₢

PHYS II
Electricity and Magnetism Mechanical Wave and
Optics
1. Electric Field and Gauss’s Law (Ch22,23)
❖Vibration and wave (Ch15-17)
2. Electric potential
❖Optics (Ch34-37)
3. Capacitance
4. Electric Circuits (Ch26,27)
5. Magnetism (Ch28, 29)
6. Induced electricity (Ch30, 31)
7. AC Circuits

1
 Ch23-1 Electric Field Generated by Continuous Charge Distribution
One way to calculate the electric field generated by a continuous 𝑦
source charge distribution at certain position P, is to start from the
𝑃
conclusion of the electric filed generated by one point charge at
that position. The procedures are: 𝑟
1. Knows the position P
2. Cut a small region (infinite small) from the continuous source 𝑑𝐴
charge distribution and treat it as a point source charge. (𝑥, 𝑦)
3. Find the distance of that point charge (small region) to the 𝑑𝑞
position P and calculate 𝑑𝐸 magnitude 𝑑𝐸.
4. Find the x-component of 𝑑𝐸𝑥
5. Add all the x-component over the whole charge distribution
(integral mathematically that small region over the entire 𝑥
O
continuous distribution).
6. If it is a 2D charge distribution, you need do the same for the 2D small region
𝐸𝑥 = ඵ 𝑑𝐸𝑥 𝑑𝐴
y-component. For a 3D charge distribution, you need consider
𝑑𝐴
x-, y-, and z-component.
7. You may apply symmetry to reduce a problem from higher 𝐸𝑦 = ඵ 𝑑𝐸𝑦 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
dimension to lower dimension (for example, reduce 2D 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
problem into a 1D problem).
2
 Example: 1D continuous charge distribution
EX-U1: A rod of length 𝑙 has a uniform positive charge per 𝑄
𝜆: 1D charge density 𝜆=
unit length 𝜆 and a total charge Q. Calculate the electric 𝑙
field at a point P that is located along the long axis of the
𝑑𝑞 = 𝜆𝑑𝑥
rod and a distance a from one end.
Cut a small region 𝑑𝑥 on the 1D rod, treat it as a point source
𝑃
charge, and calculate 𝐸 magnitude. The electric field only have
𝑄
the x-component in this case:
𝑙 𝑎 𝑑𝑞 𝜆𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 = 𝑑𝐸𝑥
𝑟2 𝑟2
Choose ref-frame origin at the left end of the rod Integral mathematically the small region over the entire rod:
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙
𝜆𝑑𝑥 𝑎 −𝜆𝑑𝑟 𝑄
𝐸𝑥 = න 𝑑𝐸𝑥 = න 𝑘𝑒 2 = න 𝑘𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒
0 0 𝑟 𝑙+𝑎 𝑟2 𝑎(𝑙 + 𝑎)
O 𝑃
𝑑𝑞
𝑥 𝑥
−𝑑𝑟 1
Math න =
𝑟 = 𝑙 +𝑎 −𝑥 𝑟2 𝑟

3
 Example: 1D circular continuous charge distribution
EX-U2: A ring of radius a carries a uniformly distributed 𝑄 𝑄
positive total charge Q. Calculate the electric field due to 𝜆: 1D charge density 𝜆= =
𝑙 2𝜋𝑎
the ring at a point P lying a distance x from its center along
the central axis perpendicular to the plane of the ring.
Due to the symmetry, the electric field only have the x-component
in this case:
(*** The y-component of electric field of the upper and bottom two small regions is
𝑟
cancelled out in the figure)
𝑎 𝑃
𝑄 𝜃
𝜆𝑑𝑙 𝜆𝑑𝑙 𝑥 𝜆𝑥𝑑𝑙
𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝐸𝑥 = 𝑑𝐸 cos 𝜃 = 𝑘𝑒 cos 𝜃 = 𝑘𝑒 2 = 𝑘𝑒 3Τ2
𝑟2 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
𝑑𝐸
Integral mathematically the small region over the entire rod:

