GENERAL EDUCATION:

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF UNDERSTANDING THE SELF

The Self from Philosophical Perspective:

Philosophers Concept of Self Characteristics

A. Socrates He believed that the Self exists in two parts: Two Dichotomous Realms:
(496-399 B.C.) 1. Physical (body) – tangible and mortal aspect of a person Physical Realm: The body is changeable, transient, and
is or can be constantly changing. imperfect. The body and soul are attached while the person is
2. Soul – is immortal alive.
“Our TRUE SELF is our SOUL” Ideal Realm: Soul is unchanging, eternal, and immortal. When
-“Know thyself” is to question oneself and others which is a person dies, the body stays in the physical realm while the
the highest form of human excellence soul travels to the ideal realm which
- “An unexamined life is not worth living” makes it immortal.
-“To live but to die inside” can be the worst thing that can
happen to man Famous quote:
“The unexamined life is
NOT worth living”
Plato -The self is an "immortal soul in a mortal perishable body. Tripartite Nature of Soul:
(428-348 B.C.) - The soul has a tripartite nature. a) an immortal rational part which existed before it became
-Soul is the "giver of life to the body, the permanent, part of the body
changeless and divine element b) a courageous or spirited part which is mortal and
-Body is changing, transitory and perishable
perishable (Book IV of Plato's Republic). The body is just a c) an appetitive part
shell of the soul. “Life is a continuous ascent towards the world of ideas” which
means to free our soul from imprisonment in the body.
C. Aristotle -The self is composed of body and soul, mind and matter, -He does not neglect the development of a human person's
(384-322 B.C.) sense (lower nature of human person which dominate physical, economic, and social powers.
person’s -Human happiness comes from the harmonious development
life) and intellect, passion, and reason (supreme in human of the whole self.
person which govern all life’s activities). - Perfection and happiness come from wisdom (true
- Theory of Golden Mean focuses on moderation; avoid the knowledge) and virtue (doing what is best for you)
extremes, avoid too much and too little. Living a life of
moderation is doing things in
 consonance with reason.

D. St. - The self is made up of a body and a soul, "a soul in - Every human person is created into the image and likeness of
Augustine possession of a body' which does not constitute two God. Every human person is made for God. It is only upon
(354-430 A.D.) persons but one man." his/her recognition of God's love and his/her response to the
-Happiness is the end-all and the be-all of human living and invitation to love that he/she finds inner peace.
this happiness can be found in God alone. - To love God means necessarily to love one's fellow man.
- Virtue is "the order of love." - Never to do any harm to another as you would not want
- Aristotle's Golden Mean others to do unto you.
- Taught against hedonism - Man craves for something perfect, immutable, and enduring.
Possession of the goods of this world such as health, beauty,
power, honor, fame can never give to a human person what
he/she is truly looking for, as these goods are finite, unstable
and ephemeral.
E. St. Thomas - Proclaimed the supremacy of reason in a human person -A human person can know the truth with certainty by the use
Aquinas -God, who is TRUTH Itself. of his reason. There are some truths which cannot be known
(1225-1274) - Aquinas pointed to a higher form of human perfection by human reason alone and which can be perceived only with
beyond this life because of the immortality of the human the aid of the light of divine revelation, can never contradict
soul - found in God alone. each other because they emanate from the same source.
F. Rene - Dualism: self is an immaterial mind and a material body. -Mind is the seat of consciousness. The body (which includes
Descartes - One can have ideas prior (a priori) to the human senses) is unreliable hence should not be trusted.
(1596-1650) Experience. - The rationality and activity of the mind are at the center of
-"I think, therefore, I am." man's being. To instill virtue and to give primacy to the mind

