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CALINOG NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Calinog, Iloilo
Rice (Arcitin Rice) Husk Ash, Plastic (Polyethylene terephthalate) Bottles, Egg
(Chicken Shells) Shells and Oyster (Slipper Shells) Shells
as an Alternative Cement and Coarse Aggregate
Additives in Concrete Block
An Investigatory Research
Presented to the Faculty of
Calinog National Comprehensive High School
Senior High School
Calinog, Iloilo
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
Beverly Faith P. Carisma
Prince Karl P. Crizaldo
Michaela F. Jardin
Jennoele Roi A. Rivera
Kylla G. Roche
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Calinog, Iloilo
2023
APROVAL SHEET
This research paper entitled “Rice (Arcitin Rice) Husk Ash, Plastic (Polyethyleneterephthalate)
Bottles, Egg (Chicken Shells) Shells and Oyster (Slipper Shells) Shells as an Alternative Cement
and Coarse Aggregate Additives in Concrete Block ” submitted by Kylla Roche, Beverly Faith
Carisma, Michaela Jardin, Jennoele Roi Rivera, and Prince Karl Crizaldo, senior high school
students of Calinog National Comprehensive High School for the School Year 2022-2023 have
been examined and approved during the Final Oral Defense with the rating of ___________.
Panel Members
MR. HARRY R. PALMES Ph. D. MRS. SHERYL LEGRESO
MS. APPLE ALMIRANTE
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Inquiries,
Investigation, and Immersion on 13th of June 2023.
ETHYL L. FUSIN, Ph. D.

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Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion Teacher's
Acknowledgement
We, the researchers, would like to offer our heartfelt gratitude, appreciation, and thanks
to all who generously contributed to the completion of this study. Particularly the following:
The almighty God never ceases to shower us with many blessings and graces, particularly
the strength, time, and wisdom, and who continues to direct and aid us from the beginning
until the completion of the study.
Mrs. Analyn P. Montes, Secondary School Officer-In-charge of this institution for the
permission to perform this study, as well as her unwavering support and encouragement to
pursue and complete our research study despite of all odds.
Doc. Ethyl L. Fusin, our Inquiry, Investigation, and Immersion teacher for her unwavering
leadership, support, assistance, and comprehension of her existing strength and knowledge in
the pursuit of our study.
Doc. Harry Palmes, our research teacher, for assisting us not only in making our study
correct, but also in the process and analysis of the data acquired.
Mr. Jose Vicente Comoda, for guiding and allowing us to utilize the equipments in his E &
T concrete block production factory for the production of our concrete blocks.
Mrs. Sheryl Legreso, our adviser, for assisting and briefing us on the Statistical tool we
utilized.
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Mrs. Analiza P. Crizaldo, for the help, company, and allowing us to work in their home
before and after we finished our research study.
Abstract
This study aimed to determine if the Rice (Arcitin Rice) Husk Ash, Plastic (Polyethylene
terephthalate) Bottles, Egg (Chicken Shells) Shells and Oyster (Slipper Shells) Shells could be a
potential Alternative Cement and Coarse Aggregate Additives in Concrete Block. The
experimental study aimed determine its effectiveness in terms of durability (droptest and water
absorption test). The statistical tool that was employed to determine the average of the results
was Mean and t-test to determine if there is no significant difference on the two objects. The
level of significance was set at 0.05 alpha. The results revealed that: 1.) In terms of droptest,
the experimental set-up was a bit more effective compared to controlled set-up. 2.) The results
shows that the experimental set-up was a bit more effective than controlled set-up in terms of
water absorption. They both categorized as High in Durability, it means that the set-ups have a
high workability state according to the different test. 3.) The results showed that there are no
significance differences in the level of effectiveness between Experimental Set-up and
Commercial Set-up in terms of durability (droptest and water absorption test).
Keywords:
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Concrete Block, Polyethylene terephthalate, Terms, Determine, Shells, Results, Experimental,
Water Absorption, Test, Droptest, Durability, Effectiveness, Level
Table of Contents
Content Page
Title page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgment iii
Abstract iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
List of Appendices xi
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
Background of the Study 13
Theoretical Framework 16
Conceptual Framework 17
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Statement of the Problems and Hypothesis 18
Significance of the Study 19
Definition of Terms 20
Scope and Delimitation of the Study 21
Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Related Literature 23
Related Studies 27
Chapter 3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
Research Design 30
Materials 31
Equipment and Utensils 32
Procedures 33
Data Gathering Procedures 36
Statistical Data Analysis 36
Data Analysis Procedure 36
Statistical Tools 37
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Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Descriptive Data Analysis 38
Inferential Data Analyses 42
Chapter 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary 44
Findings 45
Conclusions 46
Implications 46
Recommendations 47
REFERENCES xxxxvi
APPENDICES xxxxxi
CURRRICULUM VITAE xxxxxix

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List of Tables
Table Page
1 Shows the Materials to be used for Experimentation 31
2 Shows the Equipment and Utensils used for Experimentation 32
3 Durability Sheet of Concrete Block in Drop Test 53
4 Durability Sheet of Concrete Block in Water Absorption Test 54
5 Durability of the two Set-ups in Drop Test 39
6 Durability of the two Set-ups in Water Absorption Test 41
7 T-test on determining the difference between two set-ups 42
in Drop Test
8 T-test on determining the difference between two set-ups 43
in Water Absorption Test

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List of Figures
Figure
1 Results of each trial in Experimental set-up Drop Test
2 Results of each trial in Controlled set-up Drop Test.
3 Results of each trial in Experimental set-up Water Absorption Test
4 Results of each trial in Controlled set-up Water Absorption Test
5 Preparation of Materials
6 Measuring of Materials
7 Mixing of Materials
8 Operating of Equipment
9 Setting the Product to Dry
10 Finished Product
11 Performing Drop Test
12 Results of Drop Test

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13 Performing Water Absorption Test
14 Weight Before Testing
15 Weight After Testing

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List of Appendices
Appendix Page
A Letter to the Officer in Charge 51
B Letter to the Adviser 52
C Durability Test Sheets 53
D Results in Graph 55
E Documentation of the Study 57

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Chapter 1
Introduction Of the Study
This chapter is divided into seven parts: (1) Background of the Study, (2) Theoretical
Framework, (3) Conceptual Framework, (4) Statement of the Problem & Hypothesis, (5)
Significance of the Study, (6) Definition of Terms, (7) Scope and Delimitation of the Study.
Part One, Background of the Study, discusses the basic information about the study, the
importance and validity of the chosen topic.
Part Two, Theoretical Framework, drives the question, guides the types of methods for
the data collection and analysis, informs the discussion of the findings, and reveals the
subjectivities of the researchers.
Part Three, Conceptual Framework, it illustrates the expected relationship between
variables. It defines the relevant objectives for research process and maps out how they come
together to draw coherent conclusions.
Part Four, Statement of the Problem & Hypothesis, indicates the purpose of the
investigation generally and specifically using descriptive questions. And to know whether the
study is significant or not.
Part Five, Significance of the Study, presents the beneficiaries and the benefits that
could be derived from the result of the study.

