December 2023.civilsdaily

DECEMBER 2023
1. Cover multiple sources DAILY: The Hindu, IE, , etc.

2. Accurate news selection. what to skip is as important
as what to read.
3. Exercise good judgment for topics requiring additional
reading.
4. Concise and revision-ready notes.
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CONTENTS
Subject No. of Topics

Economics 10
Governance 07
Polity 08
International Relations 09
Security Issues 01
Enviro & Biodiversity 18
Science Tech 10
Art and Culture 06
Modern India History 03
Atomic Notes By Civilsdaily - December 2023 Page No. 3
Economics
1. Pressmud from Sugar Industry: India to leverage Pressmud, a sugar industry
by-product, for green energy production, specifically Compressed Biogas (CBG) /// World’s leading
sugar producer since 2021-22 and second-largest exporter, India has a significant role in the global
sugar economy /// Pressmud, or filter cake, is recognized for its potential in green energy production
/// Yield is 3-4% by weight of processed sugarcane /// Feedstock for biogas production via anaerobic
digestion /// Anaerobic digestion involves bacteria breaking down organic matter without oxygen ///
Could produce about 460,000 tonnes of CBG, valued at Rs 2,484 crore under the SATA (Sustainable
Alternative towards Affordable Transportation scheme) scheme /// Advantages: Consistent quality and
simple sourcing /// Simplified supply chain compared to agricultural residue /// Farmers engaged for
agricultural residue /// Higher conversion efficiency, requiring less quantity than cattle dung /// Lower
cost (Rs 0.4-0.6 per kg) and no pre-treatment costs, as it lacks lignin found in agri-residue /// CBG
Conversion: 25 tonnes of Pressmud needed for one tonne of CBG, versus 50 tonnes of cattle dung.
Sugar Industry – FRP, SAP, Rangarajan Committee, EBP, MIEQ, etc.
2. “Group of Companies’ Doctrine: SC ruled that non-signatories can be bound

by an arbitration agreement under the “group of companies” doctrine /// Non-signatory can be bound
if they’re part of the group that signed it /// Doctrine assumes mutual intent for non-signatories to be
bound /// Recognized in India since 2013 Case: Chloro Controls India Pvt Ltd vs. Severn Trent Water
Purification Inc /// Indian courts have since applied this doctrine to bind group companies to arbitra-
tion agreements /// Factors for Applying the Doctrine: Mutual intent, relationship of non-signatories to
signatories, subject-matter commonality, transaction’s composite nature, and contract performance.
Industrial Sector Updates – Industrial Policy, Ease of Doing Business, etc
3. Germany’s Debt Brake Rule: 2009 policy enshrined in the German constitution ///
Celebrated as a victory for fiscal rectitude and a break from past profligacy /// Seen as a major mis-
take in economic policy, especially in light of recent budget crises /// Limits on public deficits seen as
too strict /// Hinders government spending in times of crisis /// Constitutional court ruling disrupted
spending plans; Finance minister declared 2023 a year of emergency to suspend the debt rule /// Risk of
destabilizing Germany’s budgetary system and potential knock-on effects for the eurozone /// Crisis
in confidence in the state’s effectiveness; calls for reform or abolishment of the debt brake /// Debate
over the flexibility of the debt brake and the need for its reform to finance future investments /// Dif-
ficulty in amending the constitution, which requires a two-thirds majority in the Bundestag.
NPA Crisis
4. Remission of Duties and Taxes on Export Products (RoDTEP)

Scheme: US and EU imposed countervailing duties (CVDs) on four Indian products in response
to India’s RoDTEP scheme for exports since January 2021 /// CVDs: tariffs on imported goods to off-
set subsidies given to producers in the exporting country /// Directorate General of Trade Remedies
(DGTR) under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry administers trade remedies, including CVDs ///
Aim to equalize competition between domestic and foreign producers who benefit from government
subsidies /// WTO allows its members to impose CVDs /// WTO Subsidies and Countervailing Mea-
sures Agreement covers regulations on subsidies and countervailing measures against subsidized im-
port injuries /// Actionable subsidies cause injury, prejudice, or nullification of benefits /// Transition
rules allow certain exemptions for developing countries and market economy transitions /// RoDTEP
Scheme offsets taxes and duties on exported goods not refunded otherwise, enhancing global market
competitiveness /// Provides rebates on hidden Central, State, and Local duties, covering direct and
prior-stage indirect taxes.
Trade Sector Updates – Falling Exports, TIES, MEIS, Foreign Trade Policy, etc.
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5. Hindutva Rate of Growth: A Parliamentarian introduced “Hindutva rate of GDP

growth” in a discussion /// Contrary to “Hindu rate of growth” by economist Raj Krishna (1982), which
referred to India’s 3.5% growth rate /// Linked India’s recent 6.3% GDP growth to PM Modi’s policies,
aligning with ‘Dharma (Order)’ /// Attributed to historical and religious events like the Ram Temple
movement and the Supreme Court’s Babri Masjid judgment /// GDP growth rates contrast with its low
per capita income compared to developed nations /// PM Modi’s tenure saw an average GDP growth
of 5.8%, compared to 6 /// 8% under the Congress-led UPA /// Both administrations faced global chal-
lenges: the UPA with the Global Financial Crisis, and Modi’s government with Covid-19 /// PM Vajpay-
ee’s and PM Narasimha Rao’s tenures, provide insight into India’s economic history.
Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc
6. DigiYatra Initiative: Facial scans and barcoded e-tickets, are installed at 13 airports,
with plans for 25 more next year /// Enables paperless airport entry with facial recognition technology
/// Aims for paperless, contactless checkpoints, linking facial features to boarding passes /// Auto-
mates passenger entry at airport entry, security checks, and boarding /// Implemented by the Digi-
Yatra Foundation, a joint venture including the Airports Authority of India and major Indian airports
/// Airports Authority of India has a 26% stake, with five major airports sharing the remaining 74% ///
Passengers register on the DigiYatra app with Aadhaar validation and a self-captured image /// Scan
their boarding pass, sharing credentials with airport authorities /// Special e-gate validates identity
and travel documents through facial recognition.
Civil Aviation Sector – CA Policy 2016, UDAN, Open Skies, etc
7. LEADS Report, 2023: MCI released 5th edition of “Logistics Ease Across Different State
(LEADS) 2023” report /// Indigenous index assessing logistics infrastructure, services, and human
resources across all 36 States and UTs /// Conceived in 2018 with World Bank’s LPI (Logistics Per-
formance Index) and has evolved since /// Evaluates logistics performance based on logistics infra-
structure, services, and operating and regulatory environment /// Based on a pan-India primary survey
conducted between May and July 2023, with over 7,300 responses and insights from 750 stakeholder
consultations /// Achievers: 13 states/UTs, including Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Chan-
digarh, and Gujarat, recognized for efficient logistics services aiding export promotion and econom-
ic growth /// Fast Movers: Kerala, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Arunachal
Pradesh, and Nagaland noted for significant logistical improvements /// Aspirers: Goa, Odisha, West
Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, and Jharkhand identified as regions with growth poten-
tial in logistics.
Roads, Highways, Cargo, Air-Cargo and Logistics infrastructure – Bharatmala, LEEP, SetuBharatam, etc.
8. Telecommunications Bill, 2023: Passed by both the houses /// Replaces two major
laws: the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, and the Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933 /// Central govern-
ment authorization is needed for telecom networks, service provision, or radio equipment posses-
sion /// Spectrum allocation will mainly be through auctions, with some administrative assignments
/// Telecom interception is permitted for state security, public order, or preventing offences, with
similar criteria for service suspension /// Facilitates right of way for telecom infrastructure on both
public and private properties /// User protection measures include consent for message receipt and a
do not disturb register /// Delegates interception procedures and safeguards to Centre, raising inclu-
sion concerns /// Potential for mass surveillance under the Bill may conflict with the right to privacy
/// Absence of detailed procedural safeguards for premise and vehicle searches /// Biometric verifica-
tion for users might violate privacy rights /// Broad definition of telecommunication services could
include internet-based services /// Centralizes regulatory functions in the government /// Government
can modify offences in the Bill through notifications, questioning the need for parliamentary acts for
such changes.
Telecom and Postal Sector – Spectrum Allocation, Call Drops, Predatory Pricing, etc
9. Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs): RBI has implemented stricter norms