G. John Locke -At birth the (human) mind is a tabula rasa which means
(1631-1704) blank slate."
-“Associations of ideas” that individuals make when young
are more important than those made later because they
are the foundation of the self.
- Emphasized the "freedom of individuals to author their
own soul."
-"God created man and we are, [sic in effect, God's
-The mind is empty at birth.
- Infancy serves as the foundation of the development of the
self, this does not mean that individuals can no longer unmake
the negative effect of not-so- good earlier experiences.
- Individuals are free to define the content of their character
except for their basic identity as a member of the human
species.
- The chief end set by our creator for us as a species and as
 property.
- Every human person has the right to life, liberty, health
and property.
H. Immanuel - Human person has an inner and an outer self which,
Kant together, form his/her consciousness.
(1724-1804) - Self as prone to corruption
- Known for his supreme principle of morality, the Kantian
Categorical
imperative: "Act only according to that maxim by which you
can at the same time that it should become a natural law."
I. Maurice - Self is an inextricable union between mind and body.
Merleau Ponty - Oneness or harmony between the body and the world as
(1908-1961) our being-in-the- world, that our being is always an
existence that is in the world.
-The mind and the body are so intertwined that we cannot
even distinguish where the work of the mind
ends and where the work of the body begins.
J. Gilbert Ryle -The workings of the mind are not distinct from the actions
(1900-1976) of the body but are one and the same.
- Understanding and developing yourself is the distinction
of:
knowing how (technical ability),
knowing that (facts and propositions)
knowing what (acquaintance with
individuals is survival.
- Inner self consists of his/her psychological state and rational
intellect.
- Outer self is a human person's senses and the physical world
- Live in the Enlightenment period characterized by growing
secularism and the weakened effect of religion. Kant
replaced religion with reason.
-"Everything that we experience in this world - experiences of
joy, sadness, love, remorse
- happens with our bodies. There is never a moment in which
we are separated from our bodies as if it is a clothing that we
can shed oft."
-We grow and move about in the world in such a way that our
bodies learn to be in harmony with it.
- Knowledge shows that the body is also intelligent.
Conversely, the mind is not pure spirit, detached from the
material world through its cognitive activity. The mind always
thinks in an embodied way.
- The mind is a set of capacities and abilities belonging to the
body. The mind is a mysterious entity that controls the
mechanical workings of the body. The mind should not be
viewed as an additional mysterious thing that is subjected to
observation or to mechanical laws.
-Knowing that (some facts) is empty intellectualism without
knowing how to make use of the facts.
 things and persons). - Effective possession of a piece of knowledge (museum
possession of knowledge) involves knowing how to use that
knowledge, when required, for the solution of other
theoretical or practical problems (workshop-possession of
knowledge).
K. Paul - Adheres to materialism -Materialism is the belief that nothing except matter exists. If
Churchland -It is the physical brain and not the mind that gives us our a thing can't be recognized by the senses, then it is not
(1942-present) sense of self. real.
- Defends his eliminative materialism - the mind can't be experienced by our senses, then the mind
-Decision-making and moral behaviors are biological doesn’t really exist.
phenomena -Eliminative materialism is when we believe in a mind when
- Human behavior must be explained materially in terms of science is proving that mental health is connected to the
"recurrent neural network” and this is neuro-conscience. physical brain?

For instance, depression is strongly linked to brain chemicals

gone wrong.
-Example: depression is strongly linked to brain chemicals
gone wrong. Some people still say things like, ‘She's lost her
mind. But neuroscience says, 'No, it's a physical problem and
we aim to fix it.

THE SELF FROM A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

SOCIALIZATION is the whole and lifetime process by which people learn the values, attitudes and behaviors that are appropriate and expected
by their culture and community.

-It is the process of internalizing the norms of society which influences one's beliefs, actions, and behavior.

-The process of socialization helps shape a person's image. According to both Cooley and Mead, the concept of self is developed through a
socialızation process.

Philosophers Concept of Self Characteristics

A. GEORGE HERBERT -Self is not there at birth -Self is not based on inherited traits and other biological factors. Self
MEAD - Self influence is restricted only to “significant others” is something which has a development and not initially there at
(1863-1931) -Self is also influenced by the "generalized other” birth.
-Self is developed over time from social experiences and activities.
-Concept of self emerges from social interactions such as observing
and interacting with others opinions about the self, and it is
developed with social experience
- The significant others are people who play important roles in the
life of a person such as parents, teachers, friends and take place only
at certain periods of life.
-Example: younger children do not really care about what other
people think of them. They are focused on their own world. But as
children grow up and get more socialized, their beliefs about how
other people perceive them become important. They gain a new
understanding of society.
-The "generalized other” act based on personal beliefs but also on
what society expects of them. Talks about our personality as the “I”
and the "me”.
-The "I” is the natural, existential aspect of the self.
-The “me" is the socialized me or the cultured self.
B. CHARLES -Man develop our sense of self or self-image by his looking- -We learn to view ourselves as we think others view us.
COOLEY glass self-theory. - We are influenced by our own imaginations or perceptions or
(1864-1929) -Three steps in the formation of the looking glass self: opinions on how others see us. This means that we are actively
1. We imagine how we appear to others. engaged in defining our self-image or self-concept using our past
2. We imagine how others judge our appearance experiences to aid us in interpreting others responses.
3. We develop feelings about and responses to these
judgments

THE SELF FROM AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Anthropology employs a holistic approach to the study of the self.