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Part Six, Definition of Terms, presents the conceptual and operational definitions of the
important terms used in the study.
Part Seven, Scope and Delimitation of the Study, gives the brief and concise scope or
boundaries of the study.
Background of the Study
Concrete blocks are one of the essential components of buildings, houses and most
establishments. Concrete blocks are among the main building materials in the construction
industry, and have been used in different construction applications such as partition wall blocks,
paving blocks, and floor blocks, among others. Traditionally, production of the cement blocks
uses Portland cement as binder to aggregates. The production of cement is an energy-intensive
and carbon-emitting process. In addition, cement production consumes a considerable number
of natural resources (Zhang, 2013).
Recently, local markets have recorded fluctuating prices of blocks and certain issues on
the efficiency and sturdiness to withstand some tests. The compositions of concrete blocks are
cement, sand, and some adhesive mixtures. These are proportionally put together to come up
with a block which come from different sizes depending on the specific purpose where it will be
used. With issues on cost and efficiency, the emerging market of using block is challenged by
the sustainability of whether it is cost efficient and durable. Aggregate is one of the major
components (up to 80% by volume) in concrete blocks and vital in influencing the properties of
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concrete blocks. The usage of conventional aggregate is not environmentally friendly and
causes depletion of natural resources (Meng, et. al., 2018).
It is challenging if Portland cement can be replaced by alternative binders which are
more environmentally friendly (Zhang, 2013). Such as rice husk ash, plastic waste, eggshells
and oyster shells. Moreover, the consideration of other alternatives such as rice husk ash,
plastic waste, eggshells and oyster shells can either uplift or downgrade the quality and
efficiency of the block. With the aim in mind to utilize the potential of the rice husk ash, plastic
waste, eggshells and oyster shells through their chemical compositions, the researchers want to
determine their effectiveness in terms of using as an alternative cement and coarse aggregate
additive in concrete blocks.
Rice husk ash contains 85% to 95% weight percent of amorphous silica (it increases the
strength of cement, and its setting time is prolonged). Rice husk ash improves the robustness
of self-compacting high-performance concrete. Having a macro-mesoporous structure, rice husk
ash can be used as a viscosity modifying admixture (Sandhu & Siddque, 2017). Plastic waste or
PET (polyethylene terephthalate) aggregate could be effectively used to reduce the unit weight
of concrete not only makes it economical, but also helps in reducing disposal problems
(Babafemi, et. al., 2018). While eggshells, literature has shown that the powdered eggshells
primarily contain calcium carbonate where it can be used as an alternative raw material in the
production of wall tile materials, concrete, cement paste and others (Ahn, et. al., 2015). Lastly,
oyster shells, they are rich in calcium carbonate (CaCO3), up to about 95% of their
composition. It can be used as coarse aggregates in concrete. And in terms of long-term

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durability, the use of oyster shells improves the freeze-thaw resistance and water permeability
of the concrete (Eo, and Yi, 2015).
Environmental pollution increases with increasing population due to waste generation
and unlimited consumption of raw materials. Open dumping of agricultural waste is becoming a
major issue. Because open damping destroys the aesthetic appearance of nature and is harmful
to public health. To reduce the negative effect on the environment, agricultural and ecological
waste materials must be converted into useful materials. Recycling materials by incorporating
them into building materials is a practical solution for pollution problems (Sathiparan & De
Zoysa, 2018) In addition, without proper waste recycling, the huge number of industrial by-
products and waste materials produced are either burnt or land-filled and this could cause
serious environmental pollution and contamination (Karade, 2010; Xuan, 2018). Therefore,
there is a pressing need to improve the re-use value of waste materials.
Based on the review of using alternative waste materials as aggregate in concrete
blocks, it has been found that different types of waste exhibit their own unique characteristics,
and these features enhance certain properties, which gives added value to concrete blocks. The
features of the waste materials, optimum percentage of the waste materials recommended to
incorporate into concrete blocks and the general effects on the properties of concrete blocks.
The purpose of this study is to recycle municipal solid waste and agricultural waste.
Because around the world, millions of tons of agricultural and municipal solid waste are
produced, and a lot of it ends up in rivers, the sea, beaches, and the land. In the world, just
25% of waste is recycled. Millions of tons of waste wind up in landfills and the ocean each year
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due to poor recovery and recycling efforts. According to Babafemi, et. al. (2018), by converting
waste into items suited for housing and building, this percentage of recycled waste can be
raised. This type of material has become a major research subject in recent years. The
lightweight building material industry is considered useful in promoting reused materials. They
found reduction in strength of concrete but support the use of rice husk ash, plastic bottles,
eggshells and oyster shells in concrete (specifically in concrete block) for the reason it shows
higher workability and reduces environmental waste. The advantages of using rice husk ash,
plastic bottles, eggshells and oyster shells additions in concrete and coarse aggregate are that
they are lightweight, better resistant to weather, and confer thermal insulation properties.
Theoretical Framework
The experimental study of the effectiveness of using rice husk ash, plastic bottles,
eggshells and oyster shells as an alternative cement and coarse aggregate additives in concrete
block is anchored in product development. This study can be consider as a development of a
product with new materials. Innovating product with new materials is ways to improve the
efficiency, effectiveness and competitive advantage of the product (Morrison, 2021).
Based on this concept, the researchers hypothesized that the rice husk ash, plastic
bottles, eggshells and oyster shells could be used as an alternative cement and coarse
aggregate additives in concrete block. To determine its acceptance, it was tested and
evaluated. It was innovative in the sense that it was augmented with the alternative materials.
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Conceptual Framework
This study determined the effectiveness of using Rice Husk Ash, Plastic Bottles,
Eggshells and Oyster Shells as an alternative cement and coarse aggregate additive in concrete
blocks in terms of durability.
The independent variables were experimental group (concrete block components with
the addition of rice husk ash, plastic waste, eggshells and oyster shells) and the controlled
group (commercial concrete block). The dependent variables were the effectiveness in terms of
durability (water absorption and drop test).
The paradigm below shows the relationship of two variables in this study:
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Concrete block components with the addition of:
5% of Rice Husk Ash 5% of Water
3% of Plastic Bottles 72% of Aggregate
1% of Eggshells 11% of Cement
3% of Oyster Shells Effectiveness of Concrete

