Premechanical Age (3000BC - 1450AD) - ● Chris Woodford,- a British Science writer and
earliest age by using of language or simple
picture drawings known as Petroghyths usually
carved in rocks.
- Early alphabet were developed such as
Phoenician Alphabet.
100AD - 1-9 system was established.
875AD - Number 0 was formed and added.
Abacus - Development of the Calculator
Mechanical (between 1450 and 1840) -
development of new technology emerged and
invented.
Slide rule - Analog computer used for Multiplying
and dividing.
Charles Babbage - developed different engine
which tabulated Polynomial equations using the
method of finite differences.
Electro-Mechanical - Marked the beginning of
Telecommunication.
1835 - Morse Code was created
1876 - Telephone was created
1894 - radio was developed by Guglielmo
Marconi.
Mark I - first large scale automatic digital
computer created by Harvard University in 1940.
Electronic (1940- Present) - ENIAC was the first
high-speed digital computer.
Five main generations of digital computing
● The first generation (1942 -1955) used
vacuum tubes. This period marked the
beginning of commercial computer age via
UNIVAC.
● The second generation (1955 -1964) used
transistors. The scientists at Bell laboratories
developed transistor in 1947. These scientists
include John Barden, William Brattain and
William Shockley.
● The third generation (1964 – 1975) used the
integrated circuits (IC). Jack Kilby developed
the concept of integrated circuit in 1958. I
● The fourth generation (1975 – present)
computers started with the invention of
Microprocessor. The Microprocessor contains
thousands of ICs.
- Ted Hoff produced the first microprocessor in
1971 for Intel. It was known as Intel 4004
● Computers of the fifth generation (present
and future) are built using the Artificial
Intelligence (AI) method. They can mimic
human logic and comprehend spoken
language.
consultant explained that science and
technology progress in a very logical way, with
each new discovery leading on from the last.
Computer - A computer is a machine or device
that performs processes, calculations and
operations based on instructions provided by a
software or hardware program.
Types of Computer
Supercomputers - The most powerful computers
in terms of performance and data processing are
the Supercomputers.
Uses of supercomputers:
Space Exploration -Supercomputers are used to
study the origin of the universe,
Earthquake Studies - are used to study the
Earthquakes phenomenon.
Weather Forecasting - are used for weather
forecasting, and to study the nature and extent of
Hurricanes, Rainfalls, windstorms, etc
Mainframe Computers - are not as powerful as
supercomputers, but many large firms &
government organizations use this type of
computer to run their business operations.
Minicomputer - are used by small businesses &
firms. They are also called “Midrange
Computers”.
Microcomputer - Desktop computers, personal
computers (PCs), laptops, personal digital
assistant (PDA), tablets, and smartphones are all
types of microcomputers.
Social Media - Social media is defined as the
various online communication channels that
people use to build networks, communities, and
collectives in order to share information, ideas,
messages, and other content, such as videos.
Cyberbullying - Cyberbullying has become a big
issue in many nations, including the Philippines,
due to the rapid rise in internet and social media
usage. Cyberbullying is the practice of harassing,
intimidating, or humiliating someone through
internet communication, frequently while
remaining anonymous.
Cyberstalking is the practice of following or
harassing someone online or through other
electronic communication tools in an effort to
instill fear or discomfort.
Cybersex is the practice of engaging in or
soliciting sexual activities through internet
communication.
Internet Etiquette (Netiquette) To develop and
maintain a conducive online experience, Internet
etiquette, also known as Netiquette, must be
observed.
 Prominent Filipinos in the field of Science
1. Ramon Cabanos Barba ONS was a Filipino
inventor and horticulturist best known for
inventing a way to induce more flowers in mango
trees using ethrel and potassium nitrate. Barba
was proclaimed a National Scientist of the
Philippines in June 2014.
2. Lourdes J. Cruz is a Filipino biochemist whose
research has contributed to the understanding of
the biochemistry of toxic peptides from the venom
of fish-hunting Conus marine snails. Throughout
the Philippines, she is known as the Sea Snail
Venom Specialist
3. Josefino C. Comiso- His research led to new
insights into many important processes in the
polar regions including:
(a) deep ocean convection and the influence of
polynyas and Odden on bottom water formation;
(b) phytoplankton blooms and relationships with
the sea ice cover and
(c) climate change signals as revealed by the
changing sea ice cover and accelerated warming
in the Arctic region.
4. Fabian Millar Dayrit’s research interests and
he studies various aspects of the quality of virgin
coconut oil. Potential use of virgin coconut oil
(VCO) against Alzheimer’s disease
- Spirulina algae is also being studied for
commercial production of cheap fish feed, as
well as the bioengineering of algae to produce
more high-value compounds such as phycobili
proteins.
5. Angel Chua Alcala ONS was a Filipino
biologist who was named a National Scientist of
the Philippines in 2014.
-known for his fieldwork to build sanctuaries and
to promote biodiversity in the aquatic ecosystems
of the Philippines.
6. Dr. Edgardo Gomez a Filipino marine biologist
and founding director of the Marine Science
Institute at the University of the Philippines
Diliman, made major contributions to baseline
mapping in the country, helping define the extent
of its territory especially in highly-contested areas
like the Spratly Islands and Scarborough Shoal.
7. Dr. William G. Padolina is recognized for his
significant contributions in the field of natural
products chemistry, coconut chemistry,
biotechnology and in management of research
and development.
8. Dr.Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr, a neonatologist,
was elected as a corresponding member - given
to those who live abroad but have significantly
impacted science and technology in the
Philippines.
9. Dr. Emil Q. Javier is recognized for his
significant contributions to plant breeding
research in rice, maize, sorghum, coconut, abaca,
and tropical grasses and legumes and his
pioneering and award-winning research and
extension work in tropical pastures agronomy and
utilization in integrated crop-livestock farming
systems.
10. Dr. Cesar A. Saloma is recognized for his
outstanding researches and accomplishments in
the field of instrumentation physics that have
resulted in the development of new techniques
and methods of measuring physical signals,
signal sampling and reconstruction.
Filipino Inventors
Manuel Guerrero – Studied beri beri in infants in
the Philippines during Spanish Era.
Leon Maria Guerrera – Father of Botany in the
Philippines and first licensed Pharmacist in the
Philippines.
Anacleto Del Rosario – the “Father of Philippine
Science and Laboratory”, He also invented the
formula for producing a pure kind of alcohol from
tuba in a nipa palm.
Abelardo Aguilar – Invented erythromycin, an
antibiotic.
Maria Orosa – Invented Banana Ketchup
Aisa Mejino – invented a Salt Lamp (Sustainable
Alternative Lightning Lamp, an environment
friendly light source that runs on salt water.
Rolando Dela Cruz – Invented a local mole
remover from extracts of cashew nuts.