for Regulated Entities to prevent loan evergreening via investments in Alternative Investment Funds
(AIFs) /// AIFs are privately pooled investments in India, collecting funds from sophisticated investors
for investing /// Governed by the SEBI (Alternative Investment Funds) Regulations, 2012 /// Can be set
up as a company, LLP, trust, etc /// Targets high rollers, including domestic and foreign investors in
India, typically favored by institutions and high net worth individuals due to high investment amounts
/// Types: Category I: Invests in start-ups, early-stage ventures, SMEs, etc /// Includes venture capi-
tal funds, angel funds, etc /// Category III: Employs complex trading strategies, may use leverage ///
Includes hedge funds, PIPE Funds, etc /// Category II: Includes funds not in Category I/III, like real
estate funds, debt funds, etc /// No leverage or borrowing except for operational needs /// Category I
and II AIFs must be close-ended with a minimum tenure of 3 years /// Category III AIFs can be either
open-ended or close-ended.
NPA Crisis
10. India tops Global Remittance Inflows in 2023: Highest global remit-
tance inflows at USD 125 billion /// India’s currency agreement with the UAE influenced this surge ///
World Bank reported a slowdown in India’s remittance growth to 12 /// 4% in 2023, from 24 /// 4% in
2022 /// India’s share of South Asian remittances is projected to increase to 66% in 2023, up from 63%
in 2022 /// Other top remittance-receiving countries include Mexico (USD 67 billion), China (USD 50
billion), the Philippines (USD 40 billion), and Egypt (USD 24 billion) /// Declining inflation and strong
labor markets in high-income countries boosted remittances /// Major remittance sources: US, the
UK, Singapore, and the GCC, especially the UAE /// UAE is the second-largest source of remittances to
India, contributing 18% of the total.
Censorship Issues – Censor Board, Banning films, etc
Governance
1. GIAN Scheme: Ministry of Education to restart the fourth phase of the Global Initiative
of Academic Networks (GIAN) scheme /// Initiated in 2015, operates under the Ministry of Education
/// IIT Kharagpur is the coordinating body for GIAN /// To attract international scientists and en-
trepreneurs to Indian higher education institutions /// To enhance India’s academic resources and
elevate its scientific and technological standards /// Foreign experts receive an honorarium for travel
and other expenses /// Conduct short-term courses at Indian institutions /// Initially focused on In-
dia-USA collaborations but later expanded globally /// Course durations vary from one to three weeks
/// Foreign experts can earn up to US$ 8000 (~ ₹7 lakh) for 12-14 hours of teaching /// For 20-28 hours
of teaching, experts can receive up to US$ 12000 (~ ₹12 lakh), covering travel and honorarium.
Promoting Science and Technology – Missions,Policies & Schemes
2. Panchayat Development Index (PDI): Developed by Union Ministry of Pan-

chayati Raj assesses grassroots institutions like Panchayats in achieving localized SDGs /// Aligns with
the UN Agenda for Sustainable Development, targeting completion by 2030 /// Evaluates 9 themes:
Poverty-Free and Enhanced Livelihood in Village, Healthy Village, Child-Friendly Village, Water-Suf-
ficient Village, Clean and Green Village, Village with Self-Sufficient Infrastructure, Socially Just and
Secured Villages, Village with Good Governance, Women-Friendly Village /// Employs 577 local indi-
cators and 144 local targets for development assessment /// Uses 642 unique data points to monitor
progress towards these goals /// National Panchayats Award (NPA) incentivizes top-performing Pan-
chayats based on their SDG achievements, promoting competition /// Thematic Scores and a Com-
posite PDI Score assess progress across nine themes, providing an overall development status of a
Panchayat.
Panchayati Raj Institutions: Issues and Challenges
3. Essential Services Maintenance Act (ESMA), 1968: Odisha invoked

ESMA to prohibit strikes by paramedical staff, ensuring uninterrupted medical services /// ESMA,
enacted in 1968, is a key legislation by the Indian Parliament /// Listed under no 33 in the 7th schedule,
under the Concurrent List of the Indian Constitution /// Used to manage strikes in essential services
/// Allows government to label any service as ‘essential’ to prevent disruptions affecting normal life ///
ESMA gives police the authority to arrest protestors without a warrant for violating ESMA /// Each
Indian state has its version of ESMA with specific provisions /// Right to Strike in Context: Protected
under Article 19 of Constitution, but the right to strike has legal restrictions /// Industrial Dispute Act
1947 sets the legal framework and restrictions for strikes, particularly in public sectors and essential
services /// Strikes are heavily restricted in sectors like public services, banking, oil, transport, and
education under state jurisdiction.
Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc
4. Meftal Drug Hazard: Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) issued safety alert
for the painkiller mefenamic acid, sold as Meftal /// Meftal 500, an NSAID, is prescribed for menstrual
pain, headaches, muscle, joint, or dental pain /// Common side effects include mild vomiting, stomach
pain, nausea, headache, and dizziness /// Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI) database
indicated adverse reactions with drug reactions with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS)
syndrome /// DRESS is a potentially life-threatening drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome /// Can
damage multiple organs, particularly kidneys, heart, lungs, and pancreas /// 10% mortality rate asso-
ciated with DRESS /// IPC Established in 1956 is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare /// Aims to set and update drug quality standards in India /// Publishes the Indian
Pharmacopoeia (IP), a legally recognized book of drug standards /// Standards in the IP are enforce-
able by law and crucial for India’s drug regulation /// IPC collaborates with WHO and aligns with glob-
al drug standards /// Monitors and analyzes adverse drug reactions through the PvPI.
Pharma Sector – Drug Pricing, NPPA, FDC, Generics, etc
5. PM Vishwakarma Scheme: PM launched on Vishwakarma Jayanti /// Aims to uplift

traditional artisans in various occupations like blacksmithing, goldsmithing, pottery, etc /// Focuses on
preserving cultural heritage and integrating artisans into the formal economy and global value chains
/// Fully funded Central Sector Scheme by the Government of India /// Ministry of MSMEs is the nod-
al agency /// Joint implementation by MoMSME, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship,
and the Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance /// Entitlements: PM Vishwakarma cer-
tificate, identity card, and collateral-free credit support /// Credit support includes up to Rs 1 lakh (first
tranche) and Rs 2 lakh (second tranche) at a concessional interest rate of 5% /// Stipend of Rs 500 per
day for skill training and Rs 15,000 grant for modern tool purchases /// Covers 18 traditional trades in
both rural and urban areas, including carpenters, blacksmiths, potters, and more /// Common services
centers for enrolment in villages with central and state government funding support.
Skilling India – Skill India Mission,PMKVY, NSDC, etc
6. PM-JANMAN Scheme for PVTGs: Recently launched the PM Janjati Adivasi

Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (JANMAN) /// On Birsa Munda Jayanti, celebrated as Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas ///
To provide critical infrastructure like power, water, roads, housing, education, and healthcare to re-
mote PVTG villages /// Includes 11 interventions like PM-Gram Sadak Yojana and Jal Jeevan Mission,
coordinated by nine ministries /// Who are PVTGs? Primitive traits, geographical isolation, low literacy,
and minimal or negative population growth /// Dhebar Commission (1973) created the Primitive Tribal
Groups (PTGs) category; renamed PVTGs in 2006 /// Initially, 52 groups were identified in 1975, with
23 more added in 1993 /// Currently, 2 /// 8 million PVTGs from 75 tribes live across 22,544 villages
in 220 districts of 18 states and UTs in India /// PVTG population as per the 2011 Census: Odisha
(866,000), Madhya Pradesh (609,000) and Andhra Pradesh (539,000) /// Odisha’s Saura community is
largest PVTG, with 535,000 members.
Tribes in News
7. Open Market Sale Scheme (OMSS): Centre to procure rice from the FCI under
the OMSS for consumer sales /// OMSS aims to sell government-owned wheat and rice in the open
market, enhancing supply and moderating prices during lean seasons and in deficit regions /// Imple-
menting Agency: Food Corporation of India (FCI) /// Components:1) Sale of wheat to bulk consum-
ers/private traders via e-auction /// 2) Sale of wheat through e-auction with dedicated movement ///
3) Sale of Raw Rice Grade ‘A’ to bulk consumers/private traders via e-auction /// Sales are conducted
through e-auctions for transparency, held weekly on the NCDEX platform /// States /UTs and private
entities can participate in e-auctions /// States use OMSS to procure additional food grains for distri-
bution under the National Food Security Act, 2013 (NFSA) /// About Food Corporation of India (FCI):
Established in 1965 under the Food Corporation Act, 1964, as part of the Ministry of Consumer Affairs,
Food and Public Distribution, Government of India /// Created in response to grain shortages, partic-
ularly wheat.
Food Procurement and Distribution – PDS & NFSA, Shanta Kumar Committee, FCI restructuring, Buffer stock, etc
Polity
1. Constitution Day: Celebrated on 26th November aka National Law Day /// Ministry of
Social Justice and Empowerment declared 26th November as ‘Constitution Day’ in 2015 /// Effective
from 26th January 1950 /// Framing: M N Roy proposed the idea of a constituent assembly in 1934 ///
Constituent Assembly was formed following the 1946 Cabinet Mission plan /// 13 committees, with
major ones led by BR Ambedkar, Jawaharlal Nehru, and others /// Important Facts: World’s lengthiest
Constitution with a Federal System and Parliamentary Government /// Time taken: 2 years, 11 months,
and 18 days to frame /// Original handwritten Constitution is preserved in the Parliament’s library
/// Prem Bihari Narain Raizada wrote the original copies in English and Hindi /// Borrowed Features:
GoI Act, 1935 (“federal structure, emergency powers, administrative details”) /// British Constitution
(“parliamentary system, rule of law, single citizenship”) /// US Constitution (“fundamental rights, judi-
cial review, independent judiciary”) /// Canadian Constitution (“federal aspects, appointment of gov-
ernors, Supreme Court’s advisory jurisdiction”) /// Irish Constitution (“Directive Principles of State
Policy”) /// Weimar Constitution of Germany (“suspension of fundamental rights during emergen-
cies”) /// South African Constitution (“procedure established by law for right to life and personal lib-
erty”) /// Soviet Constitution (“socialist ideals, economic planning in Directive Principles”) /// French
Revolution (“ideals of liberty, equality, fraternity in Preamble”) /// Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (“fundamental rights, concept of equality”).
Judicial Reforms
2. Kesavananda Bharati Verdict (1973): Overruled the Golak Nath Case (1967),
upholding the 24th Amendment Act /// Introduced the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, limiting Parliament’s
power under Article 368 /// Parliament can’t alter the Constitution’s ‘basic structure’ /// Important
Cases: Sankari Prasad Judgment 1951: Viewed Parliament’s amendment power as unrestricted ///
Golak Nath Vs State of Punjab 1967: Ruled Parliament can’t amend Part III (Fundamental Rights) ///
Kesavananda Bharti Vs State of Kerala 1973: Established that Parliament can’t disturb the Constitu-
tion’s basic structure /// Indira Nehru Gandhi Vs Raj Narain (1975): Invalidated a 39th Amendment
Act provision, affecting the Constitution’s basic structure /// Minerva Mills vs Union of India (1980):
Balanced Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles, maintaining the Constitution’s basic structure
/// Doctrine of Basic Structure: Principles like federalism, secularism, and democracy, constitution’s su-
premacy, rule of law, judicial independence, and separation of powers, democratic republic, parliamen-
tary government, free and fair elections, and welfare state /// Limits political autocracy, recognizing
the Constitution’s basic identity /// Enables wise judicial review, balancing executive and legislative
powers /// Positions the Supreme Court as the final authority on constitutional amendments /// Em-
phasizes judicial independence as essential for the rule of law.
Judicial Reforms
3. Expulsion of Lok Sabha Members: West Bengal MP was expelled from the
Lok Sabha due to a cash-for-query scandal /// MPs are expected to follow rules like not interrupting
speeches and maintaining decorum during debates /// 1989 updates included bans on shouting slo-
gans, displaying placards, tearing documents, and using electronic devices for protests /// Rajya Sabha
has similar rules for orderly proceedings /// Power of Suspension in Parliament: Presiding officer can
direct disorderly MPs to withdraw for the day /// MPs disrupting proceedings can be “named” and
potentially suspended by a motion from the Parliamentary Affairs Minister /// Suspensions period can
last until the session’s end /// Expelled MPs can seek judicial review in the Supreme Court /// Article
122 provides immunity to parliamentary proceedings from judicial scrutiny over procedural issues
/// Supreme Court can review cases of substantial illegality, as in the 2007 Raja Ram Pal case /// Raja
Ram Pal Case (2007): RRP expelled in the 2005 cash-for-query scam, had his case reviewed by the
Supreme Court /// SC upheld the expulsion but allowed scrutiny of actions with substantial illegal-
ity /// Affirmed its role in reviewing legislative actions violating fundamental rights /// Article 105:
Covers Parliament’s powers, privileges, and immunities /// Recognizes judicial scrutiny of privilege
enforcement within constitutional limits /// Grounds for Challenging Expulsion: The court examines if
the cited privilege for expulsion existed and if due procedures were followed /// Privileges and Ethics
Committees investigate misconduct and maintain House dignity /// Fair investigative procedures are
crucial for truth-finding /// Article 20 requires an existing law for punishment /// Specific issues like
sharing Parliament login-passwords and accepting money for questions are scrutinized /// Accepting
money for parliamentary questions is a breach of privilege, subject to inquiry by the Privileges Com-
mittee. Top of Form
Parliament – Sessions, Procedures, Motions, Committees etc
4. SR Bommai Judgment (1994): Played a key role in upholding of Article 370 abro-
gation by the Supreme Court, particularly regarding President’s rule in J&K /// SC upheld President’s
actions as constitutionally valid in revoking J&K’s special status /// Ruling by a nine-judge Supreme
Court bench on Article 356 of the Indian Constitution /// Crucial for central and state relations during
President’s Rule /// 1989, Centre dismissed Karnataka’s government and imposed President’s rule ///
Dismissal, based on SR Bommai’s alleged lack of majority, was controversial as the Governor didn’t
consult Bommai before reporting to the President /// Key Rulings of Bommai Case: President’s power
subject to judicial review (for Article 356) /// President’s rule should ONLY be for constitutional
breakdown, not political instability or maladministration /// President must act on objective material,
not just on the Governor’s or central government’s advice /// State govt must be allowed to present
its case and prove its majority before any action /// State assembly shouldn’t be dissolved until Par-
liament approves the President’s proclamation /// Floor test a definitive method to determine a state
government’s majority /// Court can RESTORE a dismissed government and revive a dissolved assem-
bly if the President’s action is unconstitutional or in bad faith.
President’s Rule
5. Karan Singh’s Proclamation of 1949: Supreme Court cited 1949 Proclamation

while upholding the abrogation of Article 370 /// Proclamation repealed the Government of India Act,
1935, which governed J&K’s constitutional relationship with India /// Declared supremacy of Indian
Constitution that would govern J&K’s relationship with the Union of India /// Karan Singh noted the
proclamation was necessary to clarify J&K’s status, given its retained autonomy post-Accession ///
SC agreed with government’s view that the 1949 proclamation recognized the Indian Constitution’s
supremacy and surrendered sovereignty to “We the people of India /// “SC stated J&K did not retain
sovereignty after joining India /// Seen as J&K’s complete surrender of sovereignty to India, making
the Instrument of Accession’s paragraph 8 legally irrelevant.
J&K – The issues around the state
6. SC Verdict on Abrogation of Article 370: 11th December 2023, India’s Su-

preme Court upheld abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A, affirming India’s sovereignty and integrity ///
Recognized Article 370’s non-permanent nature and its abrogation aimed at constitutional integra-
tion /// Article 370 gave special status to J&K, allowing its own constitution, flag, and autonomy except
in defense, foreign affairs, and communications /// Drafted by N Gopalaswami Ayyangar in 1949 as a
temporary provision /// Based on the Instrument of Accession signed by Hari Singh in 1947 /// 2019
Presidential orders redefined “constituent assembly of Jammu and Kashmir” to mean its Legislative
Assembly /// Resolutions passed in Parliament on 5th and 6th August 2019 revoked Article 370’s provi-
sions /// J&K Reorganisation Act, 2019, bifurcated state into two Union Territories: Jammu and Kash-
mir, and Ladakh /// Declared Article 370 as a temporary provision without internal sovereignty for J&K
/// Governor can assume roles of the State Legislature under President’s rule /// President’s unilateral
notification to cease Article 370 is valid without State government concurrence /// Upheld Reorgani-
sation, especially regarding the creation of Ladakh /// Stated Parliament’s role under President’s rule
extends beyond lawmaking to executive actions /// Not every Union Executive decision is challenge-
able on behalf of the State /// Ordered elections in J&K by 30th September 2024 and advocated for
restoring statehood /// Justice Kaul suggested establishing a Truth and Reconciliation Commission
to address human rights violations in J&K since the 1980s.
7. CEC and Other ECs Appointment Bill, 2023: Both houses passed CEC and
Other ECs (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Bill, 2023 /// Aims for transpar-
ency in appointments /// Based on SC directive in Anoop Baranwal vs. UoI case, 2023 /// March 2023:
SC underscored need for an independent Election Commission of India (ECI) for fair elections ///
Absence of a defined appointment process for the CEC and ECs since the Constitution’s inception ///
Recommendations from Dinesh Goswami Committee and the Law Commission’s 255th report /// Key
Provisions of the Bill: Replaces the 1991 Election Commission Act; Covers appointment, salary, and
removal of the CEC and ECs /// President to appoint CEC and ECs based on a Selection Committee’s
recommendation /// Selection Committee composition: PM, a Union Cabinet Minister, and the Leader
of Opposition/largest opposition party leader in Lok Sabha /// Search Committee will suggest candi-
dates led by the Cabinet Secretary /// Eligibility criteria: Holding a post equivalent to the Secretary to
the central government /// CEC removable like a SC Judge; ECs removable on CEC’s recommendation
/// Protection for CEC and ECs from legal proceedings related to official duties /// Current Appoint-
ment Process: Constitution doesn’t specify a process for appointing the CEC and ECs /// Article 324
vests election control in the Election Commission /// President appoints them on the Prime Minister’s
advice.
Electoral Reforms In India
8. Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) Audits: In 2023, only 18 CAG