Blocks in Terms of:
(Experimental Group)
Durability
1. Water Absorption
test
Commercial concrete blocks:
2. Drop test
15% of Cement
80% of Aggregate
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Statement Of The Problem
This study determined the effectiveness of using Rice Husk Ash, Plastic Bottles,
Eggshells and Oyster Shells as an alternative cement and aggregate additive in concrete blocks
in terms of durability.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following research questions:
1. What is the level of effectiveness in terms of durability of the experimental group
(using rice husk ash, plastic bottles, eggshells, and oyster shells as an alternative
cement and aggregate additive in concrete blocks) and of the control group
(commercial concrete blocks)?
2. Is there a significant difference in terms of durability between experimental group
(using rice husk ash, plastic waste, eggshells and oyster shells as an alternative
cement and aggregate additive in concrete blocks) and controlled group (commercial
concrete blocks)?
Hypothesis
Based on the gathered data to support our research, we advanced the null hypothesis
that:
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1. There is no significant difference in the level of effectiveness in terms of durability
between experimental group (using rice husk ash, plastic waste, eggshell and oyster
shells as an alternative cement and aggregate additive in concrete blocks) and of the
control group (commercial concrete blocks).
Significance Of The Study
The study aimed to know if the rice husk ash, plastic bottles, eggshells, and oyster
shells could be a potential substitute in hollow block making and would be beneficial to the
following:
Hollow Block Makers. This study may help them to venture into a different hollow block
component that is cheaper and can be found in locality.
Environment. This study may be a great help to lessen the waste in the country.
Citizens. This study may help citizens in terms of calamity because lessening the waste
can lessen also the effect of the future calamity. And with the cheaper and more durable blocks
it will be their big benefit.
Future Researchers. This study may help the future researchers of the same topic to
have a reference and guide for their study.

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Definition Of Terms
Rice Husk Ash. The rice husk ash is a green supplementary material that has
applications in small to large scale. It can be used for waterproofing. It is also used as the
admixture to make the concrete resistant against chemical penetration (The Constructor, 2017).
In this study, rice husk ash was crushed and mixed with the cement and sand. This was
the coarse aggregate additives.
Plastic Bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate). PET (polyethylene terephthalate) is a type
of resin and a form of polyester; it is commonly labelled with the code on or near the bottom of
bottles and other containers. PET has some important characteristics such its strength, thermo-
stability, gas barrier properties and transparency. It is also lightweight, shatter-resistant and
recyclable (WRAP, 2020).
In this study, P0lyetylene terephthalate was cut into small pieces and also mixed with
cement and sand. And this was also one of the alternative coarse aggregates.
Eggshells. An eggshell is the hard, outer covering of an egg. It consists mostly of
calcium carbonate, a common form of calcium. The rest is made up of protein and other
minerals. Calcium is an essential mineral that is abundant in many foods, including dairy
products (Arnarson, 2017).

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In this study, eggshells was crushed into powder to mix with the other ingredients in
making concrete blocks. This was one of the alternative cement additives.
Oyster Shells. Oyster shells are the hard exoskeleton of a variety of mollusks that are in
the family Ostreoidea. Most oysters live in saltwater or brackish environments. Additionally,
their shells tend to contain high levels of calcium carbonate (about 96%) (Growing Organic,
2022).
In this study, oyster was crushed into powder and researchers mixed this to other
mixtures. This was also one of the alternative cement additives.
Cement. Cement is a gray powder that is mixed with water and sand to make mortar or
with water, sand, and small stones to make concrete (Cambridge, 2022).
In this study, cement was the product that binded the materials in making concrete
block.
Concrete Blocks. One of several precast concrete products used in construction. The
term precast refers to the fact that the blocks are formed and hardened before they are
brought to the job site (Encyclopedia, 2019).
In this study, concrete block was the one that the researchers will make out of local raw
materials.
Scope and Delimitation Of The Study