Fe Del Mundo – Inventor of Medical Incubator

from indigenous and cheap materials which did
not run on electricity. First Asian woman to be
admitted at Harvard Medical School.

Enrique Ostrea – the inventor of the meconium

drug test. This is one of the most sensitive test to
detect fetal exposure to illicit drugs by the
analysis of meconium (first newborn stools).
Human flourishing - is defined as an effort to
achieve self-actualization and fulfillment within the
context of a larger community of individuals, each
with the right to pursue his or her own such
efforts. The concept of human flourishing is best
captured by the term eudaimonia.
According to St. Augustine, "Human beings are
endowed with a power that he calls the will." He
emphasizes the will as the center of freedom.
Augustine, who has a libertarian view, sees our
will as a free choice.
Heidegger's words. By entering into a particular
relationship with reality, reality is revealed in a
specific way. And this is where technology comes
in, since technology is the way of revealing that
characterizes our time.
SEVERAL IDEAS TO LIVE THE GOOD LIFE
1. Examine life, seek knowledge
2. Slow down and enjoy simplicity
3. Seek to attain self-mastery
4. Drawing joy and happiness from life’s
simple pleasures
5. Help in making this world a better place
6. Be grateful for what you have
7. Don’t worry about things you can’t control
8. Value and nurture relationships
9. Live your passions
10. Live in the moment

Seligman's conclusion is that happiness has

three dimensions that can be cultivated:
● The Pleasant Life
● The Good Life
● The Meaningful Life

Plato believed that any object, whether animal or

human, has a natural function. Discovering that
function is the first step in living the good life, and
it is followed by acting on that function.

In Aristotle’s best-known work, Nicomachean

Ethics, the philosopher adds important insights
about the good life. Aristotle seeks to construct a
framework by developing an understanding of the
highest good for human beings. He points out that
to most people, the highest good consists either
in the acquisition of wealth, the pursuit of honor,
or the satisfying of bodily pleasures.

According to Socrates, an unexamined life is

not worth living. Living life without ever reflecting
on it is not worth living. The person who
unquestioningly and continuously repeats the
cycle of waking up, working, and going back to
sleep is not living the good life.

