PHYS II ₢

Electricity and Magnetism Mechanical Wave and

Optics
1. Electric Field and Gauss’s Law (Ch22,23)
❖Vibration and wave (Ch15-17)
2. Electric potential
❖Optics (Ch34-37)
3. Capacitance
4. Electric Circuits (Ch26,27)
5. Magnetism (Ch28, 29)
6. Induced electricity (Ch30, 31)
7. AC Circuits

1
 Chapter 28, 29 Magnetism
➢ In chapter 22, we mainly focused on electric field. And we use the two statements given by
Michael Faraday as a guideline, that is: 1. source charge at certain position generates electric
field. 2. put a test charge at certain position with a given electric field, the test charge
experiences an electric force.
➢ In the next two chapters, we mainly focused on magnetic field. And we have the similar two
statements as chapter 22, that is: 1. moving source charge (or current segment) at certain
position generates magnetic field (Chapter 28). 2. put a test moving charge (or current
segment) at certain position with a given magnetic field, the test moving charge (or current
segment) experiences a magnetic force (Chapter 29).
➢ The main physics quantities in the next two chapters (magnetism) are: moving charge (or
current segment), magnetic field, and magnetic force.

2
 Magnetism
Ch28: Magnetic Force of a Moving Charge (or a Current Segment) in
an Uniform Magnetic Field

1. Magnet generates magnetic field and Magnetic field line map.

2. Moving charge in an uniform magnetic field.
3. Current segment in an uniform magnetic field and Torque

Ch29: Current as a Source Generate Magnetic Field

1. Three current sources and their magnetic fields.

2. Interaction of two long current wires.
3. Ampere’s Law and magnetic fields of certain high symmetry current sources

3
 Compare with Electricity and Magnetism
The structures have some similarity
Ch28,29
Ch22
Magnetism
Electricity
1. Source moving charge (current) generate
1. Source charge generate electric field
magnetic field
2. Test charge in a given electric field experience
2. Test moving charge (current) in a given electric
an electric force
*Key words: charge, electric force, electric field
field experience a magnetic force
*Key words: moving charge (current), magnetic force, magnetic field

Now let consider

Current as a source generate magnetic field

4
 Magnetism

Ch29: Current as a Source Generate Magnetic Field

1. Three current sources and their magnetic fields.

2. Interaction of two long current wires.
3. Ampere’s Law and magnetic fields of certain high symmetry current sources

5
 Current Sources Generate Magnetic Field
Three Most Important Cases
1. Long Straight Current Wire 2. Circular Current Wire at the Center

𝑃
𝐼

𝑟 𝑂

𝐼
𝜇0 𝐼 Direction
𝜇0 𝐼 Direction 𝐵=
2𝑅 RHR
𝐵= 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7
2𝜋𝑟 RHR

6
 Current Sources Generate Magnetic Field

1. Long Straight Current Wire Electricity

Source: (Charge)
𝑃
𝑃
𝑟

𝑟Ԧ

𝐼 𝑞 1 𝑞
𝐸=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2

𝜇0 𝐼 Direction
𝐵=
2𝜋𝑟 RHR 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝜀0 = 8.85 × 10−12

7
 RHR Principles

𝑃
2. Circular Current Wire at the Center

𝑟
𝐼

𝑂
𝐼
𝑅

Effectively use your RH

𝑩 Effectively use your RH
Give B-field directions Current dir. is given
4 Finger B-line is Curved path 4 Finger Curved path
Current dir. is given Tell B-field dir.
Thumb Thumb
𝑩
(Straight line) (Straight line)

8
 Infinite Current Wire

1. Infinite Straight Current Wire

𝜇0 𝐼 Direction
𝐵=
2𝜋𝑟 RHR 𝑩

𝐼 𝐼

9
 Use the Above Two Case
𝐼1 𝐼1 𝐼1

𝑃 𝐼2 𝐼2
𝐼2 𝑃
𝑃

𝐼1

𝐼4 𝑃 𝐼2 𝑏
𝑎

𝐼3 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑃

10
 RHR Principles

The direction of the current in a long straight

current wire is given as shown in the figure (red ← Directed toward the left
color). What is the direction of the magnetic field
at position P? → Directed toward the right

↑ Directed upwards

𝐼
↓ Directed downward


 Directed into the page

P
 Directed out of the page

11
 RHR Principles

A long current wire is perpendicular the page. Its

current direction is given as shown in the figure ↖ Directed toward northwest
(red color). What is the direction of the magnetic
field at position P? ↗ Directed toward northeast

↘ Directed toward southeast

P
↙ Directed toward southwest

𝐼   Directed into the page

 Directed out of the page

12
 RHR
HW
In each of parts (a), (b), and (c) of the Figure, find the direction of the current
in the wire that would produce a magnetic field directed as shown.

