The Rise and Decline of Book Studies in the Soviet Union

Author(s): Edward Kasinec and Robert H. Davis Jr.

Source: Book History , 1999, Vol. 2 (1999), pp. 254-265
Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press

Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/30227305

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 THE STATE
OF THE DISCIPLINE

THE RISE AND DECLINE

OF BOOK STUDIES IN THE
SOVIET UNION

Edward Kasinec, with Robert H. Davis Jr.

Before the dramatic dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early nineties,
book studies was one of the brighter stars in the firmament of Soviet human-
istic scholarship. Book studies was understood as a wide complex of disci-
plines (including the auxiliary historical disciplines) and bodies of
knowledge related to the history of the making and distribution of books,
including the history of paper and binding, the history of their description,
the ways in which they were kept and conserved, and the ways in which
they were received and read by men and women over time. Perhaps most
important, book studies in the Soviet context included a highly developed
school of enumerative (as opposed to descriptive) bibliography. Scholars in
the Slavic republics (and some of the non-Slavic republics as well) made
important contributions to all of these areas, particularly over the last three
decades (ca. 1960-90) of the Soviet regime. They provided important in-
sights into book culture of the ethnically, geographically, and historically
diverse peoples and cultures that coexisted in the Russian Empire and the
Soviet Union. The genuine achievements of that thirty-year period make the

The observations made in this text are mirrored in a 475-page, as yet unpublished bibliography
devoted to Slavic and East European book studies, prepared unsystematically over the past
decade by the authors and Professor Emeritus Robert A. Karlowich of the Pratt Institute School
of Library and Information Science. A copy of this random, incomplete, and impressionistic
bibliography, begun in the mid-1980s as an accompaniment to a textbook, is available at the
Slavic and Baltic Division, New York Public Library. In addition, since 1995 the authors have
contributed citations to the review section of the Library.

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 BOOK STUDIES IN THE SOVIET UNION 255

troubled course of book studies scholarship over th

poignant. This review article seeks to describe in
Western audience some of the reasons for the startl
studies research since 1991.

By Way of Introduction
It might be argued that from the perspective of a historian of book culture
in Russia/the Soviet Union, the ancien regime ended not in 1917 but some-
time in the early 1930s. Many figures and institutions active before the Bol-
shevik Revolution continued their activity well into the period of "high"
Stalinism. Some were educated in or emerged from the milieu of the Russian
Orthodox Church, others were connoisseurs of the book beautiful and rare,
while still others were concerned with religious and politically conservative
publishers and publishing houses. By the early 1930s these individuals and
interests were both elderly and clearly at variance with contemporary
norms. Their places were gradually taken by a generation that came of age
in Soviet times. The old cadres were eventually denounced and denied access
to students, potential disciples, and a wider academic public.1
The first indications of the tenets of a new Soviet book studies began to
appear by the late 1930s. Not surprisingly, they reflected some of the ideol-
ogy of the regime as a whole: the emphasis on the importance of the Russian
and Slavic democratic and revolutionary popular traditions of the modern
(read secular) period; the primacy of economic and "material" forces in the
history of the book; the importance of the practitioners of recommendatory
bibliography, and of community and popular public libraries; and the criti-
cal heuristic and epistemological significance of the works of figures such as
Marx, Engels, Lenin, and his wife, Nadezhda Krupskaia, for understanding
the history of book culture. Need it be said that the war years-and those
immediately after-were devastating for book studies and for the men and
women who practiced it.
In the history of Soviet Russian book studies, the late 1940s and 1950s
(especially after the death of Stalin in 1953) can be seen as an era of recon-
struction, evaluation of resources, and preparation for the important
achievements of the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.