-Quinn refers to the self as the "totality of what an organism is physically, biologically, psychologically, socially and culturally."
-Quinn likewise refers to the self as the "totality of what an organism is physically, biologically, psychologically, socially and culturally.
-Ewing (1990) likewise says, "self" encompasses the physical organism, all aspects of psychological functioning and social attributes.
 Anthropology employs a holistic approach to the study of the self by integrating various models into a broader framework by considering what each model
brings and by showing the interactions among them. The physical characteristics of people affect their culture, their way of life.

Example: because man has two legs and two feet we walk upright. We don't crawl nor move like quadrupeds (four-legged animals). Our locomotion is not
crawling like the snake but walking upright on two feet. On the other hand, people's culture affects the physical characteristics of people. Think
of the tattoo that the Kalingas of the Cordillera Administrative Region have even before this has become widespread among the present generation who have
tattoos on their legs and arms and in other parts of the body for varied cultural reasons.

Universals and Variety: Hallmarks of Anthropology

Holistic concept of the self, anthropologists look at the full range of human people by studying people in all parts of the world, at different times and at
different levels of society. Anthropologists are likewise mindful that any general theory of humanity must at the same time account for variety. They are
concerned with human universals as well as human variety. This is the hallmark of anthropology.

Stratigraphic Approach and Reductionism

Division of Self:
1. physical self 3. psychological self
2. biological self 4. social self

Note: There is no integration of the different selves, avoid error reductionism which means interpreting all observations by reducing the different self to a
single level analysis.
Example: reductionism as an error is committed when Ideas are explained purely in terms of electron flows in the brain; life is defined only in terms of
chemical equations, and human culture is described only by biological needs and instincts.

Understanding the Self and Culture

Culture is the integrated system of learned patterns of behavior, 1deas and products characteristics of a society. A person’s culture influences his/her physical
being.
People’s physical being also affects the kind of culture they build and the ways in which they relate to fellow human beings.

Two Contrasting Models of the Self: Egocentric and Sociocentric

Culture exerts an influence on the development of an egocentric and sociocentric self.

1. Egocentrism but always within a larger interpersonal relation "natural tendency to view everything within the world in relation to oneself.
Example: Americans are egocentric, they believe that they should be assertive and independent.
2. Sociocentrism is the natural tendency to view everything within the world in relation to one's group and so be group-centered. The sociocentric person
abides by the group and so is highly accepted by and is popular in the group. (interdependence)

Example: Japanese and Chinese are both sociocentric. Their very essence of interpersonal relations is mutual dependence

●Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person’s own culture, rather than be judged
against the criteria of another.
●Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's culture is Superior to that of others.
●Xenocentrism is the thinking that another's culture is superior to one's culture.

THE SELF FROM A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Sense of self (psychology) is defined as the way a person thinks about and views his or her traits, beliefs, and purpose within the world.
-The self is said to be in constant change. As one grows up, his/her sense of self changes.
-The self is a multilevel system not simply reducible to genes or neurons that emerges from multifaceted interactions of mechanisms operating at neural,
psychological, and social levels.