3 CENTRAL ASPECTS OF GOOD LIFE

 Technological Advancements in the
Philippines Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (Article 1-10)
Article I - All people are born free, with equal
rights and respect.
Article 2 - Without difference of any type,
including but not limited to, race, color, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion,
national or social origin, property, birth or other
position, everyone is entitled to all the rights and
freedoms stated in this Declaration.
Article 3 - Everyone has the right to life, liberty
and security of person.
Article 4 - No one shall be held in slavery or
servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be
prohibited in all their forms.
Article 5 - No one shall be subjected to torture or
to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment.
Article 6 - Everyone has the right to recognition
everywhere as a person before the law.
Article 7 - Because everyone is equal before the
law, they are all entitled to equal protection under
the law.
Article 8 - Everyone has the right to an effective
remedy by the competent national tribunals for
acts violating the fundamental rights granted him
by the constitution or by law.
Article 9 - No one shall be subjected to arbitrary
arrest, detention or exile.
Article 10 - Every person has a full equal right to
a fair and public hearing before a tribunal that is
independent and impartial in determining his or
her rights and obligations and the validity of any
criminal charge brought against them.
Robots - are showing up more frequently in our
daily lives as technology continues to advance
quickly.
Here are some typical benefits of robots in daily
lives:
Safety - Robots can perform activities in
dangerous locations like the interior of a nuclear
power plant or at a great depth.
Time-Saving - Robots can complete a lot of
laborious and repetitive activities, so we don't
have to.
Accessibility - Robots provide individuals access
to things that are otherwise out of our reach.
Surveillance - Robots with cameras can provide
us with a glimpse of locations that are otherwise
inaccessible or too risky for people to visit.
Lessens Loneliness - Artificial intelligence (AI)
robotic companions can keep people company
when they’re alone, providing social interaction
and making those who feel lonely less likely to
become depressed.
Productivity - Robots reduce human efforts and
increase productivity within the workplace by
taking on dangerous jobs that humans don’t want
to do.
Improved Operation - Robots can also improve
the operation of systems such as computer
networks and electrical grids.
Less Human Errors - Robots can ensure better
accuracy within the workplace, which reduces the
likelihood of human error.
Artificial intelligence (AI) - was a concept
reserved for science fiction. It was used by
spaceship commanders to find "wormholes" and
understand alien species that existed throughout
the universe.
Impacts of AI on Our Everyday Life
1. Through either face recognition
2. Sex robots/sex bots
3. Robotic chefs
4. Personalized shopping
5. Digital voice assistance
6. Smart homes
7. Sending emails and messages
8. Google internet search
9. Streaming Apps
10 The effects of AI on healthcare
Roles of Robots in Protecting Environment
1. Robots Plant Trees - Climate change start-ups
typically choose one particular aspect of
environmental impact and find a solution for it.
SkyGrow CEO Mark Stewart sees it like planting
trees.
2. Robots Help Farmers Survive Droughts -
Our food supplies are impacted by the continued
changes in our climate. This is especially true in
less developed nations and rural places that have
difficulty importing food from other areas.
3. Robots Can Grow Like Plants - scientists at
The Planetoid Project are attempting to mimic the
actions and behaviors of plants.
4. Humanoid Robots Dive to the Bottom of the
Ocean - created by the Stanford Robotics Lab to
explore the ocean and gather samples as
efficiently as a diver, was recently covered by the
team at Evolving Science.
5. Swarm Robots Collect Data - Aquabotixis is a
technology development company that creates
vehicles for underwater inspection. It specializes
in swarm robots.
6. Robots Harvest Wave and Solar Energy -
The Wave Glider by Liquid Robotics is a fantastic
illustration. With integrated solar panels that
capture solar energy as it travels across the
ocean's surface.
7. Robots Eat Water Pollution - The creation of
a "Row-bot" at the University of Bristol that
consumes water pollution and converts it into
electricity was recently covered by the
Permaculture Research Institute in Australia.
8. Robots Kill Invasive Species - Hunting
invasive species that threaten and displace rare
flora and animals can sometimes be a necessary
part of environmental protection. The
Crown-of-Thorns starfish found in Australia's
Great Barrier Reef is one illustration of this.
9. Robots Also Pick Up River Trash - Pollution
comes in all forms, from oils and other chemicals
to plastic bags and straws. One company, Urban
Rivers, developed a trash robot for the Chicago
River.
10. Robots Make Recycling Easier - As more
people recycle, there is added pressure on
humans to sort the materials and determine what
can be reused.
11. Robots Climb Into the Sewers - Luigi, a
sewer robot created by MIT's Underworlds project
and featured by tech writer Luke Dormehl at
Digital Trends, is controlled by an iPhone app and
analyzes bacteria and chemicals in manholes.
12. Robots Reduce Carbon Emissions - The
expansion of automated technology in the Port of
Long Beach was recently discussed by senior
environment reporter Emily Guerin of KPCC
Southern California Public Radio.
13. Robots Reduce Personal Transportation
Emissions - Carbon emissions and climate
change are both significantly impacted by
transportation.
14. Robots Send Environmental Alerts on
