric neutral means that one can add two kinds of charges algebraically. 2
Ch22-1 Charge, Electric Force, Electric Field
Three basic properties of charge
1. Charge is conserved: 1. Charge cannot be created nor destroyed.
➢ In a given isolated region, the total amount of An analogy…
charge is conserved.
➢ The charge distribution may depend on each
2. A charge of one Coulomb has how many
specific situation, but the total is constant. electrons/protons?
➢ 6.25 × 1018 (6 billion billion)
2. Charge is quantized:
➢ Commonly used unit: 𝜇𝐶, 𝑛𝐶
➢ Minimum charge quantity (fundamental charge)
➢ 𝑒 = 1.6 × 10 −19 𝐶 3. Charges interact with each other
➢ There exists an electric force.
3. Charges interact with each other
➢ Electric force is a noncontact force.
➢ Like charges (+ + and − −) repel
➢ Manner of interaction provides force direction.
➢ Unlike charges (+ − and − +) attract
➢ Force is vector. Therefore one should know how
to use vector.
Point charges
➢ Size is negligible. ➢ The size of proton: ~ 𝑓𝑚 (10−15 𝑚)
➢ Ideal model for solving problems ➢ The size of electron: so small that currently unknown
3
Ch22-2 Charging an Object
Examples of using the three basic charge properties
In normal situations, an object is electrically neutral even through the object has billions upon billions of
atoms. Charging an object leaves the object with more electrons or protons, making the total net charge
negative or positive. This requires moving electrons from one place to another. But because electrons are so
small, how does one go about moving it? And what tools can be used to store electrons?
Conductor Insulator
1. Has free charge: (The electrons in 1. Has bound charges: (The electrons in
the conductor are free to move.) the insulator are bound to their nuclei)
2. The motion of the electrons are the
same as protons moving in the 2. Charges do not travel.
opposite direction. 3. Used to isolate/protect conductor.
3. Used to hold charge. ➢ Charge cannot move in or out of an
➢ A container to store charge (capacitor) insulator in normal situations.
➢ A wire to transfer charge
Examples of conductors: Au, Ag, Al, Cu, Fe, earth, …

4
Charging by Contact (Two Insulators)
Two insulators rubbed against each other

(Insulator A and B are initially electrical neutral)
A A
+𝑄
━━━━━━━━━━

B −𝑄
B
Which charge property is used here? The 1st
** Charges inside an insulator cannot move freely

5
Charging by Contact (Two Conductors)
One Conductor With Charge Two Conductors
Where does the charge stay? (One without charge initially)
(On the surface) ⊕
⊕ ⊕
Which properties used? ⊕ ⊕
⊕ ⊕
⊕
⊕
⊕ ⊕ ⊝⊝⊝
⊝ ⊝ ⊕ ⊕ Which
⊕ ⊕ properties
⊕ ⊕ ⊝ ⊝ ⊕ ⊕
⊕ ⊕ used?
⊕ ⊕ ⊝ ⊝
⊕ ⊝ ⊝⊝
⊕ ⊕
How do you know the distribution is uniform on a ⊕ ⊕ ⊕
⊕
spherical conductor? 3rd Property (like charges repel) ⊕ ⊕
Symmetry!
6
Charging by Induction (one Conductor)
1.
⊝⊝ ⊕⊕
⊕
⊝
⊕⊕⊕⊕ ⊝ ⊕
⊕
2. ⊕⊕⊕⊕ ⊝ ⊕
⊕
⊝⊝ ⊕
⊝
Which properties are used?

⊝⊝
⊝
⊕⊕⊕⊕ ⊝
3. ⊕⊕⊕⊕ ⊝
⊝⊝⊝
⊝ ⊝⊝
4. ⊝ ⊝
⊝ ⊝⊝
7
Charging by Induction
⊕⊕⊕⊕
⊕⊕⊕⊕
What will happen when a charged object

is placed near the running water?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhWQ-r1LYXY
8
Ch22-3 Coulomb's Law (Magnitude of the electric Force)
Two point charges 𝑞1 , 𝑞2 are separated at a distance 𝑟
𝑞2 𝑚2
𝑟 𝑟
𝑞1 𝑚1
𝑞1 𝑞2 Gravitational 𝑚1 𝑚2
Electric Force 𝐹𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 𝐹𝑔 = 𝐺
𝑟2 Force 𝑟2
𝑘𝑒 = 9 × 109 𝑁𝑚2 /𝐶 2 𝐺 = 6.67 × 10−11
𝑘𝑒 : Coulomb constant 1 𝐺: Universal gravitational constant
𝑘𝑒 =
4𝜋𝜀0
 When using 𝑘𝑒 = 9 × 109 ,
one must use SI units.
𝜀0 = 8.85 × 10−12
This is one of the (seven) fundamental constants in physics.