The Apogee of Book Studies

One of the earliest signs of a qualitatively new period in Soviet book studies
was the appearance of the first issue of the biannual Kniga: issledovaniia i

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 256 BOOK HISTORY

materialy [The Book: Studies

the collection were importan
the renome of their authors
A. A. Sidorov, S. A. Klepiko
links with prerevolutionary
stature. Very quickly after th
tions began to appear in quick
ofila [The Bibliophile's Alman
Culture], as well as the annua
State Library) in Moscow, th
brary (now the Russian Natio
of Sciences, the latter both in
of Culture (read library scho
began to publish volumes of
dealt with various aspects of
viet book culture. Large pub
firms in the larger Slavic and
of volumes dealing with boo
Trudy Otechestvennykh kni
men] from "Kniga," focusing
Deiateli knigi [Distinguished
Union Book Chamber (and eve
Trudy deiateli knigi), highlig
leading figures in the book c
also true that almost all of the individuals selected for inclusion in both
series were "politically correct" in terms of the standards of the post-Stalin-
ist regime. In addition, these years saw the publication of hundreds of
monographs and memoirs dealing with all aspects of the history of Russian
imperial and Soviet book culture. The series Kniga v Rossii, 1861-1881,
begun by "Kniga" and the Russian National Library in 1988, for example,
examined in detail the immediate post-Emancipation period in Russian
book culture. Perhaps most important, this generation of scholars published
the first textbooks and readers dealing with the history of libraries, book
publishing, and bibliography in Russia and the Soviet Union. While the cap-
ital cities of Russia, Ukraine, and the Baltic were the most active in publish-
ing studies on the history of the book, regional centers in middle and Eastern
Siberia (Irkutsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk) and later the Far East (Vladivostok)
also contributed to this qualitative and quantitative renaissance in Soviet
book studies.
Significantly, by the mid- and late 1970s, regional, thematic, and all-
Union conferences concerned with book studies began to proliferate. The
thematic conferences often dealt with the life and times of important figures

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 BOOK STUDIES IN THE SOVIET UNION 257

in the history of Russian or East Slavic publishing, for

and Ukrainian prototypographer Ivan Fedorov, the Belo
rapher Frantisek Skaryna, and the ninteenth-century p
and Sytin. The all-Union (Vsesouiznye) conferences br
dreds of speakers and participants from throughout th
participants the opportunity to make public their rese
trum of issues relating to book studies, ranging acros
the history of bibliophilism, and the current state of book
ipation in these conferences was subsidized by a variety
tions, among them the All-Union Book Chamber, the
the All-Union Organization of Bibliophiles, to name bu
anniversaries such as the quatercentenary of the first b
(1964), Belorussia (1969), and Ukraine (1974) provided
lus for conferences, symposia, and facsimile publication
This renewal in book studies was aided and abetted by
schools and trends in modern Soviet scholarship. Here w
those that were most germane. First, much as before th
ogists, literary scholars, and medievalists (drevniki) con
the wealth of techniques, sources, and secondary studies
ars of book culture. Many of these individuals were m
most prestigious literary research institutes in Russia: t
World Literature in Moscow and the Pushkin House in
during the heyday of Soviet humanistic scholarship in
1980s, bibliographers compiled hundreds of volumes o
ography and dozens of catalogues of private libraries,
fed into the stream of book studies scholarship. Finall
of scholars should be mentioned, the specialists in the
historical disciplines working at the Academy Institute
ums, Archives and Libraries, and the art historians who
on paper, illustrated books, and illuminated books. At o
all of these communities of scholars contributed to the ove
studies scholarship.
Strangely, and for a variety of reasons, this book stu
of which had resonance for the study of non-Slavic bo
the most part unnoticed in Western Europe and Amer
course exceptional scholars in Germany, England, an
who strove to review the work of Soviet colleagues an
research, but these were certainly the exception to the
able to integrate this book studies scholarship into the
historical work. Most Soviet book studies research was
small print runs (in the high hundreds), and was avail
Western libraries that had extensive exchange or barter

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 258 BOOK HISTORY

Eastern European collections.