(𝑎) (𝑏) (𝑐)

13
 𝜇0 𝐼 Direction
EX-10 The two wires shown in the Figure are separated by 𝑑 = 𝐵=
2𝜋𝑟 RHR
10.0 𝑐𝑚 and carry currents of 𝐼 = 5.00 𝐴 in opposite directions.
Find the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field
(a)at a point midway between the wires;
(b)at point 𝑃1 , 10.0 cm to the right of the wire on the right; and
(c)at point 𝑃2 , 2d = 20.0 cm to the left of the wire on the left.

1 2
𝑰 B-field at 𝑃1
𝑰

Magnitude Direction
𝑃2 𝑃1
2𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1 𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵1 =

 2𝜋(d + d)

2 𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵2 =
2𝜋d
𝜇0 𝐼 4𝜋 × 10 −7 × 5.00
𝐵1 = = = 5.00 × 10 −6 𝑇
2𝜋(d + d) 2𝜋 × (0.200) Total 𝐵𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐵2 − 𝐵1

14
 Use the Above Two Case
EX-11 Given 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 , 𝑙, and 𝑅, calculate the B-field at P EX-12 Given 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 , 𝑅1 , and 𝑅2 , calculate the B-field at P

𝐼1
𝐼1
B-field at 𝑃
𝑙 𝐼2 Magnitude Direction
1 𝐵1 = 𝐼2
𝑃 2 𝐵2 = 𝑃
𝑅1
𝑅 Total 𝐵𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =

𝑅2

EX-13 Given 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 , 𝑎, and 𝑏, calculate the B-field at P

B-field at 𝑃
𝑎 𝑏
Magnitude Direction
1 𝐵1 =
2 𝐵2 =

Total 𝐵𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =
𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑃
15
 Use the Above Two Case

𝐼1
B-field at 𝑃
Magnitude Direction
1 𝐵1 =
𝐼4 𝑃 𝐼2
2 𝐵2 =
3 𝐵3 =
4 𝐵4 =
Total 𝐵𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =
𝐼3

16
Use the Above Two Case

B-field at 𝑃
𝐼1 Magnitude Direction
1 𝐵1 =
𝑃 2 𝐵2 =
3 𝐵3 =
4 𝐵4 =
𝐼2
Total 𝐵𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =

17
 Ch30 Current Sources Generate Magnetic Field
Biot-Savart Law
Structurally similarity
Magnetism Electricity
Source: Current (moving Charge) 𝑃 Position Source: (Charge)
𝑟Ԧ Source to P
𝑃 “looking direction” 𝑃
𝑟Ƹ 𝑟Ƹ
𝑟Ƹ
From source to P

𝑟Ԧ 𝑟Ԧ
𝐼𝑑𝑙Ԧ 𝐼𝑑 𝑙Ԧ × 𝑟Ƹ
Biot-Savart Law 𝑞
Magnitude Direction 1 𝑞
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑 𝑙Ԧ × 𝑟Ƹ 𝐸= 𝑟Ƹ
𝑑𝐵 = 𝐼𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃 RHR 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
4𝜋 𝑟 2

𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝜃 𝜀0 = 8.85 × 10−12

𝐼𝑑𝑙Ԧ
𝑟Ƹ
18
 Three Most Important Cases From Biot-Savart Law
1. Straight Current Wire Segment EX-U01 2. Straight Current Wire Segment (Infinite length)
𝑃 Direction
𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵=
2𝜋𝑟 RHR

𝜃1 𝑎
𝜃2
3. Curves/Circular Current Wire Segment EX-U02

𝐼 𝜇0 𝐼 Direction
𝐵= 𝜃
4𝜋𝑅 RHR
Magnitude Direction
𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵= sin 𝜃1 − sin 𝜃2 RHR 𝑂 Position (Center of the curved
4𝜋𝑎 𝑂 𝜃
path)
𝑃 Position 𝐼
𝑅 R radius
𝑎 ⏊ distance form P (Positon) to straight line
𝜃 Ark angle of the curved path
𝜃1 Angle looking one end from ⏊ dir.
𝑰 current
𝜃𝟐 Angle looking another end from ⏊ dir.

19
 RHR Principles
Straight Current Wire Segment (Case 1 or 2) 3. Curves/Circular Current Wire Segment
𝑃
Effectively use your RH
Current dir. is given
4 Finger
𝜃1 𝑎 Curved path

𝜃2 Tell B-field dir.