Named permittivity of free space
9
Example: Hydrogen Atom
EX-1 The electron and proton of a hydrogen atom are separated
❖ Which is focus object (me)? electron
(on the average) by a distance of approximately 5.3 × 10−11 𝑚.
❖ Which is external agent (other)? proton
a) Find the electric force acting on the electron.
b) Find the gravitational force between the two particles. 𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞𝑒 = 𝑞𝑝 = 1.6 × 10−19
c) Find the ratio between the electric force and the 𝐹𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒
𝑟2
gravitational force. 𝑟 = 5.3 × 10−11 𝑚
𝑘𝑒 = 9 × 109 𝑁𝑚2 /𝐶 2
𝐹𝑒 = 8 × 10−8 𝑁
𝑞𝑒 −
𝑚1 𝑚 2 𝑚𝑒 = 9.1 × 10−31
𝑟 𝐹𝑔 𝐹𝑔 = 𝐺
𝑟2
𝐹𝑒 𝑚𝑝 = 1.7 × 10−27
𝐺 = 6.67 × 10−11
𝑞𝑝 + 𝐹𝑔 = 4 × 10−47 𝑁
𝐹𝑒
= 2 × 1039
When using a force, one must know 𝐹𝑔
Which object (external agent) applies the force onto which other object (focus object)
❖ Which is focus object (me)?
❖ Which is external agent (other)? In normal situation, gravitational force is negligible
❖ Free body diagram compare with the electric force.
10
Free body diagram for Electric force (Apply PHYS 1401 Skill)
Focus charged particle
External agent Name your force? Direction
1 Other charged particle-1
2 Other charged particle-2
3 Other kind of force
Draw free body diagram (for the focus charge particle)
When using a force, one must know

At normal situation, gravitational force is negligible
Which object (external agent) applies the force onto which other object (focus
object)
compare with the electric force.
❖ Which is focus object (me)?
❖ Which is external agent (other)?
❖ Free body diagram
11
EX-2 Consider three point charges located at the corners of a Focus charged particle 𝑞3
right triangle as shown in the Figure, where 𝑞1 = 8.0 𝐶, 𝑞3 = External agent Name the force? Direction
2.0 𝐶, 𝑞2 = −4.0 𝐶 , and 𝑎 = 3.00 𝑚, 𝑏 = 4.00 𝑚. Find the
resultant force exerted on 𝑞3 . 1 Other charged particle-1 (𝑞1) 𝐹1 𝑞1 rep 𝑞3
2 Other charged particle-2 (𝑞2 ) 𝐹2 𝑞2 att 𝑞3
𝐹Ԧ1 3 Other kind of force
𝑏 𝐹Ԧ2 Draw your free body diagram