Social Media - These robots require people who
care about preserving the environment and all of
its inhabitants, including plants and animals.The
"Rapid Response Team" tool was recently created
by the programmers at Climate Reality to notify
their Facebook fans whenever there is news on
the battle against climate change.
Richard Feynman - introduced the concept of
Nanotechnology.
Kim Eric Drexler - is an American engineer best
known for introducing molecular nanotechnology.
Norio Taniguchi - A Japanese professor who
coined the term Nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology - The study of incredibly small
structures, ranging in size from 0.1 to 100 nm
according to its dimension.
-The study and use of structures between one
nanometer and one hundred nanometers in size
is known as nanotechnology.
A nanoscale automata, or at least one with tiny
components, is what is referred to as a
nanodevice or nanomachine. A responsive
nanoparticle used to transport medications to an
internal target in the human body is an example
of direct nanotechnology, which refers to
nanosized materials employed directly in an
application. A device that includes a carbon units.
nanodevice—possibly together with other micro
or macro components and systems—is referred
to as an indirect nanotechnology device.
Aspect of Nanotechnology
(1) A universal fabrication procedure;
2) A particular way of conceiving, designing, and
modeling materials, devices, and systems,
including their fabrication;
(3) The creation of novelty.
As particles get smaller, there is an increase in
surface area compared to volume, and they are
also vulnerable to quantum effects, which results
in these peculiar physical and chemical
properties. They can therefore behave differently
and are not subject to the same physical
principles as larger objects.
Nanotechnology is intended to offer a fresh and
improved method for identifying and treating
cancer. Large biological molecules can interact
with nanoscale devices both outside and within
cancer cells.
This is so that catalysts created from
nanoparticles can interact with the chemicals that
are reacting more readily than catalysts made
from bigger particles.
Aerogels - which are materials made of
extremely light and strong materials with
extraordinary insulating qualities, and nanotubes
and nanoparticles, tubes and particles only a few
atoms across, could open the way for new
methods and better goods.
Nanofactories and nanobots - which are robots
that are only a few nanometers long, may also be
used to create innovative materials and products.
Carbon-based Nanoparticles - Single-walled
carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled
carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are two different
types of CNTs. Because they are non-conductive
across the tube yet thermally conductive along its
length, CNTs are special in a way.
-contain pentagonal and hexagonal-shaped
-. Due to their 100 times greater strength than
steel, these materials are primarily utilized for
structural reinforcement
Ceramic Nanoparticles - High thermal
resistance and chemical inertness characterize
these nanoparticles. They can be used for
imaging, medication administration,
photocatalysis, and dye degradation.
Metal Nanoparticles - Metal precursors are used
to create metal nanoparticles. It is possible to
create these nanoparticles using chemical,
electrochemical, or photochemical processes.
These have a high surface energy and can
adsorb tiny molecules. Uses in bioanalytical and
environmental testing, as well as in the detection
and imaging of biomolecules.
Semiconductor Nanoparticles - Semiconductor
nanoparticles resemble both metals and
non-metals in their characteristics. They can be
found in groups II–VI, III–V, or IV–VI of the
periodic table. These particles have broad
bandgaps that, when tuned, exhibit various
features. They have uses in photocatalysis,
electronics, photo-optics, and water splitting.
Polymeric Nanoparticles - These have
nanocapsular or nanosphere-like structures,
depending on the method of preparation. While a
nanocapsular particle has a core-shell shape, a
nanosphere has a matrix-like structure. They are
used in diagnostics and medicine delivery.
Polymeric nanoparticle-based medication delivery
systems are very biocompatible and
biodegradable.
Lipid Base Nanoparticles - have a spherical
shape with a diameter between 10 and 100 nm. It
consists of a matrix made up of soluble lipophilic
molecules and a solid lipid core. Exterior core is
stabilized by emulsifiers and surfactants. These
nanoparticles are used in the biomedical industry
as medication carriers, delivery systems, and
RNA release agents in the treatment of cancer
Chemical Sensors - can enable sensors to
detect very small amounts of chemical vapors.
Various types of detecting elements, such as
carbon nanotubes, zinc oxide nanowires or
palladium nanoparticles can be used in
nanotechnology-based sensors.
more cost-effective, it can alleviate the lack of
fossil fuels like diesel and gasoline.
Solar Cells - Companies have developed
nanotech solar cells that can be manufactured at
significantly lower cost than conventional solar
cells.
Batteries - Companies are currently developing
batteries using nanomaterials. One such battery
will be a good as new after sitting on the shelf for
decades. Another battery can be recharged
significantly faster than conventional batteries.
Space - It's possible that nanotechnology will be
the key to feasible space travel. Lightweight
spacecraft and a cable for the space elevator are
now achievable because to advancements in
nanomaterials.
Better Air Quality - It can enhance the efficiency
of catalysts that turn vapors leaving from vehicles
or industrial facilities into safe gasses. This is so
that catalysts constructed of nanoparticles can

