See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/267386473

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FLEXURAL CRACKING IN REINFORCED

CONCRETE MEMBERS UNDER SHORT TERM LOADS

Article

CITATIONS READS

74 1,108

2 authors:

R. I. Gilbert Shami Nejadi

UNSW Sydney University of Technology Sydney
201 PUBLICATIONS 4,638 CITATIONS 68 PUBLICATIONS 1,750 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by R. I. Gilbert on 13 April 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FLEXURAL
CRACKING IN REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS
UNDER SHORT TERM LOADS

R. I. Gilbert # and S. Nejadi *

#
Professor of Civil Engineering and * Research Student
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
The University of New South Wales

ABSTRACT

This report forms part of an on-going research project at the University of New
South Wales on cracking and crack control in reinforced concrete elements. It
describes a series of short-term load tests on reinforced concrete flexural
members to study the development of flexural cracking under increasing
loads. The location and width of flexural cracks in each specimen were
carefully monitored under increasing load up to failure in order to gain a
clearer insight into the mechanisms of flexural cracking and to provide
benchmark data to be used subsequently in the development and calibration
of analytical models to simulate cracking in reinforced concrete members. In
total 12 prismatic singly reinforced concrete specimens (6 beams and 6 slabs)
were cast and moist cured for a period of 28 days. All specimens were simply
supported on a 3.5m span and were tested to failure using two equal point
loads applied at the third points of the span. Deflections at midspan, crack
patterns, crack widths, steel strains and concrete surface strains at the steel
level were recorded at each load increment in the post-cracking range. The
concrete properties including the compressive strength, the tensile strength
and the elastic modulus of the concrete at different ages were measured on
companion specimens.

KEY WORDS
Cracking; crack width and spacing; deformation; flexural members;
instantaneous loads; laboratory tests; reinforced concrete.
 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 2
2. POST-CRACKING BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 3
BEAMS
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM AND TEST SPECIMENS 4
3.1 Overview 4
3.2 Test Parameters 6
3.3 Construction of Specimens and Test Procedures 6
4. TEST RESULTS 9
4.1 Material Properties 9
4.2 Beams B1-a and B1-b 10
4.3 Beams B2-a and B2-b 12
4.4 Beams B3-a and B3-b 14
4.5 Slabs S1-a and S1-b 16
4.6 Slabs S2-a and S2-b 19
4.7 Slabs S3-a and S3-b 21
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 23
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 24
7. REFERENCES 24

APPENDIX 1 25
APPENDIX 2 28
APPENDIX 3 35
 2

1. INTRODUCTION

Excessive cracking is one of the most common causes or damage in concrete

structures and results in huge annual cost to the construction industry.
Current design procedures to control cracking using conventional steel
reinforcement are overly simplistic and often unreliable.
For a concrete structure to be serviceable, cracking must be controlled and
deflection must not be excessive. Service load behaviour depends primarily
on the properties of the concrete and these are often not known reliably at the
design stage. In the design of concrete structures, it is necessary to check the
serviceability of the structure particularly in the post-cracking range. The
behaviour in this range is complicated by the effects of several factors which
are difficult to assess from purely analytical considerations. Of prime
importance are the effects of tension stiffening, the random developments of
primary cracks and secondary cracks in regions between the primary cracks
and around the reinforcing bars, and the degree of bond breakdown.
The width of a crack depends on the quantity, orientation and distribution of
the reinforcing steel crossing the crack and the cover to the reinforcement. It
also depends on the bond characteristics between the concrete and the
reinforcement bars at and in the vicinity of the crack. A local breakdown in
bond immediately adjacent to a crack complicates the modelling.
This report forms part of an on-going research project at the University of New
South Wales on cracking and crack control in reinforced concrete elements. It
describes a series of short-term load tests on reinforced concrete flexural
members to study the development of flexural cracking under increasing
loads. The location and width of flexural cracks in each specimen are carefully
monitored under increasing load up to failure in order to gain a clearer insight
into the mechanisms of flexural cracking. The results also provide benchmark
data to be used subsequently in the development and calibration of analytical
models to simulate cracking in reinforced concrete members.
In total 12 prismatic singly reinforced concrete specimens (6 beams and 6
slabs) were cast and moist cured for a period of 28 days. All specimens were
simply supported on a 3.5 m span and were tested to failure using two equal
point loads applied at the third points of the span. Deflections at midspan,
crack patterns, crack widths, steel strains and concrete surface strains at the
steel level were recorded at each load increment in the post-cracking range
and are reported herein. The development of the primary crack pattern was
monitored throughout the tests. The concrete properties including the
compressive strength, the tensile strength and the elastic modulus of the
concrete at different ages were measured on companion specimens and are
also reported.
 3

2. POST-CRACKING BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED

CONCRETE BEAMS

Consider a singly reinforced concrete beam subjected to a gradually

increasing moment. Prior to cracking, when the applied moment is small,
concrete stresses are small and the member behaves in a linear and elastic
manner. Concrete stresses and strains on an uncracked section may be
calculated using the properties of the transformed section, i.e. an equivalent
homogeneous section in which the steel areas are converted into equivalent
areas of concrete. However, because steel qualities are typically small, it is
usual to ignore the steel and to calculate stresses and strains prior to cracking
using the properties of the gross section.
When the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is reached in the extreme
tensile fibre cracking occurs. AS3600-2001 (1) sets the characteristic flexural
tensile strength of concrete at f cf' = 0.6 f c' . Cracking initiates a marked
redistribution of internal stresses and structural behaviour becomes non-
linear. A clear picture of the mechanism of flexural cracking at a macroscopic
level, at least in statically determinate structures, was provide by Beeby (2).
Beeby demonstrated the existence of both primary and secondary cracks in
his one-way slab specimens. As load is gradually increased, the first cracks
to form are the primary cracks, which penetrate spontaneously to a height ho,
just below the neutral axis (see Figure 1). ho can readily be calculated by
standard elastic theory and is the height required to re-establish equilibrium
and strain compatibility once cracking has commenced.
The height ho also governs the crack spacing. The formation of a crack
reduces the concrete tensile stresses for a distance of approximately ho on
either side of the crack. In these zones of reduced stress, other cracks are
unlikely to form. Therefore, the spacing of the primary cracks is usually
between ho and 2 ho.
When the primary crack pattern is established, secondary or cover-controlled
cracks tend to form between the primary cracks as the load is increased.
They tend to penetrate less deeply and exist only in the vicinity of the
reinforcement bars. For perfect ‘no-slip’ conditions, these cracks form by
elastic recovery of the concrete and occur at a spacing of between co and 2co,
where co is the minimum cover to the longitudinal reinforcement as shown in
Figure 1.
After cracking, the intact concrete between adjacent primary cracks carries
considerable tensile force, mainly in the direction of the reinforcement, due to
the bond between the steel and the concrete. Over a gauge length containing
several cracks, the average concrete tensile stress is a significant percentage
of the tensile strength of concrete. The steel stress is a maximum at a crack,
carrying the entire tensile force, and drops to a minimum between the cracks,
as shown in Figure 1. The flexural rigidity of the member is considerably
greater than that based on a fully cracked section, where concrete in tension
is assumed to carry zero stress. This ‘tension stiffening’ effect may be
significant in the service load performance of beams and even more so for
 4

lightly reinforced slabs. As the load increases above the cracking moment and
secondary cracks form around the reinforcement, the average concrete
tensile stress drops and the tension stiffening effect gradually reduces.

M M
Primary cracks
ho
co
reinforcement
(a) Elevation

average
zero

(b) Stress in concrete at steel level

average

(c) Stress in tensile reinforcement

Figure 1 Stesses at steel level in a cracked reinforced concrete member.