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The experimental study was conducted to determine the durability of hollow blocks
mixed with different composition of rice husk ash, plastic bottles, eggshells, and oyster shells.
There were only one set up in this study, 5% of rice husk ash, 3% of plastic bottles, 2% of
eggshells, 2% of oyster shells, 11% of cement, 5% of water and 72% of coarse aggregate.
The study was conducted at Brgy. Carvasana Calinog, Iloilo. Descriptive and Inferential
Analysis were employed to determine the durability of hollow blocks mixed with different
composition of rice husk ash, plastic bottles, eggshells, and oyster shells.
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Chapter 2
Review Of Related Literature
This chapter on the Review Related Literature is divided into two parts: (1) Related
Literature and (2) Related Studies.
Part One, Related Literature, discusses the components of materials and its definition
that can support the study.
Part Two, Related Studies, talks about the significance of each related studies.
Related Literature
Concrete Block
“Concrete block” has become a regular or frequent choice today in construction activities
as these blocks offer various benefits, simplicities in their use as building elements, strength
comparable with the conventional blocks like bricks, facilities to get reinforced thereby
increasing the strength of constructed units, facility for better finish, adoptability for getting
desired architectural shapes and beauty and above all rendering economy in construction. With
these aspect under study the authors concentrated upon some case studies indicating the uses
of HCBs in the construction of beam, walls etc. to study the outcomes of these studies and
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have, then based on the investigations of these case studies reviewed the various aspect
related to the uses of HCBs (Thorat, et, al., 2015).
Rice Husk Ash
Physical, chemical and morphological characteristics of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) are
discussed and the effect of rice husk combustion conditions on these characteristics is reviewed.
Fresh and hardened properties of concrete and mortar containing RHA as one of the binders
have been presented and the beneficial effects as well as limitations imposed by the use of this
pozzolan are highlighted. The use of RHA in blended cements is shown to significantly improve
durability properties of concrete (Singh, 2018).
Plastic Bottles (Pet)
Plastic bottles (PET) are examined both structurally and thermally to be utilized as
building units, replacing traditional concrete blocks. Tests were conducted after filling the
bottles with either dry sand, saturated sand, or air, bound by cement mortar to produce stable
masonry walls of reduced thermal conductivity. The effect of the infill material on the bulk unit
weight and the compressive strength of the plastic bottle masonry blocks showed slight effect
of the used infill material on the strength. Although the gross strength of these plastic bottles is
much less than the traditional blocks, 670 kN/m2 compared to 3670 kN/m2, but calculations
showed that the blocks of air filled bottles still can be used as suitable construction units for
partition walls or as bearing walls for one roof slab. Thermal wise, air filled bottles showed
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better thermal insulation than the tradition block construction, which could act as thermal
insulation material (Mansour, et. al., 2015).
Eggshells
Eggshells are one of the solid wastes in the world and are considered hazardous
according to European Commission regulations. The utilization of solid wastes, like eggshells,
will help create a sustainable environment by minimizing the solid wastes that are disposed into
the environment. The utilization of eggshell powder in cement also helps to reduce the carbon
dioxide emissions from cement factories by reducing clinker production. The addition of
eggshell powder transformed ettringite to monosulfoaluminate and to monocarboaluminate. In
20% eggshell powder, the formation of monocarboaluminate was detected in the early stages
and accelerated the hydration reaction. The CaCO 3 from the eggshells reacted with the C3A and
changed the hydration products of the pastes. The addition of eggshell powder provided
nucleation sites in the hydration products and accelerated cement hydration (Shiferaw, et. al.,
2019).
Oyster Shells
To evaluate the possibility of recycling this waste for use as a construction material, the
mechanical characteristics of pulverized oyster shell were investigated in terms of its potential
utilization as a substitute for the aggregates used in mortar. The unconfined compressive
strengths of various soil mortar specimens, with varying blending ratios of cement, water and
oyster shell, were evaluated by performing unconfined compression tests, and the results were
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compared with the strengths of normal cement mortar made with sand. In addition, the effect
of organic chemicals on the hardening of concrete was evaluated by preparing ethyl-benzene-
mixed mortar specimens. The long-term strength improvement resulting from the addition of fly
ash was also examined by performing unconfined compression tests on specimens with fly-ash
content. There was no significant reduction in the compressive strength of the mortars
containing small oyster shell particles instead of sand. From these test data, the possible
application of oyster shells in construction materials could be verified, and the change in the
strength parameters according to the presence of organic compounds was also evaluated
(Yoon, et. al., 2015).
Concrete
Concrete remains one of the most popular materials in construction and is second
only to water in terms of material consumption around the globe. However, drawbacks like the
material’s high carbon impact can make it unattractive for some projects. The cement industry
is one of the leading producers of carbon dioxide. Growing consumer awareness of climate
change and the environmental impact of construction has some clients looking for alternatives
to materials that rely on cement (Morrison, 2021).
There is a growing range of concrete alternatives. These materials provide similar
benefits as concrete, like strength, durability, and longevity, but at a lower carbon cost, with
less environmental impact, and often with an appealing and distinctive appearance. For most
construction companies, concrete will remain a popular building material – especially for
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substructure construction. But for every project, there’s often a suitable substitute for concrete
that’s comparable in utility and has less of a carbon footprint (Morrison, 2021).
Related Studies
Rice Straw and Eggshell Ash as Partial Replacements of Cement in Concrete
Properties of concrete made with cement partially replaced with rice straw ash and
eggshell ash. The rice straws and eggshells were incinerated, sieved, and ground, and the
physical and chemical properties of the resultant ash and the other materials incorporated in
the concrete mixes were determined. A class 35 concrete mix with no partial replacement of
cement with rice straw ash designed with the British Research Establishment method with a
water/cement ratio of 0.5 was considered as the control mix. The cement in concrete was
partially replaced with rice straw ash by 5% to 30% and its compressive and splitting tensile
strength was determined after 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days of curing. Durability, resistance to
acid attack, and other wet and hardened properties of concrete with cement partially replaced
with rice straw ash were also determined. An increase in compressive strength above the
control mix was observed for concrete with 5% and 10% partial replacement of cement with
rice straw ash. When eggshell ash was added to concrete mixes made with cement partially
replaced with rice straw ash at 15% and 20%, the 28, 56, and 90-day compressive strength
was found to increase. It can be concluded that rice straw and eggshell ash can be used to
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partially replace cement in concrete and result in a concrete whose properties compare
favorably with control (Oliko, et. al., 2020).
Strength Properties of Rice Husk Ash Concrete with Shredded Pet Bottles as Coarse Aggregate
Replacement
This study investigated the strength properties of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) concrete with
shredded Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles as coarse aggregate partial replacement.
Concrete mix, 1:2:4 was designed for all specimens with w/c of 0.5. Samples were prepared
and examined at deferent replacement levels of cement with RHA (5, 10 and 15%) using
shredded PET bottles (5, 10 and 15%) as coarse aggregate replacement. Concrete without RHA
and shredded PET bottles served as control. A total number of 90 concrete cubes and 20
flexural beams were used to examine the strength properties of produced concrete specimens
at 28 days. Results revealed that both compressive and flexural strengths of RHA-concrete
decreased as the amount of shredded PET bottles increased. The compressive strengths
obtained were 20.65, 17.44, 16.53 and 15.87 N/mm2 while the flexural strengths were 10.49,
6.63, 6.59 and 5.72 N/mm2 for 0, 5, 10 and 15% replacement levels respectively. This class of
concrete could be used to produce both plain and reinforced concrete of light weight aggregate
(Akinleye and Uthman, 2019).

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Effect of oyster shell substituted for fine aggregate on concrete characteristics: Part I.
Fundamental properties
An experimental study was carried out to investigate the recycling possibilities for fine
aggregate of oyster shells (OS), which is an industrial waste, disposed of in open dumps at
coastal oyster management areas. For this purpose, the chemical components of OS and
reactivity of OS with cement paste were examined. More specifically, mechanical characteristics
of fresh concrete and hardened concrete were quantitatively investigated in terms of fineness
modulus (F.M.) and substitution rate (SR) of crushed OS. In addition, the Part II paper presents
the performance of concrete up to 1 year with OS substituted for fine aggregate. Test results
show that the interaction between OS and cement paste did not occur and the workability of
concrete decreased with F.M. decrease and SR of OS increase. In addition, it was found that
mixing of OS did not cause reduction in the compressive strength of concrete at age 28 days
and development of compressive strength was faster as SR of OS increased. Elastic modulus of
concrete substituted with crushed OS decreases as SR increases. The decrease was
approximately 10% at SR of 20% (Yang, et. al., 2015).

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Chapter 3
Methodology
This chapter discusses the method and produces employed in the study. It is divided
into two parts: (1) Research Methodology and (2) Experimental Production Design.
Part One, Research Methodology, restates the research objectives, describes the method
employed, identifies the sources of information and discusses the procedure in gathering
information.
Part Two, Experimental Production Design, discuss the contents of environmental
production design.
Research Design
True experimental design was used in this study. This design means planning a set of
procedures to investigate the relationship between variables. According to Knight (2020), this is
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also a process of carrying out research in an objective and controlled fashion so that precision is
maximize and specific conclusions can be drawn regarding a hypothesis statement.
The researchers use this design because it allows us to test the researcher’s idea in a
controlled environment before taking the research to clinical trials. It helps deal with the study
of controlled variables. Also, the study design helped ensure the appropriateness of the results
as it is one of the most accurate types of research design. This study also uses the non-
inferiority trial to determine the effectiveness of the concrete block components with the
addition of rice husk ash, plastic bottles, eggshells and oyster shells and the pure components
of concrete block. Non-inferiority trial was used as a way of determining that the rice husk ash,
plastic bottles, eggshells and oyster shells is not inferior compared to pure components of
concrete block in terms of effectiveness.
Table 1
Materials
MATERIALS QUANTITY UNIT
Rice Husk Ash 500 Grams
Plastic Bottles (PET) 25 Grams
Eggshells 50 Grams
Oyster Shells 150 Grams