Nanotechnology Application
Medicine - nanoparticles the size of molecules
are being created by scientists so they may
administer medications to your body's sick cells
directly. When mastered, this technique should
significantly lessen the harm that chemotherapy
and other treatments do to a patient's healthy
cells.
Electronics - Nanotechnology holds some
answers for how we might increase the
capabilities of electronics devices while we
reduce their weight and power consumption.
interact with the chemicals that are reacting more
readily than catalysts formed of bigger particles.
Better Water Quality - Three very diverse issues
with water quality are being addressed using
nanotechnology. The removal of industrial
contaminants from groundwater, such as the
cleaning solvent TCE, is one difficulty. Through a
chemical process, nanoparticles can transform
the contaminated chemical into a safe form.

Food - Nanotechnology is having an impact on

several aspects of food science, from how food is
grown to how it is packaged. Companies are
developing nanomaterials that will make a
difference not only in the taste of food, but also in
food safety, and the health benefits that food
delivers.

Fuel Cells - By boosting the mileage of engines,

making the manufacture of fuels from regular raw
materials more efficient, and making the
production of fuels from poor grade raw materials

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) - is an
organism whose genetic makeup has undergone
a deliberate change. Microorganisms (bacteria
and yeast), insects, plants, fish, and humans are
some of the organisms that have undergone
genetic modification.
-Refers to creatures whose DNA has been altered
to change certain traits. We can alter an
organism's traits by altering its genome, which is
its genetic makeup and is contained within the
chromosomes' nucleic acids.
Two ways to deliver gene therapy
Ex Vivo - gene therapy takes cells from your
body, modifies them in a lab, and puts them back
into the body.
In Vivo - uses viruses or other methods to
deliver genes directly into your cells.
Genome Editing - is a technique for making
precise alterations to an organism's or cell's DNA.
A specific region of DNA is cut by an enzyme,
and when the cell repairs the damage, the
sequence is altered or "edited."
Advantages of gene technology for the
aquaculture sector include accelerated growth
rates, enhanced disease resistance, and
increased temperature tolerance.
Uses and Application of Genetically Modified
Organism
Agriculture - One of the most commonly used
examples of GMOs is agricultural plants.
Increased crop yields, lower costs for food or drug
production, less need for pesticides, improved
nutrient composition and food quality, pest and
disease resistance, greater food security, and
medical benefits for the world's expanding
population are a few advantages of genetic
engineering in agriculture.
Aquaculture- GMOs are living things with altered
genetic makeup. Gene technology has already
made significant improvements to plant output in
agriculture. use of gene technology in aquaculture
has a wide range of potential advantages,
including the production of fish with greater
disease resistance, increased temperature
tolerance, and faster growth rates.
Food Industry - industrial food business is
constantly expanding its use of food enzymes
(FE). These FE are primarily produced by
microbial fermentation, which employs strains that
are both wild-type (WT) and genetically modified
(GM). By improving the fermentation procedure,
Biomedical Research - The use of genetically
modified organisms (GMOs) marks a significant
advancement in biological sciences and medical
research, with GMOs becoming more and more
crucial in the search for and creation of novel
therapeutics. The development of new and more
effective techniques for producing antibodies to
cure disease, generating and producing
medications, and creating vaccinations to prevent
disease (such as an HIV vaccine) all depend on
GMO-based medical research.
Environmental impacts - The aquaculture
industry's main effects include overfishing, the
spread of disease and parasites, the introduction
and spread of exotic species, chemical pollution,
habitat destruction for the establishment of the
farm or as a result of farm activities, and the
eradication of predators that feed on the farmed
species.
These impacts are dictated by three main factors
1. Species in production – For culturing species
with higher trophic level position, the requirement
of feed input will be more, thereby releasing large
quantity of wastes.
2. Location of production – The impact on
environment due to farm outputs (waste,
amplified disease or parasites, escapes of
cultured stock, or killing of predators) will be high
in ecologically sensitive locations, such as
mangroves, coastal estuaries and migration of
fish routes.
3. System of production – Open net pens are
completely open and thus, anything that happens
in the farm can be transferred to outside of the
farm whereas closed containment system
contains all inputs and outputs within itself.