3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM AND TEST SPECIMENS

3.1 Overview

In total 12 prismatic singly reinforced concrete specimens (6 beams and 6

slabs) with the cross-sections shown in Figure 2 were cast and moist cured
for a period of 28 days. All specimens were simply supported over a span of
3.5 m and were tested under increasing load to failure using two equal point
loads applied at the third points of the span. The schematic diagram of the
test set-up is shown in Figure 3.
Deflections at midspan, crack widths, crack patterns, steel strains within the
constant moment region and concrete surface strains at the steel level were
recorded at each load increment in the post-cracking range. The concrete
properties including the compressive strength, the tensile strength and the
elastic modulus of the concrete at different ages were measured on
companion specimens (in the form of standard size concrete cylinders and
prisms).
 5

Figure 2 Details of cross-section for beams and slabs

P
Regions between Demec targets

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Demec targets

Deflection
Deflectiondial gauge (LVDT) (LVDT)
dial gauge

1167 mm 1167 mm 1167 mm

Figure 3 Test arrangement for all specimens

The major objectives of the experimental program were:

(a) To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms associated with
flexural cracking and the influence of the factors that affect the
spacing and width of flexural cracks under short-term loading.
(b) To obtain benchmark, laboratory-controlled data to assist in the
development, calculation and validation of analytical models for crack
prediction and crack control.
(c) To undertake experimental testing that will eventually assist in the
development of rational design-oriented procedures for the control of
cracking in reinforced concrete beams and slabs and the calculation
of crack widths.
 6

3.2 Test Parameters

The parameters varied in the tests include the number of reinforcement bars
and the spacing between them and the concrete cover. Details of the
parameters are given in Tables 1 and 2. Two identical specimen “a” and “b”
were constructed for each combination of parameters.

Table 1 Details of beams for short-term tests.

Specimen No. of Bars Bar Diam. Steel Area cb cs s

(mm) (mm2) (mm) (mm) (mm)
B1-a 2 16 400 40 40 150
B1-b 2 16 400 40 40 150
B2-a 2 16 400 25 25 180
B2-b 2 16 400 25 25 180
B3-a 3 16 600 25 25 90
B3-b 3 16 600 25 25 90

Table 2 Details of slabs for short-term tests.

Specimen No. of Bars Bar Diam. Steel Area cb cs s

(mm) (mm2) (mm) (mm) (mm)
S1-a 2 12 226 25 40 308
S1-b 2 12 226 25 40 308
S2-a 3 12 339 25 40 154
S2-b 3 12 339 25 40 154
S3-a 4 12 452 25 40 103
S3-b 4 12 452 25 40 103

3.3 Construction of Specimens and Test Procedures

All specimens were constructed in 3800 mm long formwork and were simply
supported on a 3500 mm span. The variation of mechanical properties of
concrete was measured on companion cylinders and prisms at ages 7, 14, 17,
27, 28, 48, 55, 63 and 68 days.
To measure the concrete surface strains, 11 targets were glued on the side
face of each specimen at the steel level and 2 targets were fixed on the top
surface at midspan by using HBB-X60 non-shrink adhesive (as shown in
Figure 3). A demec gauge, able to measure in micro strains, was used to
manually measure the deformation between the targets (the concrete surface
strains) and a microscope with a magnification factor of 40 was used to
measure the crack widths. In order to measure the steel strains in the
constant moment region, ten electric resistance strain gauges were attached
to one of the main reinforcement bars.
 7

Deflection at midspan was measured using a Linear Variable Displacement

Transducer (LVDT). The LVDT and resistance strain gauge measurements
were retrieved through a data acquisition system, which in turn was
connected to a personal computer. Load was supplied by a hydraulic jack
connected from an electrically powered pressure pump.
Prior to casting each specimen, the inside surface of the mould was cleaned
and thinly coated with a concrete release agent to prevent adhesion of the
concrete. The concrete was placed in the mould in equal layers and
compacted by internal vibration. For each layer, the concrete was vibrated
until the surface became smooth in appearance. Sufficient concrete was
placed in the top layer to overfill the mould when compacted, and the surface
was then stripped off and finished with a steel trowel.
The companion specimens were also cast at the same time as the test
specimens. The specimens were covered with wet hessian and plastic sheets
within two hours of casting and undisturbed in their moulds for 3 days. After 3
days the specimens were removed from the mould, and kept continuously
moist by a complete covering of wet hessian to minimise the loss of moisture
from the specimens. After 28 days the Hessian was removed, specimens
were identified and then tested at different ages. Each specimen was slowly
and gradually loaded to failure over a period of approximately four hours.
Figure 4 is a photograph of one of the test specimens just prior to loading.
Each specimen before testing was simply supported at each end (as shown in
Figure 5, the LVDT was attached at the midspan (see Figure 6) and linked to
a computer. Demec strain targets were glued to the concrete surface and
initial strain measurements were recorded.

Figure 4 General view of test set-up.

 8

Figure 5 End support for specimens.

Figure 6 LVDT for deflection measurements at midspan.

 9

4. TEST RESULTS

Initial readings of the concrete and steel strains and the midspan deflection
were taken at zero applied loads. The load was then applied in 5 KN
increments for the beams and 3 KN increments for the slabs until 70% of the
calculated ultimate load was reached. The load was then increased
monotonically in small increments to failure; crack widths and crack patterns
were recorded at each load increment. Steel reinforcement layouts and cross-
sectional dimensions for each specimen are illustrated in Appendix I. Graphs
of concrete surface strains are presented in Appendix 2 and details of the
crack history (crack width and crack spacing) are presented in Appendix 3.

4.1 Material Properties

Commercially pre-mixed concrete was used in the manufacture of the test

specimens. One concrete batch was used for all specimens. Standard
concrete cylinders (150 x 300 mm & 100 x 200 mm) and prisms (100 x 100 x
500 mm) were used to determine the compressive strength, the flexural
tensile strength, the indirect tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of the
concrete at ages 7, 14, 17, 27, 28, 48, 55, 63 and 68 days. Results are
presented in Table 3. The age of each beam and slab at the time of testing is
summarized in Tables 4.

Table 3 Material Properties

Material Properties Age (Days)

(in MPa) 7 14 17 27 28 48 55 63 68
Compressive strength 21.0 36.0 36.3 36.6 37.3 39.1 40.1

Flexural tensile strength 3.85 4.29 4.67

Split Cyl. Tens. strength 3.06 3.39

Elastic Modulus 26930 28920

Table 4 Testing dates and age at testing for each test specimen.

Beam Specimen B1-a B1-b B2-a B2-b B3-a B3-b

Testing date 23/01/03 28/01/03 17/01/03 20/01/03 29/01/03 30/01/03
Age at testing (days) 48 53 42 45 54 55
Slab Specimen S1-a S1-b S2-a S2-b S3-a S3-b
Testing date 31/01/03 3/02/03 4/02/03 5/02/03 6/02/03 7/02/03
Age at testing (days) 56 59 60 61 62 63
 10

4.2 Beams B1-a and B1-b

Beams B1-a & B1-b contained 2N16 longitudinal tensile reinforcing bars with
40 mm clear bottom cover and were tested at ages 48 and 53 days
respectively. First cracking occurred at load levels of P = 25 KN in B1-a and P
= 30 KN in B1-b. The ultimate strength of the specimens was reached when P
= 109 KN in B1-a and P = 103 KN in B1-b. The measured maximum and
average crack widths at the bottom face of the beams within the constant
moment region are plotted against applied load P in Figures 7a and 7b.

Crack
Crackwidth
Widthin within
constant
themoment region
C.M.R. for B1-a– B1-a
80
70
(kN)

60
LoadP(KN)

50
40
Load,

30
20
10
0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
Crack width(mm)
Crack Width (mm)

Maximum Average

Figure 7a Maximum and average crack widths for B1-a.

Crack
Crack Width
width within the
in constant C.M.R.region
moment for B1-b
– B1-b
80
70
60
P (kN)
(KN)

50
40
Load

30
Load,

20
10
0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
Crack Width (mm)
Crack width (mm)
Maximum Average

Figure 7b Maximum and average crack width for B1-b.

Crack widths were measured by means of microscope at the steel levels and
at the bottom face of the beam. The numbers of cracks increased as the
applied load increased and at a load level of about 70% of the ultimate load, 7
cracks were located inside the constant moment region for B1-a and 6 cracks
for B1-b, respectively. The crack patterns for both beams are illustrated in
Figures 8a and 8b and crack widths at various load levels are given in Tables
A3.1 and A3.2.
 11

.
Constant
ConstantMoment Region
Moment Region

11

c 5-1 c6-2 c 7-1 c 8-1

c 4-1 c 9-2
c 1-1
c 2-1 c3-1 c3-2 c 6-1 348
348
c9-1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3500
3500

Figure 8a Crack pattern for B1-a.

Constant Moment
Constant Region
Moment Region

11

c3-2 c 4-1 c 5-1 c 8-1

c4-2 c6-1 c 7-1 c 9-1 c10-1 348348
c 2-1 c2-2 c3-1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3500
3500

Figure 8b Crack pattern for B1-b.