𝑑𝑞 = 𝜆𝑑𝑙
2𝜋𝑎 𝜆𝑥𝑑𝑙 𝜆𝑥 2𝜋𝑎 𝜆𝑥
𝐸𝑥 = න 𝑑𝐸𝑥 = න 𝑘𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 න 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑘𝑒 (2𝜋𝑎)
Cut a small region 𝑑𝑙 on the ring, treat it as a point source 0 𝑟3Τ2 𝑟 3Τ2
0 𝑟 3Τ2
charge, and calculate 𝐸 magnitude.
𝑥𝑄 𝑥𝑄
𝑑𝑞 𝜆𝑑𝑙 𝐸𝑥 = 𝑘𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒
𝑑𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 2
𝑟3Τ2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑅 2 )3Τ2
𝑟2 𝑟

4
 Example: 2D continuous charge distribution (disc)
EX-U3: A disk of radius R has a uniform surface
𝑄 𝑄
charge density 𝜎. Calculate the electric field at a point 𝜎: 2D charge density 𝜎= =
P that lies along the central perpendicular axis of the 𝐴 𝜋𝑅 2
disk and a distance x from the center of the disk.
Cut a small ring- shape region 𝑑𝐴 on the disc, use the conclusion
of the EX-U2, to get the x-component in this case:
𝑅
𝑥𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝐸𝑥 = 𝑘𝑒
(𝑥 2 + 𝑟2 )3Τ2
𝑃

𝑥 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜎𝑑𝐴 = 𝜎(2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟) = 𝜎(𝜋𝑑𝑟2 )

Integral mathematically the small region over the entire rod:

𝑅 𝑥𝜎(2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟) 𝑅 (2𝑟𝑑𝑟)
𝐸𝑥 = න 𝑑𝐸𝑥 = න 𝑘𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 𝜎𝜋𝑥 න
0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑟2 )3Τ2 0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑟2 )3Τ2

𝑟 𝑃 𝑑𝐸𝑥 𝜎 𝑥 One important conclusion:

𝑑𝑞 𝜃 𝐸𝑥 = 1−
2𝜀0 𝑥 2 + 𝑅2 E-Field of an infinite plane
𝑥 𝑥 𝜎
𝐸𝑥 =
2𝜀0

2
𝑅 𝑑𝑟 2 𝑥 +𝑅2 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑥 +𝑅2 1 1
**Math Skill න 2 3Τ 2
= න = න (𝑢)−3Τ2 𝑑𝑢 = 2 − 5
2
0 (𝑥 + 𝑟 ) 𝑥2 (𝑢)3Τ2 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑅2
 Ch23 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
Electrostatic Equilibrium: Charge is not moving
After providing charge to a conductor, how long does
~ 10−16 𝑠
it take for the charge reach to equilibrium?

1. Electric Field inside a conductor is always zero.

⊕⊕⊕
⊕
⊕ 𝑬𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎
⊕ ⊕⊕
⊕ (there is no E-line inside a conductor)
⊕
⊕ 2. E-line are always perpendicular to the conductor’s surface
⊕
⊕
⊕ ⊕
3. Charge is distributed on the surface
⊕ 4. The highest charge densities are at locations farthest from
the geometric center of the object (sharp tip).

6
How to draw E-line map for a conductor Spherical Shell

EX-20 A thick spherical conducting shell of inner radius a and outer radius b carries a total charge
+ 𝑄 distributed in the sphere. The quantity Q is taken to be positive.
(a) draw the E-line map for the shell.
(b) What is the distribution of charge?

Inside the shell

There should no charge on the inner shell because
1. E-lines cannot pass conductors
2. E-lines cannot stop anywhere without charge

Outside the shell

The charge should be on the outer shell.
𝑄 1. E-lines start from the positively charged outer shell
2. Radiate out symmetrically

7
How to draw E-line map for a conductor Spherical Shell
EX-21 A thick spherical conducting shell of inner radius a and outer radius b carries a total charge +𝑄 distributed on the
surface of a conducting shell. If an additional charge of −2𝑄 is placed at the center of the shell.
(a) Draw the E-line map for the shell.
(b) What is the distribution of charge on the sphere?