Process of Genetic Modification

Risks and Controversies Surrounding the Use

of GMOs

1. Unintended Impacts on Other Species

2. Unintended Economic Consequences
3. Ecological imbalance
4. Mutation in organism
5. Produce new pathogen
6. Potential human risk
7. Bioterrorism

\
Gene therapy - has been existence for almost components of the blood back to the patient.
half of century and is alreadythestandard care in Bone marrow transplant and blood stem
certain procedures such as bone marrow transplantation is used to treat leukemia and
transplants. lymphoma

Gene Therapy can cure diseases like: Adipose Tissue - Known as excess body fats.
Stroke Liposuction - It is used for clinical trials for the
Autism treatment of diabetes mellitus, liver disease,
Parkinson’s corneal lesions, articular and cutaneous lesions,
Diabetes among
Spinal Cord Injury

Eufranio Eriguel - introduced House Bill No. 212

which would put up a “bioethics advisory board”
that would establish “ethical standards” governing
the practice of stem cell therapy.

Types of Gene Therapy

Somatic - Body Cell like, Skin, Liver and Eyeballs
Gametes - Sex Cells like, Egg or Sperm

Somatic gene therapy - transfer of a section of

DNA to any cell of the body that doesn’t produce
sperm or eggs. Effects of gene therapy will not be
passed onto the patient’s children.

Germline gene therapy - transfer of a section of

DNA to cells that produce eggs or sperm. Effects
of gene therapy will be passed onto the patient’s
children and subsequent generations.

Vectors - are essentially vehicles designed to

deliver therapeutic genetic material, such as a
working gene, directly into a cell.

Stem cells - are special type of cells in the body

that have the ability to differentiate into other cell
types. This ability allows them to replace cells that
have died.

leukapheresis - a process where blood is drawn

from the patient, passed through a machine that
selects only the stem cells and returns all other

Biodiversity - is the variety of different forms of
life on earth, including thedifferent plants,
animals, micro-organisms, the genes they contain
and the ecosystem they form. It refers to genetic
variation, ecosystem variation, species variation
(number of species)within an area, biome or
planet.
- The Philippines ranks fifth in the number of plant
species and maintains5%of the world’s flora.
Species endemism is very high, covering at least
25 generaof plantsand 49% of terrestrial wildlife,
while the country ranks fourth in bird endemism.
Threats to Biodiversity
1. Climate change - Changes in climate
throughout our planet's history have, of course,
alteredlifeonEarth in the long run — ecosystems
have come and gone and species
routinelygoextinct.
2. Deforestation and habitat loss -
Deforestation is a direct cause of extinction and
loss of biodiversity. Anestimated 18 million acres
of forest are lost each year, due in part to logging
andotherhuman practices, destroying the
ecosystems on which many species depend.
3. Overexploitation Overhunting - overfishing
and over-harvesting contribute greatly to the loss
of biodiversity, killing off numerous species over
the past several hundred years.
4. Invasive species - The introduction of
non-native species into an ecosystem can
threaten endemic wildlife (either as predators or
competing for resources), affect human health
and upset economies.
5. Pollution - From the burning of fossil fuels
(releasing dangerous chemicals into the
atmosphere and, in some cases, depleting ozone
levels) to dumping 19 billion pounds of plastic into
the ocean every year, pollution completely
disrupts the earth's ecosystems.
Human Health, Environment and Society - The
impact of environmental risk factors on health are
extremely varied and complex in both severity
and clinical significance. For example, the effects
of environmental degradation on human health
can range from death caused by cancer due to air
pollution to psychological problems resulting from
noise.
- All organisms depend on their environments for
energy and materials neededtosustain life: clean
air, potable water, nutritious food, and safe places
to live.
Managing benefits and risks - Many of the
issues at the intersection of health and the
environment have to do with managing benefits
and risks. For example, pesticides play an
important role in increasing crop yields, but they
can also pose hazards to human health and the
environment. Alternatives to pesticide use create
trade-offs in health.
Social Justice - Managing benefits and risks
raises social justice concerns. In general,
peoplewith lower socioeconomic status have
greater exposure to certain detrimental
environmental conditions in their homes or at
work, such as lead, mercury, pesticides, toxic
chemicals, or air and water pollution,
- A vulnerable sub population is a group
withanincreased susceptibility to the adverse
effects of an environmental risk factor, duetotheir
age, genetics, health status, or some other
condition.
Human Rights - Various public health strategies
pit the rights of individuals against the good of
society, such as mandatory treatment,
vaccination, or diagnostic testing; isolation and
quarantine; and disease surveillance.

