Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Basic Marine Elecrics Troubleshooting
Basic Marine Elecrics Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting
Rob Starkey
robert.starkey@bigpond.com
Q1: What Battery size (Ah)? A1: 3 times your daily consumption. (Note)
Q2: When do we start charging? A2: 80% to 50% of Battery capacity. (Note)
Q3: Amps and hours required to re‐charge? A3: Amps = 20% to 30% Ah, 2to 3 hours
Managing expectations
Battery fundamentals
Charging batteries
Battery Management
Managing expectations
Battery fundamentals
Charging batteries
Battery Management
Discharge Charge
(1) Appliance (1) Quantity (2) Current (amps) (3) Time Used (Hrs) (4) (4)
Daily
Total
Total
(Ah)
(Ah)
Cabin lights
Cabin lights 8
8
8 1.5 A
1.5 A 1.0 Hrs
1.0 Hrs 12 Ah
VHF (receive)
VHF (receive) 1
1
1 0.3 A
0.3 A 24
24 Hrs
Hrs 7 Ah
Refrigerator 1
1 6.0A 24/3 Hrs 48Ah
Batteries are inefficient, you need to replace 10% to 20% additional amp‐
hours to recharge your batteries
• 100Ah battery discharging at 65A for 1 hour will exhaust battery providing 65Ah
• 100Ah battery discharging at 5A for 20 hours will provide 100Ah
Decreasing Sponge Decreasing Lead Oxide Increasing Sponge Lead Increasing Lead Oxide
Lead
Increasing Lead Sulfate Decreasing Lead Sulfate Decreasing Lead Sulfate
Increasing Lead Sulfate
Construction Application
Flooded
Gel Cranking
Deep
Cycle
AGM
Lithium
AGMs have very low internal resistance and can therefore accept very high
charge rates, high acceptance rate.
As they are not sensitive to charge voltages, standard constant rate charges
can be used.
- 100 Ah - 100 Ah
12 volts + 12 volts +
- 100 Ah - 100 Ah
12 volts 12 volts
200 Ah 200 Ah
Copyright © R Starkey 2017
Slide 32
Battery maintenance
Wet cell batteries must be periodically topped up with distilled
water and specific gravity recorded
Managing expectations
Battery fundamentals
Charging batteries
Battery Management
(a) what charge device/s (b) what charge current and (c) how long?
(a) Devices (b) Current (c) Time
Great for cranking batteries, very bad for deep cycle batteries
15 100
Amperage%
14 100
80
13 75
Ah 60
Volts
12
50
11 40
25
10
0 20
9 Dischargin Chargin
g g
11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14
Time Volts
Copyright © R Starkey 2017 Slide 39
Alternator with smart regulator
Standard alternator with Brush +
B+
To battery
positive
W
To Tachometer
Field terminal
Brush +
-
• Internal constant voltage F
Voltage Regulator B-
0VDC
Reg on
smart regulator 12VDC
Copyright © R Starkey
Slide 40
2017
Multi stage regulator
15
Bulk Charge Absorption Charge Float Charge
100%
14.1 – 14.4 volts
14
13 75%
Volts
12
Constant current Absorption charge Float charge at a
at constant voltage 50%
charge at rated constant voltage
output until for specific time or
11
absorption voltage is until current
reached absorbed by battery
falls to threshold level
(amps)
10 (<4%) 25%
0%
Time
Copyright © R Starkey 2017 Slide 41
240 Volt AC battery chargers
• 240 Volt AC multi‐stage battery chargers provide a constant
charge current, 50 amp means 50 amps when in bulk charge
phase
• Ideally suited for deep cycle batteries (flooded, gel and AGM)
• Suited for charging at marinas and where on board 240 volt AC
generation is available
• Sometimes integrated with large inverters
What charge current? What devices should I use? How long do I charge?
If you discharge to 50% of battery • 35% x 110% = 39% of battery Ah divided by charge current is the
capacity and recharge to 85%, you need charge time
to replace 35% of battery capacity plus
inefficiencies (10%) • Scenario above, charge time = (39% x 200Ah/60 amps) = 1.3 hour
Copyright © R Starkey
Slide 48
2010
Copyright © R Starkey
Slide 49
2010
Lithium‐Ion Comparison
Charge Cycle
1 amp of current
(electrons)
Copyright © R Starkey
Slide 57
2017
Multimeter selection options
Volts Dc and
Volts AC
Current AC
Current Continuity
connections
Voltage &
continuity
connections
Copyright © R Starkey
Slide 58
2017
Basic marine electrical circuits
Series circuit
•Think of it as a
circle
•A break anywhere
will interrupt current
flow
24 Hour Circuits
Cabin
Breaker Lights Switch
Aft
Main
Switch Switch
Main
•Emergency and Fuse
Switch
Port
standby circuits that Battery
Nav
Lights
Switch Starboard
•Bilge pumps,
12V Neg Bus
P
Water
Switch Pressure
Pressure
appliances with Pump
stored parameters,
Ground Bilge
Switch
P
Bilge
shore based battery
Pump
Pump
Float
chargers, etc. Switch
Stern
Shunt
P
Ground Bilge
Pump Bilge
Pump
Float
Switch
Panel
12 V Neg Bus
Managing expectations
Battery fundamentals
Charging batteries
Battery Management
Managing expectations
Battery fundamentals
Charging batteries
Battery Management
Thermister
3. If battery voltage <=12.6, alternator
not charging
+12 volt
4. Check, regulator +12v and “reg‐on”, To Tachomoter
both should be 12 volt, if not
correct Field
Managing expectations
Battery fundamentals
Charging batteries
Battery Management
Apply moderate load for 15 minutes, disconnect battery, allow to sit for 15
minutes and measure terminal voltage
13
Volts
12
11 Voltage Voltage
Voltage
constant at constant at
increasing?
~14 volts? ~ 13 volts?
10
Time
Copyright © R Starkey 2017 Slide 92
Amp‐hour battery management
B B
- +
W
F
Alternator
Regulator
Panel
Load 1
Load 2
Load 3
Load 4
Automatic Charge
Starter Switch
Relay
Panel 12 V Neg
House House
Start
1 2
Managing expectations
Battery fundamentals
Charging batteries
Battery Management