Inside the shell

E-lines should end at the negative charge −2𝑄 at the center.
1. Because E-lines cannot pass conductors, they must start
from the inner shell and symmetrically reach the center.
Therefore, the inner shell must have positive charge.
2. The number of E-lines starting from the inner shell should
equal to the number of E-lines reaching the center.
Therefore, the charge on the inner shell is +2𝑄
−2𝑄
Outside the shell
Because charge is conserved on the shell, the charge on outer
𝑄 shell should be −𝑄
1. E-lines should start at infinity and end at the outer shell
2. The ratio of the number of E-lines between the inner and
outer shells is 2

8
 Ch23-2 Electric Flux and Gauss’s Law
➢Gauss’s law is very useful for calculating the electric field Area (A) has a direction
generated by highly symmetrically distributed charge. 1. ⊥ surface
2. From inside to the outside
➢Gauss’s law use a physics quantity: Electric Flux Φ𝐸 (closed surface)

Electric Flux Φ𝐸 = 𝐸 ∙ 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃 𝜃 : Angle between 𝐸 and Area 𝐴Ԧ

Physics meaning of Flux

# of E-line passing through area A Direction of the
yellow surface //
field direction
E-line density
Number of E−lines
= 𝜃=0
Area

9
 Ch23-2 Electric Flux
Electric Flux Φ𝐸 = 𝐸 ∙ 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃 Area (A) has a direction
1. ⊥ surface
2. From inside to the outside
(closed surface)
Direction of the
yellow surface
𝜃 : Angle between 𝐸 and Area 𝐴Ԧ

𝜃 = 90°

Perpendicular to electric field

10
 Ch23-2 Electric Flux

Electric Flux Φ𝐸 = 𝐸 ∙ 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃 Area (A) has a direction

1. ⊥ surface
2. From inside to the outside
(closed surface)

𝜃 : Angle between 𝐸 and Area 𝐴Ԧ

Direction of the
yellow surface

11
 Calculate Electric Flux (in the Uniform E-Field)
𝐴 = 𝐿×𝐿

EX-22 A cube of edge length 𝐿 in a uniform electric field is Electric Flux Φ𝐸 = 𝐸 ∙ 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃
oriented in the x direction in empty space as shown in the Figure.
a) Calculate the electric flux of surface ABCD
b) Calculate the electric flux of surface EFGH Surface 𝐴Ԧ direction 𝜃 Φ𝐸
c) Calculate the electric flux of surface ADHE
ABCD  0° 𝐸𝐴
d) Calculate the electric flux of surface BCGF, CDHG, ABFE
e) Find the net electric flux through the closed surface of a cube. EFGH  180° −𝐸𝐴

𝐸
𝐴 ADHE  90° 0
𝑬 BCGF  90° 0
𝐷
𝐻
CDHG  90° 0
ABFE  90° 0
𝐵
𝐹 Cube Φ𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓 = 𝐸𝐴 − 𝐸𝐴 + 0 = 0
𝐶
𝐺
Φ𝐸 > 0 # of E-line out of the surface
One E-line going into the Cube (closed Surface) " − "
The same E-line going out off the Cube “+”
Φ𝐸 < 0 # of E-line out of the surface is negative
(# of E-line into the surface)
The net # of E-line going into the Cube = 0
12
 Ch23-2 Electric Flux for a Curved Surface

Electric Flux Φ𝐸 = 𝐸 ∙ 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃 𝐸 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 Uniform Ԧ plane surface

𝐴:

How to calculate electric flux for curved surface with the local electric field may change with location?
Cut a small region (infinite small) on the curved surface. Since the surface is infinite small, it can be treated as a plane surface with
a uniform electric field on this region, therefore

dΦE = 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑 𝐴Ԧ

To calculate the electric flux for the entire curved surface, we need to integral mathematically
over the entire surface.