Energy Resources - It is a sources of power that
can be converted into useful forms of energy to
perform work or provide heat, light, and other
forms of energy for various human activities.
Two types of Energy Resources
1. Non-Renewable Resources - A Non-Renewable
Resources is a natural resources that cannot be
re-made or regrown by Humans at a scale
comparable to its consumption
Fossil Fuels - are a category of non-renewable
energy resources that are formed from the
remains of ancient plants and animals that lived
millions of years ago.
Types of Fossil Fuels
- Coal - came from the ancient plants that are
formed million years ago.
- Natural Gas and Petroleum - Came from the
ancient animals died million years ago to create
gas.
2. Renewable Resources - They considered more
sustainable and environmentally friendly
compared to nonrenewable resources because
they do not deplete over time and typically have
lower greenhouse gas emissions.
Examples of Renewable Energy
Solar Energy - It is a renewable and sustainable
form of energy that is harnessed from the sun ' s
radiation. It is a clean and environmentally
friendly source of power that can be converted
into electricity or used for heating and various
other applications
Wind Energy - Is a form of renewable energy
derived from the kinetic energy of the wind. It is
harnessed and converted into electricity using
devices called wind turbines or wind generators.
Wind turbines are typically installed in areas
where there is a consistent and sufficient wind
supply, such as open plains, coastlines, and
mountain passes.
Geothermal Energy - It is a renewable and
sustainable form of energy that is harnessed from
the heat stored beneath the Earth' s surface. This
heat comes from the natural decay of radioactive
materials and the original heat from the formation
of the Earth.
Tidal Energy - It is a form of renewable energy
that is generated by harnessing the gravitational
pull of the moon and the sun on Earth' s oceans,
which causes periodic rises and falls in sea
levels, known as tides.
Biomass - It refers to organic materials that can
be used as a source of energy when burned,
converted into biofuels, or processed in other
ways. Biomass can be derived from a variety of
biological sources, such as plants, wood,
agricultural and forestry residues, organic waste,
and even certain types of algae.
ENERGY SYSTEMS AND ITS
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Biofuels - look like an ideal energy solution.
Since plants absorb carbon dioxide as they grow,
crops could counteract the carbon dioxide
released by cars.
Coal mining - has the potential to harm air,
water and land quality if it is not done with proper
care. Acidic water may drain from abandoned
mines underground, and the burning of coal
causes the emission of harmful materials
including carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and
mercury.
Geothermal - power plants have relatively little
environmental impact—they burn no fuel to create
electricity. These plants do create small amounts
of carbon dioxide and sulfur compounds, but
geothermal emissions are far smaller than those
created by fossil fuel power plants.
Some of its environmental impacts are:
Water Quality
Use Air Emissions
Land Use
Life-Cycle Global Warming Emissions
Hydropower - does not cause water or air
pollution, it does have an environmental impact:
Hydroelectric power plants may harm fish
populations, change water temperature and flow
(disturbing plants and animals) and force the
 relocation of people and animals who live near
the dam site.

Some of Environmental Impacts of

Hydropower are:
1. Deforestation
2. Risk of Soil Erosion
3. Risk of Water-Logging Salinity
4. Impact on Biodiversity
5. Water Quality

Petroleum (Oil and Gas) - Great strides have

been made to ensure that oil and gas producers
make as little impact as possible on the natural
environments in which they operate. These
include drilling multiple wells from a single
location to minimize damage to the surface, using
environmentally sound chemicals to stimulate well
production and restoring the surface as nearly as
possible to pre-drilling conditions.

