Assessing the Effect on Individual frequency bands, Cognitive load indices, Prefrontal electrodes using band

powers and implementing ML classification

Research Symposium
April 2022

Ms. GUNDA MANASA

Research Scholar

Under guidance of

Dr. S. S. Gajre

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

SGGSIE&T, Nanded

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➢ Contents

• Motivation
• Literature summary
• Contribution
1. Data Description
2. Experiments
3. Results
4. Conclusion
5. Future Work
6. References

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➢ Motivation

• Cognition is mental action of acquiring information and cognitive load helps in leaning.

• Critical task demands optimum cognitive load levels for better efficiency.

• Mindfulness interventions allows to maintain proper level of cognitive load.

• Electroencephalogram (EEG) is an important tool to study neurocognitive processes.

• Mind Wandering assess related to task unrelated thoughts.

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➢ Literature summary

• EEG is most popular measure among various physiological signals for research.

• Visual and audio stimulus utilized to induce cognitive load.

• Meditation practice entails moments of distraction dominated by self-generated thoughts (i.e. mind wandering)

• Mostly Power Spectrum Analysis, Statistical Analysis, Event Related Potential, Event Related

Synchronization/Desynchronization features are utilized.

• Studies utilized hand crafted features from statistical, morphological and nonlinear domain with state of the art

classifiers.

• Recently studies focused on utilization of neural networks for classification, quality of meditation based on depth,

attention grabbing power of mind wandering during meditation.

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➢ Papers referred for Contribution

• “Mindfulness intervention for improving cognitive abilities using EEG signal”(by Shankar Gupta, Ramchandra

Manthalkar, Suhas S.Gajre).

• “Frontal EEG theta/beta ration during mind wandering episodes”(by Dana van Son, Frances M. De Blasio , Jack S.

Fogarty , Angelos Angelidis, Robert J. Barry , Peter Putman).

• “A Framework for Mind Wandering Detection using EEG Signals”(by Nadia Jebin Tasika, Mohammad Hasibul

Haque, Mohsena Begum Rimo , Mohtasim Al Haque, Salwa Alam, Tasmi Tamanna , Md Anisur Rahman,

Mohammad Zavid Parvez).

• “The wandering mind oscillates: EEG alpha power is enhanced during moments of mind-wandering” (by Rebecca J.

Compton, Dylan Gearinger , Hannah Wild).

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• “Detection of mind wandering using EEG: Within and across individuals”(by Henry W. Dong , Caitlin Mills ,

Robert T. Knight , Julia W. Y. Kam).

• “Electroencephalogram during Mental Arithmetic task Performance”(by Zyma I, Tukaev S, Seleznov I, Kiyono K,

Popov A, Chernykh M, Shpenkov O).

• “Assessing Effect of Meditation on Cognitive Workload using EEG signals”(by Narendra Jadhav,Ramchandra

Manthalkar, Yashwant Joshi).

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➢ Contribution :

Assessing the Effect on Individual frequency bands, Cognitive load indices, Prefrontal electrodes using band powers
and implementing ML classification

Objectives:
• To explore individual frequency bands, EEG band ratios, prefrontal electrodes using band powers.

• To implement various Machine learning techniques for classification.

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➢ Data Description

EEG Recording

• EEGs signals recorded using Neurocom monopolar EEG 23-channel system (Ukraine, XAI-MEDICA) and placed on the

scalp according to 10-20 International scheme.

• All electrodes were referenced to the interconnected ear reference electrodes.

• The inter-electrode impedance was below 5 kΩ.

• The sample rate was 500 Hz per channel.

• A high-pass filter with 0.5 Hz cut-off frequency, low-pass filter with 45 Hz cut-off frequency and a power line notch filter

(50 Hz) are used.

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EEG selection

• Every recording includes separate artifact-free EEG segments of 180 s for resting state and 60 s for mental counting.

• Based on EEG visual inspection by a qualified electroneurophysiologist, 30 of the 66 initial participants were excluded

from the database due to poor EEG quality (excessive number of oculographic and myographic artifacts), so the final

sample size is 36 subjects.

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Characteristics of Participating Subjects

• Females are marked with “F”, males are marked with “M”.
• “Number of subtractions” is the difference between the initial 4-
digit number and the subtraction result, divided by the subtrahend.
• If the calculation was inaccurate for a particular subject, the
corresponding value is not an integer.
• “Count quality” is the ranking we determined based on the number
of subtractions: group “B” and “G” (shown in Table1).