Φ𝐸 = න𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝐴Ԧ For an open surface

Φ𝐸 = ර𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝐴Ԧ For a closed surface

13
 Calculate Electric Flux (One Point Charge)
EX-23 A spherical Gaussian surface surrounds a point Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃
charge q. Find the electric flux through the surface
when the charge is at the center of the spherical On the sphere, the surface direction
surface. and the electric field direction are
always the same locally (𝜃 = 0°)

Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃 = 𝐸𝐴 cos 0°

According to the symmetry, the magnitudes

of the electric filed everywhere on the
𝑟 sphere are the same.
⊕ ⊕
Sphere surface area

𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟2

Φ𝐸 = 𝐸(4𝜋𝑟2 )

Φ𝐸 = ර𝐸 ∙ 𝑑 𝐴Ԧ = ර 𝐸𝐴 = 𝐸 ර𝐴 = 𝐸(4𝜋𝑟2 )
14
 Calculate Electric Flux (One Point Charge)
Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃
EX-24 A spherical Gaussian surface surrounds a point
charge q. Find the electric flux through the surface
when the charge is at the center of the spherical On the sphere, the surface direction
surface. and the electric field direction are
always opposite locally (𝜃 = 180°)

Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃 = 𝐸𝐴 cos 180°

According to the symmetry, the magnitudes

of the electric filed everywhere on the
⊝ ⊝ sphere are the same.

Sphere surface area

𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟2

Φ𝐸 = −𝐸(4𝜋𝑟 2 )

Φ𝐸 = ර𝐸 ∙ 𝑑 𝐴Ԧ = ර −𝐸𝐴 = −𝐸 ර𝐴 = −𝐸(4𝜋𝑟 2 )
15
 Ch23-3 Gauss’s Law
𝑞𝑖𝑛
Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛 Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃 (1/2)
Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃 =
𝜀0 Φ𝐸 =
Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛
(2/2) Charge inside
𝜀0 a closed surface
Electric flux for a closed surface

Φ𝐸 = ර𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 1/2
Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑖𝑛
Φ𝐸 = ර𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 =
𝜀0 Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛
Φ𝐸 = 2/2
𝜀0

Procedures for applying Gauss’s Law

1 Draw the E-line map for a given charge distribution according to the symmetry
2 Choose a closed surface (Gauss surface) [the surface ⊥ or // to the E-field]
3 Calculate flux for the closed surface
4 Calculate flux for the total charge in the closed surface Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛

16
 Ch23-3 Gauss’s Law
Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛
Φ𝐸 = ර𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 1/2 Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃 =
𝜀0
Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛
Φ𝐸 = ර𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 =
𝜀0 Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛 Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃 (1/2)
Φ𝐸 = 2/2
𝜀0 Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛
Φ𝐸 = (2/2)
𝜀0

EX-25 Four closed surfaces, 𝑆1 through 𝑆4 , together

with the charges −2Q , Q, and −Q , are sketched in the
Figure. (The colored lines are the intersections of the
surfaces with the page.) Find the electric flux through
each surface.

𝑆1 𝑆2 𝑆3 𝑆4
Φ𝐸

17
 Example for Applying Gauss’s Law
EX-26 Find the electric field due to an infinite plane of Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃 (1/2)
positive charge with uniform surface charge density 𝜎.
Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛
Φ𝐸 = (2/2)
+𝜎 𝜀0

 Procedures for applying Gauss’s Law

1 Draw the E-line map for a given charge distribution according to the symmetry

 2 Choose a closed surface (Gaussian surface) [the surface ⊥ or // to the E-field
 3 Calculate Flux for the closed surface
Surface 2  Surface 1
4 Calculate Flux for the total charge in the closed surface Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛


 Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐸𝐴 = 2𝐸𝐴


Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝜎A

Direction of
the surface 2 Direction of
the surface 1 𝜎
𝐸=
𝜃=0 𝜃=0 2𝜀0
18
Uniform Electric Field Generated by Infinite Charged Plane