𝑞2 ⊝ 𝑞3
⊕
𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒
𝑟2
𝑎 𝑘𝑒 = 9 × 109 𝑁𝑚2 /𝐶 2
𝑟
𝑞2 𝑞3 9
4.0 × 10−6 × 2.0 × 10−6
⊕ 𝐹2 = 𝑘𝑒 2 = 9 × 10 × = 4.5 × 10−3 𝑁
𝑏 4×4
𝑞1
−6 × 2.0 × 10 −6
𝑞1 𝑞3 9 × 8.0 × 10
𝐹1 = 𝑘𝑒 2
= 9 × 10 = 5.8 × 10−3 𝑁
𝑟 5×5
Draw free body diagram (for the focus charge particle 𝑞3 )
1. Draw force-1 tail on charge 𝑞3 (repel from 𝑞1 )
2. Draw force-2 tail on charge 𝑞3 (attract from 𝑞2 )
12
EX-2 [continue] Consider three point charges located at the 𝑦
corners of a right triangle as shown in the Figure, where 𝑞1 =
8.0 𝐶, 𝑞3 = 2.0 𝐶 , 𝑞2 = −4.0 𝐶 , and 𝑎 = 3.00 𝑚 , 𝑏 =
𝐹Ԧ1
4.00 𝑚. Find the resultant force (magnitude) exerted on 𝑞3 .
𝐹Ԧ2
𝜃 𝑥
𝐹Ԧ1
𝑏 𝐹Ԧ2 𝑥−comp y−comp
𝑞2 ⊝ 𝑞3
⊕
𝜃 𝐹Ԧ1 𝐹1 cos 𝜃 𝐹1 sin 𝜃
𝐹Ԧ2 −𝐹2 0
𝑎
𝐹Ԧ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹1 cos 𝜃 − 𝐹2 𝐹1 sin 𝜃
𝑦
⊕ 𝐹𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (Σ𝐹𝑥)2 +(Σ𝐹𝑦 ) 2
𝑞1
𝑥 𝐹𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (𝐹1 cos 𝜃 − 𝐹2 )2 +(𝐹1 sin 𝜃)2
13
EX-3 Two identical small charged spheres, each having a Focus charged particle 𝑞2
mass of 3.0 × 10 −2 𝑘𝑔,
hang in equilibrium as shown in the
External agent Name the force? Direction
Figure. The length of each string is 0.15 𝑚, and the angle 𝜃
is 5.0°. Find the magnitude of the charge on each sphere. 1 Other charged particle-1 (𝑞1) 𝐹𝑒 𝑞1 rep 𝑞2
2 gravitational 𝐹𝑔
3 tension 𝑇
Draw your free body diagram
𝑇
𝑥−comp y−comp
𝑦 𝑇 −𝑇 sin 𝜃 𝑇 cos𝜃
𝐹Ԧ𝑒 𝑞𝐸 0
𝐹Ԧ𝑒 𝑥 𝐹Ԧ𝑔 0 −𝑚𝑔
𝐹Ԧ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝐸 − 𝑇 sin 𝜃 𝑇 cos 𝜃 − 𝑚𝑔
𝑞2 under equilibrium:
𝑞1 𝑞2 𝐹𝑔
Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0 Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0
Draw free body diagram (for the focus charge particle 𝑞2 ) 𝑞𝐸 − 𝑇 sin 𝜃 = 0 𝑇 cos 𝜃 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0
1. Draw force 𝐹𝑒 tail on charge 𝑞2 (repel from 𝑞1)
2. Draw force 𝐹𝑔 tail on charge 𝑞2 (dir: downward, magn: mg)
3. Draw force 𝑇 tail on charge 𝑞2 (dir: along the string, pull away from 𝑞2 )
14
Ch22-4 Electric Field
Two point charges 𝑞1 , 𝑞2 are separated at a distance 𝑟
How can they interact with each other without contact?
𝑃
Michael Faraday
𝑞2 1. Charge (named as source charge 𝑞) generates “electric wind”
𝑟 (named as electric field) at certain locations.
2. Charge (named as test charge 𝑞′ ) in the electric field experiences
𝑞1 a force of the electric field (test charge "feels the electric wind”)
𝐹Ԧ𝑒
1. Source charge q1 at position P generates electric field.
𝑞2
𝑃 2. Test charge 𝑞2 at position 𝑃 experiences an electric
𝑟 𝑃
force.
Michael Faraday’s two statements are the best structural guidelines for the
𝑞1
topic of electricity (there even exist two similar statements for magnetism).
15
Michael Faraday (1791—1867)
➢ He received little formal education, his mathematical abilities were limited to the
simplest algebra. (At the age of 14 he became an apprentice to a local bookseller.
During a 7-year apprenticeship, Faraday read many books.)
➢ He was one of the most influential scientists in history.
➢ He was an excellent experimentalist and has an ability to convey his ideas in clear and
simple language.
➢ Faraday's concept of lines of flux provided a way to visualize electric and magnetic
fields; Crucial for a conceptual model…
➢ He is one of Albert Einstein’s three heroes. Einstein kept pictures of Faraday, Isaac
Newton and James Clerk Maxwell on his study wall.
➢ Faraday was a leader in his church, whose faith and wish to serve guided him
throughout his career.
➢ Faraday was not interested in acquiring wealth. He repeatedly turned down highly paid
consultancy work for government and industry.
➢ He turned down the offer of presidency of the Royal Society twice (in 1848 and 1858).
➢ During his lifetime, he was offered a knighthood in recognition for his services to Taken by an unknown photographer
science, but he turned down it, believing that it was against the word of the Bible to before Michael Faraday's death in
accumulate riches and pursue worldly reward, and stating that he preferred to remain 1867.
"plain Mr. Faraday to the end".
16
Define Electric Field 𝐸 EX4 A student puts a +250 𝜇𝐶 charge at point P as shown
in the Figure. She finds that the charge experiences a 0. 500
N force with the direction shown in the figure.
In physics, we use existent physical quantities to define a) Find the electric field at location P.
new physical quantities.
We want to define the electric field 𝐸 at a certain 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 Direction Magnitude
location P. We put a test charge 𝑞 ′ at P. It will 𝑞′ 𝑞′ > 0 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 and 𝐸: Same

𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞 ′ 𝐸
′
experience an electric force 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 . The relationship between 𝑞 <0 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 and 𝐸: Opposite
𝑃
𝑞 ′ , 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 , and 𝐸 is used to define electric field 𝐸.
𝐸 𝐹𝑒 0.500
𝑞′ 𝐸= ′= Magn.
𝐹Ԧ𝑒 = 𝑞 ′ 𝐸 dir. 𝑞 250 × 10−6
𝑃 𝐸 = 2.00 × 103𝑁/𝐶
Direction Magnitude b) Now put a -150 𝜇𝐶 charge at point P, Find the electric
force acting on the charge.
𝑞′ > 0 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 and 𝐸: Same
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞′ 𝐸 𝑞′ < 0 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 and 𝐸: Opposite
𝑞′ <0 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 and 𝐸: Opposite
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞 ′ 𝐸 = 250 × 10−6 × 2.00 × 103
17
One Point Source Charge 𝑞 Generate Electric Field 𝐸 at Position P
EX-5 Given a positive point charge 𝑞 at distance 𝑟 𝑞𝑞′
away from point P as shown in the Figure, find the 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 𝐹𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 2
𝑞′ 𝑟
electric field at point P.
⊕
𝑃 Direction Magnitude
⊕ 𝑟 𝑞′ > 0 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 and 𝐸: Same
𝑞 𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞 ′ 𝐸
𝑞′ < 0 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 and 𝐸: Opposite
𝑃
⊕ 𝑟 Define “looking direction”: From source charge 𝑞 to position P
𝑞
The direction of 𝐸 field of a positive source charge at location P is
the same as the looking direction.

To find the electric field, we use a similar
approach to Example 4. Put a positive test charge The magnitude of the electric field
𝑞 ′ at position 𝑃 and find the force acting on 𝑞 ′.
Then use the definition of 𝐸 to find 𝐸. 𝐹𝑒 𝑞
𝐸= 𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒
𝑞′ 𝑟2
18
One Point Source Charge 𝑞 Generate Electric Field 𝐸 at Position P
EX- 𝟓′ Given a negative point charge 𝑞 at 𝑟 𝑞𝑞′
distance away from position P as shown in the 𝑞′ 𝐹𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 2
Figure, find the electric field at location P. 𝑟
𝐹Ԧ𝑒 ⊕
𝑃 Direction Magnitude
⊝ 𝑟 𝑞′ > 0 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 and 𝐸: Same
𝑞 𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞 ′ 𝐸
𝑞′ < 0 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 and 𝐸: Opposite
𝑃
⊝ 𝑟
The direction of 𝐸 field of a negative source charge at location P is
𝑞
opposite to the looking direction.
To find the electric field, we use a similar

approach to Example 4. Put a positive test charge The magnitude of the electric field
𝑞 ′ at position 𝑃 and find the force acting on 𝑞 ′.
Then use the definition of 𝐸 to find 𝐸. 𝐹𝑒 𝑞
𝐸= 𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒
𝑞′ 𝑟2
19
Point Source Charge 𝒒 Generates Electric Field 𝑬 at Position 𝐏
Given one point charge 𝑞 at 𝑟 distance away from This conclusion is very important. It can be used
position P as shown in the figure, what is the as a starting point to calculate the electric field
electric field at location P? generated by a group of point source charges.
𝑃
𝑟
𝑞
Direction Magnitude
𝑞>0 Same as “looking direction” 𝑞
𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒
𝑞<0 Opposite to “looking direction” 𝑟2
20
Point Source Charge 𝒒 Generates Electric Field 𝑬 at Position 𝐏
Direction (compare to direction) Magnitude Procedures of Solving problem of point charges generate 𝐸 at Position P
𝑞>0 Same 1 Find position P (when you draw 𝐸, its vector tail is on P)
𝑞
𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒 2 Focus one point charge at + Draw 𝐸 at Position P same as looking dir.
𝑞<0 Opposite 𝑟
2 a time, if the charge is
− Draw 𝐸 at Position P opposite to looking dir.
3 Find the distance between the focus point charge and P and calculate 𝐸 magn.
4 Choose 𝑥𝑦-reference frame and find the x-component and y-component of 𝐸
5 Find the total x-component and y-component of 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 and its magnitude.
𝐸3
𝑞2 𝑟2 𝐸1 𝑥−comp y−comp
𝐸1
𝑟1 𝑃 𝑟3 𝐸2 𝐸2
…
𝑞1 Σ𝐸𝑥 Σ𝐸𝑦
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑞3
Magnitude of the 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (Σ𝐸𝑥)2 + (Σ𝐸𝑦 )2
21
EX-5 A positive point charge is shown in the
Procedures of Solving problem of point charges generate 𝐸 at Position P
figure below relative to a point P. What is the
1 Find position P (when you draw 𝐸, its vector tail is on P)
direction of the electric field at position P?
Focus one point charge at + Draw 𝐸 at Position P same as looking dir.
⊕ 3 Find the distance between the focus point charge and P and calculate 𝐸 magn.
P
⊕
← Directed toward the left
1st step:
Find position P
→ Directed toward the right P (when you draw 𝐸, its vector tail is on P)
↑ Directed upwards
2nd step
Positive source charge
↓ Directed downward
Draw 𝐸 at Position P same as looking dir.
22
EX-6 A negative point charge is shown in the
⊝ 5 Find the total x-component and y-component of 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 and its magnitude.
P