audit reports of Union government’s accounts were tabled in Parliament, showing a decline /// 2019-
2023, an average of 22 reports were tabled annually /// Contrary to 40 reports between 2014 and 2018
/// CAG heads the Indian Audit and Accounts Department, forming the Supreme Audit Institution of
India /// Envisioned as both Comptroller and Auditor General by the Constitution, primarily func-
tions as an Auditor General /// Lacks control over fund disbursements /// Involved post-expenditure
audit phase only /// “Guardian of the Public Purse”, the CAG inspects and audits all expenditures of
Central and State Governments and significantly funded organizations /// Dr BR Ambedkar regarded
most important officer of the Constitution /// Article 148 establishes an independent CAG office ///
Related provisions: Articles 149-151, Article 279, Third Schedule, and Sixth Schedule /// Appointed by
President of India and has a tenure of 6 years or until age 65, whichever is earlier /// Removal requires
presidential order following an address from each House of Parliament /// Address must have a ma-
jority of the total membership and a two-thirds majority of members present and voting /// Grounds
for removal include proved misbehavior or incapacity /// CAG’s salary and expenses are charged upon
the Consolidated Fund of India /// Security of tenure and barred from holding any post-tenure office
government position, ensuring independence and integrity.
Parliament – Sessions, Procedures, Motions, Committees etc
International Relations
1. Julian Felipe Reef: Chinese vessels intruded have entered Julian Felipe Reef, off the Phil-
ippines coast /// Part the Spratly Islands, is located in the West Philippine Sea, a section of the South
China Sea /// Falls within Philippines exclusive economic zone /// Boomerang-shaped large shallow
coral reef /// Drew international attention in early 2021 due to the presence of numerous Chinese
vessels, labeled as maritime militia by the Philippines /// Disputed between the Philippines, China, and
Vietnam.
Foreign Policy Watch: India-China
2. Article 99 of the UN Charter: UN Secretary-General invoked Article 99 of UN Char-

ter about the potential humanitarian crisis in Gaza due to Israel’s actions /// Allows Secretary-General
to inform UNSC of threats to international peace and security /// Discretionary power for highlighting
critical issues to the Security Council /// Historically used sparingly, with notable instances in 1960
(Congo), 1961 (Tunisia vs. France), and 1971 (creation of Bangladesh) /// UN Charter, signed on 26th
June 1945 and effective from 24th October 1945, is the UN’s foundational document /// Enables UN
to address various issues, functioning as an international treaty and a piece of international law ///
Member States are bound by the Charter /// International Court of Justice (ICJ) operates under its
Statute, annexed to the UN Charter.
The Crisis In The Middle East
3. Operation Storm Makers II: Targeted against human trafficking, indicating a grow-
ing trend beyond Southeast Asia /// Organized by Interpol Headquarters in Lyon, France /// Involved 27
countries across Asia and other regions /// Rescued 149 human trafficking victims, Led to hundreds of
arrests /// About INTERPOL: Includes 195 member countries; Headquarters: Based in Lyon, France ///
Coordinates global police forces and shares crime and criminal data /// Operates a Global Complex
for Innovation in Singapore /// Maintains several satellite offices in various regions worldwide /// India
joined in June 1956 /// Each member country has an NCB; India’s is under the Ministry of Home Af-
fairs (MHA) /// NCBs serve as contact points for Interpol General Secretariat and other NCBs, run by
national police officials /// Manages 19 police databases with real-time crime and criminal information
/// Investigative Support: Offers forensic, analysis, and assistance in locating fugitives globally /// Red
Notice (RN) issued to alert police worldwide about fugitives for prosecution or sentencing, and for
provisional arrest pending extradition or similar legal action.
Human Rights Issues
4. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): December 10 marked

Human Rights Day- 1948 approval of UDHR by the UN /// 2023 is the 75th anniversary of the UDHR,
with the theme “Freedom, Equality and Justice for All /// “Common standard post-World War II and
influenced the international order /// Human rights are inherent to all, irrespective of race, sex, na-
tionality, or other statuses /// Include rights to life, liberty, freedom from slavery, torture, freedom of
opinion, expression, work, and education /// Nelson Mandela emphasized that denying human rights
challenges humanity /// UDHR includes 30 rights and freedoms, encompassing civil, political, eco-
nomic, social, and cultural rights /// Article 1 states all humans are born free and equal in dignity and
rights /// Article 2 ensures rights and freedoms without discrimination /// India actively participated
in drafting the UDHR /// NOT legally binding but forms part of the International Bill of Human Rights
/// Integrated into many countries’ legal frameworks /// Catalysed over 70 human rights treaties and
influenced global movements like decolonization and anti-apartheid /// Universal standards remain
relevant, despite criticisms of cultural inapplicability /// 1993 Vienna Declaration and Program of Ac-
tion reinforced UDHR principles.
Human Rights Issues
5. Visa-free Travel for Indians: Iran has removed visa requirements for Indian cit-
izens and nationals from 32 other countries to boost tourism and improve its global image /// Expe-
rienced a 48.5% increase in tourists, reaching 4 /// 4 million in the first eight months of the current
Iranian year /// Iranians can travel to Saudi Arabia for Umrah, the first opportunity in eight years ///
27 countries now offer visa-free entry to Indians including Kenya, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and
Sri Lanka, Mauritius, Nepal, Qatar, Seychelles, Fiji, Jamaica, Palestine etc. /// Top travel destinations
for Indian citizens are the UAE, the USA, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and Thailand, often visiting as part
of the diaspora.
Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran
6. Veto Power in UNSC: Recent voting against Israel spotlights veto powers, unchanged
for over seven decades at the UNSC /// Established with the UNSC in 1945 /// Veto power is central
to the UNSC structure, significantly impacting the UN’s effectiveness in international peace and se-
curity /// Designed to prevent major powers from being forced into decisions against their will /// P5
members: United States, Russia (formerly Soviet Union), United Kingdom, France, and China /// Veto
power can block any substantive resolution, including member state admission and Secretary-Gen-
eral Selection /// A single P5 member’s veto can nullify a resolution or decision by other members of
the council /// Criticized for giving disproportionate influence and impeding action on global issues
/// Discussions about reforming the UNSC, including changes to veto power /// Frequent vetoes by
the US and Soviet Union to counter each other’s proposals during the Cold War /// Post-Cold War:
Decrease in veto use but remains vital for P5 national interests /// Often used in Middle East conflicts,
particularly in Syria, and Israel-Palestine issues.
India’s Bid to a Permanent Seat at United Nations
7. Gelephu Mega-City Project: Bhutan’s King announced the project, the Gelephu
Special Administrative Region (SAR) /// Covers 1,000 sq km along Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR)
near Assam border /// Part of Sarpang district’s Special Economic Zone /// Gelephu is one of Bhutan’s
three entry points from India, alongside Samdrup Jongkhar and Phuntsholing /// Land connection
from Gelephu through Assam and Northeast India to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam,
Malaysia, and Singapore /// Creating an economic corridor linking South Asia to Southeast Asia /// To
attract investments, boost trade, create jobs, and increase demand for goods and services /// Aligned
with Gross National Happiness (GNH) principles, it aims to be a Mindfulness City with “zero emis-
sion” industries /// Indian will play a crucial role in developing the Gelephu Mega Project /// 57-km
Kokrajhar-Gelephu rail link, to be built with Indian Railways support.
Foreign Policy Watch: India-SAARC Nations
8. International Year of Camelids: UN declared 2024 as the International Year of

Camelids /// To raise awareness of Camelids’ potential and advocate for investment in the sector, in-
cluding research and innovative practices /// Belong to Camelidae family, include dromedary camels,
Bactrian camels, wild Bactrian camels, llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, and guanacos /// Large, herbivorous
animals have slender necks, long legs, and three-chambered stomachs /// Possess unique heavy-chain
antibodies, useful in pharmaceutical applications /// Two-toed feet with toenails and soft foot pads,
instead of hooves /// Impact millions of households in over 90 countries as noted by FAO /// Camelids,
including alpacas, Bactrian camels, dromedaries, guanacos, llamas, and vicuñas, contribute to food
security, nutrition, and economic growth, especially for Indigenous Peoples and local communities ///
Provide milk, meat, fiber for clothing and shelter, and are used for transportation /// Also produce or-
ganic fertilizer for agriculture and are resilient in harsh conditions /// Andes and arid regions of Africa
and Asia, Camelids are vital for local livelihoods /// Serve as ambassadors to raise awareness about
climate change.
Animal Husbandry, Dairy & Fisheries Sector – Pashudhan Sanjivani, E- Pashudhan Haat, etc
9. Operation Prosperity Guardian: Multinational security initiative announced

the US /// Response to Yemen’s Houthis attack by missile and drone in the Red Sea /// Participating
countries include the U /// K /// , Bahrain, Canada, France, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Seychelles, and
Spain /// Conduct joint patrols in the southern Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden /// Red Sea Details: Loca-
tion: Between Africa (Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, and Djibouti) and Asia (Saudi Arabia, Yemen) /// Links to
the Indian Ocean via the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden /// Length: Approximately 2,250
km /// Width ranges from 355 km at its widest to 20 km at the Strait of Tiran /// About 7,254 feet (2,211
m) in the central median trench /// One of the world’s saltiest water bodies with a rich ecosystem,
including coral reefs /// Major crude- oil shipping route with significant petroleum deposits along its
borders.
The Crisis In The Middle East
Security Issues
1. Exercise VINBAX 2023: Vietnam is hosting Indian contingent /// Fourth edition of
Joint Military Exercise VINBAX-2023 /// Initiated in 2018, with its first edition in Jabalpur, Madhya
Pradesh, India /// Held annually, alternating between India and Vietnam, with the last edition in
Chandimandir Military Station in August 2022 /// Deploying and employing an Engineer Company
and a Medical Team in a combined Command Post Exercise and Field Training Exercise format /// To
enhance collaboration and interoperability between India and Vietnam /// Peace Keeping Operation
as per United Nations Charter’s Chapter VII.
Indian Army Updates
Enviro & Biodiversity