+𝜎













𝜎 𝜎
𝐸= 𝐸=
2𝜀0 2𝜀0

19
 Uniform Electric Field Generated by Parallel Plate
+𝜎 −𝜎
 ━
 ━
 ━
 ━
 ━
Region 1  ━
Region 3
 ━
𝐸 =0  ━ 𝐸 =0
 ━
 ━
 ━
 ━

Region 2

𝜎
𝐸=
𝜀0

Uniform Electric Field

𝜎
Generated by one 𝐸=
Infinite Charged Plane 2𝜀0
20
 Example for Applying Gauss’s Law to a Sphere Symmetry
EX-27 Find the electric field due to a point charge q. Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃 (1/2)
at point P using Gauss’s Law. Find the electric flux Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛
through the surface when the charge is at the center of Φ𝐸 = (2/2)
𝜀0
the spherical surface.
Procedures for applying Gauss’s Law
1 Draw the E-line map for a given charge distribution according to the symmetry
2 Choose a closed surface (Gaussian surface) [the surface ⊥ or // to the E-field
3 Calculate Flux for the closed surface
P
4 Calculate Flux for the total charge in the closed surface Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛

⊕ 1. Draw the E-line

⊕ 2. Draw a sphere passing P
3. Calculate Φ𝐸

EX-23 Φ𝐸 = 𝐸(4𝜋𝑟2 )

4. Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝑞
𝑞 𝑞
𝐸 4𝜋𝑟2 = 𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒
𝜀0 𝑟2
1
𝑘𝑒 =
4𝜋𝜀0
21
Example for Applying Gauss’s Law to a Sphere Symmetry
Find the electric field due to a charged sphere with total 1. Draw the E-line
positive charge of Q at point P, which is location is 2. Draw a sphere passing P
outside the sphere as shown in the figure. 3. Calculate Φ𝐸
EX-23 Φ𝐸 = 𝐸(4𝜋𝑟2 )
4. Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄

𝑄 𝑄
𝐸 4𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒
𝜀0 𝑟2

Useful conclusion:
P ⊕
⊕⊕ ⊕⊕ To calculate the electric field outside is an uniformly
⊕ ⊕ charged spherical symmetry, one can treat all the charges
⊕ ⊕
⊕ ⊕ on the center of the sphere as a point charge.
⊕⊕ ⊕⊕
⊕

22
 Example for Applying Gauss’s Law
EX-28 Suppose the conducting spherical shell of the Figure
carries a charge of 𝑄 = 30.0𝜇𝐶 and that a charge of 𝑞 =
− 20.0𝜇𝐶 is at the center of the sphere. If 𝑎 = 4.00 𝑚 and
⊕
𝑏 = 4.50 𝑚,
a) calculate the electric field at 𝑟 = 2.00 𝑚, ⊕
⊕ ⊕
b) calculate the electric field at 𝑟 = 4.20 𝑚,
c) calculate the electric field at 𝑟 = 5.00 𝑚.
d) What is the charge distribution on the sphere? ⊕ ⊕ ⊝ ⊕ ⊕

Useful conclusion: ⊕ ⊕
To calculate the electric field outside (𝑟 > 𝑏) is an uniformly charged ⊕
𝑄
spherical symmetry, one can treat all the charges on the center of ⊕
the sphere as a point charge. [𝑟 = 5.00 𝑚 is at this region] 𝑎
𝑏
−6
𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑄+𝑞 (30.0 − 20.0) × 10
𝐸𝑐 = 𝑘𝑒 2
= 𝑘𝑒 2
= 9 × 109 × =
𝑟 𝑟 5.002