⊝ 1st step:
Find position P
P
→ Directed toward the right (when you draw 𝐸, its vector tail is on P)
↑ Directed upwards 2nd step

Negative source charge
↓ Directed downward Draw 𝐸 at Position P opposite to looking dir.
23
EX-7 A positive point charge is shown in the
⊕
1st step:
⊕ P Find position P
(when you draw 𝐸, its vector tail is on P)
P
2nd step
Positive source charge
Draw 𝐸 at Position P same as looking dir.
↖ Directed toward northwest
↗ Directed toward northeast
↘ Directed toward southeast
↙ Directed toward southwest
24
EX-8 A negative point charge is shown in the
direction of the electric field at position P? 1st step:
Find position P
P (when you draw 𝐸, its vector tail is on P)
P
⊝ ⊝
2nd step
Negative source charge
Draw 𝐸 at Position P opposite to looking dir.
↖ Directed toward northwest
↗ Directed toward northeast
↙ Directed toward southwest
25
EX-9 Two point charges with same charge
quantities are located at the corners of a square as 𝐸+ 𝐸+
shown in the figure. What is the direction of the ⊕
total electric field at corner P? P
𝐸−
𝐸−
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
⊕
P ⊝
⊝
↖ Directed toward northwest 1 Find position P (when you draw 𝐸, its vector tail is on P)
↗ Directed toward northeast 2 a time, if the charge is
↙ Directed toward southwest 5 Find the total x-component and y-component of 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 and its magnitude.
26
EX-10 Two point charges with same charge
quantities are located at the corners of an 𝐸+
equilateral triangle as shown in the figure. What is 𝐸+
𝐸−
the direction of the total electric field at corner P?
P
𝐸−
P
⊝ ⊕
⊝ ⊕
2
Focus one point charge at
a time, if the charge is
+ Draw 𝐸 at Position P same as looking dir.
→ Directed toward the right
↑ Directed upwards 4 Choose 𝑥𝑦-reference frame and find the x-component and y-component of 𝐸
↓ Directed downward
27
EX-11 A negative point charge is at the center of a 𝑦
Answer 𝑥-component 𝑦-component
circle with a radius of 𝑟 = 4.0 𝑚 as shown in the
figure. What is the 𝑥-component and 𝑦-component of A +6.25 cos 30° +6.25 sin 30°
the electric field at position P? [Given 𝑘𝑒 𝑞 = 100]
B +6.25 cos 30° −6.25 sin 30°
𝑞
𝑦
C −6.25 cos 30° +6.25 sin 30° ⊝
𝑥
D −6.25 cos 30° −6.25 sin 30°
30°
E +6.25 sin 30° +6.25 cos 30°
P
F +6.25 sin 30° −6.25 cos 30°
𝑞
⊝ G −6.25 sin 30° +6.25 cos 30°
𝐸
𝑥 30° 𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸 cos 30°
H −6.25 sin 30° −6.25 cos 30°
30° P 𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸 sin 30°
P
𝑞 100 4 Choose 𝑥𝑦-reference frame and find the x-component and y-component of 𝐸
𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒 = = 6.25𝑁/𝐶
𝑟2 4.02 5 Find the total x-component and y-component of 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 and its magnitude.
28
EX-12 Two point charges with the same charge Answer 𝑥-component 𝑦-component
quantities ( 𝑞 ) are located at the corners of a square of 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸+
side 𝑎 = 3.00 𝑚 as shown in the figure. What is the 𝑥- A +20.0 +20.0
𝐸−
component and 𝑦-component of the total electric field
B +20.0 −20.0
at position P? Given 𝑞1 = 𝑞2 = 𝑞 = 10.0 𝑛𝐶, P
C −20.0 +20.0
𝑘𝑒 = 9 × 109 1𝑛𝐶 = 1 × 10−9 𝐶 D −20.0 −20.0
E +10.0 +10.0
⊝
P F +10.0 −10.0
𝐸𝑥 = −𝐸− = −10.0
G −10.0 +10.0
𝑦 𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸+ = 10.0
H −10.0 −10.0
⊕
𝑥 Procedures of Solving problem of point charges generate 𝐸 at Position P
𝑞1 90.0
𝐸+ = 𝑘𝑒 2 = = 10.0𝑁/𝐶 3 Find the distance between the focus point charge and P and calculate 𝐸 magn.
𝑎 3.02
𝑞2 90.0
𝐸− = 𝑘𝑒 2 = = 10.0𝑁/𝐶 5 Find the total x-component and y-component of 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 and its magnitude.
𝑎 3.02
29
EX-13 Two point charges with the same charge quantities Procedures of Solving problem of point charges generate 𝐸 at Position P