Eastern European languages,
aware of developments in Eas
either students of comparativ
rare Western language resourc

The Present R
For book studies, as for so ma
plines in the former Soviet U
naled a period of massive rest
these changes especially painf
First of all, there was the very
into a group of sometimes pol
arly travel within the Soviet
and easy. Today, traveling wi
costly, even for the short di
Moving across borders-for e
former satellite of Bulgaria-is
age Russian scholar or librari
over the borders. Before 1991,
of obligatory copies from ma
an end, as publishers seek to
copy that they publish and pr
burg, Kiev, Riga, Tallin, Viln
relatively few volumes to exc
tries. Books in general, espec
as expensive as their counterp
salaries (if paid at all) of libra
fraction of those of their col
variety of political, economic
before the scholarly and colle
reknit.
The emigration of intellectuals and cultural figures from the Soviet Union
which began in the 1970s has continued unabated into the 1990s. The last
decade has seen the emigration of many important bibliographers, librari-
ans, and scholars of book studies, among them A. Kh. Gorfunkel, L. I. Iu-
niverg, V. B. Liublinskii, B. L. Fonkich, L. P. Berdnikov, A. Vengerov, E. I.
Kogan, L. I. Hol'denberh, and M. Svoiskii. Those who have remained in
the homelands-among them, Ia. D. Isajevych, I. E. Barenbaum, and E. L.

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 BOOK STUDIES IN THE SOVIET UNION 259

Nemirovskii-have taken to publishing in the West,

guages. The vast majority of these latest emigres we
of the great research libraries in the former Soviet
that has contributed to the further unraveling of bo
addition to losing cadres to both emigration and to m
sions, some of these great research libraries have lost
their funding, and with that their ability to continue t
and publishing activity. Seemingly only the Russian
Petersburg (formerly the St. Petersburg Public Libra
Imperial Public Library) has been able to sustain its
research activities in these difficult times, and this only
entrepreneurial activities.
Despite the overall bleakness of the present book
accomplishments have become palpable. Not surprisin
important work in recent Russian and Ukrainian bo
those areas and through those personalities that we
pressed) in the decades before the dissolution of the
the most dramatic evidence of this is seen in the renaissance of national
schools of book studies in the former Union Republics and regions of the
old Soviet Union. One of the limitations of book studies scholarship under
the Soviet imperium was the fact that all phenomena were seen through
the prism of Russian/Soviet experiences and priorities. General histories of
libraries, bookmaking, and bibliography written in Soviet times included
millennium-old cultures and ethnic groups that were incorporated into the
Soviet Union only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. As for the
Slavic groups (Ukrainians and Belorussians), Russian Soviet historians of
the book simply subsumed their millennia-long book cultures under that of
Russia and the Soviet Union. Today, the newly independent Slavic, Central
Asian, Caucasian, and Baltic states are seeking to research and reassert their
own national book traditions and to rediscover and rehabilitate names that
were suppressed during the years of the "great terror." This has often in-
volved work with newly accessible archival and manuscript collections (in
additional to the traditional print sources), some of which are scattered
throughout the former Soviet Union and, as well, countries of emigration.
This research entails considerable expenditures of both time and money. Yet
despite excruciatingly difficult economic and political conditions, scholars
in Ukraine have begun to publish new journals, almanacs, and monographs
on a wide variety of topics ranging from Zapasko's impressive study on
manuscript book illustration in Ukraine to the book arts of the Ukrainian
avant-garde. In the Russian Republic and in Siberia and the Russian Far
East (Vladivostok, Irkutsk, and Novosibirsk), dozens of monographs have
appeared on myriad topics ranging from the contents of seminary libraries

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260 BOOK HISTORY

in eighteenth-century Siberia
churia in the late nineteenth a
During much of the Soviet er
discouraged. What was publish
bution was restricted to a nar
bibliography, libraries, and p
(and of other religious denomi
Soviet Union) comprise one of
book. Of special interest, and c
the articles, catalogues, exhibi
culture of the Old Believers,
doned the official Orthodox c
survive in Russia and abroad
group has attracted as much a
with range from the repertor
and twentieth centuries to fac
their publications.
For most of the Soviet perio
the cultural interests and con
Russian Empire-the church h
ers-were also repressed, or at
Now, interest in the last Rom
the particular fascination with
and collectors of books and m
have appeared dealing with su
Konstantinovich and Nikola
scholars, and writers important
Soviet researchers because of
an indication of how much th
Lenin Library is in the proces
Romanov-related books for p
During the period of the apo
the book culture of the "expa
the homelands, the emigra
printed by the various emigre
tic, or Central Asian, were mo
rany) of Soviet libraries, and
was strictly proscribed. The b
remained little known to the
of the 1930s through the 198
this book culture came in the
seized some of the important