The load-deflection curves are presented in Figure 9.

Beam
Deflection B1-a (2N16,
, Beam c = 40mm)mm)
1-a ( 2N16,C=40
120

100
(kN)

80
(KN)
Load P

60
Load,

40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Deflection at midspan
Deflection (mm) (mm)

Figure 9a Load-deflection curve for B1-a.

 12

Deflection,
Beam B1-b Beam 1-b (2N16,
(2N16, C=40 mm)
c = 40mm)
120

100
(kN)
80
Load P(KN)

60
Load,

40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Deflection at midspan
Deflection (mm) (mm)

Figure 9b Load-deflection curve for B1-b.

4.3 Beams B2-a and B2-b

Beams B2-a & B2-b contained 2N16 longitudinal tensile reinforcing bars with
25 mm clear bottom cover and were tested at ages 42 and 45 days,
respectively. First cracking occurred at load levels of P= 30 KN in B2-a and P
= 25 KN in B2-b. The ultimate strength of the specimens was reached when P
= 112 KN in B2-a and P = 104 KN in B2-b. The measured maximum and
average crack widths at the bottom face of the beams within the constant
moment region are plotted against applied load P in Figures 10a and 10b.

Crackwidth
Crack Widthin within the
constant C.M.R.region
moment for B2-a
– B2-a
80
70
(kN)

60
(KN)

50
Load P

40
Load,

30
20
10
0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
Crack Width
Crack width,(mm)
mm
Maximum Average

Figure 10a Maximum and average crack width for B2-a.

 13

Crack
Crackwidth
Widthin within
constant moment
the C.M.R.region – B2-b
for B2-b
80
70
(kN)
(KN) 60
50
LoadP

40
Load,

30
20
10
0
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
Crack width,(mm)
Crack Width mm

Maximum Average

Figure 10b Maximum and average crack width for B2-b.

The numbers of cracks increased as the applied load increased and at a load
level of about 70% of the ultimate load, 7 cracks were located inside the
constant moment region for both B2-a and B2-b. The crack patterns for both
beams are illustrated in Figures 11a and 11b and crack widths at various load
levels are given in Tables A3.3 and A3.4.

Constant moment region

Constant Moment Region

11

c2-1 c 4-1 c5-1 c6-2 c8-2 c9-1

c1-1 c3-1 c 4-2 c 7-1 c8-1 c10-1 333
c2-2 c6-1 c 9-2 333
c10-2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3500
3500

Figure 11a Crack pattern for B2-a.

Constant
Constantmoment region
Moment Region

11

c2-1 c10-1
c1-1 c 3-2 c5-2 c8-1 c9-1
c3-1 c7-1 c 8-2 333
333
c 5-1 c6-1
c4-1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3500
3500

Figure 11b Crack pattern for B2-b.

 14

The load-deflection curves are presented in Figure 12.

Beam B2-a
DEFLECTION, (2N16,
BEAM # 2-ac (=2N16,
25 mm)
C=25 mm)

P (KN)P (kN) 120

100

80
Load,

60

40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Midspan deflection
Deflection (mm) (mm)

Figure 12a Load-deflection curve for B2-a

Beam B2-b
Deflection, (2N16,
Beam c = 25C=25
2-b (2N16, mm)mm)
120
P (kN)

100

80
Load (KN)
Load,

60

40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Deflection
Midspan (mm) (mm)
deflection

Figure 12b Load-deflection curve for B2-b

4.4 Beams B3-a and B3-b

Beams B3-a and B3-b contained 3N16 longitudinal tensile reinforcing bars
with 25 mm clear bottom cover and were tested at ages 54 and 55 days,
respectively. First cracking occurred at load levels of P = 40 KN in B3-a and P
= 30 KN in B3-b. The ultimate strength of the specimens was reached when P
= 138 KN in B3-a and P = 127 KN in B3-b. The measured maximum and
average crack widths at the bottom face of the beams within the constant
moment region are plotted against applied load P in Figures 13a and 13b.
 15

Crack
Crackwidth
Widthinwithin
constant
themoment region
C.M.R. for B3-a – B3-a
90
80
P (kN)
Load (KN)
70
60
50
Load,

40
30
20
10
0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Crack width,
Crack Widthmm
(mm)

Maximum Average

Figure 13a Maximum and average crack width for B3-a.

Crack
Crackwidth
Widthinwithin
constant
themoment region
C.M.R. for B3-b– B3-b
90
P (kN)

80
70
Load (KN)

60
50
Load,

40
30
20
10
0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Crack Width (mm)
Crack width, mm
Maximum Average

Figure 13b Maximum and average crack width for B3-b.

The numbers of cracks increased as the applied load increased and at a load
level of about 70% of the ultimate load, 11 cracks were located inside the
constant moment region for B3-a and 12 cracks for B3-b, respectively. The
crack patterns for both beams are illustrated in Figures 14a and 14b and
crack widths at various load levels are given in Tables A3.5 and A3.6.

.
 16

Constant moment region

Constant Moment Region

11

c 2-3 c5-3 c9-2

c5-1 c 10-2
c 1-1 c2-1 c 3-2 c6-1 c 7-1
c
c8-2 333
333
c2-2 c 4-1 c7-2 7-3 c 8-1 c10-1
c 6-2 c9-1
c3-1 c5-2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3500
3500

Figure 14a Crack pattern for B3-a.

Constant moment
Constant Moment Regionregion

11

c3-1 c 4-2 c6-1 c6-3 c8-1

c5-1 c 5-3 c 9-2 c10-1 333
333
c1-1 c2-2 c7-2 c8-3
c 2-1 c2-3 c 4-1 c 4-3 c 6-2 c 7-1 c9-1 c 10-2
c5-2 c 8-2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3500
3500

Figure 14b Crack pattern for B3-b.

4.5 Slabs S1-a and S1-b

Slabs S1-a and S1-b contained 2N12 longitudinal tensile reinforcing bars with
25 mm clear bottom cover and were tested at ages 56 and 59 days,
respectively. The load increment for slabs was 3 KN and first cracking
occurred at load levels of P = 5 KN in S1-a and P = 8 KN in S1-b. The
ultimate strength of the specimens was reached when P = 22 KN in S1-a and
P = 21 KN in S1-b when crushing the top fibres in compression zone under
one of the concentrated loads occurred. The measured maximum and
average crack widths at the bottom face of the slabs within the constant
moment region are plotted against applied load in Figures 15a and 15b.

By using a microscope with a magnification factor of 40 the crack widths were

measured at the steel levels and at the bottom face of the slabs. The numbers
of cracks increased as the applied load increased and at a load level of about
70% of the ultimate load, 10 cracks were located inside the constant moment
region for S1-a and 9 cracks for S1-b respectively. The crack patterns for both
slabs are illustrated in Figures 16a and 16b and crack widths at various load
levels are given in Tables A3.7 and A3.8.
 17

Crack width
Crack in constant
Width moment
within the C.M.R.region – S1-a
for S1-a
16
14
12
(kN)
P (KN) 10
8
Load

6
Load,

4
2
0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
Crack
Crack width, mm
Width (mm)
Maximum Average

Figure 15a Maximum and average crack width for S1-a.

Crack
Crackwidth
Widthin within
constant
themoment region
C.M.R. for S1-b– S1-b
16
14
(kN)

12
(KN)

10
Load P

8
Load,

6
4
2
0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Crack width,(mm)
Crack Width mm
Maximum Average

Figure 15b Maximum and average crack width for S1-b.

Constant moment region

Constant Moment Region

11

c1-1 c3-2 c4-2 c6-2 c7-2 c8-1 c9-2

c2-1
c2-2
c3-1 c4-1 c5-2
c7-1 c8-2 c9-1
c10-1 161
161
c5-1 c6-1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3500
3500

Figure 16a Crack pattern for S1-a

 18

Constant moment region

Constant Moment Region

11
c2-1 c3-2 c4-1 c5-2 c6-1 c7-1 c8-1 c9-1
c1-1 c3-1 c3-3 c5-1 c7-2 c8-2 c9-2 c10-1 161
161
c6-2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3500
3500

Figure 16b Crack pattern for S1-b

The load-deflection curves for S1-a and S1-b are presented in Figure 17.

