Seeley’s

ESSENTIALS OF
Anatomy &
Physiology
Tenth Edition

Cinnamon Vanputte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo

See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables

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Chapter 5

Integumentary System
Lecture Outline

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Figure 5.1
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Integumentary System Functions 1

1. Protection
2. Sensation
3. Vitamin D production
4. Temperature regulation
5. Excretion

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Skin
TWO MAJOR TISSUE LAYERS
epidermis
• most superficial layer of skin

dermis
• layer of dense connective tissue.

Skin rests on subcutaneous tissue, which is a layer

of connective tissue, not part of the skin.
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Epidermis and Dermis

Figure 5.2
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Epidermis and Dermis

Figure 5.2
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Epidermis 1

• prevents water loss and resists abrasion

• keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium
• composed of distinct layers = STRATA

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Epidermis 2

•stratum corneum
• most superficial stratum of the epidermis
• consists of dead squamous cells filled with KERATIN
• Keratin gives the stratum corneum its structural strength

•stratum basale
• deepest strata
• perform mitosis: new cells form, they push older
cells to the surface, where they slough, or flake off.

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Epidermis 3

• dandruff - Excessive sloughing of stratum corneum

cells from the surface of the scalp
• callus - In skin subjected to friction, the number of
layers in the stratum corneum greatly increases,
producing a thickened area
• corn - the stratum corneum can thicken to form a
cone-shaped structure over a bony prominence

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Dermis 1

• composed of dense collagenous connective

tissue containing fibroblasts, adipocytes, and
macrophages
• Nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands,
and lymphatic vessels extend into the dermis.
• Collagen fibers and elastic fibers
• responsible for the structural strength and
resistance to stretch.

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Dermis 2

• Cleavage lines or tension lines - due to

orientation of collagen fibers are more
resistant to stretch.
• An incision made parallel with these lines tends
to gap less and produce less scar tissue.
• Stretch marks - if the skin is overstretched for any
reason, the dermis can be damaged

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Cleavage Lines

Figure 5.3
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Dermis 3

• Dermal papillae - projections toward the

epidermis found in the upper part of the
dermis.
• contain many blood vessels.
• in the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet,
and the tips of the digits
• parallel, curving ridges that shape the overlying
epidermis into fingerprints and footprints.

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Skin Color 1

Factors that determine skin color

• pigments in the skin
• blood circulating through the skin
• thickness of the stratum corneum.

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Skin Color 1

Two primary pigments:

• Melanin
• group of pigments primarily responsible for
skin, hair, and eye color
• Carotene
• yellow pigment found in plants such as
squash and carrots

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Skin Color 2

Melanin molecules
• brown to black pigments but some are yellowish or
reddish.
• provides protection against ultraviolet light from the sun.
• produced by melanocytes
• packaged into vesicles called melanosomes, which move
into the cell processes of melanocytes.
• Epithelial cells phagocytize the tips of the melanocyte cell
processes, thereby acquiring melanosomes.

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Melanin Transfer to Epithelial Cells

Figure 5.4
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Skin Color 3

• freckles or moles - Large amounts of melanin in some

regions of the skin.
• Melanin production - determined by genetic factors,
exposure to light, and hormones (estrogen &
melanocyte-stimulating hormone)
• same number of melanocytes
• Genetic factors are responsible for the amounts of
melanin produced in different races.
• racial variations in skin color - determined by the amount,
kind, and distribution of melanin.
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Skin Color 4

• Exposure to ultraviolet light - stimulates

melanocytes to increase melanin production
• albinism - although many genes are
responsible for skin color, a single mutation can
prevent the production of melanin

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Skin Color 5

• Carotene
• lipid-soluble
• when consumed, accumulates in the lipids of the
stratum corneum and adipocytes of the dermis and
subcutaneous tissue
• If large amounts are consumed, the skin can
become quite yellowish.

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Skin Color 6

• color of blood in the dermis contributes to skin

color.
• decrease in blood flow, as occurs in shock, can
make the skin appear pale.
• decrease in the blood O2 content produces a bluish
color of the skin – cyanosis
• Carbon monoxide poisoning – cherry-red
discoloration

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Subcutaneous Tissue 1

• Underneath the skin

• not part of the skin - sometimes called hypodermis.
• attaches the skin to underlying bone and muscle and
supplies it with blood vessels and nerves
• loose connective tissue
• includes adipose tissue that contains about half the
body’s stored lipids.