1. Green Credit Scheme: India introduced the Scheme at COP28 in Dubai /// Announced
in Union Budget 2023-24 and launched by the Environment Ministry in October 2023 /// Incentive
for individuals and entities positively impacting the environment /// Voluntary government program
under the ‘LiFE’ campaign (Lifestyle for Environment), rewarding environmentally-positive actions ///
Covers 8 activities for environmental sustainability: Tree Plantation; Water Management; Sustainable
Agriculture; Waste Management; Air Pollution Reduction; Mangrove Conservation and Restoration ///
Participants register activities on a website, verified by an agency, to earn Green Credits /// Calcu-
lation considers factors like resource needs, scale, and scope /// Green Credit Registry to track and
manage credits /// A trading platform will be established for trading Green Credits domestically ///
Separate from the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme, 2023, under the Energy Conservation Act of 2001
/// (Note: Carbon Credit concept is originated from Kyoto Protocol).
Climate Change Negotiations – UNFCCC, COP, Other Conventions and Protocols
2. ALTÉRRA Fund for Climate Investments: UAE to create $30 billion fund,
a climate investment fund at COP28, Dubai /// Based in Abu Dhabi Global Market /// To mobilize $250
billion globally by 2030, aiming to be the largest climate investment fund /// Focus on transforming
emerging markets and developing economies through climate investments /// Dedicated to develop-
ing over 6.0 GW of new clean energy in India, including 1,200 MW of wind and solar projects opera-
tional by 2025 /// Key focus areas: Energy Transition, Industrial Decarbonization, Sustainable Living,
and Climate Technologies.
Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc
3. Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary: Delhi HC considering staying an event by

forest department in Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary /// Situated in the southern part of Delhi and
extends into Faridabad and Gurugram districts of Haryana /// Occupies 32.71 sq km on Aravalli hill
range’s Southern Delhi Ridge, bordering Delhi and Haryana /// Forms a part of Rajasthan’s Sariska Tiger
Reserve to the Delhi Ridge /// Classified under Northern Tropical Thorn Forests /// Features plants with
xerophytic characteristics like thorns, wax-coated and succulent leaves /// Presence of exotic Prosopis
juliflora and the native Diospyros Montana /// Fauna: Golden Jackals, Striped-Hyenas, Indian Crest-
ed-Porcupines, Civets, Jungle Cats, various snakes, Monitor Lizards, and Mongoose.
Wildlife Conservation Efforts
4. Cyclone Michaung: Named by Myanmar, hit Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh /// Fourth
tropical cyclone this year in the Bay of Bengal /// December cyclones in the North Indian Ocean are
usually mild, but Michaung was a severe storm /// Severe storm due to unexpected intensification /// In-
tensification linked to high heat index values off the southern Andhra Pradesh coast /// North Indian
Ocean basin averages five cyclones yearly, mainly in the Bay of Bengal /// Arabian Sea cyclones are
less frequent but often more intense, causing significant damage /// Cyclones peak during pre-mon-
soon (April-June) and post-monsoon (October-December), especially in May and November /// Factors
Influencing Storm Intensification: Energy from warm ocean temperatures, typically above 26 degrees
Celsius /// Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential (TCHP) is key in cyclone formation and intensification ///
Various atmospheric factors, including wind shear and air-sea interactions, affect cyclone develop-
ment /// Coriolis Effect influences cyclone formation, causing anticlockwise air movement in low-pres-
sure areas. Top of Form
Global Geological And Climatic Events
5. Abelmoschus Odishae: ICAR scientist discovered new ‘wild okra’ species, ‘Abelmo-
schus Odishae’, in Odisha /// Found in a humid deciduous forest in Keonjhar district’s Banspal block
/// Promise for hybridization, offering improved disease resistance and genetic diversity for okra ///
Perennial shrub, up to 5 meters tall, with a densely hispid, spiny stem and backward-facing hairs ///
Seeds are nearly kidney-shaped with short, robust, non-spiral trichomes /// Seeds have a high viability
rate of 95 percent /// Okra known as gumbo or ladies’ fingers, okra is popular in warm climates /// Orig-
inates from the Eastern Hemisphere’s tropics and is widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions
of the Western Hemisphere.
New Species of Plants and Animals Discovered
6. Mount Merapi: Erupted again, sending a 3,000-meter ash column into the sky /// Located
in Central Java, Indonesia, Merapi means “Mountain of Fire” in Javanese /// World’s most active and
dangerous volcanoes /// 2010 eruption caused over 350 deaths and significant area damage /// With
over 120 active volcanoes, Indonesia frequently experiences eruptions, posing risks to its population
and infrastructure /// Located on the Pacific Ring of Fire, leading to high volcanic activity /// Other
volcanoes in Indonesia: Mount Krakatoa (Sunda Strait, known for the 1883 eruption), Mount Rinja-
ni (Lombok Island, second-highest and trekking site), Mount Tambora (Sumbawa Island, caused the
“year without summer” in 1815), Mount Batur (Bali, famous for scenic views and hot springs), and
Mount Merbabu (Central Java’s highest, popular among climbers).
Global Geological And Climatic Events
7. Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC)-3: INC third nego-

tiation round in Nairobi under the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) /// To end plastic pollution
by 2025, following UNEA Resolution 5/14 /// Started in November 2022 in Punta del Este, Uruguay
(INC-1) /// Second meeting (INC-2) occurred in May-June 2023 in Paris, France /// To develop a global
legally binding instrument to combat plastic pollution /// Crucial for negotiating the ‘zero draft’ text,
outlining core obligations and control measures.
8. Doubled-humped Camels: Indian Army has deployed double-humped camels for pa-
trolling and logistical support along the LAC in Eastern Ladakh /// Known as Bactrian camels (Camelus
bactrianus), they are also called Mongolian or domestic Bactrian camels /// Name etymology from the
ancient region of Bactria /// Native to Central Asia’s steppes, they are large, even-toed ungulates ///
Have two humps, unlike the single-humped dromedary /// Humps store fat, convertible into water
and energy in scarce conditions /// Ladakh’s Nubra valley hosts few such camels in India /// Capable
of carrying 170 kg, they can patrol up to 15 km without rest, outperforming mules previously used by
the army.
9. Global Cooling Pledge: 63 countries signed a pledge to reduce cooling emissions (in-
cludes US, Canada, and Kenya) /// Targets a 68% reduction in cooling emissions by 2050 /// Cooling
emissions include: refrigerants and cooling energy, make up 7% of global greenhouse gases /// Emis-
sions could triple by 2050 due to higher temperatures and increased demand for cooling devices ///
CFCs in cooling appliances were replaced by HFCs and HCFCs after the 1987 Montreal Protocol ///
HFCs and HCFCs are potent greenhouse gases /// For example, HFC-134a is 3,400 times more potent
than CO2 /// Often leak from damaged appliances or car air conditioners /// Leakage contributes to
global warming, as emphasized by the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC).
10. Megamouth Shark (Megachasma Pelagios): Rare deep-water species,

was found on a Philippine beach, marking a significant discovery in marine biology /// 60th mega-
mouth shark ever recorded and the first known pregnant specimen /// Discovered in 1976 off Hawaii’s
coast /// Features a large mouth, bulbous head, rubbery lip, dark grey/black body, and white underbelly
/// Can grow up to 5.5 meters (18 feet) long in size /// Lives in deep waters, typically at depths of 150
to 1,000 meters (490 to 3,280 feet) /// Known for swimming with an open mouth to filter food, and is
rarely seen /// Presumed to be ovoviviparous, but reproductive details are mostly unknown /// Has a
wide but rare presence in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans /// Least Concerned status in the
IUCN Red List.
11. Mauritian Dodo : Mauritian authorities are working to resurrect the extinct Dodo
bird, caused by human activities /// Large flightless bird, about 1 meter tall, 10-18 kg, with a large beak
and stubby wings /// Endemic to Mauritius, lived in forests and possibly coastal areas /// Found by
Dutch colonists in the late 16th century, extinct by the late 17th century, last seen around 1662 ///
Causes of Extinction: Human hunting and invasive species like rats, pigs, and monkeys /// Showed no
fear of humans due to no natural predators /// Symbolizes extinct and endangered species, featured
in the phrase “as dead as a dodo” and in Lewis Carroll’s “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland” /// Science
of De-Extinction: Genetic Blueprint: Requires a complete, accurate genome of the species /// Genome
Sequencing: Paleo-geneticists sequenced the dodo’s genome from museum DNA /// Comparing the
dodo’s genome with living relatives to identify unique traits /// Involves editing the Nicobar pigeon’s
primordial germ cells (PGCs), the dodo’s closest living relative, to express dodo traits /// Inserting
edited PGCs into chicken embryos, using chickens as interspecies surrogates for potential dodo off-
spring /// Aiming to create a bird physically matching historical dodo descriptions.
12. Unabated Fossil Fuels: New agreement at COP28 mandates countries to phase down
‘unabated’ coal power /// Refer to burning coal, oil, and natural gas without reducing CO2 and other
greenhouse gas emissions /// ‘Abated’ means efforts to lower pollutant emissions to an acceptable
level, though specific standards are unclear and lack international consensus /// IPCC defines unabated
fossil fuels as those without substantial emission reduction interventions /// This could involve captur-
ing at least 90% of CO2 from power plants or up to 80% of methane leaks during energy production
and transport.
13. Kambalakonda WLS: Nature Interpretation Centre inaugurated near the Kambala-
konda WLS /// Located at Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh, India /// Established in 1970 under
the Wildlife Protection Act of India /// Area: Approximately 71 square kilometers (27 square miles) ///
Dry evergreen forests and scrubland type of ecosystem /// Biodiversity: Indian leopards, deer, wild
boar, jackals, reptiles, birds, and medicinal plants /// Flora dominated by dry evergreen forests with
moist deciduous patches.
14. Dubai Consensus at COP28: COP28 UAE Declaration on Agriculture, Food,