Slab S1-a
Deflection, (2N12,
Slab c = 25
1-a (2N12, mm)
C=25 mm)
25
P (kN)

20
Load (KN)

15
Load,

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
MidspanDeflection
deflection (mm)
(mm)

Figure 17a Load-deflection curve for S1-a.

Deflection,
Slab S1-b Slab 1-b (2N12,
(2N12, c = 25C=25
mm)mm)
25

20
P (kN)
Load (KN)

15
Load,

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Deflection
Midspan (mm)(mm)
deflection

Figure 17b Load-deflection curve for S1-b.

 19

5.6 Slabs S2-a and S2-b

Slabs S2-a and S2-b contained 3N12 longitudinal tensile reinforcing bars with
25 mm clear bottom cover and were tested at ages 60 and 61 days,
respectively. First cracking occurred at load level of P = 8 KN in both S2-a and
S2-b. The ultimate strength of the specimen was reached when P = 37 KN for
S2-a and P = 36 KN for S2-b when crushing of the top compressive fibre
occurred. The measured maximum and average crack widths at the bottom
face of the slabs within the constant moment region are plotted against
applied load in Figures 18a and 18b

Crack width
Crack Widthinwithin
constant moment
the C.M.R.region – S2-a
for S2-a
25

20
P (kN)
Load (KN)

15
Load,

10

0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Crack
Crack width, mm
Width (mm)
Maximum Average

Figure 18a Maximum and average crack width for S2-a.

Crack Widthinwithin
Crack width the
constant C.M.R.region
moment for S2-b
– S2-b
25
P (kN)

20
Load (KN)

15
Load,

10

0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Crack width,(mm)
Crack Width mm
Maximum Average

Figure 18b Maximum and average crack width for S2-b.

 20

The numbers of cracks increased as the applied load increased and at a load
level of about 70% of the ultimate load, 12 cracks were located inside the
constant moment region for S2-a and 9 cracks for S2-b, respectively. The
crack patterns for both slabs are illustrated in Figures 19a and 19b and crack
widths at various load levels are given in Tables A3.9 and A3.10.
. Constant moment
Constant region
Moment Region

11

c1-1 c2-2 c3-1 c4-2 c5-2 c6-2 c6-4 c7-1 c8-1 c10-1
c2-1 c5-3 c6-3
c4-1 c4-3 c5-1
c6-1
c8-2 c9-1 c9-2 161
161
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3500
3500

Figure 19a Crack pattern for S2-a.

Constant moment region

Constant Moment Region

c1-1 c c2-2 c c10-2

2-1 c3-1 c3-2 c4-1 c5-1 c5-2 c6-1 6-2 c c7-2 c8-2 c9-1 c10-1 16
7-1 c8-1 161
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3500
3500

Figure 19b Crack pattern for S2-b.

The load-deflection curves for S2-a and S2-b are presented in Figure 20.

Slab S2-a
Deflection, Slab(3N12, c = ,25
2-a ( 3N12 mm)
C=25mm)
40
P (kN)

35
30
Load (KN)

25
Load,

20
15
10
5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Deflection
Midspan (mm)
deflection (mm)

Figure 20a Load-deflection curve for S2-a.

 21

Deflection,
Slab S2-b Slab(3N12,
2-b (3N12,
c =C=25 mm)
25 mm)
40

P (kN)
35
30

Load (KN)
25

Load,
20
15
10
5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Midspan deflection
Deflection (mm) (mm)

Figure 20b Load-deflection curve for S2-b.

4.7 Slabs S3-a and S3-b

Slabs S3-a & S3-b contained 4N12 longitudinal tensile reinforcing bars with
25 mm clear bottom cover and were tested at ages 62 and 63 days,
respectively. First cracking occurred at P = 8 KN for both S3-a and S3-b. The
ultimate strength was reached when P = 50 KN for S3-a and P = 47 KN for
S3-b when crushing the top compressive fibre occurred. The measured
maximum and average crack widths at the bottom face of the slabs within the
constant moment region are plotted against applied load P in Figures 21a and
21b.

Crack width in constant moment region – S3-a

Crack Width within the C.M.R. for S3-a
30

25
(kN)

20
(KN)
Load P

15
Load,

10

0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Crack
Crack width,
Width (mm)mm
Maximum Average

Figure 21a Maximum and average crack width for S3-a.

 22

Crack Width
Crack width inwithin
constant
themoment
C.M.R. region – S3-a
for S3-b
30

25

(kN)
LoadP(KN)
20

15
Load,

10

0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
CrackWidth
Crack width, mm
(mm)
Maximum Average

Figure 21b Maximum and average crack width for S3-b.

The numbers of cracks increased as the applied load increased and at a load
level of about 70% of the ultimate load, 14 cracks were located within the
constant moment region for S3-a and 12 cracks for S3-b, respectively. The
crack patterns for both slabs are illustrated in Figures 22a and 22b and crack
widths at various load levels are given in Tables A3.11 and A3.12.

Constant moment region

Constant Moment Region

c1-1 c2-1 c3-2 c4-2 c5-1 c5-3 c c9-2

c1-2 c3-1 c4-1 c6-2 6-3 c7-2 c8-2 c8-3 c c10-2 161
161
c4-3 c c6-1 c7-1 c8-1 9-1 c10-1
5-2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3500
3500

Figure 22a Crack pattern for S3-a

Constant moment
Constant region
Moment Region

11
c1-1 c2-1 c5-1 c c6-2 c7-1 c8-2 c0-2
c0-1 c2-2 c3-1 c3-2 c4-1 c8-1 c9-2 c10-1 161
c1-2 c4-2 c5-2
5-3
c6-1 c7-2 c9-1 c9-3 c10-2 161
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3500
3500

Figure 22b Crack pattern for S3-b

The load-deflection curves for S3-a and S3-b are presented in Figure 23.
 23

Slab S3-a
Deflection, Slab(4N12, c = 25
3-a (4N12, mm)
C=25mm)
60

50
(kN)

40
(KN)
Load P

30
Load,

20

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Midspan deflection
Deflection (mm) (mm)

Figure 23a Load-deflection curve for S3-a.

Slab S3-b
Deflection, (4N12,
Slab c = 25
3-b (4N12, mm)mm)
C=25
50
45
40
(kN)

35
(KN)

30
Load P

25
Load,

20
15
10
5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Midspan deflection
Deflection (mm) (mm)

Figure 23b Load-deflection curve for S3-b.

5. CONCLUDING REMARKS

This report forms part of an on-going research project at the University of New
South Wales on cracking and crack control in reinforced concrete elements. A
series of short-term load tests on reinforced concrete flexural members is
presented to provide the experimental data necessary to study the
development of flexural cracking under increasing loads. In total 12 prismatic
singly reinforced concrete specimens (6 beams and 6 slabs) were cast and
moist cured for a period of 28 days. All specimens were simply supported on
a 3.5 m span and were tested to failure using two equal point loads applied at
the third points of the span. Deflections at midspan, crack patterns, crack
 24

widths, steel strains and concrete surface strains at the steel level were
recorded at each load increment in the post-cracking range and have been
reported herein. The development of the primary crack pattern was monitored
throughout the tests, including recording the position of each crack and its
width at all load stages. The concrete properties including the compressive
strength, the tensile strength and the elastic modulus of the concrete at
different ages were measured on companion specimens and are also reported.
These results provide benchmark data on the instantaneous development and
propagation of flexural cracks in reinforced concrete elements and will be
used subsequently in the development and calibration of analytical models to
simulate cracking in reinforced concrete members.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The funding for this research was provided by the Australian Research
Council (ARC).

7. REFERENCES

1. AS3600-2001. “Australian Standard for Concrete Structures”, Standards

Australia, Sydney.