( 𝑞 ) are located on the straight line as shown in the
figure. What is the 𝑥-component of the electric field at
position P? Given 𝑞1 = 𝑞2 = 𝑞 = 1.00 𝑛𝐶, and 𝑎 = Focus one point charge at + Draw 𝐸 at Position P same as looking dir.
0.50 𝑚. − Draw 𝐸 at Position P opposite to looking dir.
𝑘𝑒 = 9 × 109 1𝑛𝐶 = 1 × 10−9 𝐶 3 Find the distance between the focus point charge and P and calculate 𝐸 magn.
𝑎 2𝑎
⊕ 𝑎 2𝑎
⊕
𝑞1 P 𝑞2 𝑥
𝐸2 P 𝐸1 𝑥
𝑞1 9.00
𝐸1 = 𝑘𝑒 = = 54.0𝑁/𝐶
𝑎2 0.502
𝑞2 9.00
𝐸2 = 𝑘𝑒 2
= = 9.00𝑁/𝐶
(2𝑎) 1.02
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 = 54.0 − 9.00 = 45.0 𝑁/𝐶
30
EX-14 Two point charges with the same amount charge Procedures of Solving problem of point charges generate 𝐸 at Position P
quantities ( 𝑞1 = 𝑞2 = 𝑞 = 40.0 𝑛𝐶) are located at the 1 Find position P (when you draw 𝐸, its vector tail is on P)
corners of a right triangle with side 𝑎 = 60.0 𝑐𝑚 and angle
𝜃 = 30° as shown in the figure. What is the 𝑥-component 2 a time, if the charge is
and 𝑦-component of the total electric field at position P?
9
1𝑛𝐶 = 1 × 10−9 𝐶 𝑘𝑒 = 9 × 10 4 Choose 𝑥𝑦-reference frame and find the x-component and y-component of 𝐸
𝐸1
𝑎 P 𝑦
𝑥
𝑦 30°
𝐸2 𝐸2
30° 𝑥
⊝ ⊕ 𝑥−comp y−comp
𝑞2 𝑞1
𝐸1 0 𝐸1
𝐸2 −𝐸2 cos 30° −𝐸2 sin 30°
𝑞1 9
40.0 × 10−9 −𝐸2 cos 30° 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 sin 30°
𝐸1 = 𝑘𝑒 = 9 × 10 × = 4.00 × 103 𝑁/𝐶 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
(𝑎 sin 30°)2 0.302
−1.00 × 103 cos 30° 4000 − 1000 sin 30°
𝑞2 9 ×
40.0 × 10−6
𝐸2 = 𝑘𝑒 = 9 × 10 = 1.00 × 103 𝑁/𝐶
𝑎2 0.602
31
EX-15 Two point charges 𝑞1 = 18 𝜇𝐶 and 𝑞2 = 27 𝜇𝐶 are Procedures of Solving problem of point charge generate 𝐸 at Position P
located on a straight line at distances 𝑎 = 0.90 𝑚 and 𝑏 = 1 Find position P (when you draw 𝐸, its vector tail is on P)
0.60 𝑚, respectively, from a point P.
a) Find the net electric field at point P. 2 a time, if the charge is
b) If a negative charge 𝑞3 = 5.0 𝜇𝐶 is placed on point P, − Draw 𝐸 at Position P opposite to looking dir.
calculate the net electric force on 𝑞3 . 3 Find the distance between the focus point charge and P and calculate 𝐸 magn.
4 Choose xy reference frame and find the x-component and y-component of 𝐸
𝑎 𝑏 5 Find the total x-component and y-component of 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 and its magnitude.
⊕ ⊕
𝑎 𝑏
𝑞2 𝑃 𝑞1
𝐸1 P 𝐸2 𝑥
𝑞1 9 18 × 10−6
𝐸1 = 𝑘𝑒 2 = 9 × 10 × 2 = 4.50 × 105 𝑁/𝐶
𝑏 0.60
𝑞1 9 27 × 10−6
𝐸2 = 𝑘𝑒 2 = 9 × 10 × = 3.00 × 105 𝑁/𝐶
𝑎 0.902
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 = −1.50 × 105 𝑁/𝐶
32
EX-16 Charges 𝑞1 = 8.00 𝜇𝐶, 𝑞2 = −12.0 𝜇𝐶, and a point P are Procedures of Solving problem of point charge generate 𝐸 at Position P
located at the vertices of a right triangle as shown in the Figure, 𝑎 = 1 Find position P (when you draw 𝐸, its vector tail is on P)
0.30 𝑚 and 𝑏 = 0.40 𝑚, Focus one point charge at + Draw 𝐸 at Position P same as looking dir.
a) Find the magnitude and direction of the net electric field at P. − Draw 𝐸 at Position P opposite to looking dir.
b) Now put a point charge 𝑞3 = 2.50 𝜇𝐶 at P and calculate the net
electric force on 𝑞3 .
4 Choose xy reference frame and find the x-component and y-component of 𝐸
𝐸1 𝑦 5 Find the total x-component and y-component of 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 and its magnitude.
𝑥−comp y−comp
𝐸1 0 𝐸1
𝑃
𝐸2 𝐸2 cos 𝜃 −𝐸2 sin 𝜃
𝐸2 𝑥 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸2 cos 𝜃 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 sin 𝜃
𝜃
𝑏 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (… )2 +(… )2
𝐸2 𝑞1 9
8.00 × 10−6
𝐸1 = 𝑘𝑒 2 = 9 × 10 × = 4.50 × 105 𝑁/𝐶
𝑏 0.40 × 0.40
𝜃
𝑞1 ⊕ ⊝ 𝑞2 𝑞2 9
𝐸2 = 𝑘𝑒 2 = 9 × 10 ×
12.0 × 10−6
= 4.32 × 105 𝑁/𝐶
𝑎 𝑟 0.502
𝑏
tan 𝜃 = 𝜃 = 53°
𝑎
33
Ch22-5 Electric Field Line (E-line Map)
One Point Source Charge
Michael Faraday: visualize electric field
How to draw E-line Map