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Cement 500 Grams
Water 8 Cups
Aggregate 10 Kilogram
Table 1: Shows the materials to be used for experimentation
Table 2
Equipment And Utensils
EQUIPMENT QUANTITY UNIT
AND UTENSILS
Mortar and Pestle 2 Pieces
Shovel 1 Piece
Weighing Scale 1 Piece
Sack 1 Piece
Container 3 Pieces
Sifter 1 Piece
Hollow Block Molder 8 Piece
Table 2: Shows the equipment and utensils used for experimentations

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Procedures
Gathering of Materials
Preparation of the Materials
Combustion of the Rice

Husk Ash, Cutting the
Plastic Bottles (PET), and
Pulverize the Eggshells and
Oyster Shells
Mixing the Additive

Materials to the Sand and
Cement
Commercial Concrete Blocks

Finished Product
Effectiveness in Terms of
Durability and Weight
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Procedure Gathering Of The Materials:
The researchers acquired the materials and tools needed before conducting the study.
The rice husk ash, plastic bottles (PET), and egg shells were available from the researcher's
houses while the oyster shells were brought from different seafood restaurants and were
gathered at the Brgy. Carvasana Calinog, Iloilo.
Preparation of the materials:
First, the rice husk that were dried, then plastic waste (PET) were washed. Other
equipment and utensils needed were washed to make sure that they were clean.
Combustion of the Rice Husk:
To do these the researchers used a shovel and shovel it to combust them evenly.
Combusted it evenly until it turns into ashes so it mixed well with the other materials.
Cutting the Plastic Bottles (PET):

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To make these, scissors were used to cut the plastic bottles (PET) into small pieces to
make sure it won't stick out on the final sample of the concrete block.
Pulverizing the Eggshells and Oyster Shells:
In doing these, pestle and mortar were used to pulverize them so it can be mixed well
with the other materials.
Mixing the Additive Materials to the Sand, Water, Coarse Aggregate:
First, to sift the solid parts out of the other materials that has been burned and
pulverized. Then mixed them altogether with the other materials using the shovel and then
pour it on the hollow block molder.
Drying the Finished Product:
To achieve the strong and lasting blocks, dry it using wind and a little bit of sunlight
because too much heat from the sun degrade the blocks. Cure for 2 days to acquire its
maximum strength.
Experimental Group Controlled Group
Experimentation Process
Data Gathering
Durability
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Water Absorption Test Drop Test
Data Gathering Procedures
The study used durability trial sheet as a way to gather data in terms of durability. The
researchers used the trial sheet to know its durability in water and strength. By this sheet, the
researchers can collect different kinds of data or document about the said activity. As of the
weight, the researchers observed the comparison of concrete block with the addition of other
materials and the concrete with pure component.
Statistical Data Analysis
The data were analyzed using the descriptive analysis and inferential analysis.
Descriptive Analysis and Inferential Analysis were used to discuss the basic feature of the data
in the study.
Data Analysis Procedure

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Water Resistance Test Procedure
To test this, researchers weigh the set-ups first then soak the two set-ups to water in
exactly 5 hours. After that the researchers observed the changes of the two, then weigh the
two set-ups after soaking and use the Water Absorption Test formula to know the average
percent of absorbed water.
% A= (w1-w)/w x 100
Strength Test Procedure
To know the strength of the two set-ups, the researchers will drop the set-ups from 44
inches, 54 inches and 64 inches high. The researchers adapted the standard measurement of
Patel, H. (2019), which is the test to measure the level of workability of a concrete.
Legend:
Level of Workability
1 – the product has big damage and can barely use
2 – the product has a slight damage but still can be use
3 – the product has high workability, more durable and has no damage at all
Statistical Tools
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The statistical that we used was Mean. The mean or average is the most popular and
well-known measure of central tendency. The mean is equal to the sum of all the values in the
data set divided by the number of values in the data set. It also gives important information
about the data set at hand, and as a single number, can provide a lot of insights into the
research and nature of study (Statista,2016). Mean was used to determine the average of the
results. The researchers also used t-test to determine if there is no significant difference on the
two objectives.
Chapter 4
Results and Discussions
Chapter four presents the results and corresponding analysis of this experiment. It is
divided into two parts: (1) Descriptive Data Analysis and (2) Inferential Data Analysis.
Part One, Descriptive Data Analysis, presents interpretations of the data are descriptive
in the nature.
Part Two, Inferential Data Analysis, presents interpretations of data to test the
hypothesis of the study.
Descriptive Data Analysis
Drop Test
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Based on the results shown below, the experimental set-up was able to withstand the
droptest at 3 trials and have the average mean of 3, while the controlled set-up was also able
to withstand the droptest at 3 trials and have the average mean of 2.67. At exactly 3 trials, the
experimental set-up is much more durable than controlled set-up. But they still be conclude as
both high durable.
The results shows that the experimental set-up was a bit more effective than controlled
set-up in terms of droptest. They both categorized as High in Durability, it means that the set-
ups have a high workability state according to the different trials.
Table 5. Durability of the two set-ups in droptest
Trials 1 2 3 Mean Description
Experimental set-up 3 3 3 3 High Durable
Controlled set-up 3 3 2 2.67 High Durable
Legend:
Descriptive Indicator Description
2.1 – 3 High durable
1.1 – 2 Slightly durable
0.1 – 1 Low durable

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High durable means that the set-ups have a high workability state according to the
different trials namely: Trial 1, Trial 2, and Trial 3.
Slightly durable means the set-ups can still be use according to the different trials
namely: Trial 1, Trial 2, and Trial 3. But damage can already be detected/see when compared
to the high durable indicator.
Low durable means that the set-ups have a large damage and can barely be use
according to the different trials namely: Trial 1, Trial 2, and Trial 3.
Water Absorption Test
Based on the results shown below, the experimental set-up has a water absorption of
0.48% at trial 1, 0% at trial 2 and 3, and have the average mean of 0.16% which was
categorized as Low, it means that the set-ups can barely absorb the water according to the
different set of trials, while controlled set-up has a water absorption of 1.4% at trial 2, 0% at
trial 1 and 3, and have the average mean of 0.47% which was categorized as Slight, it means
that the set-ups can slightly absorb the water according to the different set of trials. At exactly
Trial 1, 2 and 3, the experimental set-up still has a lowest water absorption compare to
controlled set-up and that means that experimental set-up absorb water less than controlled
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set-up, thus, this could result to high durability of the experiment to water absorption and avoid
the deterioration of the product.
The more the set-up weigh, the more water was absorbed, and the less the set-up
weigh, the less water was absorbed. The results shows that experimental set-up is more
effective than controlled set-up because the weight of the set-up during the absorption test in
experimental was much lower than controlled set-up.
Table 6. Durability of the two set-ups in water absorption test
Trials 1 2 3 Mean Description
Experimental set-up 0.48% 0% 0% 0.16% Low
Controlled set-up 0% 1.4% 0% 0.47% Slightly
Legend:
Descriptive Indicator Description
0.51 – 0.75 High
0.26 – 0.50 Slightly

