PHARMACOLOGY
rectum
- It is the study of how a drug works on the body. Its
side effects on the body, and the way the body
uses the drug.
DRUGS
- Are chemicals that are introduced into the body
to cause some sort of change.
- When drugs are administered, the body begins a
sequence of processes designed to handle the
new chemicals.
PHARMACOLOGIC PRINCIPLES
• PHARMACEUTICS
- Branch of pharmacology concerned with the
preparation, use, or sale of medicinal drugs.
• PHARMACOKINETICS
- The transport of a drug in the body by the
blood stream to its site of action.
- It includes the study of (ADME),
absorption, distribution,
metabolism(biotransformation and
excretion of drugs
ABSORPTION: Refers to what happens to a
drug from time it is introduced to the body until it
reaches the circulating fluids and tissues.
◘ Factors Affecting Absorption
○ Intravenous: none: Direct entry into the
venous system
○ Intramuscular: Perfusion or blood flow to
the muscle fat content of the muscle.
- Temperature of the muscle: cold
causes vasoconstriction and decreases
absorption; heat causes vasodilation and
increases absorption
○ Subcutaneous: Perfusion or blood flow to
the tissue, fat content of the tissue.
- Temperature of the tissue: cold causes
vasoconstriction and decreases absorption;
heat causes vasodilation and increased
absorption.
○ PO (oral): Acidity of stomach length of
time in stomach
- Blood flow to gastrointestinal tract
- Presence of interacting foods and drugs
○ PR (rectal): Perfusion or blood flow to the
- Lesion in the rectum
- Length of time retained for absorption
○ Mucous Membranes (sublingual, Buccal)
- Perfusion or blood flow to the area
- Integrity of the mucous membranes.
- Presence of food or smoking.
- Length of time retained in the area.
○ Topical (skin): Perfusion or blood flow to the
area
- Integrity of skin
○ Inhalation: Perfusion or blood flow to the area
- Integrity of lung living
- Ability to administer drug properly
◘ Absorption Process- drugs can be absorbed
into cells through various process, which include
passive diffusion, active transport, and
filtration.
○ Passive Diffusion
- is the major process through which drugs area
absorbed in the body.
- occurs across a concentration gradient.
- When, there is a greater concentration of a drug
will move through the membrane to the area of
lower concentration.
○ Active Transport
- is a process that uses energy to actively move a
molecule across a cell membrane.
- it is often a very important process in drug
excretion in the kidney.
○ Filtration
- involves movement through pores in the cell
membrane, either down a concentration gradient or
as a result of the
DISTRIBUTION
- It involves the movement of a drug to the
body’s tissues
- As with absorption, factors that can affect
distribution include the drug’s lipid solubility,
ionization, and the perfusion of the reactive
tissue.
METABOLISM
 - Also called Bio transformation foreign chemicals, including drugs that enter
- Metabolism is a chemical reaction, which those systems.
lead to modification of drugs. - Drug usually works in one of four ways:
- Enhance excretion by transforming the drug ► To replace or act as substitutes for
to a less lipid soluble, less readily missing chemicals.
reabsorbed form. ►To increase or stimulate certain cellular
- Termination of drug action activities
►To depress or slow cellular activities.
○ First- Pass Effect
►To interfere with the functioning of foreign
- is the term used for the hepatic cells, such as invading microorganisms or
metabolism of drug when it is absorbed from neoplasms (drugs that act in this way are
GIT and delivered to the liver via portal called chemotherapeutic agents)
circulation. - A positive change in a physiologic system is
called therapeutic effect.
○ Excretion - Therapeutic effect is the goal of drug
- Excretion is the removal of a drug from therapy.
the body. • PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS
- The skin, saliva, lungs, bile, and feces are
some of the routes used to excrete drugs. - Also called clinical pharmacology
- The kidneys, however, play the most - The branch of pharmacology that uses
important role in drug excretion. drugs to treat, prevent, and diagnose
disease.
OTHER PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOKINETICS - Addresses two key concerns.
○ Onset 1. The drug’s effects on the body
2. The body’s response to the drug.
- The time it takes for the drug to elicit a
therapeutic response NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
- Unang pag epekto ng gamot sa body - Administering drugs
○ Peak - Assessing drug effects (skin test)
- Intervening to make the drug regimen more
- The time drug concentration is sufficient to tolerable.
elicit a therapeutic response. - Providing patient teaching about drugs and
the drug regimen.
○ Duration
- Monitoring the overall patient care plan to
- The time drug concentration is sufficient to prevent medication errors.
elicit a therapeutic response.
14 RIGHTS ON DRUG ADMINISTRATION
○ Half Life
1. Right Drug/ Medication
- The time it takes one-half of the original 2. Right Client/ Patient
amount of a drug in a body to be removed. 3. Right Route
- A measure of the rate at which drugs are 4. Right Dose
removed from the body. 5. Right Frequency/ Time
- Most of the drugs are considered to be 6. Right Assessment
effectively removed after about five-half 7. Right Approach
lives. 8. Right Education
9. Right Evaluation
• PHARMACODYNAMICS 10. Right Documentation
- Also known as Mechanism of Action 11. Right to Refuse
- Pharmacodynamics is the study of the 12. Right Principle of Care
interactions between the chemical 13. Right Prescription
components of living systems and the 14. Right Nurse Clinician
SOURCES OF DRUGS
• NATURAL SOURCES
1. Plants
2. Animals
3. Inorganic compounds
• SYNTHETIC SOURCES
 Pre- Clinical Trial- chemicals that may
have therapeutic value are tested on
laboratory animals for two main purposes:
1. To determine whether they have the
presumed effects in living tissue.
2. To evaluate any adverse effects.