𝜃 Thumb
𝑂 (Straight line)
𝐼
𝑅
𝐼

Effectively use your RH

𝑩
Give B-field directions
4 Finger B-line is Curved path
𝑩
Current dir. is given
Thumb (Straight line)

20
 Infinite Current Wire (Prove)
1. Straight Current Wire Segment 2. Infinite Straight Current Wire Segment
𝑃

𝜃1 = 90°
𝑎 𝜃2 = −90°
𝜃1
𝜃2
𝜇0 𝐼 Direction
𝐵=
2𝜋𝑟 RHR

Magnitude Direction
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑩
𝐵= sin 𝜃1 − sin 𝜃2 RHR
4𝜋𝑎
𝑃 Position
𝑎 ⏊ distance form P (Positon) to straight line 𝐼 𝐼
𝜃1 Angle looking one end from ⏊ dir.

𝜃𝟐 Angle looking another end from ⏊ dir.

𝑩 21
Use the Above Three Case
1. Straight Current Wire Segment
2. 2. Infinite Straight Current Wire Segment
3. Curves/Circular Current Wire Segment

22
 Use the Above Three Case
2. Infinite Straight Current Wire Segment

HW-U01

𝐼1
Three long, parallel conductors carry currents of
𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼3 = 𝐼 = 2.00 𝐴. The Figure shows an 𝑎
end view of the conductors, with each current 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
coming out of the page. Taking a = 1.00 cm, 𝐴 𝐼3
determine the magnitude and direction of the 𝐵 𝐶
magnetic field at points A, B, and C. 𝑎

𝐼2

23
 HW-U02
A conductor in the shape of a square loop of
edge length 𝑙 = 0.400 𝑚 carries a current 𝐼 =
10.0 𝐴 as shown in the Figure. Calculate the
magnitude and direction of the magnetic field
at the center of the square.
HW-U03
Determine the magnetic field at a point P
located a distance x from the corner of an
infinitely long wire bent at a right angle as
shown in the Figure. The wire carries a
steady current I.
HW-U04
A long, straight wire carries current I. A right-
angle bend is made in the middle of the wire.
The bend forms an arc of a circle of radius r
as shown in the Figure. Determine the
magnetic field at the center of the arc.
24
 EX-U01 Use Biot-Savart Law Plus Math Skill (Calculus) Prove Case 1
1. Straight Current Wire Segment
𝜃
𝑃
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑 𝑙Ԧ × 𝑟Ƹ
𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 𝑟2
𝑟Ƹ
𝑟 𝑎
𝜃 𝐼𝑑 𝑙Ԧ × 𝑟Ƹ
90° − 𝜃
Magnitude Direction at P
𝑥 𝐼𝑑𝑙Ԧ
𝐼𝑑𝑥 sin(90° − 𝜃) RHR
𝐼𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑂
−𝑥
𝑃 Position
𝑎 ⏊ distance form P (Positon) to straight line
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑥
𝑑B = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝐵 dir. always 𝜃1 Angle looking one end from ⏊ dir.
4𝜋 𝑟 2
𝜃𝟐 Angle looking another end from ⏊ dir.
Math relation 𝜇0 𝐼
𝑟 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 𝑑B = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4𝜋 𝑎 Magnitude Direction
−𝑥 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃 𝜇0 𝐼
−𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 Calculus 𝐵= sin 𝜃1 − sin 𝜃2 RHR
4𝜋𝑎
25
 EX-U02 Use Biot-Savart Law Plus Math Skill (Calculus) Prove Case 3

3. Curves/Circular Current Wire Segment

𝜇0 𝐼𝑑 𝑙Ԧ × 𝑟Ƹ Direction
𝑑𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐼
4𝜋 𝑟2 𝐵= 𝜃
𝐼𝑑𝑙 4𝜋𝑅 RHR
𝑅
𝑂 𝐼𝑑 𝑙Ԧ × 𝑟Ƹ
𝑂 Position (Center of the curved path)
Magnitude Direction at P R radius
𝐼𝑑𝑙 sin(90°) RHR 𝜃 Ark angle of the curved path

𝑰 current
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝐵 dir. always
𝑑B = 2
sin(90°)
4𝜋 𝑅
Math relation
𝑑𝑙 = 𝑅𝑑𝜃

𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝜃 𝜇0 𝐼
𝑑B = 𝐵= 𝜃
4𝜋 𝑅 4𝜋𝑅
26
 EX-U03 Use Biot-Savart Law to Calculate B-Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop

𝜇0 𝐼𝑑 𝑙Ԧ × 𝑟Ƹ
𝑑𝐵 =
𝐼𝑑 𝑙Ԧ 4𝜋 𝑟2
𝑑𝐵𝑦 𝑑𝐵
𝑟 𝐼𝑑 𝑙Ԧ × 𝑟Ƹ
𝜃
𝑅
𝜃 Magnitude Direction at P 𝑑𝐵 dir.
𝐼
𝑥 𝑑𝐵𝑥 𝑥 𝐼𝑑𝑙 sin(90°) RHR 𝑑𝐵𝑦 cancelled
𝑃
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 𝑟 2
𝑑𝐵𝑥 = 𝑑𝐵 cos 𝜃 𝜇0𝐼𝑅 2 𝜇0 𝐼 𝑅2
𝑃 Position (distance x from the center of the loop) 𝐵𝑥 = =
2𝑟 3 2 3 𝑅2 + 𝑥 2
R radius
Math relation
𝜃 As shown in the figure 𝑟 = 𝑅 sec 𝜃
Math
𝐼 Current on the circular loop
Math
Find the B-Field at P 𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝜇0 𝐼
𝑑𝐵𝑥 = cos 3 𝜃 𝐵𝑥 = cos 3 𝜃
4𝜋 𝑅 2 2 𝑅

27
 Parallel Plate and Solenoid
Magnetism
Electricity
1. Inductor
1. Capacitor
2. Solenoid
2. Parallel Plate

Length: L
Number of turns: N
Area: A
Distance: d

Draw a solenoid
𝐼
Draw // plate

Ideal capacitor Length: infinite

Ideal solenoid Number of turns density: n
Infinite area
28
 3. Magnetic Field in an Ideal Solenoid

Given an ideal solenoid

Length: infinite
Number of turns density: n 𝐼

Given current in the solenoid

What is the magnetic field?

Answer
Only inside has nonzero (uniform) B-Field

Magnitude Direction
𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼 RHR

29
 RHR Principles
Effectively use your Right Hand structure
Can change directions
4 Finger Curved path
Cannot change directions
Thumb Straight line

30
 RHR Principles

As shown in the figure, a switch 𝑆 figure is closed

for a long time. What is the direction of the
magnetic field inside the long solenoid?
← Directed toward the left

→ Directed toward the right

↑ Directed upwards
B A
↓ Directed downward

⟲ Counterclockwise (looking from A to B)

𝑆
⟳ Clockwise (looking from A to B)

31
 3. Magnetic Field in an Ideal Solenoid
Magnitude Direction
𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼 RHR

Magnetic Field Inside a Solenoid

𝐵𝑖𝑛 𝑩
EX-17 A certain solenoid consists of 100 turns of wire 𝐼
and has a length of 10.0 cm.
a) Find the magnitude of the magnetic field inside the
solenoid when it carries a current of 0.500 A.
b) What is the momentum of a proton orbiting inside (b)
the solenoid in a circle with a radius of 0.020 m?
The axis of the solenoid is perpendicular to the 𝑚𝑣 = 𝑞𝑟𝐵
plane of the orbit. (a) 𝐵𝑖𝑛 = 𝜇0𝑛𝐼

✓ 𝑞 (proton)
100 ✓ 𝑟 = 0.020 𝑚
𝐵𝑖𝑛 = 4𝜋 × 10 −7 × × 0.500 ✓ 𝐵 = 𝐵𝑖𝑛
0.10
𝑚𝑣 momentum =?

32
 How Magnet Generate B-Field

current

electron

nucleus

33
 Magnetism

Ch29: Current as a Source Generate Magnetic Field

1. Three current sources and their magnetic fields.

2. Interaction of two long current wires.
3. Ampere’s Law and magnetic fields of certain high symmetry current sources

34
The Magnetic Force Between
Two Parallel Conductors

Length: infinite
Force between two infinite wires is infinite

Force per unit length

35
 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors
Electricity Magnetism
1. Source charge generate electric field 1. Source current generate magnetic field
2. Test charge in a given electric field experience an electric force 2. Test current in a given electric field experience a magnetic force

𝑞1 𝑞2 𝐹𝐵 𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2 Anti-//: repel
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 Like: repel =
𝑟2 Unlike: attract 𝐿 2𝜋𝑟 //: attract

36
Electric Force Between 2 Point Charges Magnetic Force Between 2 Wires

Two point charge interact each other Two infinite current wire interact each other
𝐼1
𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑟
𝐼2

𝑞1 at 𝑞2 location Generate 𝐸1 𝐼1 at 𝐼2 location Generate 𝐵1

𝑞1 𝐼1
𝐸1 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑟
𝑞1 𝑟2
𝐼2 𝐵1 =
𝜇0 𝐼1
2𝜋 𝑟
Test charge 𝑞2 put into 𝐸1 , have a force
Test current 𝐼2 put into 𝐵1 , have a force