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0.1 – 0.25 Low
High means that the set-ups have a high absorption state according to the different
trials namely: Trial 1, Trial 2, and Trial 3.
Slightly means that the set-ups can slightly absorb the water according to the different
trials namely: Trial 1, Trial 2, and Trial 3.
Low means that the set-ups can barely absorb the water according to the different trials
namely: Trial 1, Trial 2, and Trial 3.
Inferential Data Analysis
Drop Test
T-test results in table 7 shows that there is no significant difference between
experimental set and controlled set-up in different trials namely: Trial 1, Trial 2, and Trial 3 (t
(2) = 1; p=0.423).
The p-values are greater than 0.05 which means that, despite numerical differences, the
level of effectiveness of the two set-ups are practically the same. The researchers concluded
that even though the strength of the two set-ups is different in each trials, the duration to each
test slots are comparable to each other. The results showed that there is no significant
difference between experimental and controlled set-up.

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Table 7. T-test on determining the difference between two set-ups in drop test
Compared Groups Mean df t P-value
Experimental set-up 3
2 1 0.423
Controlled set-up 2.67
T-test results in table 8 shows that there is no significant difference between
experimental thermoformed ceiling board and controlled set-up in different trials of water
absorption test namely: Trial 1, Trial 2, and Trial 3 (t (2) = 0.970; p=0.434).
The researchers concluded that even though the water absorption of the two set-ups is
different in each time slots, the duration to each test slots are comparable to each other. The
results showed that there is no significant difference between experimental and controlled set-
up.
Table 8: T-test on determining the difference between two set-ups in water absorption test
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Compared Groups Mean df t P-value
Experimental set-up 0.16
2 0.970 0.434
Controlled set-up 0.47
Chapter 5
Summary, Conclusions, Implications, and Recommendations
This chapter is divided into four parts: (1) Summary of the Problem, Method, Findings,
(2) Conclusions, (3) Implications and (4) Recommendations.
Part One, Summary of the Problem, Method and Findings, states that methods used and
the findings of the study.
Part Two, Conclusions, presents the interference drawn from the results of the study.
Part Three, Implications, discuss the interferences drawn from the findings and points
out the relationships between the present investigations and theories stated in relation to the
satisfaction level of the association.

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Part Four, Recommendations, offer some suggestions in terms of the findings,
conclusions that can be used to the study.
Summary
This study aimed to find out if the rice husk (Arcitin Rice) ash, plastic (Polyethylene
Terephthalate) bottle, eggshells (chicken egg), and oyster (slipper shell) shell can be added in
making a concrete block.
The dependent variable focused on the effectiveness of concrete blocks in terms of
water absorption test and drop test, the Independent variable were the experimental group
which is the concrete block components with the addition of rice husk (Arcitin Rice), plastic
(Polyethylene Terephthalate) bottle, eggshells (Chicken Egg), and oyster (Slipper Shell) shells
and the controlled group which is the commercial concrete block. The data was obtained
through mean and the hypothesis were proven using t-test. The level of significance was set at
0.05 alpha.
In this study, the process of making concrete block with the addition of rice (Arcitin
Rice) husk ash, cutted plastic (Polyethylene Terephthalate) bottles, crushed eggshells and
oyster (slipper oyster) shells was the same as the process of making commercial concrete block
the difference is that we lessened the measurements of the cement and aggregate to add the
materials. The experimentation took two days to conduct. To reveal the findings of the
experiment, the data were gathered, tabulated and had undergone statistical treatment. The
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researchers expressed the gathered data for commercial concrete blocks in water absorption
and drop test.
Summary of Findings
The findings of the study include the following:
1. The results showed that the Concrete block with the addition of rice husk ash, plastic
bottles, eggshells and oyster shells is much more effective than Commercial concrete
block in terms of durability (drop test and water absorption test).
2. The results showed that there are no significance differences in the level of
effectiveness between Concrete block with the addition of rice husk ash, plastic bottles,
eggshells and oyster shells and Commercial concrete block in terms of durability (drop
test and water absorption test).
Conclusion
In the view of the findings, the following conclusions were drawn:
The study revealed that the Concrete block with the addition of rice husk ash, plastic
bottles, eggshells and oyster shells surpasses the Commercial standard concrete block in drop
test and water absorption test in terms of durability.