A. SIGMUND FREUD The Id, Ego and -Id is the completely unconscious, impulsive, child-like portion of the
(1856-1939) SuperEgo psyche that operates on the "pleasure principle” and is the source of basic
impulses and drives. It sees immediate pleasure and gratification.
-Ego acts on “reality principle"
-Super ego acts on moralistic and idealistic principles.
B. WILLIAM JAMES James Theory of the Self - The Self is the totality of all that a person can call his or hers.
(1842-1910) - Self into the “Me" and into the "I." -"I" (Self-as-subject) is “The thinker that does the thinking." Pure ego, “I” is
- Self is an Object that can be observed and a subject, the self that knows who he/she is and what he/she has done in his/her
an agent that does the life. "I know it was me who ate the cookie."
observing.
-The Material Self – the core of Material Self is BODY. -"Me is the “self-as-object." The "Me" is the material self, social self and
spiritual self can be thought of as a separate Object or individual a person
refers to when describing his/her personal experiences, part of self the
“empirical me”
- Associated with the body are clothes, family, home, and material
possessions. Everyone pays attention to his/her clothes because his/her
clothes reveal who he/she is. Clothes reflect a person's status. Clothes
contribute to the formation and maintenance of self-image.
 1. The Social Self – is a person in a social situation. It is the person given
recognition by others. It is how one presents oneself in public. Every
person has an innate desire to get himself/herself noticed favorably by
others.
2. The Spiritual Self – is a person’s subjective and most intimate self. It is
who a person is at his/her core. It is more permanent than the other two
selves. The spiritual self includes things like personality, core values and
conscience. The spiritual self-dwells on introspection and asks spiritual,
moral, or intellectual questions.

William James asserts that achieving a high level of understanding of our

spiritual selves is more rewarding than satisfying the needs of the social
and material selves.
THE SELF IN WESTERN AND ORIENTAL THOUGHT
Oriental concept of a human person is one integrated whole. He/she is also one with society and the universe.
Oriental philosophers do not emphasize the dichotomy of matter and spirit, body, and soul. Everything that happens to the universe affects man and
everything that man does affect the universe.
People are fundamentally connected. Duty towards all others is a very important matter. Collectivism is strong. In contrast, for Westerners, a human being
has an individualistic nature and is an independent part of the universe and society.
INDIVIDUALISM is comparatively stronger.

UNPACKING THE SELF: THE PHYSICAL SELF

Aspects of Physical Self - Refers to the body that includes basic parts such as head, neck, arms, and legs. As part of the natural course of nature, physical
changes become evident at the onset of puberty. During this period, some changes noticed among the boys are their voice gets deeper; hair starts to show on
their faces. This develops into a mustache, as they progress into adulthood. At this period, they experience rapid growth in a span of two to three years. This is
referred to as growth spurt. Also, during this period, they attain body maturity when they experience ejaculation, the ejection of semen through the penis. On
the other hand, maturity of the body among the girls is attained when girls experience their first menstruation. It is at this stage when they become capable of
reproduction. More noticeable changes occur when the individual reaches adolescence, the transition between childhood and adulthood.
 ADOLESCENCE STAGE (Corpuz, et. al., 2020)
Early Adolescence Adolescents would rather tell their stories to their peers rather than to their family.
(11-14 y/o)
Middle Adolescence (15-17 y/o) The child demonstrates consistency to achieve their goals in life.
Late Adolescence They become more concerned of others rather than, mainly, of themselves.
(18-24 y/o) -Children notice further changes in their physical self.
- They become more conscious of how they look, rather than the other aspects of the Self
- Sometimes, they can adapt to the changes, but there are others who find these changes difficult to accept.
-Children at this period would need guidance from their significant others to realize that they should not only be
concerned of their physical self, as they should value much higher goal that lasts and that is, the formation of the
Positive Self-identity, self-image, self- concept and self-esteem

Self-identity, Self-image, Self-concept, Self-esteem

There are four important concepts related to physical self

Self-introduction, what usually would you tell people about you In all probability, you would state your name, your status, profession, your place of origin, the
place where you reside, your rank in the family whether you're the eldest, or the youngest, as the case may be. That is how you are known. That is your
personal self-identity.

Self-image refers to the idea one has of his/her abilities, appearance, and personality.
Example, as you stand before the mirror, what do you see? How do you look? What skills are you capable of doing? All these tell of your self-image, the idea
that you have about yourself.

Self-concept is a collection and construction of an individual's thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that he/she holds about himself/herself and the responses about
him/her. It is active, dynamic, and adaptive. Self-concept differs from self-awareness which refers to the extent to which self-Knowledge is defined, consistent
and currently applicable to one's attitudes and dispositions.

Self-esteem, on the contrary, refers to how much you appreciate, value and like yourself. Your self- concept affects your self-esteem. What you hear from
other people, their influences and beliefs, including those of your family, contribute to the formation of self-concept.