1. Start from ⊕ charge/infinity
2. End at ⊝ charge/infinity
3. Cannot start/end at a location
where is no charge
4. E-lines cannot cross
⊕ ⊝
34
E-line Map Provide the E-Field Magnitude Information
One Point Source Charge
E-line Map and Electric field magnitude
𝐸2
1. Electric field magnitude ∝ density of E-lines
2. Number of E-lines ∝ charge
𝑟2
𝑞 ⊕ 𝑟1
E-line density
Number of E−lines
=
𝐸1 Area
8 8 Number of E-lines
𝐸1 ∝ = 8 8
𝐴1 4𝜋𝑟12 𝐸2 ∝ =
𝑞 1 𝐴2 4𝜋𝑟22
𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒 2 𝑘𝑒 = E-magnitude Area at 𝑟1
𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0
35
E-line Map: Two Point Source Charges

where is no charge
36

where is no charge
37
where is no charge
E-line Map and Electric field magnitude

1. Electric field magnitude ∝ density of E-lines
2. Number of E-lines ∝ charge
𝑞1 Number of E−lines end at 𝑞1 4

= =
𝑞1 𝑞2 Number of E−lines start from 𝑞2 16
𝑞1 , 𝑞2 , ±? =?
𝑞2
38
E-line Map for certain symmetry cases
Charge uniformly distribution on a sphere
1. Start from ⊕ charge

2. End at infinity
⊕
⊕⊕ ⊕⊕ 3. Cannot end at a location where is no
⊕ ⊕ charge
⊕ ⊕
⊕ ⊕
⊕⊕ ⊕⊕
⊕
Consider symmetry
39
Charge uniformly distribution on an infinite plane
+𝜎 How to draw E-line Map

 1. Start from ⊕ charge
 2. End at infinity
 3. Cannot end at a location where is no charge


 Consider symmetry


What information 
The E-line density is uniform!
you can get form 
this E-line map? 

3D mass density
𝑄 Total charge on the area A 𝑚
2D Charge density 𝜎 = 𝜌=
𝐴 Area 𝑉
40
Charge uniformly distribution on an infinite plane
−𝜎
━ How to draw E-line Map
━
━ 1. Start from infinity

━ 2. End at ⊝ charge
━
where is no charge
━
━
Consider symmetry
━
What information
you can get from
this E-line map?
41
Uniform electric field
Direction everywhere is the same

Electric Field 𝐸
Magnitude everywhere is the same
42
Ch22-6 Application of Charged Particle in Uniform E-field
Michael Faraday
1. Source charge generates electric field at certain locations.
2. Test charge 𝑞′ in the electric field experiences a force
Examples relate to the second statement.
Direction Magnitude
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞 ′ 𝐸
𝑞′ <0 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 and 𝐸: Opposite
43
Application of Charged Particle in Uniform E-field
EX-17 A small object of mass 𝑚 = 3.80 𝑔 and Direction Magnitude