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It can be concluded this research on the utilization of rice husk ash, plastic bottles,
eggshells and oyster shells as potential materials in making concrete block provides valuable
insights for sustainable construction practices. While the experimental group showed only slight
improvements in terms of durability compared to the controlled group, these findings
underscore the potential benefits of incorporating these materials in construction applications.
Implication
The research findings indicate that the experimental group exceeded a little the
standard variable which is the controlled group in Terms of durability. The findings emphasized
the little exceeded factors such as the strength and the water absorption test. Despite of the
little positive result it still needed some enhancement on its additive wastes as it didn't have
brought any great difference from the controlled group. This research provides valuable
insights. For hollow blocks makers the citizens as well as the environment to prioritize and
devote for the development of sustainable addition wastes in making concrete blocks.
Concrete blocks with the addition of rice (Arcitin Rice) husk ash, plastic (Polyethylene
Terephthalate) bottles, egg (Chicken Egg) shells and oyster (Slipper Oyster) shells could help to
reduce municipality and agricultural waste and promote environmentally friendly practices in the
holticutural industry with additional refinement and invention.
Recommendations
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Based on the findings and conclusions the following recommendations were made:
The researchers advise the community to use products made from recycled materials
and waste materials as an environmental care and support as well as to make concrete block
with the addition of rice husk (Arcitin Rice) ash, plastic (Polyethylene Terephthalate) bottle,
eggshells (Chicken Egg), and oyster (Slipper Shell) shell.
Since the result yield that experimental group only slightly exceeded the controlled
group, the experimental group can still be improved by the other and future researchers.
Related studies along this industry should be conducted in the future in a widened scope to
include the authorities who works in the industrial industry to improve this study.
References
Ahn, J. W., Shiferaw N., Habte, L. (2015). Effect of Eggshell Powder on the Hydration of
Cement Paste. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6696176/
Akinleye, M., Uthman, Q., (2019). Strength Properties of Rice Husk Ash Concrete with Shredded
Pet Bottles as Coarse Aggregate Replacement DOI:10.36108/laujoces/9102/20(0260)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341399807_Strength_Properties_of_Rice_Hus
k_Ash_Concrete_with_Shredded_Pet_Bottles_as_Coarse_Aggregate_Replacement
Arnarson, A. (2017). The Benefits and Risks of Eating Eggshells. https://www.healthline.
com/nutrition/eggshells-benefits-and-risks
Babafemi, A. J., Šavija, B., Paul, S. C., Anggraini, V., (2018). Engineering Properties of Concrete
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Calinog, Iloilo
with Waste Recycled Plastic: A Review. Sustainability, 10(11), 3875;
https://doi.org/10.3390/su10113875
Cambridge (2022). Cement. Building Materials. https://dictionary.cambridge.org
/us/dictionary/english/cement
Encyclopedia (2019). Concrete Block. https://www.encyclopedia.com/manufacturing/news-
wires-white-papers-and-books/concrete-block#:~:text=A%20concrete%20block%20is%
20one,smooth%20or%20with%20a%20design.
Eo, S. H., Yi, S. T., (2015). Effect of oyster shell as an aggregate replacement on the
characteristics of concrete. Magazine of Concrete Research 67(15):1-10
DOI:10.1680/macr.14.00383 ttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/277592699_
Effect_of_oyster_shell_as_an_aggregate_replacement_on_the_characteristics_of_concre
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Growing Organic (2022). Using Oyster Shells in Your Garden. Organic Soil & Compost.
https://growingorganic.com/soil-guide/oyster-shell/
Mansour, Habib, A. M., Ali, Subhi, A. (2015). Reusing waste plastic bottles as an alternative
sustainable building material. Journal Article, Elsevier Inc. Vol. 24, 79-85.
https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201800274527
Meng, Y., Ling, T. C., Mo, K. H., (2018). Recycling of wastes for value-added applications in
concrete blocks: An overview. Resources, Conservation and Recycling Volume 138,
November 2018, Pages 298-312 Review https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.
2018.07.029
Morrison, R. (2021). Alternative to Concrete and Concrete Blockwork in Construction. Building.
https://www.bricsys.com/en-eu/blog/alternatives-to-concrete-in-construction
Oliko, C., Kabubo, C. K., Mwero, J. N. (2020). Rice Straw and Eggshell Ash as Replacement of
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Calinog, Iloilo
Cement in Concrete. Vol. 10, No. 6, Pages: 6481-6487. https://doi.org/10.
48084/etasr.3893
Sandhu and Siddique (2017). Rice Husk Ash: An overview. https://www.sciencedirect.com/
topics/engineering/rice-husk-ash
Sathiparan, N., and De Zoysa, D., (2018). The effects of using agricultural waste as partial
substitute for sand in cement blocks. Journal of Building Engineering Volume 19, Pages
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Singh, B. (2018). Rice husk ash Waste and Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Concrete.
Characterisation, Properties and Applications. Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and
Structural Engineering, Pages 417-460 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102156-
9.00013-4
Shiferaw, N., Habte, L., Thenepalli, T., Ahn, J. W. (2019). Effect of Eggshell Powder on the
Hydration of Cement Paste. Materials Basel 12(15): 2483. doi: 10.3390/ma12152483
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6696176/The Benefits and Risks of
Eating Eggshells. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition
/calcium-supplements
The Constructor (2017). Rice Husk Ash in Concrete-Properties, Advantages and Uses in
Construction. Building Ideas https://theconstructor.org/concrete/rice-husk-ash-concrete-
construction/15725/#:~:text=The%20rice%20husk%20ash%20is,High%2Dperformanc
e%20Concrete
Thotrat, V. M., Papal, M., Kacha, V., Sarnobat, T., Gaikwad, S. (2015). Hollow Concrete Blocks-
A New Trend. International Journal Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER).
http://www.ijmer.com/papers/Vol5_Issue5/Version-1/C0505_01-1926.pdf
WRAP (2020). PET Plastic Bottles. https://wrap.org.uk/resources/guide/pet-plastic-

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Calinog, Iloilo
bottles#:~:text=PET%20(polyethylene%20terephthalate)%20is%20a,gas%20barrier%
20properties%20and%20transparency.
Yang, E. I., Yi, S. T., Leem, Y. M. (2015). Effect of oyster shell substituted for fine
aggregate on concrete characteristics: Part I. Fundamental properties. Cement and
Concrete Research DOI:10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.03.016 https://www.researchgate
.net/publication/223854671_Effect_of_oyster_shell_substitute
d_for_fine_aggregate_on_concrete_characteristics_Part_I_Fundamental_properties
Yoon, H., Park, S., Lee, K., Park, J. (2015). Oyster shell as substitute for aggregate in mortar.
Waste Manag Res;22(3):158-70. DOI: 10.1177/0734242X04042456
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15253499/
Zhang, L. (2013). Production of bricks from waste materials–A review. Construction and
building Materials 47, 643-655 https://scholar.google.com/scholar?scilib=1&hl=
en&as_sdt=0,5#d=gs_qabs&t=1680496324945&u=%23p%3DTceAda4Rf1sJ
Appendices
Appendix A: Letters
April 9, 2023
To whom it may concern,
Good day!
The Grade 12 STEM Curie students are currently conducting their study as part
of their requirement in their Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion subject.
In this connection, we would like to ask permission to please allow us to conduct

our research study outside the school today.
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The school will not be held responsible to any untoward incidents that may
happen outside its premises.
We are hoping for your kind consideration.
Sincerely yours,
Kylla Roche, Michaela Jardin, Prince Karl Crizaldo,
Beverly Faith Carisma, Jennoele Roi Rivera
NOTED BY:
Mrs. SHERYL LEGRESO Mrs. ETHYL L. FUSIN, Ph. D. Mrs. ANELYN P. MONTES
Appendix B: Letters
April 26, 2023
To whom it may concern,
Good day!
The Grade 12 STEM Curie students are currently conducting their study as part
of their requirement in their Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion subject.
In this connection, we would like to ask permission to please excuse us from

attending our classes today, to go to Carvasana, Calinog, Iloilo for the conducting of the study.
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
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The school will not be held responsible to any untoward incidents that may
happen outside its premises.
We are hoping for your kind consideration.
Sincerely yours,
Kylla Roche, Michaela Jardin, Prince Karl Crizaldo,
Beverly Faith Carisma, Jennoele Roi Rivera
NOTED BY:
Mrs. SHERYL LEGRESO Mrs. ETHYL L. FUSIN, Ph. D.
Appendix C: Durability Test Sheets
Table 3
Durability Sheet of Concrete Block in Drop Test
Durabilit Concrete block with the addition of rice husk Commercial Concrete Block
y Test ash, plastic bottles, eggshells and oyster shells

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Trials Weight Height Results Degree of Trial Weight Height Results Degree of
Workability s Workability
1 11.125 44 3 High 1 11.25 44 3 High
kilo inches kilo inches
Drop 2 11.25 54 3 High 2 11.25 54 3 High
Test kilo inches kilo inches
3 11.25 64 3 High 3 11.25 64 2 Slightly
kilo inches kilo inches
MEAN 3 MEAN 2.67
Table 4
Durability Sheet of Concrete Block in Water Absorption Test