2. Beeby, A.W. (1970). An Investigation of Cracking in Slabs Spanning

One-Way. Technical Report No.TRA433. Cement and Concrete
Association. London. 33p.
 25

APPENDIX 1

Details of Beam and Slab Specimens

(Elevations and Section)
 P P
1167 1167 1167

D
250

3500

Elevation for Beams B1-a, B1-b (D=348 mm), B2-a, B2-b, B3-a & B3-b (D=333 mm)
250 250
250

300 300
300

25 25
40

25 25
40
B1-a & B1-b (2N16) B2-a & B2-b (2N16) B3-a & B3-b (3N16)

Sections for Beams

26
 P P
1167 1167 1167

250
161

3500

Elevation for Slabs S1-a, S1-b, S2-a, S2-b, S3-a and S3-b (Cb=25 mm)

400 400 400

130 130 130

25 25 25

40 40 40

S1-a & S1-b (2N12) S2-a & S2-b (3N12) S3-a & S3-b (4N12)

Sections for Slabs

27
 28

APPENDIX 2

Concrete Surface Strain at Steel Level

 29

Surface Strain for B1-a ( 2N16, Cb=40 mm)

1
5000
2
4000 3
Strain (microstrain)

4
3000
5
2000 6
7
1000
8
0 9
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10
-1000
11
P (KN)

Concrete Surface Strain at Steel Level for Beam B1-a

Surface Strain for B1-b (2N16 , Cb=40 mm)

1
3000
2
2500
Strain (microstrain)

3
2000
4
1500
5
1000 6
500 7
0 8
-500 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9
-1000 10
P (KN) 11

Concrete Surface Strain at Steel Level for Beam B1-b

 30

Surface Strain for B2-a ( 2N16, Cb=25 mm)

3000 1
2500 2
Strain(microstrain)

2000 3
4
1500
5
1000
6
500
7
0
8
-500 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
9
-1000 10
P (KN) 11

Concrete Surface Strain at Steel Level for Beam B2-a

Surface Strain for B2-b ( 2N16, Cb=25 mm) 1

3000
2
2500 3
Strain (microstrain)

2000 4
1500 5
1000 6
500 7
0 8

-500 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9
10
-1000
11
P (KN)

Concrete Surface Strain at Steel Level for Beam B2-b

 31

Surface Strain for B3-a (3N16,Cb=25 mm) 1

2500 2
2000 3
Strain (microstrain)

1500 4
5
1000
6
500
7
0 8
-500 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 9
-1000 10

P (KN) 11

Concrete Surface Strain at Steel Level for Beam B3-a

Surface Strain for B3-b (3N16 , C b=25 mm)

2500 1
2
2000
Strain (microstrain)

3
1500 4
1000 5
6
500
7
0
8
-500 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
9
-1000 10

P (KN) 11

Concrete Surface Strain at Steel Level for Beam B3-b

 32

Surface Strain for S1-a (2N12, Cb=25 mm)

3000 1
2500 2
Strain (microstrain)

2000 3
4
1500
5
1000
6
500
7
0
8
-500 0 5 10 15
9
-1000 10
P (KN) 11

Concrete Surface Strain at Steel Level for Slab S1-a

Surface Strain for S1-b (2N12 , Cb=25 mm) 1

3500
2
3000
3
Strain 9microstrain)

2500
4
2000
5
1500
6
1000
7
500
8
0
9
-500 0 5 10 15
10
-1000
11
P (KN)

Concrete Surface Strain at Steel Level for Slab S1-b

 33

Surface Strain for S2-a (3N12, Cb=25mm)

3000 1
2500 2
Strain (microstrain)

2000 3
4
1500
5
1000
6
500
7
0
8
-500 0 5 10 15 20 25
9
-1000 10
P (KN) 11

Concrete Surface Strain at Steel Level for Slab S2-a

Surface Strain for S2-b (3N12 , Cb=25 mm)

3000 1
2
2500
3
Strain (microstrain)

2000
4
1500
5
1000 6
500 7
0 8
-500 0 5 10 15 20 25 9
-1000 10

P (KN) 11

Concrete Surface Strain at Steel Level for Slab S2-b

 34

Surface Strain for S3-a (4N12, Cb=25 mm)

3000 1
2500 2
Strain (microstrain)

2000 3
4
1500
5
1000
6
500
7
0
8
-500 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
9
-1000 10
P (KN) 11

Concrete Surface Strain at Steel Level for Slab S3-a

Surface Strain for S3-b (4N12 , Cb=25 mm) 1

3000
2
2500
3
Strain (microstrain)

2000
4
1500 5
1000 6
500 7
0 8
-500 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 9
-1000 10
P (KN) 11

Concrete Surface Strain at Steel Level for Slab S3-b

 35

APPENDIX 3

CRACK HISTORY FOR SPECIMENS

(Crack Width and Crack Spacing)

 Short-term Tests, B e a m N o. 1 - a ( 2N16 - Cb=40 mm )
Crack No. 1-1 Crack No. 2-1 Crack No. 3-1 Crack No. 3-2 Crack No. 4-1 Crack No. 5-1 Crack No. 6-1
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 3 0.08
30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 3 0.08
35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 4 0.10 6 0.15
40 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 0.08 3 0.08 5 0.13 8 0.20
45 0.00 3 0.08 0.00 4 0.10 5 0.13 6 0.15 10 0.25
50 0.00 4 0.10 0.00 5 0.13 5 0.13 7 0.18 11 0.28
55 2 0.05 4 0.10 0.00 6 0.15 5 0.13 8 0.20 11 0.28
60 3 0.08 5 0.13 3 0.08 7 0.18 6 0.15 9 0.23 12 0.30
65 3 0.08 5 0.13 5 0.13 8 0.20 6 0.15 10 0.25 13 0.33
70 5 0.13 5 0.13 6 0.15 9 0.23 7 0.18 10 0.25 13 0.33
Distance from C.L.(mm) 1220 985 706 578 330 65 118

Short-term Tests, B e a m N o. 1 - a ( 2N16 - Cb=40 mm )

Crack No. 6-2 Crack No. 7-1 Crack No. 8-1 Crack No. 9-1 Crack No. 9-2
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Srm (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
30 0.00 4 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 252
35 0.00 5 0.13 3 0.08 0.00 0.00 226
40 0.00 7 0.18 4 0.10 0.00 0.00 226
45 0.00 10 0.25 5 0.13 3 0.08 0.00 226
50 0.00 11 0.28 6 0.15 3 0.08 0.00 226
55 0.00 11 0.28 6 0.15 4 0.10 0.00 226
60 0.00 12 0.30 6 0.15 5 0.13 3 0.08 230
65 2 0.05 12 0.30 6 0.15 6 0.15 3 192
70 3 0.08 12 0.30 6 0.15 6 0.15 4 0.10 192
Distance from C.L.(mm) 225 370 573 752 928

36
 S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , B e a m N o. 1 - b ( 2N16 - Cb=40 mm )
Crack No. 2-1 Crack No. 2-1 Crack No. 3-1 Crack No. 3-2 Crack No. 4-1 Crack No. 4-2 Crack No. 5-1
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 0.05
35 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 0.00 4 0.10 3 0.08
40 0.00 0.00 3 0.08 3 0.08 0.00 5 0.13 5 0.13
45 0.00 0.00 3 0.08 4 0.10 0.00 6 0.15 6 0.15
50 0.00 2 0.05 5 0.13 5 0.13 0.00 7 0.18 7 0.18
55 0.00 3 0.08 6 0.15 6 0.15 2 0.05 10 0.25 9 0.23
60 0.00 4 0.10 7 0.18 7 0.18 3 0.08 11 0.28 10 0.25
65 3 0.08 6 0.15 8 0.20 8 0.20 5 0.13 11 0.28 11 0.28
70 3 0.08 7 0.18 9 0.23 9 0.23 6 0.15 13 0.33 13 0.33
Distance from C.L.(mm) 991 875 730 536 402 276 28

S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , B e a m N o. 1 - b ( 2N16 - Cb=40 mm )
Crack No. 6-1 Crack No. 7-1 Crack No. 8-1 Crack No. 9-1 Crack No. 10-1
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Srm (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
30 3 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 241
35 5 0.13 2 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 233
40 6 0.15 4 0.10 0.00 3 0.08 0.00 233
45 7 0.18 5 0.13 0.00 4 0.10 0.00 233
50 8 0.20 6 0.15 4 0.10 5 0.13 3 0.08 233
55 10 0.25 7 0.18 6 0.15 7 0.18 5 0.13 233
60 12 0.30 10 0.25 6 0.15 9 0.23 5 0.13 186
65 13 0.33 11 0.28 9 0.23 10 0.25 6 0.15 186
70 15 0.38 11 0.28 10 0.25 11 0.28 7 0.18 186
Distance from C.L.(mm) 213 396 601 856 1021