** The number of the E-lines drawn should have many lines and
The electric field inside the inner shell (𝑟 < 𝑎) is coursed by the have a spherical symmetry. For clarity, we show a few lines.
charge 𝑞 = −20.0𝜇𝐶 is at the center of the sphere. [𝑟 = 2.00 𝑚 is at
this region]
Why? (Gauss’s surface at this region, and charge inside?) 𝑞𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 Number of E−lines start form 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
= =1
𝑞𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 Number of E−lines end at 𝑞
𝑞𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑞 9
(−20.0) × 10−6
𝐸𝑎 = 𝑘𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 2 = 9 × 10 × =
𝑟2 𝑟 2.002
23
 𝑧
A very large non-conducting plate lying in the xy-plane
₢
carries a charge per unit area of 𝜎. A second such plate
located at 𝑧 = 2.00 𝑐𝑚 and oriented parallel to the xy-
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 𝑧=2
plane carries a charge per unit area of −2𝜎.
a) Find the electric field at the range 𝑧 < 0.
b) Find the electric field at the range 0 < 𝑧 < 2.00 𝑐𝑚.
c) Find the electric field at the range 𝑧 > 2.00 𝑐𝑚.
        𝑧=0

Two uniform infinite charged plane as source charge

Generates Electric Field 𝐸 at certain position 𝑃 Region a) 𝑧 < 0

1. Choose certain position 𝑃 at one of the region a), b), or c)

2. Turn on one infinite charged plane source at a time, and 𝜎
𝐸− 𝐸+ =
2𝜀0 𝐸𝑎 = 𝐸− − 𝐸+
draw the 𝐸 field direction at P respectively.
3. The magnitude of the 𝐸 field of an infinite plane is
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 2𝜎
𝐸= 𝑃 𝐸− =
2𝜀0
2𝜀0 Dir: upward
4. Add the two 𝐸 field vectors based on the drawing at 2nd step
𝐸+

1st and 2nd steps 3rd step 4th step

24
 Example for Applying Gauss’s Law to a Sphere Symmetry
EX-U4: Spherically Symmetric Charge Distribution a) Electric field at region 2:
An insulating solid sphere of radius a has a uniform volume Apply the “useful conclusion”
charge density 𝜌 and carries a total positive charge Q . 𝑄
a) Calculate the magnitude of the electric field at a point 𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑟>𝑎
𝑟2
outside the sphere (region 1).
b) Find the magnitude of the electric field at a point inside b) Electric field at region 1:
the sphere (region 2). 1. Draw E-line (symmetrically radiate out from the center)
2. Choose Gauss surface (sphere at the same center)
3. Calculate flux
②

① 𝑎 Φ𝐸 = ර𝐸 ∙ 𝑑 𝐴Ԧ = ර 𝐸𝐴 = 𝐸 ර𝐴 = 𝐸(4𝜋𝑟 2 )

𝑄
𝑄
Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛 4 𝜌=
Φ𝐸 = Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌( 𝜋𝑟 3 ) 4
𝜀0 3 ( 𝜋𝑎3 )
3

Useful conclusion: 𝑄
To calculate the electric field outside is an uniformly charged 𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒 3 𝑟 𝑟<𝑎
𝑎
spherical symmetry, one can treat all the charges on the center of
the sphere as a point charge.
25

Example for Applying Gauss’s Law to a Cylindrically Symmetry
EX-U5: Cylindrically Symmetric Charge Distribution 1.
Find the electric field a distance 𝑟 from a line of positive 2.
charge of infinite length and constant charge per unit length 𝜆 3.
₢
Draw E-line (symmetrically radiate out from the charged line)
Choose Gauss surface (cylinder center at the charged line with height h)
Calculate flux

Φ𝐸 = ර𝐸 ∙ 𝑑 𝐴Ԧ = ඵ 𝐸𝑑𝐴 cos 0° + ඵ 𝐸𝑑𝐴 cos 90°

𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

+ඵ 𝐸𝑑𝐴 cos 90°

𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

P Φ𝐸 = ඵ 𝐸𝑑𝐴 = 𝐸 ඵ 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐸(2𝜋𝑟ℎ)
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
ℎ

Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛 Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝜆ℎ
Φ𝐸 =
𝜀0

λ
𝐸=
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

Look from top

26
 Example for Applying Gauss’s Law to a Sphere Symmetry

EX-U6: Spherically Symmetric Charge Distribution ④

A solid insulating sphere of radius 𝑎 carries a net positive −2𝑄
charge 𝑄𝑎 = 𝑄 uniformly distributed throughout its ③
volume. A conducting spherical shell of inner radius b and ②
outer radius c is concentric with the solid sphere and carries
①
a net charge 𝑄𝑏𝑐 = −2𝑄 . Using Gauss’s law, find the
𝑄
electric field in the regions labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the
Figure and the charge distribution on the shell when the
entire system is in electrostatic equilibrium.