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Subcutaneous Tissue 2

• amount and location of adipose tissue vary

with age, sex, and diet.
• Adipose tissue - functions as padding and
insulation.
• can be used to estimate total body fat.
• acceptable percentage of body fat varies:
• 21% to 30% for females
• 13% to 25% for males

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Subcutaneous Tissue 2

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Hair 1

• hair is found everywhere on the skin

• except on the palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of
the genitalia, and the distal segments of the
fingers and toes.
• hair follicle - invagination of the epidermis that
extends deep into the dermis
• hair shaft - protrudes above the surface of the
skin
• root - below the surface
• hair bulb - expanded base of the root.
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Hair 1

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Hair 2

• cortex (outer layer) surrounds a softer center,

medulla.
• cuticle – (covers cortex) - single layer of overlapping
cells that holds the hair in the hair follicle.
• hair bulb – site of hair production, rests on hair
papilla.
• hair papilla - extension of the dermis that protrudes
into the hair bulb and contains blood vessels.

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Hair 1

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Hair 3

• produced in cycles:
• growth stage
• hair is formed by mitosis of epithelial cells within the
hair bulb; these cells divide and undergo keratinization.

• resting stage
• growth stops and the hair is held in the hair follicle.

• When the next growth stage begins, a new hair is

formed and the old hair falls out.

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Hair 4

• Eyelashes grow for about 30 days and rest for 105

days
• Scalp hairs grow for 3 years and rest for 1 to 2 years
• The loss of hair normally means that the hair is being
replaced because the old hair falls out of the hair
follicle when the new hair begins to grow.

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Hair 5

• Hair color is determined by varying amounts and

types of melanin.
• Aging
• amount of melanin in hair can decrease, causing the hair
color to become faded
• hair can contain no melanin and be white
• arrector pili muscle (smooth muscle cells) - can
contract and cause the hair to become perpendicular
to the skin’s surface.

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Glands 1

Major glands of the skin: sebaceous & sweat

• Sebaceous glands
• simple, branched acinar glands, with most being
connected by a duct to the superficial part of a hair
follicle.
• produce sebum, an oily, white substance rich in
lipids.
• released by holocrine secretion and lubricates the hair
and the surface of the skin, which prevents drying and
protects against some bacteria.
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Glands 2

• Sweat glands: eccrine and apocrine.

• Eccrine
• simple, coiled, tubular glands and release sweat by
merocrine secretion
• most numerous in the palms and soles
• produce a secretion that is mostly water with a few salts
• ducts that open onto the surface of the skin through
sweat pores and are for thermal regulation.
• sweat can also be released in the palms, soles, armpits,
and other places because of emotional stress.

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Glands 4

• Apocrine sweat glands

• simple, coiled, tubular glands that produce a thick secretion
rich in organic substances.
• glands open into hair follicles in the armpits and genitalia.
• become active at puberty because of the influence of sex
hormones.
• secretion generally is odorless, but when released quickly
breaks down by bacterial action giving body odor.

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Glands of the Skin

Figure 5.6
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Nails 1

• thin plate, consisting of layers of dead stratum

corneum cells that contain a very hard type of
keratin.
• Nail body - visible part of the nail is the nail body
• Nail root – part covered by skin
• Cuticle or eponychium - stratum corneum that
extends onto the nail body
• Nail root - extends distally from the nail matrix.

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Nails 1

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Nails 1

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Nails 2

• attached to the underlying nail bed, which is

located distal to the nail matrix.
• nail matrix and bed are epithelial tissue with a
stratum basale that gives rise to the cells that
form the nail.
• Lunula (part of nail matrix) - seen as a
whitish, crescent-shaped area at the base of
the nail.
• Cell production within the nail matrix causes
the nail to grow continuously.
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Integumentary System Protection 1

How does the

integumentary system
protect the body?

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Integumentary System Protection 1

1. Reduction in body water loss

2. Acts as a barrier that prevents microorganisms
and other foreign substances from entering the
body
3. Protects underlying structures against abrasion
4. Melanin absorbs ultraviolet light and protects
underlying structures from its damaging effects

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Integumentary System Protection 2

5. Hair protection:
• hair on the head acts as a heat insulator
• eyebrows keep sweat out of the eyes
• eyelashes protect the eyes from foreign objects
• hair in the nose and ears prevents the entry of
dust and other materials.
6. Nails protect the ends of the fingers and toes
from damage and can be used in defense.

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Sensory Receptor
• Many sensory receptors are associated
with the skin.
• Receptors in the epidermis and dermis
can detect pain, heat, cold, and
pressure.
• Although hair does not have a nerve
supply, sensory receptors around the
hair follicle can detect the movement of
a hair.
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Vitamin D Production
1. UV light causes the skin to produce a precursor
molecule of vitamin D.
2. The precursor molecule is carried by the blood to
the liver where it is enzymatically converted.
3. The enzymatically converted molecule is carried by
the blood to the kidneys where it is converted again
to the active form of vitamin D.
4. Vitamin D stimulates the small intestine to absorb
calcium and phosphate for many body functions.

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Temperature Regulation 2

How does the skin

help in temperature
regulation?