37
 S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , B e a m N o. 2 - a ( 2N16 - Cb=25 mm )
Crack No. 1-1 Crack No. 2-1 Crack No. 2-2 Crack No. 3-1 Crack No. 4-1 Crack No. 4-2 Crack No. 5-1 Crack No. 6-1 Crack No. 6-2
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
30 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 2 0.05 2 0.05 0.00 3 0.08 0.00 3 0.08
35 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 4 0.10 4 0.10 0.00 5 0.13 0.00 4 0.10
40 0.00 3 0.08 3 0.08 5 0.13 5 0.13 0.00 6 0.15 0.00 6 0.15
45 0.00 4 0.10 5 0.13 5 0.13 6 0.15 0.00 7 0.18 4 0.10 6 0.15
50 0.00 5 0.13 7 0.18 6 0.15 8 0.20 3 0.08 8 0.20 4 0.10 6 0.15
55 2 0.05 5 0.13 7 0.18 6 0.15 8 0.20 3 0.08 9 0.23 5 0.13 7 0.18
60 2 0.05 5 0.13 8 0.20 6 0.15 10 0.25 4 0.10 10 0.25 6 0.15 7 0.18
65 3 0.08 5 0.13 10 0.25 7 0.18 10 0.25 4 0.10 12 0.30 6 0.15 10 0.25
70 3 0.08 7 0.18 12 0.30 7 0.18 11 0.28 4 0.10 12 0.30 6 0.15 10 0.25
Distance from C.L.(mm) 1120 968 755 626 410 260 90 65 163

S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , B e a m N o. 2 - a ( 2N16 - Cb=25 mm )
Crack No. 7-1 Crack No. 8-1 Crack No. 8-2 Crack No. 9-1 Crack No. -92 Crack No. 10-1 Crack No. 10-2
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Srm (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0
10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0
20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0
25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0
30 3 0.08 2 0.05 0.00 0 0 0 0 245
35 4 0.10 3 0.08 0.00 0 0 0 0 245
40 4 0.10 3 0.08 3 0.08 0 0 0 0 245
45 6 0.15 5 0.13 4 0.10 2 0.0508 0 0 0 164
50 7 0.18 6 0.15 4 0.10 2 0.0508 0 0 0 164
55 7 0.18 6 0.15 4 0.10 3 0.0762 0 0 0 164
60 8 0.20 7 0.18 5 0.13 3 0.0762 2 0.0508 2 0.0508 0 164
65 9 0.23 7 0.18 6 0.15 4 0.1016 3 0.0762 2 0.0508 2 0.0508 164
70 9 0.23 7 0.18 6 0.15 4 0.1016 4 0.1016 2 0.0508 3 0.0762 164
Distance from C.L.(mm) 375 582 650 840 905 1050 1080

38
 S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , B e a m N o. 2 - b ( 2N16 - Cb=25 mm )
Crack No. 1-1 Crack No. 2-1 Crack No. 3-1 Crack No. 3-2 Crack No.4-1 Crack No. 5-1 Crack No. 5-2
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 0.08
30 0.00 0.00 3 0.08 3 0.08 0.00 3 0.08 4 0.10
35 0.00 2 0.05 3 0.08 4 0.10 0.00 4 0.10 6 0.15
40 0.00 3 0.08 5 0.13 6 0.15 0.00 4 0.10 6 0.15
45 0.00 4 0.10 5 0.13 6 0.15 0.00 5 0.13 7 0.18
50 0.00 5 0.13 6 0.15 7 0.18 0.00 5 0.13 9 0.23
55 2 0.05 6 0.15 6 0.15 8 0.20 2 0.05 6 0.15 11 0.28
60 3 0.08 7 0.18 7 0.18 10 0.25 3 0.08 6 0.15 11 0.28
65 4 8 0.20 8 0.20 11 0.28 3 0.08 6 0.15 12 0.30
70 5 0.13 9 0.23 10 0.25 12 0.30 5 0.13 7 0.18 12 0.30
Distance from C.L.(mm) 1195 986 740 521 255 220 95

S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , B e a m N o. 2 - b ( 2N16 - Cb=25 mm )
Crack No. 6-1 Crack No. 7-1 Crack No. 8-1 Crack No. 8-2 Crack No. 9-1 Crack No. 10-1
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Srm (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
30 4 0.10 2 0.05 3 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 218
35 6 0.15 3 0.08 5 0.13 0.00 3 0.08 0.00 218
40 7 0.18 3 0.08 6 0.15 0.00 4 0.10 0.00 218
45 7 0.18 5 0.13 7 0.18 0.00 5 0.13 0.00 218
50 10 0.25 6 0.15 8 0.20 3 0.08 7 0.18 0.00 218
55 11 0.28 7 0.18 8 0.20 3 0.08 8 0.20 0.00 187
60 13 0.33 8 0.20 9 0.23 5 0.13 9 0.23 0.00 187
65 15 0.38 9 0.23 10 0.25 6 0.15 9 0.23 5 0.13 187
70 17 0.43 10 0.25 11 0.28 6 0.15 9 0.23 6 0.15 187
Distance from C.L.(mm) 167 402 569 736 865 1076

39
 S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , B e a m N o. 3 - a ( 3N16 - Cb=25 mm )
Crack No. 1-1 Crack No. 2-1 Crack No. 2-2 Crack No. 2-3 Crack No. 3-1 Crack No. 3-2 Crack No. 4-1 Crack No. 5-1 Crack No. 5-2 Crack No. 5-3 Crack No. 6-1
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 0.03 3 0.08 2 0.05 3 0.08 2 0.05 2 0.05
50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 3 0.08 2 0.05 3 0.08 2 0.05 2 0.05
55 0.00 0.00 1 0.03 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 4 0.10 2 0.05 3 0.08 2 0.05 3 0.08
60 0.00 1 0.03 2 0.05 1 0.03 0.00 2 0.05 5 0.13 3 0.08 4 0.10 3 0.08 4 0.10
65 0.00 2 0.05 2 0.05 2 0.05 0.00 2 0.05 5 0.13 4 0.10 4 0.10 3 0.08 4 0.10
70 2 0.05 2 0.05 2 0.05 2 0.05 0.00 3 0.08 6 0.15 4 0.10 5 0.13 4 0.10 4 0.10
75 3 0.08 3 0.08 3 0.08 2 0.05 2 0.05 3 0.08 6 0.15 5 0.13 5 0.13 5 0.13 5 0.13
80 3 0.08 3 0.08 3 0.08 3 0.08 2 0.05 3 0.08 6 0.15 5 0.13 6 0.15 5 0.13 6 0.15
85 3 0.08 3 0.08 3 0.08 3 0.08 3 0.08 3 0.08 7 0.18 5 0.13 6 0.15 5 0.13 6 0.15
Distance from C.L.(mm) 1150 982 874 762 596 518 327 225 114 10 117

S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , B e a m N o. 3 - a ( 3N16 - Cb=25 mm )
Crack No. 6-2 Crack No. 7-1 Crack No. 7-2 Crack No. 7-3 Crack No. 8-1 Crack No. 8-2 Crack No. 9-1 Crack No. 9-2 Crack No. 10-1 Crack No. 10-2
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm)
0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
10 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
20 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
25 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
30 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
40 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
45 0.00 2 0.05 2 0.05 0 2 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
50 0.00 3 0.08 2 0.05 0 3 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
55 1 0.03 4 0.10 3 0.08 0 3 0.08 2 0.05 1 0.03 0.00 0.00 0
60 2 0.05 5 0.13 3 0.08 0 3 0.08 3 0.08 2 0.05 0.00 2 0.05 0
65 2 0.05 6 0.15 4 0.10 0 3 0.08 3 0.08 3 0.08 0.00 2 0.05 0
70 2 0.05 7 0.18 4 0.10 0 4 0.10 4 0.10 3 0.08 0.00 2 0.05 0
75 3 0.08 7 0.18 4 0.10 2 0.05 4 0.10 5 0.13 3 0.08 1 0.03 3 0.08 1 0.03
80 3 0.08 8 0.20 4 0.10 2 0.05 4 0.10 5 0.13 4 0.10 2 0.05 3 0.08 2 0.05
85 3 0.08 8 0.20 4 0.10 2 0.05 5 0.13 5 0.13 4 0.10 2 0.05 3 0.08 2 0.05
Distance from C.L.(mm) 196 306 428 441 567 682 815 898 1000 1189