𝑎
𝑏
𝑐

27
 CONCEPTUAL EXAMPLE

Explain why Gauss’s law cannot be used to

calculate the electric field near an electric
dipole, a charged disk, or a triangle with a
point charge at each corner.

28
 Charged Particle in Uniform 𝑬
HW-U: A uniformly charged insulating rod of length 14.0
cm is bent into the shape of a semicircle as shown in
Figure P23.27. The rod has a total charge of −7.50 𝜇𝐶.
Find the magnitude and direction of the electric field at O,
the center of the semicircle.

29
 Vector Scalar (Dot) Product (Review 2325)
Given vectors 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 𝐴Ԧ
Define vector dot product 𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵
𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃 𝜃
➢ The definition of vector dot product is a mathematically rule. It is a
very useful tool in physics.
➢ vector dot product is a scalar 𝐵

𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐵 ∙ 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃 𝑧

❖ 𝜃 = 0°, 𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 𝑖 Ƹ ∙ 𝑖 Ƹ = 𝑗 Ƹ ∙ 𝑗 Ƹ = 𝑘෠ ∙ 𝑘෠ = 1
❖ 𝜃 = 90°, 𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 = 0 𝑖 Ƹ ∙ 𝑗 Ƹ = 𝑗 Ƹ ∙ 𝑘෠ = 𝑖 Ƹ ∙ 𝑘෠ = 0
❖ 𝜃 = 180°, 𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 = −𝐴𝐵
𝑦
𝑖Ƹ Unit vector along +𝑥-axis
𝑗Ƹ Unit vector along +𝑦-axis
𝑥
𝑘෠ Unit vector along +𝑧-axis

30
 Vector Scalar (Dot) Product: Component Form (Review 2325)
Given vectors 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖 Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗 Ƹ and 𝐵 = 𝐵𝑥 𝑖 Ƹ + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗 Ƹ Vector 𝐴Ԧ magnitude 𝐴
Find the component form of 𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵

𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 = (𝐴𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗)Ƹ ∙ (𝐵𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗)Ƹ 𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴𝐴 cos 0° = 𝐴2

= 𝐴𝑥𝐵𝑥 𝑖Ƹ ∙ 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝑖Ƹ ∙ 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑥 𝑗Ƹ ∙ 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 𝑗Ƹ ∙ 𝑗Ƹ
𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴2𝑥 + 𝐴2𝑦
= 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦

𝐴= 𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴2𝑥 + 𝐴2𝑦
𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖 Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗 Ƹ
𝐵 = 𝐵𝑥 𝑖 Ƹ + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗 Ƹ

𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦

31
 ₢
Vector Dot Product (Review 2325)
EX-(Review 2325)
The vectors 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 are given by 𝐴Ԧ = 2 𝑖Ƹ + 3 𝑗Ƹ and 𝐵 = −𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗.Ƹ
a) Determine the scalar product 𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 𝐴= 𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴2𝑥 + 𝐴2𝑦 = 22 + (−1)2 = 5
b) Find the angle 𝜃 between 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵.
𝐵= 𝐵∙𝐵 = 𝐵𝑥2 + 𝐵𝑦2 = 32 + 22 = 13
𝐴Ԧ = 2 𝑖Ƹ + 3 𝑗Ƹ
𝐵 = −1 𝑖Ƹ + 2 𝑗Ƹ
𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃 = 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃 = 5 13 cos 𝜃

𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 = 4
𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 = 2 × (−1) + 3 × 2
𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 4
𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 = 4 cos 𝜃 = =
𝐴𝐵 5 13

b) 𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
𝜃 = 60.3°

32