Solar - Solar energy produces no air or water

pollution or greenhouse gases. However, it has
some indirect impacts on the environment. For
example, the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells
(PV) produces some toxic materials and
chemicals.

Nuclear Energy - Nuclear power plants produce

no air pollution or carbon dioxide, but they do
produce byproducts like nuclear waste and spent
fuels. They used Uranium and Plutonium as a
fuel.
- Nuclear Energy requires more water than any
other energy source. Water used for cooling is
released back into the environment, and while it
does not contain radioactive materials or other
harmful chemicals, it is warmer than before. This
is called thermal pollution.

Wind - is a clean energy source. It produces no

air or water pollution because no fuel is burned to
generate electricity. The most serious
environmental impact of wind energy may be its
effect on bird and bat mortality.
 Climate Change -refers to a long term weather
patterns prevailing over a given of the planet.
- term comes from a Greek word klinein
meaning to slope.
- It evolved into klima, implying a region of
the earth as characterized by its
atmospheric conditions.
Global Warming - the long-term warming of the
planet's overall temperature.
Causes of Climate Change
1. Volcanic Eruptions - one of the natural
causes, it emits different natural aerosols like
carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, salt crystals
volcanic ashes or dust, and even
microorganisms or viruses.
- The release of sulfur dioxide in the stratosphere
causes acid rain when combined with water
vapor.
2. Orbital Changes - Earth’s movement in space
cause also climate change. As the earth travels
around the sun, cyclical variations produce
different amounts of energy that reach the
earth.
- Eccentricity is the shape of the earth's
orbit that influences seasonal differences:
spring, summer, autumn, and winter.
3. Human Activities
1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) - enters the
atmosphere through burning fossil fuels, solid
waste, trees, and other biological materials,
and the manufacture of cement.
2. Methane (CH4) - is emitted during the
production and transport of coal, natural gas,
and oil.
3. Nitrous oxide (N20) - is emitted during
agricultural and industrial activities,
combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste, as
well as during the treatment of wastewater.
4. Halocarbons - such as
Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur
hexafluoride, and nitrogen trifluoride are
synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases that
are emitted from a variety of industrial
processes.
Impact of Climate Change
1. Water Resources - Flood magnitude and
frequency are likely to increase in most
regions as a consequence of the increase
in the frequency of heavy precept events.
2. Agriculture and Food Security - The
response of crop yields to climate change
varies widely, depending on the species,
cultivar, and soil conditions. The
degradation of soil and water resources is
a major future challenge for global
agriculture.
3. Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems
- Increasing carbon dioxide concentration
would increase net primary productivity
whereas increasing temperatures may
have positive or negative effects.
4. Coastal Zones and Marine Ecosystems
- Climate change will result in increased
sea surface temperature and sea level;
decreases in sea-ice cover and changes
in salinity and ocean circulation. El Niño ’s
increase in frequency, plankton biomass,
and fish larvae abundance would decline
and adversely impact fish, marine
mammals, seabirds, etc.
5. Human Settlements, Energy and
Industry - Economic sectors that support
the settlement are affected because of
changes in productive capacity or
changes in market demand for goods and
services produced there.
6. Insurance and Financial Services - The
costs of extreme weather events have
exhibited a rapid upward trend in recent
decades.
7. Human Health - If heat waves increase in
frequency and intensity, the risk of death
and serious illness would increase,
principally in older age groups and the
urban poor.
8. Sea Level Rise - Ocean thermal
expansion leads to an increase in ocean
volume at constant mass. The mass of the
ocean, and thus sea level, changes as
water is exchanged with glaciers and ice
caps.
 Mitigating Climate Change

Kyoto Protocol - the worldwide effort of taking

steps to limit the amount of greenhouse gases
being released into the atmosphere by alotting
certain amount of allowed pollution (pollution
credits) to every industrialized country.

Geoengineering - is the intentional manipulation

of our environment on a global scale. It involves
engaging in planetary-scale manipulation of the
Earth in such a way as to offset the warming
impacts of increasing greenhouse gas
concentrations.

Sustainable Land Management - The

productivity and sustainability of a land-use
system are determined by the interaction between
land resources, climate, and human activities.

Switching to non-fossil fuel sources of energy

- Switching to Nuclear Energy and Renewable
Resources.

Greenhouse gas reductions in the use of

fossil fuels - More Efficient Conversion of Fossil
Fuels, Switching to Low-Carbon Fossil Fuels and
suppressing Emissions can reduce emissions,
Decarbonization of Flue Gases and Fuels, and
CO2 Storage.