40
 S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , B e a m N o. 3 - b ( 3N16 - Cb=25 mm )
Crack No. 1-1 Crack No. 2-1 Crack No. 2-2 Crack No. 2-3 Crack No.3-1 Crack No. 4-1 Crack No. 4-2 Crack No. 4-3 Crack No. 5-1 Crack No. 5-2 Crack No. 5-3 Crack No. 6-1
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 0.00 2 0.05 0.00 2 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00
45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 0.08 0.00 2 0.05 0.00 3 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00
50 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 3 0.08 0.00 3 0.08 0.00 3 0.08 0.00 2 0.05 2 0.05
55 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 2 0.05 4 0.10 2 0.05 3 0.08 0.00 3 0.08 0.00 2 0.05 2 0.05
60 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 3 0.08 4 0.10 2 0.05 3 0.08 0.00 4 0.10 0.00 2 0.05 3 0.08
65 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 3 0.08 5 0.13 2 0.05 3 0.08 0.00 4 0.10 0.00 2 0.05 3 0.08
70 1 0.03 0.00 3 0.08 3 0.08 6 0.15 3 0.08 3 0.08 1 0.03 5 0.13 0.00 2 0.05 3 0.08
75 2 0.05 1 0.03 3 0.08 3 0.08 6 0.15 3 0.08 3 0.08 2 0.05 5 0.13 0.00 3 0.08 4 0.10
80 2 0.05 2 0.05 3 0.08 4 0.10 6 0.15 3 0.08 4 0.10 2 0.05 5 0.13 0.00 3 0.08 5 0.13
85 3 0.08 2 0.05 3 0.08 4 0.10 7 0.18 4 0.10 4 0.10 2 0.05 5 0.13 2 0.05 3 0.08 5 0.13
Distance from C.L.(mm) 1152 1012 920 799 618 468 386 303 211 115 46 18

S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , B e a m N o. 3 - b ( 3N16 - Cb=25 mm )
Crack No. 6-2 Crack No. 6-3 Crack No. 7-1 Crack No. 7-2 Crack No. 8-1 Crack No. 8-2 Crack No. 8-3 Crack No. 9-1 Crack No. 9-2 Crack No.10-1 Crack No. 10-2
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 2 0.05 0.00 2 0.05 0.00 2 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
45 2 0.05 0.00 3 0.08 0.00 2 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50 3 0.08 0.00 4 0.10 1 0.03 3 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 0.00 0.00
55 3 0.08 0.00 4 0.10 2 0.05 3 0.08 1 0.03 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 0.00 0.00
60 3 0.08 0.00 5 0.13 3 0.08 3 0.08 2 0.05 2 0.05 0.00 2 0.05 1 0.03 0.00
65 4 0.10 0.00 5 0.13 3 0.08 4 0.10 2 0.05 3 0.08 0.00 2 0.05 2 0.05 0.00
70 4 0.10 1 0.03 6 0.15 4 0.10 4 0.10 2 0.05 3 0.08 1 0.03 3 0.08 2 0.05 0.00
75 5 0.13 2 0.05 7 0.18 4 0.10 4 0.10 2 0.05 3 0.08 2 0.05 3 0.08 2 0.05 0.00
80 6 0.15 2 0.05 8 0.20 5 0.13 5 0.13 3 0.08 4 0.10 2 0.05 4 0.10 3 0.08 1 0.03
85 6 0.15 2 0.05 8 0.20 5 0.13 5 0.13 3 0.08 4 0.10 3 0.08 4 0.10 3 0.08 2 0.05
Distance from C.L.(mm) 142 217 338 457 571 649 736 858 917 1044 1181

41
 S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , S l a b N o. 1 - a ( 2N12 - Cb=25 mm )
Crack No. 1-1 Crack No. 2-1 Crack No. 2-2 Crack No. 3-1 Crack No. 3-2 Crack No. 4-1 Crack No. 4-2 Crack No. 5-1 Crack No. 5-2 Crack No. 6-1
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4 0.10
8 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 2 0.05 0.00 5 0.13 3 0.08 7 0.18 4 0.10 7 0.18
11 0.00 6 0.15 4 0.10 3 0.08 6 0.15 7 0.18 5 0.13 10 0.25 5 0.13 10 0.25
14 5 0.13 9 0.23 6 0.15 5 0.13 9 0.23 10 0.25 7 0.18 12 0.30 7 0.18 12 0.30
Distane from C.L.(mm) 1159 944 838 629 588 402 329 186 10 113

S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , S l a b N o. 1 - a ( 2N12 - Cb=25 mm )
Crack No. 6-2 Crack No. 7-1 Crack No. 7-2 Crack No. 8-1 Crack No. 8-2 Crack No. 9-1 Crack No. 9-2 Crack No. 10-1
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0
5 0.00 5 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0
8 0.00 8 0.20 5 0.13 6 0.15 0.00 4 0.10 0 0
11 0.00 10 0.25 7 0.18 10 0.25 0.00 5 0.13 3 0.08 0
14 3 0.08 13 0.33 10 0.25 12 0.30 4 0.10 7 0.18 5 0.13 7 0.18
Distane from C.L.(mm) 194 312 414 592 680 772 905 1054

42
 S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , S l a b N o. 1 - b ( 2N12 - Cb=25 mm )
Crack No. 1-1 Crack No. 2-1 Crack No. 3-1 Crack No. 3-2 Crack No. 3-3 Crack No. 4-1 Crack No. 5-1 Crack No. 5-2 Crack No. 6-1
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
8 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 2 0.05 0.00 5 0.13 2 0.05 2 0.05 4 0.10
11 0.00 5 0.13 3 0.08 4 0.10 0.00 9 0.23 5 0.13 5 0.13 6 0.15
14 3 0.08 7 0.18 4 0.10 5 0.13 4 0.10 11 0.28 5 0.13 7 0.18 7 0.18
Distane from C.L.(mm) 1096 921 736 597 525 406 242 116 13

S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , S l a b N o. 1 - b ( 2N12 - Cb=25 mm )
Crack No. 6-2 Crack No. 7-1 Crack No. 7-2 Crack No. 8-1 Crack No. 8-2 Crack No. 9-1 Crack No. 9-2 Crack No. 10-1
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0
5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0
8 0.00 5 0.13 0.00 3 0.08 4 0.10 1 0.03 0 0
11 4 0.10 7 0.18 4 0.10 5 0.13 6 0.15 3 0.08 2 0.05 0
14 5 0.13 10 0.25 7 0.18 7 0.18 8 0.20 4 0.10 3 0.08 3 0.08
Distane from C.L.(mm) 105 257 365 503 607 755 990 1122

43
 S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , S l a b N o. 2 - a ( 3N12 - Cb=25 mm )
Crack No. 1-1 Crack No. 2-1 Crack No. 2-2 Crack No. 3-1 Crack No. 4-1 Crack No. 4-2 Crack No. 4-3 Crack No. 5-1 Crack No. 5-2 Crack No. 5-3 Crack No. 6-1
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
8 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 2 0.05 0.00 2 0.05 2 0.05 2 0.05 0.00 2 0.05
11 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 5 0.13 4 0.10 1 0.03 4 0.10 3 0.08 2 0.05 0.00 2 0.05
14 0.00 0.00 3 0.08 5 0.13 6 0.15 1 0.03 4 0.10 4 0.10 4 0.10 0.00 4 0.10
17 1 0.03 3 0.08 5 0.13 7 0.18 6 0.15 3 0.08 5 0.13 6 0.15 5 0.13 0.00 5 0.13
20 2 0.05 4 0.10 6 0.15 10 0.25 7 0.18 4 0.10 6 0.15 6 0.15 5 0.13 2 0.05 6 0.15
Distane from C.L.(mm) 1124 963 791 634 483 380 316 200 108 38 49

S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , S l a b N o. 2 - a ( 3N12 - Cb=25 mm )
Crack No. 6-2 Crack No. 6-3 Crack No. 6-4 Crack No. 7-1 Crack No. 8-1 Crack No. 8-2 Crack No. 9-1 Crack No. 9-2 Crack No. 10-1
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Srm (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
8 0.00 1 0.03 0.00 0.00 3 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 166
11 1 0.03 2 0.05 0.00 2 0.05 5 0.13 1 0.03 0.00 0.00 0 125
14 2 0.05 2 0.05 0.00 4 0.10 7 0.18 2 0.05 2 0.05 1 0.03 0 125
17 4 0.10 2 0.05 0.00 5 0.13 9 0.23 4 0.10 3 0.08 3 0.08 0 125
20 5 0.13 2 0.05 3 0.08 6 0.15 10 0.25 5 0.13 5 0.13 4 0.10 5 0.127 91
Distane from C.L.(mm) 145 198 228 344 516 687 805 897 1134