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 BOOK STUDIES IN THE SOVIET UNION 261

vived the Nazi occupation of the major 6migr6 center

Berlin. Today, these and other "trophy" collections,
long restricted to only the most trustworthy Soviet sc
and laboratory for Russian specialists on the history of
and for all those academics who seek to study Rus
cultures) in their totality, irrespective of where they flo
eth century.

Some Final Thoughts

For much of this century, Soviet book studies developed for the most part
in isolation from comparable schools in the West. Scholars involved in this
area drew on the considerable resources of the Soviet state, as well as the
traditions, book and archival collections, and practices of prerevolutionary
scholarship. Now, almost a decade after the dissolution of the Soviet state,
book studies in its former territories are imperiled; their future, along with
that of organized academic life, is unclear. However, one fact is indisput-
able: the collapse of Soviet borders has given former Soviet bookmen an
unprecedented opportunity to travel, study, and emigrate to the West. It has
also given Western bookmen an unprecedented opportunity to glance into
the kitchen of Soviet-era book studies and to evaluate-and perhaps better
esteem-the work of their colleagues.

A Select Bibliography of Post-Soviet Book Studies

"NN" indicates titles held by the New York Public Library.

Al'diny Biblioteki Rossiiskoi Akademii nauk. Katalog. [Aldines in the Library of the
Academy of Sciences: Catalogue]. (St. Petersburg: Biblioteka Akademii nauk,
1996).
Barenbaum, I. E. Geschichte des Buchhandels in Russland und der Sowjetunion.
(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1991) [Geschichte des Buchhandels ... Band
IV]. NN
Bibliotechnoe delo v period NEPa, 1921-1929. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Chast'
I. [Library Affairs During the New Economic Policy, 1921-1929. A Collec-
tion of Scholarly Works]. (Moscow: Rossiiskaia gosudarstvennaia biblioteka,
1991).
Biblioteka i chas. Iubileinyi zbirnyk do 130-richchia Natsional'noi parlaments'koi

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262 BOOK HISTORY

biblioteky Ukrainy. [The Libra

s'ka biblioteka, 1996). NN
Biblioteka v kontekste istorii: te
1995 g. [Libraries in Historica
tions. Moscow 8-10 June 19
universitet, 1995). NN
Bibliotekovedenie [Librarianship
Bubnov, N. Iu. Staroobriadcheska
tochniki, tipy i evoliutsiia. [T
Half of the Seventeenth Centu
burg: Biblioteka Rossiiskoi aka
Dubrovina, L. A. and 0. M. Hal'ch
'ians'ko' rukopysnoi' knyhy i k
noho opysy rukopysy. [The
Manuscript Books and Codico
scriptions of Manuscripts]. (K
NN