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Heat Exchange in the Skin

In excess of body heat Low body temperature

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Temperature Regulation 2

In excess of body heat:

• Blood vessels in the dermis dilate and
enable more blood to flow within the
skin, thus causing heat to dissipate from
the body.
• Sweat also assists in loss of heat through
evaporative cooling.

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Temperature Regulation 3

Low body temperature:

• If body temperature begins to drop below
normal, heat can be conserved by the
constriction of dermal blood vessels, which
reduces blood flow to the skin.
• Less heat is transferred from deeper structures
to the skin, and heat loss is reduced.
• With smaller amounts of warm blood flowing
through the skin, the skin temperature
decreases.
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Excretion
The integumentary system plays a minor role in
excretion, the removal of waste products from
the body.
In addition to water and salts, sweat contains
small amounts of waste products, such as urea,
uric acid, and ammonia.
Even though the body can lose large amounts of
sweat, the sweat glands do not play a significant
role in the excretion of waste products.
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Diagnostic Aid
The integumentary system is useful in diagnosis
because it is observed easily.
Cyanosis, a bluish color to the skin caused by
decreased blood O2 content, is an indication of
impaired circulatory or respiratory function.
A yellowish skin color, called jaundice, can occur
when the liver is damaged by a disease, such as
viral hepatitis.
Rashes and lesions in the skin can be symptoms of
problems elsewhere in the body.
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Burns 1

• A burn is injury to a tissue caused by heat,

cold, friction, chemicals, electricity, or
radiation.
• Burns are classified according to their depth.
• Partial-thickness burns are classified as first-
degree and second-degree.
• A full-thickness burn is a third-degree burn.

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First-Degree Burn
• involves only the epidermis and is red and
painful.
• Slight edema, or swelling, may be present.
• Can be caused by sunburn or brief exposure
to very hot or very cold objects, and they heal
without scarring in about a week.

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First-Degree Burn

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Second-Degree Burn
• Second-degree (partial-thickness) burns
damage both the epidermis and the dermis.
• If dermal damage is minimal, symptoms include
redness, pain, edema, and blisters.
• Healing takes about 2 weeks, and no scarring results.

• If the burn goes deep into the dermis, the wound

appears red, tan, or white
• can take several months to heal and might scar.

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Second-Degree Burn

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Third-Degree Burn
• Third-degree (full-thickness) burns damage
the complete epidermis and dermis.
• region of third-degree burn is usually painless
because sensory receptors in the epidermis and
dermis have been destroyed
• burns appear white, tan, brown, black, or deep
cherry red

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Third-Degree Burn

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Burn Healing
• Second-degree burns - epidermis, including the
stratum basale where the stem cells are found, is
damaged.
• The epidermis regenerates from epithelial tissue in hair
follicles and sweat glands, as well as from the edges of the
wound.

• Deep partial-thickness and full-thickness burns take

a long time to heal, and they form scar tissue with
disfiguring and debilitating wound contractures.

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Treatment of Burns
• To prevent complications of deep partial-thickness and
full-thickness burns and to speed healing, skin grafts are
often performed.
• split skin graft, the epidermis and part of the dermis are
removed from another part of the body and placed over
the burn
• When it is not possible or practical to move skin from
one part of the body to a burn site, physicians
sometimes use artificial skin or grafts from human
cadavers.

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Burns 2

Figure 5.9
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Skin Cancer
• Most common cancer
• Mainly caused by UV light exposure
• Fair-skinned people more prone
• Prevented by limiting sun exposure and using sunscreens
• UVA rays cause tan and is associated with malignant
melanomas
• UVB rays cause sunburns
• Sunscreens should block UVA and UVB rays

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Types of Skin Cancer

• Basal cell carcinoma:
• cells in stratum basale affected
• cancer removed by surgery
• Squamous cell carcinoma:
• cells above stratum basale affected
• can cause death
• Malignant melanoma:
• arises from melanocytes in a mole
• rare type
• can cause death

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Cancer of the Skin

Figure 5.13
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education (a) ©Dr. P. Marazzi/Science Source RF; (b) ©Dr. P. Marazzi/Science Source; (c) Source: National Cancer Institute
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Cancer of the Skin

Figure 5.13
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education (a) ©Dr. P. Marazzi/Science Source RF; (b) ©Dr. P. Marazzi/Science Source; (c) Source: National Cancer Institute
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Aging and the Integument

Blood flow decreases and skin becomes thinner
due to decreased amounts of collagen
Decreased activity of sebaceous and sweat
glands make temperature regulation more
difficult
Loss of elastic fibers cause skin to sag and
wrinkle

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Assignment
• Make an Infographics or Infomercial on the role of
PT in (choose 1):
• Burn Rehabilitation
• Skin Cancer Rehabilitation

Note:
Infographics: width (600 pixels), length (1800 pixels)
Infomercial: 1 – 2 minutes
Deadline: Sept 16
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