44
 S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , S l a b N o. 2 - b ( 3N12 - Cb=25 mm )
Crack No. 1-1 Crack No. 2-1 Crack No. 2-2 Crack No. 3-1 Crack No. 3-2 Crack No. 4-1 Crack No. 5-1 Crack No. 5-2 Crack No. 6-1
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
8 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 0.00 3 0.08 2 0.05 0.00 2 0.05 2 0.05
11 0.00 2 0.05 3 0.08 0.00 5 0.13 5 0.13 2 0.05 3 0.08 2 0.05
14 1 0.03 3 0.08 3 0.08 2 0.05 7 0.18 6 0.15 3 0.08 4 0.10 4 0.10
17 3 0.08 4 0.10 5 0.13 3 0.08 9 0.23 7 0.18 5 0.13 6 0.15 6 0.15
20 5 0.13 5 0.13 5 0.13 5 0.13 10 0.25 9 0.23 6 0.15 6 0.15 7 0.18
Distane from C.L.(mm) 1086 899 781 629 534 366 239 99 33

S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , S l a b N o. 2 - b ( 3N12 - Cb=25 mm )
Crack No. 6-2 Crack No. 7-1 Crack No. 7-2 Crack No. 8-1 Crack No. 8-2 Crack No. 9-1 Crack No. 10-1 Crack No. 10-2
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Srm (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0
5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0
8 2 0.05 2 0.05 0.00 2 0.05 1 0.03 0.00 0 0 175
11 4 0.10 3 0.08 0.00 3 0.08 3 0.08 2 0.05 0 0 150
14 5 0.13 3 0.08 0.00 4 0.10 5 0.13 4 0.10 0 0 150
17 7 0.18 4 0.10 2 0.05 6 0.15 6 0.15 5 0.13 2 0.0508 0 131
20 7 0.18 6 0.15 4 0.10 8 0.20 8 0.20 6 0.15 3 0.0762 2 0.0508 131
Distane from C.L.(mm) 212 331 417 519 689 819 1009 1139

45
 S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , S l a b N o. 3 - a ( 4N12 - Cb=25 mm )
Crack No. 1-1 Crack No. 1-2 Crack No. 2-1 Crack No. 3-1 Crack No. 3-2 Crack No. 4-1 Crack No. 4-2 Crack No. 4-3 Crack No. 5-1 Crack No. 5-2 Crack No. 5-3 Crack No. 6-1
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
8 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 0.03 0.00 2 0.05 2 0.05 0.00 2 0.05 0.00 1 0.03 0.00
11 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 2 0.05 2 0.05 2 0.05 0.00 2 0.05 0.00 2 0.05 0.00
14 0.00 0.00 1 3 0.08 3 0.08 3 0.08 4 0.10 0.00 3 0.08 1 0.03 2 0.05 2 0.05
17 0.00 0.00 2 4 0.10 4 0.10 4 0.10 5 0.13 0.00 3 0.08 2 0.05 3 0.08 3 0.08
20 1 0.03 0.00 2 5 0.13 5 0.13 5 0.13 6 0.15 2 0.05 5 0.13 3 4 0.10 4 0.10
23 1 0.03 2 0.05 3 6 0.15 6 0.15 6 0.15 6 0.15 2 0.05 5 0.13 4 0.10 5 0.13 5 0.13
26 2 0.05 2 0.05 4 7 0.18 6 0.15 6 0.15 7 0.18 3 0.08 6 0.15 4 0.10 5 0.13 6 0.15
Distane from C.L.(mm) 1138 1006 823 687 597 465 339 288 187 111 8 72

S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , S l a b N o. 3 - a ( 4N12 - Cb=25 mm )
Crack No. 6-2 Crack No. 6-3 Crack No. 7-1 Crack No. 7-2 Crack No. 8-1 Crack No. 8-2 Crack No. 8-3 Crack No. 9-1 Crack No. 9-2 Crack No. 10-1 Crack No. 10-2
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0
5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0
8 2 0.05 0.00 2 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 0.03 0 0.00 0.00 0
11 2 0.05 0.00 3 0.08 0.00 1 0.03 0.00 2 0.05 0 0.00 0.00 0
14 3 0.08 0.00 4 0.10 1 0.03 2 0.05 0.00 3 0.08 1 0.03 1 0.03 0.00 0
17 3 0.08 1 0.03 5 0.13 2 0.05 2 0.05 1 0.03 4 0.10 2 0.05 2 0.05 1 0.03 0
20 4 0.10 3 0.08 5 0.13 3 0.08 3 0.08 2 0.05 5 0.13 2 0.05 2 0.05 2 0.05 0
23 5 0.13 4 0.10 6 0.15 5 0.13 3 0.08 3 0.08 5 0.13 2 0.05 4 0.10 3 0.08 1 0.03
26 5 0.13 4 0.10 7 0.18 5 0.13 3 0.08 4 0.10 6 0.15 3 0.08 4 0.10 3 0.08 2 0.05
Distane from C.L.(mm) 158 238 331 460 508 564 663 757 881 1007 1147

46
View publication stats

S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , S l a b N o. 3 - b ( 4N12 - Cb=25 mm )
Crack No. 1-1 Crack No. 1-2 Crack No. 2-1 Crack No. 2-2 Crack No. 3-1 Crack No. 3-2 Crack No. 4-1 Crack No. 4-2 Crack No. 5-1 Crack No. 5-2 Crack No. 5-3 Crack No. 6-1
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 1 0.03 2 0.05 1 0.03 0.00 2 0.05 0.00 2 0.05
11 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 0.03 2 0.05 2 0.05 3 0.08 2 0.05 1 0.03 3 0.08 0.00 3 0.08
14 0.00 0.00 1 0.03 2 0.05 2 0.05 3 0.08 3 0.08 3 0.08 2 0.05 3 0.08 2 0.05 4 0.10
17 0.00 1 0.03 2 0.05 3 0.08 4 0.10 5 0.13 5 0.13 4 0.10 3 0.08 4 0.10 3 0.08 5 0.13
20 1 0.03 2 0.05 3 0.08 4 0.10 5 0.13 6 0.15 6 0.15 5 0.13 3 0.08 4 0.10 5 0.13 7 0.18
23 2 0.05 3 0.08 3 0.08 4 0.10 5 0.13 6 0.15 7 0.18 6 0.15 4 0.10 5 0.13 6 0.15 8 0.20
26 3 0.08 4 0.10 5 0.13 5 0.13 7 0.18 8 0.20 8 0.20 7 0.18 5 0.13 6 0.15 7 0.18 9 0.23
Distane from C.L.(mm) 1142 1053 925 814 699 575 434 312 214 134 49 77

S h o r t - t e r m T e s t s , S l a b N o. 3 - b ( 4N12 - Cb=25 mm )
Crack No. 6-2 Crack No. 7-1 Crack No. 7-2 Crack No. 8-1 Crack No. 8-2 Crack No. 9-1 Crack No. 9-2 Crack No. 9-3 Crack No. 10-1 Crack No. 10-2 Crack No. 0-1 Crack No. 0-2
Load (KN) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm) Reading W (mm)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
8 2 0.05 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
11 3 0.08 2 0.05 2 0.05 1 0.03 2 0.05 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
14 3 0.08 3 0.08 3 0.08 2 0.05 3 0.08 0 1 0.03 0.00 0.00 1 0.03 0.00 0.00
17 4 0.10 4 0.10 5 0.13 3 0.08 3 0.08 0 2 0.05 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 0.00 0.00
20 5 0.13 5 0.13 6 0.15 3 0.08 4 0.10 0 3 0.08 0.00 0.00 2 0.05 0.00 0.00
23 6 0.15 6 0.15 7 0.18 4 0.10 5 0.13 1 0.03 3 0.08 0.00 2 0.05 3 0.08 0.00 0.00
26 7 0.18 6 0.15 8 0.20 5 0.13 6 0.15 2 0.05 4 0.10 1 0.03 2 0.05 4 0.10 1 0.03 2 0.05
Distane from C.L.(mm) 229 374 478 609 731 807 869 981 1047 1223 1302 1303

47