Types of Rocks

Earth & Life Science

CHONA JUSON
Subject Teacher
 Rocks
At the end of this session you will be
able to:
a. classify rocks into igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic; and

a. explain the processes involved in the

transformation of one rock to another
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 Rocks
Rocks

1. How are igneous rocks transformed and

become a sedimentary rock?

2. What are the processes involved in the

transformation of igneous rocks to
sedimentary rocks?

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 Rocks
Rocks

3. How are sedimentary rocks transformed into

metamorphic rocks? What are the processes in
involved in the transformation?

4. How are metamorphic rocks transformed into

igneous rocks? What are the processes involve
in the transformation?
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 Rocks
Rocks

is a consolidated aggregate of various types of

minerals or a consolidated aggregate of multiple
individual pieces (grains) of the same kind of
mineral.
each constituent mineral in a rock remains separate
and retains its own distinctive characteristics.
properties of rock as a whole are composite of
those of its various mineral constituents.

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 Rocks
Rocks

Rocks are fundamental building materials

of the lithosphere.

They are lifted, pushed down, and

deformed by large scale tectonic forces
originating in the lower mantle and
asthenosphere.
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 Rocks
Rocks

Bedrock- a mass of unconsolidated rock

that has not been weathered.
Bedrock may be exposed at the surface
of earth or it may be overlain by a cover of
broken and decomposed rock fragments
called regolith.
A mass of exposed bedrock is typically
referred to as an outcrop.
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 Rocks
Rocks

Rocks are classified according to how they are

formed.

1. Igneous rocks- are formed by the cooling or

solidification of magma or lava.

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 Rocks
Rocks

2. Metamorphic rocks- are formed by preexisting

rocks that are exposed to extreme heat and pressure
in the Earth’s interior, a process called
metamorphism.

3. Sedimentary rocks- are formed by the compaction

and cementation of sediments, a process called
lithification.

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 Igneous Rocks
A molten rock that cools and solidifies.
Examples:
1.magma-rock matter below Earth's surface;
2. lava- rock material at the surface.

There are two major categories of Igneous Rocks:

1. Extrusive igneous rock
2. Intrusive igneous rock 9/18/2023
 Igneous Rocks

1. Extrusive Igneous rock- called volcanic rock.

They are igneous rocks formed on the surface of
the earth. They are cooled lava, which are molten
rocks ejected on the surface through volcanic
eruptions. They are fine-grained due to abrupt
cooling on the surface.
pyroclastics- are fragments ejected during volcanic
eruption from (from Greek: pyros, fire; clastus, broken)
 Igneous Rocks

2. Intrusive igneous rock- called plutonic rock.

It is a magma that changes to solid. They are
igneous rocks formed underneath the earth.
They are coarse-grained due to the slow
cooling of magma allowing crystal growth
 Igneous Rocks
They are classified in terms of their mineral composition
and size of constituent minerals called texture.
⚫ Igneous rocks vary in
1. texture,
2. chemical composition,
3. crystalline structure,
4. tendency to fracture, and
5. presence or absence of layering
 Igneous Rocks
Classification in terms of Texture:

1. Fine-grained texture- composed of small sized

individual minerals not visible to the unaided eye.
➢those extruded at the surface cools quickly that forms
crystals in a short period of time prior to its
solidification.

➢example: obsidian rock

 Igneous Rocks

2. Coarse-grained texture- compose of large

minerals that are visible without magnification

➢slow cooling takes place, more time for crystal

formation prior to solidification.
 Igneous Rocks
Classification in terms of Chemical Composition:
Felsic- (feldspar and silica) is a light-colored, lighter
weight minerals.
Example: granite
Mafic- (ma for magnesium and f for ferrum latin for
iron)lower in silica and heavy heavy minerals. It is a
coarse grained.
Example: Rhyolite
 Igneous Rocks
Intrusive Igneous Rocks
Extrusive
 Igneous Rocks
Extrusive vs Intrusive
 Igneous Rocks
Extrusive

rhyolite
Igneous Rock
Intrusive
Igneous Rock
Intrusive
 Igneous Rock
Intrusive

Igneous rocks gabbro andesite pegmatite basalt

pumice porphyry obsidian granite tuff
Igneous Rock
Intrusive
 Sedimentary Rocks

Derived from sediments which is a loose

accumulation of unconsolidated fragments.
Cementation occurs when silica, calcium
carbonate, iron oxide bonds fragments
together.
Lithification- process of compaction and
cementation of sediments into solid to form
coherent layers.
 Sedimentary Rocks

Three major categories of sedimentary rocks:

1. Clastic sedimentary rock- fragments of preexisting rocks,
shells, or bones
2. Organic sedimentary rock- lithify from remains of organisms,
both plants and animals
3. Chemical precipitate sedimentary rock- lithified sediments
of precipitate from dissolved minerals in ocean or lake water
reach saturation, build up as a deposit on the sea bottom.
 Sedimentary Rocks
Broken Fragments of solids are called clasts (
from Latin: clastus, broken)
In order of increasing size, clasts range from
clay, silt, and sand, to gravel (categorized as
fragment greater than sand or larger than 2
mm) which includes granules, pebbles,
cobbles, and boulders.