& Climate’, focusing on sustainable agriculture and food systems in climate change responses ///
Launched Global Decarbonization Accelerator (GDA) with initiatives like the Global Renewables and
Energy Efficiency Pledge and the Oil and Gas Decarbonization Charter /// 4 pillars: just energy transi-
tion, fixing climate finance, focusing on people and nature, and fostering inclusivity in climate action ///
Calls for a shift from fossil fuels to achieve net zero by 2050 /// 198 Parties participated in reaching
the agreement /// Parties to submit comprehensive NDCs (Nationally Determined Contributions) ///
Targets set: tripling renewables and doubling energy efficiency by 2030 /// Way for a new climate fi-
nance architecture and sustainable future momentum /// Addresses Methane Pollution, recognizing
its potent heat-trapping effect.
15. Saiga Antelope (Saiga tatarica): Reclassified as ‘Near Threatened’ from ‘Crit-
ically Endangered’ by IUCN /// Distinctive bulbous nose; relatively small, with a thin build and long,
thin legs /// Found in steppe region of Central Asia and Eastern Europe /// Kazakhstan and Russia, with
smaller populations in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Mongolia /// IUCN Red List: Near Threatened
/// CITES: Appendix II /// Poaching for horns (used in traditional medicine), habitat loss, and disease
outbreaks like pasteurellosis /// Herbivorous; long-distance seasonal migrations feeding on a variety
of grasses and plants /// Known for its rapid population growth under favorable conditions; breeds in
large herds.
16. Indian Forest and Wood Certification Scheme (IFWCS):

Launched by MoEFCC to promote sustainable forest management and agroforestry /// Alternative to
foreign certification agencies in India, aiming for integrity, transparency, and credibility in sustainable
forest management and wood product certification /// 3 Focus Areas: Sustainable forest management,
sustainable management of trees outside forests, and chain of custody for forest product traceability ///
Indian Forest and Wood Certification Council will oversee the scheme as a multi-stakeholder advisory
body /// Follows Indian Forest Management Standard with 8 criteria, 69 indicators, and 254 verifiers ///
Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal, will manage the scheme /// National Accreditation
Board for Certification Bodies under the Quality Council of India will accredit independent audit
bodies /// ‘Trees outside Forests’ Standard a new concept is introduced, covering trees in various
non-forest areas /// Beneficiaries: State forest departments, farmers, Farmer Producer Organizations,
and wood-based industries /// Aligns with global efforts at 2021 Glasgow Pledge to halt and reverse
deforestation by 2030.
Forest Conservation Efforts – NFP, Western Ghats, etc
17. Tent Turtles (Pangshura tentoria): Illegal trade in the pet market due to
its attractive appearance /// Pangshura tentoria, Family: Geoemydidae /// Mainly herbivorous, active
swimmer /// Prefers still water pools on river sides and slow running water near river banks /// Native
to India, Nepal, and Bangladesh /// Conservation: Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I /// IUCN
Status: Least Concern /// CITES: Appendix II.
18. Sultanpur National Park: Drop in migratory birds numbers this season /// Located
at Sultanpur village on the Gurugram-Jhajjar highway, 15 km from Gurugram, Haryana, and 50 km
from Delhi /// Originally a bird sanctuary, it spans approximately 142 /// 52 hectares /// Migratory birds
arrive in September and stay until March-April /// Sultanpur Jheel inside the park was declared a sanc-
tuary in 1971, and in July 1991, it was upgraded to a National Park under the Wildlife (Protection) Act,
1972 /// Recognized as all- a national park, wildlife sanctuary, and a Ramsar site since 2021 /// One of
the few national parks in Haryana, alongside Kalesar National Park.
Science Tech
1. Sub-Neptune Exoplanets: 6 exoplanets orbiting the bright star HD 110067 in the
Coma Berenices constellation /// Identified using NASA’s TESS and ESA’s CHEOPS telescopes /// CHE-
OPS is ESA’s mission for studying bright stars with known exoplanets, focusing on precise size mea-
surements during transits /// Sizes between Earth and Neptune /// Have low-density atmospheres,
likely rich in hydrogen /// All six planets are in resonant orbits, indicating minimal changes since their
formation over four billion years ago /// Named HD 110067 b, c, d, e, f, and g, in ascending order of
distance from the star /// HD 110067 is about 100 light-years from Earth, in the Coma Berenices con-
stellation /// Brightest star hosting over four transiting exoplanets, visible from the Northern Hemi-
sphere /// Coma Berenices constellation, or Berenice’s Hair, is best seen in the northern hemisphere
during spring and summer.
International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries
2. ‘deCODE’ Initiative: Launched in Iceland in 1996, a population-scale genome sequenc-

ing initiativea /// UK completed 500,000 whole-genome sequences, about 0.7% of its population, under
deCODE /// Spurred global precision medicine and public health genomic programs /// For under-
standing of disease genetics and risk assessment data utility /// Linked medical records with gene-
alogies, leading to new drug and therapeutic developments /// UK’s ‘100K Genome’ project aimed to
integrate genomics into routine healthcare /// Other Initiatives: Regeneron Genetics Center plans to
sequence over five lakh individuals of African ancestry /// US’s AllofUS (targeting a million genomes)
and the EU’s ‘1+ Million Genomes’ initiative /// Three Million African Genomes and the Emirati ge-
nome program are progressing /// GenomeAsia project aims to sequence a lakh whole genomes across
diverse Asian populations /// India’s IndiGen pilot program analyzed over a thousand genomes, offer-
ing insights into genetic diseases and drug responses /// IndiGen revealed data on treatable genetic
diseases, drug efficacy, toxicity, and rare disorders /// GenomeIndia initiative plans to sequence 10,000
whole genomes from diverse Indian populations.
Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences
3. Vo5G (Voice over 5G): India’s largest mobile carrier is testing Voice over New Radio/5G
(VoNR) /// Enables voice calls over 5G networks, replacing the current 4G standard /// Leverages 5G’s
speed, capacity, and responsiveness for voice communication /// For early readiness of infrastructure
and interoperability /// Uses 5G Core (5GC) network architecture for flexible and scalable voice ser-
vices /// Supports modern codecs like EVS and AMR-WB for high-definition voice calls /// Ultra-low
latency enhances voice transmission speed, enabling near-real-time communication /// Offers clear
improvements over VoLTE, with 5G’s higher bandwidth and lower latency /// Advanced audio codecs
in VoNR provide superior clarity and fidelity /// Faster call connection times for a seamless user expe-
rience /// Lower packet loss ensures better reliability and fewer voice cut-outs during calls.
Telecom and Postal Sector – Spectrum Allocation, Call Drops, Predatory Pricing, etc
4. Gemini AI Model: Google launched Gemini, a multimodal general AI model, globally ac-
cessible through Bard /// Counter to ChatGPT, with advanced GenAI capabilities /// Processes various
formats, including text, code, audio, image, and video /// Ultra version outperforms current models
and human experts in massive multitask language understanding (MMLU) /// 3 versions: Ultra, Pro,
and Nano, each for different task complexities /// Ultra: For highly complex tasks, in trial with select
users /// Pro: Available in Bard for general users and to developers via Google AI Studio or Google Cloud
Vertex AI /// Nano: For on-device tasks, integrated into Pixel 8 Pro, and soon for Android developers via
AICore in Android 14 /// Gemini, like other LLMs, can hallucinate but uses Bard to improve response
accuracy /// Hallucination Example: Asking a GenAI for five bicycle models fitting a specific SUV; If
only three exist, it might still list five, with two being fabricated /// Offers more versatility than GPT4,
with video processing and offline capabilities /// Currently free (as of Dec 2023), unlike the paid-access
ChatGPT4, potentially attracting more users.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Breakthrough
5. Red Sprites: ESA recorded a red sprite over a thundercloud as part of the Thor-Davis exper-
iment at Danish Technical University /// Reddish-orange flashes called as Transient Luminous Event
(TLE), often in clusters, with shapes resembling tendrils, jellyfish, or carrots /// Occur at 50 to 90 km
(31 to 56 miles) altitudes /// Extremely brief, lasting only a few milliseconds /// First photographed in
1989, though pilots had reported sightings for decades /// Triggered by positive lightning discharges
from thunderclouds to the ionosphere /// Red coloration due to the excitation of nitrogen molecules;
lower parts can appear blue /// Ephemeral nature and often obscured by thunderclouds; typically ob-
served from aircraft or high-altitude /// platforms /// Insights into electrical and chemical processes
in the upper atmosphere /// Includes blue jets and elves, all linked to thunderstorm activityHelps un-
derstanding Earth’s electromagnetic environment and atmospheric electrical balance ///
6. Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) Summit:

India to lead chair in 2024 GPAI, summit recently held in New Delhi /// 4 themes: Responsible AI, data
governance, future of work, and innovation and commercialization /// GPAI, an alliance of 28 countries
and the European Union, adopted the ‘New Delhi Declaration’ /// Discussion: India’s national AI portal,
the AIRAWAT initiative, and concerns about deep fake technology misuse /// YUVAi was a focus at the
Summit, with winners and start-ups presenting their AI models and solutions /// AI for digital services
in local languages to boost digital inclusion /// Delhi Declaration: Recognizes the need to balance
AI opportunities and risks /// Commits to upholding human dignity, rights, and democratic values ///
Stresses trust, transparency, accountability, and inclusiveness in AI /// AI as a tool for achieving UN
SDGs and tackling global challenges /// Encourages international cooperation in AI research, inno-
vation, and policy /// Supports creating a framework for safe and trusted AI /// Endorses India’s pro-
posal for a Global Digital Public Infrastructure Repository (GDPIR) under MeitY /// Calls for ongoing
dialogue on AI governance and ethics among stakeholders.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Breakthrough
7. PACE Mission by NASA: NASA to launch the PACE mission in 2024 (Plankton, Aero-
sol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) to better understand Earth’s atmosphere /// To study the interaction of
light, aerosols, and clouds, and their effects on air quality and climate /// Analyzes ocean color to un-
derstand oceanic processes /// Ocean Colour Instrument (OCI) measures ocean color across a spec-
trum from ultraviolet to shortwave infrared /// Payloads: Spectro-Polarimeter for Planetary Exploration
(SPEXone) and Hyper Angular Research Polarimeter (HARP2) /// Offers complementary spectral and
angular sampling, polarimetric accuracy, and enhanced spatial coverage /// Aims for improved atmo-
spheric correction, comprehensive aerosol and cloud science data, and enhanced ocean research ///
Advances in aerosol-cloud-ocean research through its synergistic payload.
8. Organic Molecules on Saturn’s Moon Enceladus CASSINI discovered

organic compounds, key ingredient for life, and a potent energy source on Saturn’s moon Enceladus ///
Compounds found: hydrogen cyanide (HCN), acetylene (C2H2), propylene (C3H6), ethane (C2H6),
along with methanol and molecular oxygen /// Suggests more chemical energy inside Enceladus than
previously thought /// Has life molecules crucial for creating and sustaining life /// Basic habitability
requirements are indicated /// About Enceladus: Sixth-largest moon of Saturn and 19th largest in the
Solar System /// One-tenth size of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon /// Covered by fresh, clean ice, making
it highly reflective /// Surface temperature −198 °C due to high reflectivity /// Features range from old,
cratered regions to young, tectonically deformed terrain /// Has a giant plume rich in organic com-
pounds /// Cassini launched in 1997, jointly by NASA, ESA, and ASI to study Saturn and its moons ///
Included Huygens lander by ESA /// Cassini was the fourth probe to visit Saturn and the first to orbit
it, from 2004 to 2017.
9. Zero Trust Authentication (ZTA) Emails: National Informatics Centre

(NIC) unveiled a secure ZTA based email system for 10,000 users across key ministries and depart-
ments to combat cyberattacks /// “Never trust, always verify” security philosophy of ZTA /// Contrasts
traditional models that trusted everything within an organization’s network /// Assumes trust must be
constantly assessed and verified, regardless of user location or network boundaries /// Least Privilege
Access: Grants minimal access needed for user duties, reducing harm in security breaches /// Requires
authentication, authorization, and validation before access to applications and data /// Divides the
network into small segments, isolating segments to prevent widespread compromise /// Multi-Factor
Authentication (MFA): Requires multiple identity proofs, like passwords, security tokens, and biomet-
ric verification /// Involves technologies like identity and access management (IAM), data encryption,
endpoint security, and network segmentation /// Requires comprehensive security policies covering
access to data protection /// Emphasizes user awareness of cybersecurity and their role in maintaining
it.
Cyber Security – CERTs, Policy, etc
10. India’s First Winter Arctic Expedition: Located in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard,

India’s first winter scientific expedition to Himadri, its Arctic Research Station /// Includes researchers
from Raman Research Institute, NCPOR, IIT Mandi, IITM /// India’s Arctic involvement dates back to
1920 with the Svalbard Treaty in Paris /// India among few countries with a permanent Arctic research
station /// First Arctic expedition was in August 2007, with subsequent summer and winter teams
focusing on glaciology, hydrochemistry, microbiology, and atmospheric sciences /// Antarctic station,
Dakshin Gangotri (1983), is now under ice /// Maitri and Bharti stations are active /// Himadri started
in July 2008 in Ny Alesund, Svalbard /// In 2014, India deployed IndArc, a multisensory observatory
in Kongsfjorden /// In 2016, India established its northernmost atmospheric lab at Gruvebadet to
study clouds, precipitation, pollutants, and atmospheric parameters /// Arctic Council Involvement:
India has been an Arctic Council observer since 2013, with its membership renewed in 2019 for five
years /// Council, established in 1996, includes Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia,
Sweden, and the United States /// India’s Arctic policy in March 2022 focusing on climate research,
environmental monitoring, maritime cooperation, and energy security /// National Centre for Polar
and Ocean Research, under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, is the nodal agency for implementing this
policy.
Promoting Science and Technology – Missions,Policies & Schemes
Art and Culture

1. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s Naval Legacy: Navy Day, December 4, PM
announced Chhatrapati Shivaji’s emblem on naval officers’ epaulettes /// Ensign features Shivaji’s oc-
tagonal seal, reflecting his maritime legacy /// About Maratha Navy: Established by Chhatrapati Shi-
vaji Maharaj, with the first vessel built around 1654 near Kalyan /// Key naval bases included Vijaydurg,
Sindhudurg, Khanderi, and Colaba /// Philosophy ‘Jalameva yasya, balameva tasya’ (‘He who rules the
seas is all powerful’) /// Personnel comprised native Konkani sailors and mercenaries, led by com-
manders like Shivaji and Kanhoji Angre /// Fleet ships: ‘Gurab’, ‘Galbat’, Tarande, Shibad, Pal, Taru,
Tirkiti, and Machchava /// Coastal defense and guerrilla tactics, utilizing shallow creeks and bays ///
Conflicts with European powers and the Siddis of Janjira /// Declined due to internal strife, European
technological advancements, and the rise of British naval power.
Indian Navy Updates
2. Garba makes it to UNESCO List: Garba is the 15th Indian item on the list, fol-
lowing Kolkata’s Durga Puja added two years ago /// Performed during Navratri, worships Goddess
Durga and symbolizes life, death, and rebirth /// Derives from “Garbha” (womb) and “Deep” (lamp),
danced around a central lamp or Goddess representation /// Features energetic, circular movements,
clapping, and intricate footwork /// Accompanied by rhythmic music using traditional instruments like
dhol, harmonium, and flute, with modern electronic adaptations /// Women wear chaniya choli, and
men wear kediyu and dhoti or pajama, often with mirrors and embroidery /// Followed by Dandiya
Raas, another dance with sticks, post-Aarti /// Dance is inclusive, attracting diverse participants and
emphasizing community /// About UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH): ICH encompasses:
practices, expressions, knowledge, skills, and associated cultural spaces recognized as heritage by com-
munities and groups /// Transmission of knowledge and skills across generations /// UNESCO’s 2003
Convention for Safeguarding ICH aimed to preserve intangible heritage /// List established in 2008 ///
India’s ICH on the UNESCO List: Sangeet Natak Akademi, the nodal organization, nominates Indian
entities for UNESCO evaluation /// Indian items on the list: Kolkata’s Durga Puja (2021), Kumbh Mela
(2017), Navroz (2016), Yoga (2016), traditional brass and copper craft of Punjab (2014), Sankirtana of
Manipur (2013), Buddhist chanting of Ladakh (2012), Chhau dance, Kalbelia songs and dance, Mudiyet-
tu (2010), Ramman (2009), Kutiyattam, Vedic chanting, and Ramlila (2008).
Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News
3. Sri Krishna Janmabhoomi Case: Supreme Court declined to halt Allahabad HC