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Durability Concrete block with the addition of rice Commercial Concrete Block
Test husk ash, plastic bottles, eggshells and
oyster shells
Trials Weight Weight Results Trials Weight Weight Results
Before After Before After
Water 1 10.50 kilo 10.55 kilo 48% 1 11.25 kilo 11.25 kilo 0
Absorption 2 11.25 kilo 11.25 kilo 0 2 10.75 kilo 10.90 kilo 1.4%
Test 3 11.25 kilo 11.25 kilo 0 3 11.25 kilo 11.25 kilo 0
MEAN 0.16% MEAN 0 .466%
Appendix D: Results in Graph
Trial Results of Drop Test
Figure 1 shows the result of each trial in experimental set-up drop test. As shown in the
graph, all trials have the same results in drop test which is 3, and the average mean of the
experimental set-up is 3.
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6
Results Of Each Trials
5
4
RESULTS
3
2
1
0
trial 1 trial 2 trial 3
TRIALS
Figure 1. Results of each trial in Experimental set-up Drop Test
Figure 2 shows the result of each trial in controlled set-up drop test. As shown in the
graph, trial 1 and trial 2 have the same results which is 5 while the trial 3 results is 4, and the
average mean of controlled set-up is 4.666667.
6
5
4
RESULTS
3
2
1
0
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
TRIALS
Figure 2. Results of each trial in Controlled set-up Drop Test
Trial Results of Water Absorption Test
Figure 3 shows the result of each trial in experimental set-up water absorption test. As
shown in the graph, trial 2 and trial 3 have the same results which is 0%, while the trial 1
results is 48%, and the average mean of experimental set-up is 16%.
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60%
50%
40%
RESULTS
30%
20%
10%
0%
TRIALS
Figure 3. Results of each trial in Experimental set-up Water Absorption Test
Figure 4 shows the result of each trial in controlled set-up water absorption test. As
shown in the graph, trial 1 and trial 3 have the same results which is 0%, while the trial 2
results is 1.4%, and the average mean of controlled set-up is 0.466%.
2%
RESULTS
1%
0%
TRIALS
Figure 4. Results of each trial in Controlled set-up Water Absorption Test
Appendix E: Documentation of the study

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Figure 8: Operating of Figure 9: Setting the Figure 10: Finished Product

Equipment product to dry
Drop Test Results
Figure 11: Performing Drop Figure 12: Results of Drop

Test Test
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Figure 13: Performing Water Figure 14: Weight Before Figure 15: Weight After
Absorption Test Testing Testing
Curriculum Vitae
Personal Data
Name: Kylla Roche
Age: 18
Date of Birth: May 10, 2005
Address: Brgy. Carvasana Calinog, Iloilo
Place of Birth: Dr. Ricardo S. Provido Memorial Hospital
Civil Status: Single
Parents
Mother: Mrs. Janette G. Roche

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Father: Mr. Michael D. Roche
Education Background
Elementary: Calinog Elementary School
Secondary: Carvasana National High School
Strand- STEM
Personal Data
Name: Michaela Jardin
Age: 18
Date of Birth: February 2, 2005
Address: Brgy. Gama Pequeno, Calinog, Iloilo
Place of Birth: Brgy. Dalid, Calinog Iloilo
Parents
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Mother: Mrs. Marlyn Jardin
Father: Mr. Michael Jardin
Elementary: Gama Integrated School
Secondary: Calinog National Comprehensive High School
Strand- STEM
Personal Data
Name: Prince Karl Crizaldo
Age: 18
Date of Birth: August 17, 2004
Address: Bang-ga Central, Maribong, Iloilo
Place of Birth: Sta. Rita Pasay Hospital
Civil Status: In relationship
Parents
Mother: Mrs. Analiza Crizaldo

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Father: Mr. Pablo Crizaldo
Strand- STEM
Personal Data
Name: Jennoele Roi Rivera
Age: 18
Date of Birth: September 24, 2004
Address: Poblacion Delgado, Calinog, Ioilo
Place of Birth: Dr. Ricardo S. Provido Memorial Hospital
Parents
Mother: Mrs. Mary Jean Rivera

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Father: Mr. Noel Rivera
Strand- STEM
Personal Data
Name: Beverly Faith Carisma
Age: 18
Date of Birth: March 5, 2005
Address: Brgy. Toyungan, Calinog, Iloilo
Place of Birth: Brgy. Toyungan, Calinog, Iloilo
Parents
Mother: Mrs. Ledina Carisma

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Calinog, Iloilo
Father: Mr. Roberto Carisma
Secondary: Alcarde Gustilo Memorial High School
Strand- STEM

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CALINOG NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

(Chicken Shells) Shells and Oyster (Slipper Shells) Shells

as an Alternative Cement and Coarse Aggregate

Additives in Concrete Block

Presented to the Faculty of

Calinog National Comprehensive High School

Senior High School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion

Beverly Faith P. Carisma

Prince Karl P. Crizaldo

Jennoele Roi A. Rivera

MR. HARRY R. PALMES Ph. D. MRS. SHERYL LEGRESO

MS. APPLE ALMIRANTE

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Inquiries,

Investigation, and Immersion on 13th of June 2023.

ETHYL L. FUSIN, Ph. D.

Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion Teacher's

until the completion of the study.

pursue and complete our research study despite of all odds.

the pursuit of our study.

before and after we finished our research study.

significance differences in the level of effectiveness between Experimental Set-up and

Commercial Set-up in terms of durability (droptest and water absorption test).

Concrete Block, Polyethylene terephthalate, Terms, Determine, Shells, Results, Experimental,

Water Absorption, Test, Droptest, Durability, Effectiveness, Level

List of Tables viii

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

Background of the Study 13

Statement of the Problems and Hypothesis 18

Significance of the Study 19

Scope and Delimitation of the Study 21

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Chapter 3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Equipment and Utensils 32

Data Gathering Procedures 36

Statistical Data Analysis 36

Data Analysis Procedure 36

Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Descriptive Data Analysis 38

Inferential Data Analyses 42

Chapter 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CURRRICULUM VITAE xxxxxix

1 Shows the Materials to be used for Experimentation 31

2 Shows the Equipment and Utensils used for Experimentation 32

3 Durability Sheet of Concrete Block in Drop Test 53

4 Durability Sheet of Concrete Block in Water Absorption Test 54

5 Durability of the two Set-ups in Drop Test 39

6 Durability of the two Set-ups in Water Absorption Test 41

7 T-test on determining the difference between two set-ups 42

8 T-test on determining the difference between two set-ups 43

in Water Absorption Test

1 Results of each trial in Experimental set-up Drop Test

2 Results of each trial in Controlled set-up Drop Test.

3 Results of each trial in Experimental set-up Water Absorption Test

4 Results of each trial in Controlled set-up Water Absorption Test

9 Setting the Product to Dry

11 Performing Drop Test

12 Results of Drop Test

13 Performing Water Absorption Test

14 Weight Before Testing