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 SEdimentary Rocks
Clasts consists of fragments of previously existing
rocks, shells, or bones that were deposited on a river
bed, beach, sand dune, lake bottom, the ocean floor
and other environments where fragments of solid
accumulate.

EXamples of clastic sedimentary rock:

❖ shale
❖conglomerate
❖siltstone
❖sandstone
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 Sedimentary Rock
(Clastic sedimentary of preexisting rocks, shells, or bones)

Sandstone- consists of cemented sand-sized particles.

Marine sandstones- form in nearshore coastal zone
Terrestrial sandstone- originate in desert or floodplain environments.

Siltstone- composed of silt-sized particles not easily

visible with unaided eye.

Shale- produced by compaction of very fined-grained

sediments, especially clay.
Sedimentary Rock
(Clastic sedimentary)

CLAY
Sedimentary Rock
(Clastic sedimentary)

SAND
 Sedimentary Rock
(Clastic sedimentary of preexisting rocks, shells, or bones)

Conglomerate- a lithified
mass , cemented, roughly
rounded pebbles, cobbles,
and boulders. May have
clay, silt, or sand filling
spaces in between.
 Sedimentary Rock
(Clastic sedimentary of preexisting rocks, shells, or bones)
 Sedimentary Rock
(Clastic sedimentary of preexisting rocks, shells, or bones)

Shale-produced by compaction
of very fined-grained sediments,
especially clay.
 SEdimentary Rocks
Classifications of sedimentary rocks according to origin:
1. marine environment
ex. marine sandstone- form in nearshore coastal zones

2. terrestrial environment
ex. Terrestrial sandstones- originate in desert or floodplane
environments

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 Sedimentary Rock
(Clastic sedimentary of preexisting rocks, shells, or bones)

Limestone- form from

remains of shellfish, corals,
drifting microscopic
organisms called plankton
sink to the bottom of water
bodies. Rich in calcium
carbonate (CaCO3 ).
Typically contains fossil
shell and coral fragments.
 Sedimentary Rock
(Clastic sedimentary of preexisting rocks, shells, or bones)
 Sedimentary Rock
(Clastic sedimentary of preexisting rocks, shells, or bones)
 Sedimentary Rock
(Organic Sedimentary- remains of plants & animals)

Coal-created by
accumulation and
compaction of
partially decayed
vegetation in acidic,
swampy
environments where
water saturated
grounds prevents
oxidation and
complete decay of
matter.
Sedimentary Rock
(Organic Sedimentary)

COAL
 SEdimentary Rocks
Chemical Precipitate-lithified sediments of precipitate
from dissolved minerals in ocean or lake water reach
saturation, build up as a deposit on the sea bottom.
Examples:
1. fine grained rocks like Dolomite formed from limestone
that undergo chemical precipitation of calcium
carbonate (CaCO 3 )

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 Sedimentary Rock
(Precipitate Sedimentary)

Gypsum- used in wallboard

Halite- common salt
Borates- used in fiber glass, fertilizers,
detergents
Stratification- sediments that
accumulate in layers or strata that
remain visible after stratification.
 Metamorphic Rock

Metamorphic means “ changed form”.

Heat and pressure deep in the earth’s
crust alter the existing rock into a new
rock type. They are typically harder and
more compact reoriented crystalline
structure and more resistant to
weathering.
Metamorphic Rock

Slate- Shales that

Changes into metamorphic
rock
 Metamorphic Rock

Schist- common rock

type with thin foliation
layers
 Metamorphic Rock

Schist- common rock

type with thin foliation
layers. Came from fine
Metamorphic Rock

Gneiss- Extremely hard.

Came from coarse grained
rock like granite
Metamorphic Rock

Gneiss- Extremely hard.

Came from coarse grained
rock like granite
Metamorphic Rock

Gneiss- Extremely hard.

Came from coarse grained
rock like granite
 Metamorphic Rock

Gneiss- Extremely hard. Came from coarse

grained rock like granite
Metamorphic Rock

Pink Marble
Metamorphic Rock

Gray Marble
Metamorphic Rock

Quartzite
 Rock Cycle

Is a conceptual model for understanding

the processes that generate, alter, transport,
and deposit mineral materials to produce
different kinds of rocks.
Existing rocks can be “ recycled” to form
new rocks and sometimes very different type
of rocks.
Rock Cycle
Rock Cycle
 Performance Task

1.Take a pictures of rock formations that shows

a certain type of rock found in your community.
2.Make a display of a real sample of different
types of rocks.