Gazeta "Sankt-peterburgskie vedomosti": Ukazateli 1756-1760 gg. [The Newsp

per "St. Petersburg News": Indexes 1756-1760]. (St. Petersburg: Bibliote
Rossiiskoi akademii nauk, 1994). NN
Guseva, A. A. Printsipy i metody atributsii i nauchnogo opisaniia knig kirillov
shrifta (Na materiale knizhnogo repertuara tipografii Moskvy i Peterbu
vtoroi poloviny XVI-XVIII vv. [Principles and Methods of Attribution
Scientific Description of Books in Cyrillic Script (On the Basis of Mater
of the Book Repertories of Moscow and St. Petersburg Typographies in
Second Half of the Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries]. Dissertat
Moscow, 1997.
. Identifikatsiia ekzempliarov ukrainskikh izdanii kirillovskogo shrifta v
poloviny XVI-XVIII vv. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii. [The Identification
Copies of Ukrainian Publications in Cyrillic Script from the Second Half
the Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries]. (Moscow: Rossiiskaia gosud
stvennaia biblioteka, 1997).
Guseva, L. V. Spisok Saratovskikh periodicheskikh izdanii 1917-1967. [List of S
tov Periodicals 1917-1967]. (Saratov: Izd-vo Saratovskogo universit
1969). NN
Iakhontov, K. S. Kitaiskie i manchzhurskie knigi v Irkutske. [Chinese and Man
rian Books in Irkutsk]. (St. Petersburg: Tsentr "Peterburgskoe vostokove
nie," 1994). NN
Istoriia, istoriografiia, bibliotechnoe delo. Materialy konferentsii spetsialistov
darstvennoi publichnoi biblioteki. Moskva, 23-24 marta 1993 g. [Histor
Historiography, Library Affairs. Materials from a Conference of Specia
of the State Public Library. Moscow 23-24 March 1993]. (Moscow: G
darstvennaia Publichnaia istoricheskaia biblioteka Rossii, 1994). NN
Istoriia knigi v SSSR, 1917-1929. [History of the Book in the USSR, 1917-192
(Moscow: Rossiiskaia gosudarstvennaia biblioteka, 1992).

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 BOOK STUDIES IN THE SOVIET UNION 263

Katalog "Cosobogo" fonda biblioteki Zoologicheskogo inst

logue of the "Secret" Collections of the Library of th
the Russian Academy of Sciences]. (St. Petersburg: Bib
1994). NN
Khoteev, P. I. Kniga v Rossii v seredine XVIII v. [The Boo
Eighteenth Century]. (St. Petersburg: Biblioteka Akad
Knigi. Biblioteki. Istoriia. Vyp. I. [Books. Libraries. Histor
gos. universitet, 1993).
Knigi iz biblioteki pol'skogo korolia Sigizmunda II Avgus
the Library of Polish King Sigismund Augustus II]. (St
Rossiiskoi akademii nauk, 1995). NN
Knizhnaia kul'tura respublika Sakha (lakutiia). [The Bo
kutia)]. (Novosibirsk: Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk, 19
Knizhnaia torgovlia [The Book Trade] (journal, Moscow: K
Knizhnoe znanie v otechestvennoi kul'ture XVIII-XX vek
in Russian Culture of the Eighteenth Through Twen
cow: Rossiiskaia gosudarstvennaia biblioteka, 1994).
Korpus zapisei na staropechatnykh knigakh. [The Cor
Printed Books]. (St. Petersburg: Biblioteka Akademii
Literatura russkogo zarubezh'ia v fondakh bibliotek Mosk
[Literature of the Russian Emigrations in the Collect
ies. A Short Guide]. (Moscow: Rudomino, 1993). NN
Materialy i soobshcheniia po fondam otdela ruskopisnoi
Rossiiskoi akademii nauk 1990. [Materials and Comm
the Collections of the Manuscript and Rare Book Sect
the Russian Academy of Sciences 1990]. (St. Petersbur
nauk, 1994). NN
Mikhailov, A. N. Monogrammy i initsialy v rossiiskom i s
1994. [Monograms and Initials in Russian and Soviet
(St. Petersburg: Bank Petrovskii, 1994). NN
Mizhnarodna okhorona, zakhyst i poverennia kul'turnykh
mentiv) [International Security, Defense, and Return
Collection of Documents)]. (Kyiv: Instytut ukrains'koi
nauk, 1993). NN
Naumuk, O. M. and 0. R. Khromov. Russkaia lubochna
opisanie kollektsii. [The Russian Chapbook of the
Eighteenth Centuries: A Description of Collections].
vennaia Publichnaia istoricheskaia biblioteka, 1994). N
Nemirovskii, E. L. Gesamtkatalog der Friihdrucke in kyr
theca Bibliographica Aureliana]. (Baden-Baden: V. Koe
- . Serbskie monastyrskie tipografii 16 veka. [Serbian
of the Sixteenth Century]. (Moscow: Rossiiskaia gosu
teka, 1995).
Nevskii bibliofil. [The Neva Bibliophile]. (journal, St.
1996-). NN