𝐸1 𝑞2 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 = 𝑞2 𝐸1
𝐹𝐵 = 𝐼2𝐿𝐵1 𝑟
𝐼2

37
 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors
Two infinite current wire interact each other 𝐹𝐵 𝜇0𝐼1 𝐼2
=
𝐼1 𝐿 2𝜋𝑟
𝑟
Anti-//: repel
𝐼2

𝐼1 at 𝐼2 location Generate 𝐵1
𝐼1 𝜇0 𝐼1
𝐵1 =
𝑟 2𝜋 𝑟

Given current & B filed. Given current & B filed direction,

Test current 𝐼2 put into 𝐵1 , have a force
looking for force magnitude. looking for force direction
Current length is L

𝐹𝐵 = 𝐼2𝐿𝐵1 𝐼2

38
 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors
EX-14 Two wires, each having a weight per unit length of Force 𝐹𝐵 𝜇0𝐼1 𝐼2 Anti-//: repel;
=
1.00 × 10 −4 𝑁/𝑚, are parallel with one directly above per unit length 𝐿 2𝜋𝑟 //: attract
the other. Assume the wires carry currents that are equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction. The wires are 0.10 m
apart, and the sum of the magnetic force and gravitational
force on the upper wire is zero. Find the current in the
wires. (Neglect Earth’s magnetic field.)

𝐹𝐵 𝐼1 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼 =?

𝐼1 𝑑
𝐼1

𝑑 = 0.1 𝑚
𝐹𝑔
𝐼2
𝐼1

39
 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors
Force 𝐹𝐵 𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2 Anti-//: repel;
EX-15 As shown in the Figure, two infinitely long, parallel wires =
carry equal currents 𝑰𝟐 are lying on the ground 1.00 cm apart as per unit length 𝐿 2𝜋𝑟 //: attract
shown in the Figure. A third wire, of length 10.0 m and mass 400
g, carries a current of 𝑰𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑨 and is levitated above the first
two wires, at a horizontal position midway between them. 𝐹𝐵 𝐹𝐵
What current must the infinitely long wires carry so that the three
wires form an equilateral triangle?
𝐼1

𝐹𝑔

𝐼2 𝐼2

Draw free body diag. for 𝐼1 wire

Another
easy case

40
The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors
EX-16 In the Figure the current in the long, straight wire is
𝐼1 = 5.00 𝐴 , and the wire lies in the plane of the
rectangular loop, which carries 10.0 A. The dimensions
𝐹𝐿 𝐹𝑅
shown are 𝑐 = 0.100 𝑚, 𝑎 = 0.150 𝑚, and , 𝑙 = 0.450 𝑚.
Find the magnitude and direction of the net force

𝑰𝟏
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝑰𝟐
𝑰𝟐
𝑙 Top view
𝑐 𝑎

𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2
𝐹𝐿 = 𝑙
𝑎 2𝜋𝑐 𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2
𝑐 𝐹𝑅 = 𝑙
2𝜋(𝑐 + 𝑎)

41
 Magnetism

Ch29: Current as a Source Generate Magnetic Field

1. Three current sources and their magnetic fields.

2. Interaction of two long current wires.
3. Ampere’s Law and magnetic fields of certain high symmetry current
sources

42
Some complicated current source generate

Ampere’s Law

43
 Gauss’s Law for Electricity, Ampere’s Law for Magnetism

Electricity Magnetism

Electric Flux Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃 Magnetic Flux Φ𝑩 = 𝑩𝐴 cos 𝜃

Physics mean:
Physics mean:
# of B-line
# of E-line

Exactly the same way define magnetic flux

** Calculate magnetic flux is a basic and important skill for the Ch20

Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛
Gauss’s Law Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃 = Magnetic flux for a closed surface always equal zero
𝜀0
Φ𝐵 = 0
flux for a closed surface
** Because B-line forms a closed path. One B-line going into a closed
surface, the same B-line will going out of that surface.

44
 Gauss’s Law for Electricity, Ampere’s Law for Magnetism
Electricity Magnetism

Φ𝐸 = 𝐸 ∙ 𝐴Ԧ 𝐸 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 Φ𝑩 = 𝑩 ∙ 𝐴Ԧ 𝑩 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
Ԧ plane surface
Ԧ plane surface 𝐴:
𝐴:

Electric Flux Φ𝐸 = න𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 For an open surface Magnetic Flux Φ𝑩 = න𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 For an open surface

Physics mean:
Physics mean: # of B-line
# of E-line Φ𝑩 = ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 For a closed surface
Φ𝐸 = ර𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 For a closed surface

Exactly the same way define magnetic flux

** Calculate magnetic flux is a basic and important skill for the next Ch30

Magnetic flux for a closed surface always equal zero

Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛
Gauss’s Law Φ𝐸 = ර𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 =
𝜀0
Φ𝐵 = ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 = 0

** Because B-line forms a closed path. One B-line going into a closed
surface, the same B-line will going out of that surface.