Factors Affecting Growth and Development

Heredity Is the transmission of physical characteristics from parents to children through their genes
2 biological factors: 1. Nutrition 2. Gender
Intelligence Specifically in emotion, it means honestly evaluating and paying attention to how you feel.
Enviroment Is observed that a well-nurtured child does better than a deprived one. Accidents and incidents that children experienced may
also affect their physical development.

Sexual Self - Comprises a complex set of schemas that allow us to understand and express ourselves as sexual beings.
Sex - Refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women.

SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

Prenatal Stage
Gonads - At 6 weeks after fertilization, regardless of gender, all embryos have identical primordial gonads (primordial meaning existing at the beginning)
(Pinel, 2014). The identical pair of gonadal structures consists of an outer covering, or cortex that has the potential to become an ovary and an inner core, or
medulla that can potentially become a testis. At about 6 weeks after conception, the SRY gene (so named because it is found in the sox-determining region of
the Y chromosome of the male embryos) triggers the synthesis of SRY protein (Arnold, 2004). This protein causes the internal part, or the medulla, of each
gonad to grow and develop into testes. In female embryos that lack the: SRY gene that encodes the SRY protein, the primordial gonads automatically develop
into Ovaries.

Internal Organs - Until about the third month in the prenatal development, both embryos possess the same reproductive ducts including a male Wolffian
system and a female Müllerian system (Freberg, 2010).
The Wolffian system has the potential to develop into the male reproductive ducts comprising the epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct and seminal
vesicles (Witchel & Lee, 2014).
The Müllerian system, on the other hand, has the capacity to form into the fallopian tubes, the uterus and the upper portion of the vagina (Goodman, 2009).
This duplication in the reproductive ducts of the male and female embryos soon changes when at the third month, the male's newly developed testes begin to
secrete two hormones: the testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormones (Freberg, 2010).

Puberty Stage
It is the period of maturity of the external genitalia and the development of secondary sex characteristics. Secondary sex characteristics are those physical
changes that distinguish sexual maturity in women and in men. The changes that Occur during puberty are mainly caused by increased production of
hormones. The anterior pituitary releases high levels of growth hormones that act directly on the bones and muscle tissues resulting in growth spurt (Pinel,
2014). The hypothalamus releases the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release two gonadotropic
hormones: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Both hormones are present in males and females but produce different effects.
In males, FSH and LH cause the testes to release testosterone while in females; they stimulate the ovaries to produce estradiol (the most common type of
estrogen). The higher the levels of androgen than estrogen, masculinization occurs. Likewise, the more abundant amount of estrogen than androgen results in
feminization.
Abnormalities in Sexual Development
● Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) - Individuals with AIS have an XY genotype but develop a female appearance.
● Adrenogenital Syndrome - It is due to Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), an inheritable condition in which there is increased level of androgen.
● 5-Alpha Reductase Deficiency - The 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone is responsible for masculinization of the external organ of the fetus.

Gender - Refers to the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex.
MAMAWA - Men-Are-Men-and-Women-Are-Women
Gender Identity - Refers to the internal awareness of where the individuals belong in the feminine and masculine categories.

Gender Identity Terminologies

Cisgender Is a male or female that identifies with the sex that was assigned at birth.

Genderqueer The binary conceptualization of gender, male or female, does not accurately describe an individual's gendered outlook or self-concept.
Intersex Described a variety of medical conditions wherein an individual’s reproductive anatomy or genitals do not fit the binary definition of
male or female.
Transgender man Female to Man (FtM) - Is a man whose sex is female, but he lives and identifies as male.

Transgender woman Male to Female (MtF) – is a woman whose sex is male, but she lives and identifies as female

Gender Expression -The manner by which people express themselves and behave outwardly.
Sexual Orientation - Refers to the stable pattern of attractions or sexual interest that one has to a member of particular sex.

Sexual Orientation Terminologies

Asexual Refers to absence of physical or sexual attraction to another human being.
Bisexual Male or female who is attracted to both males and females.
Gay Gay males are self-identified men who are emotionally, physically, romantically and/or sexually attracted to people
who identify as male.
Lesbian Self-identified female who are emotionally, physically, romantically and/or
sexually attracted to people who identify as female
Hetero Sexual An individual who identifies as either male or female and is attracted to opposite sex.
 Queer It describes an individual’s self-concept of their sexual orientation identity.