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 264 BOOK HISTORY

Paichadze, S. Russkaia kniga v

Russian Book in the Countri
Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk
Problemy sokhrannosti fondov
terialy konferentsii. [Questio
of the Library of the Academ
Petersburg: Biblioteka Akad
Russkaia pechat' XIX-XX vekov
teenth and Twentieth Centu
iskaia gosudarstvennaia bibli
Satiricheskie zhurnaly 1905-19
SGU [Satirical Journals of 1
of Saratov State University].
1991). NN
"Sovetskaia bibliografiia": Ukazatel' soderzhaniia 1971-1991. ["Soviet Bibliogra-
phy": An Index to Its Contents 1971-1991]. (St. Petersburg: Biblioteka Aka-
demii nauk, 1994). NN
Stuart, Mary. "Creating Culture: The Rossica Collection of the Imperial Public Li-
brary and the Construction of National Identity," Libraries and Culture 30
(Winter 1995): 1-25. NN
.. "The Evolution of Librarianship in Russia: The Librarians of the Imperial
Public Library, 1808-1868," Library Quarterly 64 (January 1994): 1-29.
NN

Svodnyi katalog knig na inostrannykh iazykakh, izdannykh v Rossii v XVIII

Union Catalogue of Books in Foreign Languages Printed in Russia in the
Eighteenth Century]. (Leningrad: Nauka, 1984-87). NN
Vaneev, A. N. Bibliotekovedenie v pervoi polovine XIX veka. [Librarianship in
First Half of the Nineteenth Century]. (St. Petersburg: S.-Peterburgskaia g
Akademiia kul'tury, 1995).
- . Razvitie bibliotekovedcheskoi mysli v Rossii v XI-XVIII vekakh. [The
velopment of Bibliothecal Thought in Russia from the Eleventh Throug
Eighteenth Centuries]. (St. Petersburg: Gosudarstvennyi Institut kul'tur
1992).
Vartanov, Iu. P. Evreiskie paleotipy Rossiiskoi natsional'noi biblioteki. [Hebrew
leotypes]. (St. Petersburg: Rossiiskaia natsional'naia biblioteka, 1996). NN
Vlasov, A. N. Knizhnaia kul'tura Ustiuga Velikogo i Sol'vychegodska v XVI-XV
vekakh. [The Book Culture of Ustiug the Great and Sol'vychegodsk in t
Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. (Syktyvkar: Syktyvkarskii universit
1991). NN
Voznesenskii, A. Staroobriadcheskie izdaniia XVIII-nachala XIX veka. Vvedenie v
izuchenie. [Old Believer Publications of the Eighteenth to Early Nineteenth
Centuries. Introduction to Their Study]. (St. Petersburg: Izd-vo S.-Peterburg-
skogo universiteta, 1996).
Zapasko, Ia. P. Pamiatky knyzhkovoho mystetstva Ukrains'ka rukopysna kniha.
[Monuments of the Book Arts in Ukrainian Manuscript Books]. (L'viv: Svit,
1995).

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 BOOK STUDIES IN THE SOVIET UNION 265

Notes

1. See, for example, E. Kasinec, "'Old Cadres' in Practical Service of the 'Book and Revo
lution': The Case of A. lu. Malein (1869-1938)," Libri 35, no. 3 (1985): 250-59; "L.B. Khav
kina (1871-1949), American Library Ideas in Russia, and the Development of Soviet
Librarianship," Libri 37, no. 1 (1987): 59-71.
2. The only English-language journal devoted to questions of Eastern European bibliog-
raphy, libraries, and librarianship was, and is, Solanus, published in England. The old series
ran from 1966 to 1985; the new series began in 1987. In 1999, a new journal, Slavic and Eas
European Information Resources, will begin publication in the United States.

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