order for the Mathura Shahi Idgah complex survey near the Shri Krishna Janmabhoomi Temple /// Be-
lieved to be at Krishna Janmasthan, Lord Krishna’s birthplace /// Mathura, on the Yamuna river, was
a commerce and governance center under the Mauryan Empire (4th-2nd centuries BCE) /// Major Bud-
dhism and Jainism center with many stupas and monasteries /// Chinese pilgrims Fa Hien and Hiuen
Tsang and Muslim chroniclers noted Mathura’s religious structures /// First Vaishnava temple likely
built in the 1st century CE; a grand temple constructed around 400 CE during Chandragupta II’s reign
/// Alexander Cunningham believed the site originally had Buddhist structures /// Mahmud of Ghazni
raided Mathura in the 11th century, causing destruction /// Katra Keshadev temple, built around 1150
CE, was described as brilliantly white /// Sikandar Lodhi demolished the Keshavdev temple in the
16th century /// Decline of old religious centers led to new Vaishnavism forms, inspired by saints like
Nimbarka, Vallabha, and Chaitanya /// Many small Krishna shrines were built in Mathura and Vrin-
davan around the ruins /// Akbar supported Vaishnavite temples and visited holy sites /// Raja Veer
Singh Deo built a temple in 1618 at Katra during Jahangir’s reign /// French traveler Jean-Baptiste
Tavernier and Venetian traveler Niccolao Manucci described the temple’s grandeur /// Dara Shikoh
added a stone railing around the temple in the mid-17th century /// Abdul Nabi Khan, Mathura’s gov-
ernor under Aurangzeb, built the Jama Masjid at the temple site and destroyed Dara Shikoh’s railing
/// Aurangzeb ordered demolition of temples, including the Keshavdev temple, replaced by the Shahi
Idgah mosque /// British auctioned temple land in 1815 to Raja Patnimal, who faced legal challenges
in rebuilding the temple /// Patnimal sold the land to Jugal Kishore Birla, who formed the Shri Krishna
Janmabhoomi Trust in 1951 and built a temple next to the mosque /// Ongoing litigation involves Hin-
du claims over land including the mosque and Muslim claims disputing this /// Allahabad HC ordered
a scientific survey of the Shahi Idgah mosque, believed to be built on Lord Krishna’s birthplace /// Par-
allels the Gyanvapi Mosque case in Varanasi /// Muslim parties argue the mosque doesn’t fall within
the disputed land and challenge Hindu claims as unsubstantiated.
Minority Issues – SC, ST, Dalits, OBC, Reservations, etc.
4. Gandabherunda Art: K’taka secured legal rights for artistic representation of Gand-
abherunda Art as symbol of their state road transport corporate identity /// Introduced by the Shakas
(Scythians), but also found in ancient Indian texts /// Appears in Panchatantra, Mahabharata, Pani-
ni’s grammar, and Jain texts like Kalpa Sutra /// Represents material and spiritual power, strength,
and fearlessness /// Found in Sirkap near Taxila and the Sanchi Stupa /// Prominently depicted in
Hindu temples in Karnataka, linked to Vishnu’s Narasimha avatar in Narasimha Purana /// Notable at
Chennakesava Temple at Belur /// State symbol of Karnataka (adopted in 1956); associated with the
Mysuru royal family and the Order of Gandabherunda /// Earliest depiction in the Mathura art period
(1st century CE) /// Use in Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646 CE).
5. Channapatna Toys: Used in Afghanistan schools for children’s academic activities ///
Channapatna, known as Gombegala Ooru (Toy-town), is about 60 km from Bengaluru, in Karnataka’s
Ramanagara district /// Comprises over 250 cottage units and around 50 factories focused on toy-mak-
ing /// Originated during Tipu Sultan’s reign in the 18th century, with Persian artisan influence ///
Handmade from Ivory Wood, sandalwood and mango wood, painted with organic, natural dyes, and
designed with safe shapes for children (round, blunt edges) /// GI tag awarded in 2005.
GI(Geographical Indicator) Tags
6. Guru Teg Bahadur (1621-1675): Born in Amritsar on 21st April 1621 to Mata Nanki
and Guru Hargobind, was raised as a warrior saint against the Mughals /// Initially named Tyag Mal, he
was known for his ascetic nature /// Knew Gurmukhi, Hindi, Sanskrit, and Indian religious philoso-
phy, along with training in swordsmanship, archery, and horse-riding /// At 13, he stood out in a battle
against a Mughal chieftain /// His 116 poetic hymns are part of the ‘Guru Granth Sahib’ /// Avid traveler,
establishing preaching centers across the Indian subcontinent /// Founded the town of Chak-Nanki in
Punjab, now part of Anandpur Sahib /// Kashmiri Pandits sought his protection (1675) against Aurang-
zeb’s religious persecution /// Arrested and executed in Delhi by Aurangzeb on November 24, 1675,
in Chandni Chowk, for defending religious freedom and refusing to convert to Islam /// Gurudwara Sis
Ganj Sahib marks his execution site, and Gurudwara Rakab Ganj Sahib commemorates where his body
was cremated.
Modern India History

1. Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee (1901-53): Supreme Court upheld the abroga-
tion of Article 370, many remembered Dr Syama Prasad Mookerjee /// Founded Bharatiya Jan Sangh in
1951, which won 3 seats in the 1952 elections /// Precursor to BJP (Bharatiya Janta Party) /// Opposed
Article 370, granting special status to Kashmir /// Joined interim government on August 15, 1947 ///
Part of first Union Cabinet despite opposing Nehru and Congress /// Advocated for “one country, one
constitution, one prime minister, and one flag /// “Supported Uniform Civil Code and opposed cow
slaughter in India /// Barred from entering J&K for protesting against Nehru and Congress /// Died in
Jammu and Kashmir Police custody in 1953, under suspicious circumstances /// Initially supporting
a united India, he later advocated for a divided Bengal for Hindu Bengalis /// Disagreed and resigned
due to Nehru-Liaquat Pact, believing it contradicted the partition’s religion-based logic /// Wanted
India to follow Hindu principles and proposed a government-led, religion-based population exchange
/// Nehru-Liaquat Pact aka Delhi Pact (1950), signed by Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan /// Set guidelines
for minority protection from majority aggression in India and Pakistan.
2. Bhagat Singh and Central Assembly Bombing (1929): Security breach

in Parliament allegedly inspired by Bhagat Singh /// Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw bombs
and pamphlets in Delhi’s Central Assembly /// Protested against the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms
(1918) and repressive measures, intending no harm /// Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA)
led by Chandrashekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh, opposed the British-run Indian Parliament /// Pamphlet
aimed to protest symbolically against British administration /// Coincided with controversial bills
enactment by the Viceroy /// Both dressed in khaki, threw bombs and pamphlets in the Assembly and
were immediately arrested /// Defended their actions, highlighting the moral justification of their cause
/// Sentenced to life imprisonment, Bhagat Singh faced additional charges, leading to his execution in
1931.
Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities
3. Goa Liberation Day: Celebrated on December 19th annually, marking its freedom from
Portuguese rule in 1961 /// End of 450 years of Portuguese colonization in Goa /// India waited 14
years post-independence to move troops to Goa, avoiding conflict with Portugal /// Portuguese came
to India in 1510, but by the 19th century, their presence was limited to Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra, Nagar
Haveli, and Anjediva Island /// Portugal refused India’s request to cede these territories after India’s
independence in 1947 /// Goa liberation movement, starting with small revolts, peaked between 1940
and 1960 /// TB Cunha, hailed as father of Goan nationalism, founded the Goa National Congress in
1928 /// 1946, Ram Manohar Lohia’s rally in Goa galvanized the freedom movement, advocating civil
liberties and integration with India /// Azad Gomantak Dal (AGD) advocated for an armed struggle for
liberation /// In 1961, India launched Operation Vijay, annexing Goa, Daman, and Diu on December
19th /// On May 30th, 1987, Goa became a State, while Daman and Diu remained a UT.
Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

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DECEMBER 2023

1. Cover multiple sources DAILY: The Hindu, IE, , etc.

Subject No. of Topics

2. “Group of Companies’ Doctrine: SC ruled that non-signatories can be bound

4. Remission of Duties and Taxes on Export Products (RoDTEP)

5. Hindutva Rate of Growth: A Parliamentarian introduced “Hindutva rate of GDP

9. Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs): RBI has implemented stricter norms

2. Panchayat Development Index (PDI): Developed by Union Ministry of Pan-

3. Essential Services Maintenance Act (ESMA), 1968: Odisha invoked

5. PM Vishwakarma Scheme: PM launched on Vishwakarma Jayanti /// Aims to uplift

6. PM-JANMAN Scheme for PVTGs: Recently launched the PM Janjati Adivasi

5. Karan Singh’s Proclamation of 1949: Supreme Court cited 1949 Proclamation

6. SC Verdict on Abrogation of Article 370: 11th December 2023, India’s Su-

8. Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) Audits: In 2023, only 18 CAG

2. Article 99 of the UN Charter: UN Secretary-General invoked Article 99 of UN Char-

4. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): December 10 marked

8. International Year of Camelids: UN declared 2024 as the International Year of

9. Operation Prosperity Guardian: Multinational security initiative announced

Enviro & Biodiversity

3. Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary: Delhi HC considering staying an event by

7. Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC)-3: INC third nego-

10. Megamouth Shark (Megachasma Pelagios): Rare deep-water species,

14. Dubai Consensus at COP28: COP28 UAE Declaration on Agriculture, Food,

16. Indian Forest and Wood Certification Scheme (IFWCS):

2. ‘deCODE’ Initiative: Launched in Iceland in 1996, a population-scale genome sequenc-

6. Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) Summit:

8. Organic Molecules on Saturn’s Moon Enceladus CASSINI discovered

9. Zero Trust Authentication (ZTA) Emails: National Informatics Centre

10. India’s First Winter Arctic Expedition: Located in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard,

Art and Culture

3. Sri Krishna Janmabhoomi Case: Supreme Court declined to halt Allahabad HC

Modern India History

2. Bhagat Singh and Central Assembly Bombing (1929): Security breach

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