45
 Magnetic Flux Calculation
EX-U04 A rectangular loop of width a and
length b is located near a long wire carrying Φ𝑩 = 𝑩 ∙ 𝐴Ԧ 𝑩 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
Ԧ plane surface
a current I (Fig.). The distance between the 𝐴:
wire and the closest side of the loop is c.
The wire is parallel to the long side of the 𝑏
loop. Find the total magnetic flux through Φ𝑩 = න𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 For an open surface
the loop due to the current in the wire.
𝐼

𝑎
𝑙

𝜇0 𝐼
𝑟 𝐵= 𝑑𝛷𝐵 = 𝐵𝑑𝐴 = 𝐵(𝑏𝑑𝑟)
2𝜋𝑟

46
 Magnetic Flux Calculation

HW-U05 A cube of edge length 𝑙 = 2.50 𝑐𝑚 is 𝑦

positioned as shown in Figure P30.39. A uniform C
magnetic field given by 𝐵 = 5𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠ 𝑇 exists G
throughout the region. D
H
a) Calculate the magnetic flux through the shaded face.
b) What is the total flux through the six faces?

F B
𝑥
𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴𝑖 Ƹ ABCD surface E
A
𝐵 = 5𝑖 Ƹ + 4𝑗 Ƹ + 𝑘෠ 𝑧

Φ𝑩 = 𝑩 ∙ 𝐴Ԧ
How about other surface?

47
 Magnetic Flux Calculation
HW-U06 Consider the hemispherical closed surface in the
Figure. The hemisphere is in a uniform magnetic field that 𝐴Ԧ
makes an angle 𝜃 with the vertical. Calculate the magnetic
flux through
a) Calculate the magnetic flux through the flat surface 𝑆1
b) Calculate the magnetic flux through the hemispherical
surface 𝑆2 .

Magnetic flux for a closed surface always equal zero (a) the flat surface 𝑆1

𝛷𝐵 = 𝐵 ∙ 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃
Φ𝐵 = ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 = 0

** Because B-line forms a closed path. One B-line going into a closed (b) the hemispherical surface 𝑆2
surface, the same B-line will going out of that surface.

ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 = 0

48
 Circulation Field (CF) for a closed (line) path
➢ This slide is trying to show CF meaning
➢ Apply Ampere's Law 1st step: Calculate CF

𝐶𝐹 = ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ (CF: walking around the current source // 𝐵-line)

CF = Σ𝐵∥ ∆𝑙

CF: walking around the current source // 𝐵-line

𝐵-line form a
closed loop (ccw) Choose a closed loop, loop may have two possible directions
(cw/ccw)
Local B
For the chosen closed loop on the left
(CF = Σ local length time B-field)

49
 Gauss’s Law for Electricity, Ampere’s Law for Magnetism
Electricity Magnetism
Gauss’s Law Ampere’s Law
Language using surface integral Language using line integral
*The book does not give a name here, but I would like to give
a name, so that it will be structurally parallel to electricity
Electric Flux
for a closed surface Circulation Field (CF)
for a closed (line) path

Φ𝐸 = ර𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝐴
𝐶𝐹 = ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ
(Φ𝐸 : # of 𝐸-line for a closed surface around the charge source) (CF: walking around the current source // 𝐵-line)
Gauss’s Law
Ampere’s Law
Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛
Φ𝐸 = ර𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 =
𝜀0 𝐶𝐹 = ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0Σ𝐼𝑖𝑛

Use Gauss’s Law Calculate 𝐵 field

Calculate 𝐸 field for continuous source charge distribution for continuous source current distribution

50
 Gauss’s Law Ampere’s Law

Φ𝐸 = ර𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 1/2 𝐶𝐹 = ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ (1/2)

Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛 ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 Σ𝐼𝑖𝑛
ර𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 =
𝜀0 Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝐹 = 𝜇0 Σ𝐼𝑖𝑛 (2/2)
Φ𝐸 = 2/2
𝜀0

𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑖𝑛
Charge inside Current inside a closed Loop
𝑞𝑖𝑛 a closed surface 𝐼𝑖𝑛 𝐼1
Ampere’s Law
𝐼2 1. Choose a closed loop
𝐼3 2. Calculate CF
Gauss’s Law
1. Choose a closed surface RHR (4-Finger=loop)
2. Calculate flux Loop direction Current sign
CCW
Charge Current is positive or negative
Positive Depend on the loop direction CW
Negative
51
 Circulation Field (CF) for a closed (line) path
This slide is trying to show CF meaning

Apply Ampere's Law (CF: walking around // 𝐵-line)

1st step: Calculate CF
𝐶𝐹 = ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ

Choose a closed loop, ccw, same direction as B-filed)

For the chosen closed loop on the left

𝐵 (CF = 𝐵 ∙ 𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)
𝐵-line form
a closed
loop (ccw)
𝐶𝐹 = ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = ර 𝐵𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵 ර 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵(2𝜋𝑟)

CF = 𝐵 ∙ (2𝜋𝑟)

52
 Ampere’s Law
𝐶𝐹 = ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ (1/2)
Gauss’s Law
𝐶𝐹 = ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 Σ𝐼𝑖𝑛
𝐶𝐹 = 𝜇0 Σ𝐼𝑖𝑛 (2/2)
Σ𝑞𝑖𝑛
Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃 =
𝜀0
𝐼𝑖𝑛
𝑞𝑖𝑛 Current inside a closed Loop
𝑞𝑖𝑛 Charge inside 𝐼𝑖𝑛 𝐼1
a closed surface Ampere’s Law
1. Choose a closed loop
𝐼2
2. Calculate CF
Gauss’s Law 𝐼3
1. Choose a closed surface RHR (4-Finger along loop direction)
2. Calculate Flux
Loop direction Current sign
Charge If choose Loop CCW 𝐼1 < 0; 𝐼2 > 0
Positive Current is positive or negative
Depend on the loop direction If choose Loop CW 𝐼1 > 0; 𝐼2 < 0
Negative
** Current outside a closed Loop is not counted

53
Apply Ampere’s Law to a infinite current wire

𝐶𝐹 = ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ (1/2)

𝐶𝐹 = 𝜇0 Σ𝐼𝑖𝑛 (2/2)

Ampere’s Law
1. Choose a closed loop
2. Calculate CF

𝐶𝐹 = 𝐵(2𝜋𝑟)
𝑟
𝐶𝐹 = 𝜇0Σ𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 𝜇0𝐼

𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵=
2𝜋𝑟

54
Apply Ampere’s Law: infinite cylindrical conductor current wire

EX-18 A coaxial cable consists of an insulated wire

carrying current 𝐼1 = 3.00 𝐴 surrounded by a cylindrical
conductor carrying current 𝐼2 = 1.00 𝐴 in the opposite 𝐼2
direction, as in the Figure. 𝐼1
(a) Calculate the magnetic field inside the cylindrical
conductor at 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0.500 𝑐𝑚.
(b) Calculate the magnetic field outside the cylindrical
conductor at 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 1.25 𝑐𝑚. 𝐵

Ampere’s Law
1. Choose a closed loop
2. Calculate CF
𝐼1 𝐼2
𝐶𝐹 = 𝐵(2𝜋𝑟) Choose Loop along B-line

𝐶𝐹 = 𝜇0Σ𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 𝜇0 𝐼1

55
Apply Ampere’s Law: infinite cylindrical conductor current wire
𝐵
EX-18[Continue] A coaxial cable consists of an Ampere’s Law
insulated wire carrying current 𝐼1 = 3.00 𝐴 surrounded 1. Choose a closed loop
by a cylindrical conductor carrying current 𝐼2 = 2. Calculate CF
1.00 𝐴 in the opposite direction, as in the Figure.
(a) Calculate the magnetic field inside the cylindrical 𝐼2
conductor at 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0.500 𝑐𝑚. Choose Loop along B-line
(b) Calculate the magnetic field outside the cylindrical 𝐼1
conductor at 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 1.25 𝑐𝑚. 𝐶𝐹 = 𝐵(2𝜋𝑟)

𝐶𝐹 = 𝜇0 Σ𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 𝜇0 (𝐼1 − 𝐼2 )

𝐼1 𝐼2

56
 Apply Ampere’s Law: an ideal Solenoid

𝐼 𝐼 𝑩𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆

Ampere’s Law
𝑩𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆

1. Draw B-line map

(according to the symmetry)
1. Choose a loop
B-line is a closed loop

57
 Apply Ampere’s Law: an ideal Solenoid
𝑩𝟏
Choose a closed loop
𝑩𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆
𝑩𝟐 𝐵1 𝑙 − 𝐵2 𝑙 = 0