charge 𝑞 = −18𝜇𝐶 is suspended motionless above the 𝑞′ > 0 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 and 𝐸: Same
ground when immersed in a uniform electric field 𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞 ′ 𝐸
′
perpendicular to the ground. What is the magnitude 𝑞 <0 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 and 𝐸: Opposite
and direction of the electric field?
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞′ 𝐸 suspended motionless
(under equilibrium)
𝐹𝑒 = 𝐹𝑔
⊝
𝑞′ 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔
44
Application of Charged Particle in Uniform E-field
EX-18 A small sphere of charge 𝑞 = 68 𝜇𝐶 and mass 𝑚 = 5.8 𝑔 is attached to a Direction Magnitude
light string and placed in a uniform electric field 𝐸 that makes an angle 𝜃 = 37° 𝑞′ > 0 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 and 𝐸: Same
with the horizontal. The opposite end of the string is attached to a wall and the 𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞 ′ 𝐸
sphere is in static equilibrium when the string is horizontal as in Figure. 𝑞′ <0 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 and 𝐸: Opposite
(a) Draw a free body diagram for the sphere.
(b) Write relevant equations
(c) Find the magnitude of the electric field and the tension in the string.
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞′ 𝐸 under equilibrium
𝑬
𝜃 Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0 Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝜃
𝑇 𝑞𝐸 cos 𝜃 − 𝑇 = 0 𝑞𝐸 sin 𝜃 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔
45
Ch22-6 Motion of Charged Particle in Uniform E-field
EX-19 A proton accelerates from rest in a uniform electric field of Direction Magnitude
640 N/C. A moment later, its speed is 𝑣 = 1.20 × 106 𝑚/𝑠.
(a) Find the acceleration of the proton. 𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞 ′ 𝐸
′
(b) Over what time interval does the proton reach this speed? 𝑞 <0 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 and 𝐸: Opposite
(c) How far does it move in this time interval?
(d) What is its kinetic energy at the end of this interval?
46
EX-U1: A uniform electric field 𝑬 is directed along the x
axis between parallel plates of charge separated by a
distance d as shown in the Figure. A positive point charge
q of mass m is released from rest at a point A next to the
positive plate and accelerates to a point B next to the
negative plate.
a) Find the speed of the particle at by modeling it as a
particle under constant acceleration.
b) Find the speed of the particle at B.
47
EX-U2: An electron enters the region of a uniform electric
field as shown in the Figure, with 𝑣𝑖 = 3.00 × 106 𝑚/𝑠
and 𝐸 = 200𝑁/𝐶. The horizontal length of the plates is
𝑙 = 0.100 𝑚.
a) Find the acceleration of the electron while it is in the
electric field.
b) Assuming the electron enters the field at time t = 0,
find the time at which it leaves the field.
c) Assuming the vertical position of the electron as it
enters the field is 𝑦𝑖 = 0, what is its vertical position
when it leaves the field?
48
Charged Particle in Uniform 𝑬
HW-U: A charged cork ball of mass 1.00 g is suspended on
a light string in the presence of a uniform electric field as
shown in Figure P23.45. When 𝐸 = (3.00𝑖Ƹ + 5.00 𝑗)Ƹ ×
105 N/C, the ball is in equilibrium at 𝜃 = 37.0°.
a) Find the charge on the ball
b) Find the tension in the string
49

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₢

Examples of conductors: Au, Ag, Al, Cu, Fe, earth, …

Two insulators rubbed against each other

Which charge property is used here? The 1st

** Charges inside an insulator cannot move freely

Which properties are used?

What will happen when a charged object

This is one of the (seven) fundamental constants in physics.

Focus charged particle

External agent Name your force? Direction

1 Other charged particle-1

2 Other charged particle-2

3 Other kind of force

Draw free body diagram (for the focus charge particle)

When using a force, one must know

2 Other charged particle-2 (𝑞2 ) 𝐹2 𝑞2 att 𝑞3

𝐹Ԧ1 3 Other kind of force

𝑏 𝐹Ԧ2 Draw your free body diagram

𝐹Ԧ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝐸 − 𝑇 sin 𝜃 𝑇 cos 𝜃 − 𝑚𝑔

We want to define the electric field 𝐸 at a certain 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 Direction Magnitude

location P. We put a test charge 𝑞 ′ at P. It will 𝑞′ 𝑞′ > 0 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 and 𝐸: Same

the same as the looking direction.

To find the electric field, we use a similar

Magnitude of the 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (Σ𝐸𝑥)2 + (Σ𝐸𝑦 )2

← Directed toward the left

↑ Directed upwards 2nd step

↓ Directed downward Draw 𝐸 at Position P opposite to looking dir.

↖ Directed toward northwest

↗ Directed toward northeast

↘ Directed toward southeast

↙ Directed toward southwest

↖ Directed toward northwest

↗ Directed toward northeast

↘ Directed toward southeast

↙ Directed toward southwest

𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 = 54.0 − 9.00 = 45.0 𝑁/𝐶

𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 = −1.50 × 105 𝑁/𝐶

How to draw E-line Map

How to draw E-line Map

1. Start from ⊕ charge/infinity

How to draw E-line Map

1. Start from ⊕ charge/infinity

E-line Map and Electric field magnitude

𝑞1 Number of E−lines end at 𝑞1 4

How to draw E-line Map

1. Start from ⊕ charge

+𝜎 How to draw E-line Map

━ 1. Start from infinity

Direction everywhere is the same

Examples relate to the second statement.

EX-17 A small object of mass 𝑚 = 3.80 𝑔 and Direction Magnitude

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