Sexual Behavior

Erogenous zone – areas in the human body that have heightened sensitivity, can produces sexual
responses.

Sexual Response

● Sexual desire is typically higher in men than in women (Van Anders, 2012).

● Biological response:

o Vasocongestion - swelling of bodily tissues in penis, vagina and nipples

o Myotonia - muscle contraction and tension that causes spasms of orgasm and spasms of the hands and feet.

Triangle model
• Intimacy of Love
– refers to the couple’s sense of closeness and the presence of mutual concern.
• Passion – means romance and sexual feelings.
• Commitment – means deciding to enhance and maintain the relationship.
• Consummate Love – ideal form of LOVE.

Sexual Health
Sexually Transmitted Diseases are as follows:
Gonorrhea Syphilis ChlamydiaTrichomoniasis HPV or Human Papillomavirus HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus HSV or Herpes Simplex Virus

Material Self - Refers to our body, as well as the tangible objects, places, things that we describe as “My” or “Mine”.
● Two subclasses: Body self and Extra-corporeal Self = Extended self.

Spiritual Self - Refers to the real, true or authentic YOU. It is the least explored. It is a system that stresses the idea that a person does not need formal religion
to live a life of faith. It includes a sense of connection to something bigger than us, it typically involves a search for meaning in life.

Religion - is the set of beliefs, feelings, dogmas, and practices that define the relations between people and sacred beings or divinity.
Political Self - Is the aspect of the self that helps an individual to understand and function effectively in society.

National Identity - It boosts one’s sense of duty as a citizen of a particular country. It has 3 Dimensions: Self-categorization, Affect, and Normative Contents.

Filipino Values and Traits - Virgilio Enriquez (Father of Philippine Psychology) known for his Kapwa Model Value and it includes 4 Categories and 12 Filipino
Values.

Digital Self – is an aspect of the self that we present online. Trolling, cyber bullying, bashing and shaming are modern terminologies referring to how
seemingly unimportant people including strangers have the capacity to create damage to their victims.

Self-Presentation – refers to the act of creating a favorable impression or the desired image to an external and internal audience.

Learning to be a better Learner

Information-Processing Model – is a simple way to visualize how we acquire information and store and retrieve it.
Metacognition - Thinking about thinking, learning to learn. Being aware of your own thinking and learning process.

1. Person – how you see yourself as a learner.

2. Task – refers to what you need to accomplish
3. Strategy – includes effective ways of tackling learning tasks

PQ4R METHOD
1. Preview Get a general picture of material before you begin
2. Question Change headings into questions
3. Read Look for the answers to your question as you read.
4. Reflect Try to relate the material to past learning or to personal experience.
5. Recite Speak the answers to your questions aloud to solidify the info in your mind.
6. Review Review the material regularly

Self-Regulation
1. Adherence – a young child will do one thing because he/she is told to do so.
2. Identification – A child will do one thing because he/she likes the person asking him to do.
3. Internalization – An individual will do something because he/she values it.

Setting Goals for Success

Goals should be what you want your life to be all about. Connect your goals to what are the most important things to you. Your purpose and your goal should
be the driving forces in your life.

Albert Bandura’s Self-efficacy - Is the belief in one’s ability or capacity.

4 ways to develop it:

1. Mastery Experience - Set a goal and persist. We learn when we continue against difficult challenges, we strengthen our belief that we can succeed and
become better.
2. Social Modeling - Be inspired by people who have overcome and succeeded. Reading and watching about their lives can lead to vicarious modeling.
3. Social Persuasion - Have a mentor and cheerleader. Surround your life with people that will lift you up.
4. State of Physiology - Reflect and learn more about your emotions and moods. Through reflection and education, you can learn to remain positive even in
trying times.

Dr. Carol Dweck Growth Mindset Framework –

Two mindsets:
1. Fixed Mindset – makes a person avoid challenges. 2. Growth Mindset – enables a person to embrace challenges.
Locke and Latham Goal-Setting Theory – Five Goal Setting Principles:
1. Clarity 2. Challenge 3. Commitment 4. Feedback 5. Task Complexity