𝒍 𝐶𝐹 = ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝐵1 𝑙 − 𝐵2 𝑙
𝑩𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆

Ampere’s Law
1. Draw B-line map
(according to the symmetry)
1. Choose a loop
You can prove
1. 𝐁𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 ** # of B lines inside = # of B lines outside
2. 𝐁𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 ** Magnitude of B = density of # of B lines
3. 𝐁𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝟎

58
 Apply Ampere’s Law: an ideal Solenoid

𝒍
𝑩𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 Choose a closed loop

𝐶𝐹 = ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝐵𝑖𝑛 𝑙
𝑩𝒊𝒏
𝑩𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝐶𝐹 = 𝜇0Σ𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 𝜇0𝑛𝑙𝐼

Ampere’s Law
1. Draw B-line map
(according to the symmetry)
1. Choose a loop
You can prove
1. 𝐁𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭
2. 𝐁𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝛍𝟎 𝐧𝐈
3. 𝐁𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝟎

59
 Magnetic Fields of a Solenoid ₢

HW Magnetic Fields of a Solenoid

A long solenoid that has 1,000 turns uniformly distributed

over a length of 0.400 m produces a magnetic field of
magnitude 1.00 × 10−4 𝑇 at its center. What current is
required in the windings for that to occur?

𝑩𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 = 𝝁𝟎 𝒏𝑰

1000
1.00 × 10−4 = 4𝜋 × 10 −7 × 𝐼
0.40

60
Some complicated current source generate

Ampere’s Law

61
 Apply Ampere’s Law to a infinite current wire
𝐶𝐹 = ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ (1/2)
ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 Σ𝐼𝑖𝑛
𝐶𝐹 = 𝜇0 Σ𝐼𝑖𝑛 (2/2)

EX-U07 As shown in the figure, a long, straight wire of radius R

carries a steady current I that is uniformly distributed through
the cross section of the wire. Calculate the magnetic field a
distance r from the center of the wire in the regions r ≥ R and r < 𝐶𝐹 = ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝐵(2𝜋𝑟)
R.
𝐶𝐹 = 𝜇0 Σ𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 𝜇0 𝐽𝐴 = 𝜇0 𝐽𝐴
𝐼
𝐽=
𝜋𝑅 2
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑅 𝑟

62
 Apply Ampere’s Law to a Toroid
EX-U08 A device called a toroid (Fig. 30.15) is often used to create an
almost uniform magnetic field in some enclosed area. The device
consists of a conducting wire wrapped around a ring (a torus) made of
a nonconducting material. For a toroid having N closely spaced turns of
wire, calculate the magnetic field in the region occupied by the torus, a
distance r from the center.

𝐶𝐹 = ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ (1/2)
ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0Σ𝐼𝑖𝑛
𝐶𝐹 = 𝜇0 Σ𝐼𝑖𝑛 (2/2)

Ampere’s Law

1. Draw B-line map 𝐶𝐹 = ර𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝐵(2𝜋𝑟)

(according to the symmetry)
1. Choose a loop 𝐶𝐹 = 𝜇0Σ𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 𝜇0 (𝑁𝐼)

63
 Apply Ampere’s Law to a Cylindrical Symmetry
HW-U07 A long, cylindrical conductor of radius R carries
a current I as shown in Figure P30.31. The current density
J, however, is not uniform over the cross section of the
conductor but is a function of the radius according to J =
br, where b is a constant. Find an expression for the
magnetic field magnitude B
(a) at a distance 𝑟1 < 𝑅 and
(b) at a distance 𝑟2 > 𝑅, measured from the axis.

64
 Apply Ampere’s Law to a infinite current plane
HW-U08 An infinite sheet of current lying in the yz plane carries a
Ampere’s Law
surface current of linear density 𝑱𝑺 . The current is in the y direction,
and 𝐽𝑆 represents the current per unit length measured along the z
axis. The Figure is an edge view of the sheet. Prove that the magnetic 1. Draw B-line map
field near the sheet is parallel to the sheet and perpendicular to the (according to the symmetry)
current direction, with magnitude 𝜇0 𝐽𝑆 /2. 1. Choose a loop

65
 Magnetic Flux Calculation

HW-U09 A solenoid 2.50 cm in diameter and 30.0 cm long has

300 turns and carries 12.0 A.
a) Calculate the flux through the surface of a disk of radius
5.00 cm that is positioned perpendicular to and centered on
the axis of the solenoid, as shown in Figure (a). 𝑩𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆
b) Figure (b) shows an enlarged end view of the same
solenoid. Calculate the flux through the blue area, which is 𝐵𝑖𝑛
an annulus with an inner radius of 0.400 cm and an outer
radius of 0.800 cm.

66