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Experiment Design
• The dataset was collected to investigate EEG correlates of mental activity during an intensive cognitive task (mental
arithmetic task—serial subtraction).
• Arithmetic tasks in this study involved the serial subtraction of two numbers.
• Each trial started with the oral communication of the 4-digit (minuend) and 2-digit (subtrahend) numbers (e.g., 4753 and
17, 3141 and 42, etc.).
• Serial subtraction during 15 min is a psychosocial stress.

Figure 1:Organization of EEG data collection during the experiment.

Bounding boxes depict the two EEG recordings stored in the database.

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➢ EXPERIMENTS

1.Individual band frequencies

2.Cognitive Load indices (EEG band ratios)

3.Prefrontal Electrode analysis

4.Binary Classification

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➢ Results 1.Individual frequency bands

(a)Delta band (b)Theta band (c)Alpha band (d)Beta band

(d) Gamma band

Fig 2:Analysis of “Good” subjects performing before and while doing task(a)Delta band, (b)Theta band, (c)Alpha band, (d)Beta
band, (e)Gamma band.
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➢ Results(continue)

(a)Delta band (b)Theta band (c)Alpha band (d)Beta band

(d) Gamma band

Fig 3:Analysis of “Bad” subjects performing before and while doing task(a)Delta band, (b)Theta band, (c)Alpha band, (d)Beta
band, (e)Gamma band.
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 2.Cognitive Load indices (EEG band ratios)

EEG band Bad(3min) Bad(1min) Good(3min) Good(1min)

ratio Activity Index
Before While doing Before While doing
𝛼ൗ Performance 2.99±4.09 2.17±3.69 1.55±2.14 1.49±0.90
𝜃
Enhancement
𝛽ൗ 0.72±1.34 1.22±0.62 1.94±2.07 1.16±1.23
𝛼 Arousal Index

𝛽ൗ 2.17±5.51 2.65±2.31 3.02±4.45 1.74±1.12

𝜃 Neural Activity

𝛽 0.54±1.08 0.83±0.49 1.18±1.41 0.69±0.59

ൗ(𝛼 + 𝜃) Engagement

𝜃ൗ 0.33±0.24 0.46±0.27 0.64±0.46 0.66±1.10

𝛼 Load Index

(𝛼 + 𝜃) 1.83±0.92 1.19±2.03 0.84±0.70 1.43±1.69

ൗ𝛽 Alertness

(𝛽 + 𝛾) 1.21±2.19 1.64±1.03 2.08±2.44 1.32±1.12

(𝛼 + 𝜃) CWI

Table 1: Comparison of different EEG band ratios between Bad and Good subjects performing before(3min) & while
doing(1min) task using mean & standard deviation.
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 2.Cognitive Load indices (EEG band ratios)

EEG Bad(3min) Bad(1min) Good(3mi Good(1mi

band n) n)
Activity Index
ratio
Before While Before While
doing doing
𝛼ൗ 2.99±4.09 2.17±3.69 1.55±2.14 1.49±0.90
𝜃 Performance
Enhancement
𝛽ൗ 0.72±1.34 1.22±0.62 1.94±2.07 1.16±1.23
𝛼 Arousal Index

𝛽ൗ 2.17±5.51 2.65±2.31 3.02±4.45 1.74±1.12

𝜃 Neural Activity

𝛽 0.54±1.08 0.83±0.49 1.18±1.41 0.69±0.59

ൗ(𝛼 + 𝜃) Engagement

𝜃ൗ 0.33±0.24 0.46±0.27 0.64±0.46 0.66±1.10

𝛼 Load Index
Figure 4: CWI for Subjects performing before, while doing task, (a) “Good” (b)
1.83±0.92 1.19±2.03 0.84±0.70 1.43±1.69 “Bad”
(𝛼 + 𝜃)
ൗ𝛽 Alertness

(𝛽 + 𝛾) 1.21±2.19 1.64±1.03 2.08±2.44 1.32±1.12

(𝛼 + 𝜃) CWI

Table 1: Comparison of different EEG band ratios between Bad and Good subjects performing
before(3min) & while doing(1min) task using mean & standard deviation.

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 3.Prefrontal Electrode analysis

Figure 5: Fp1, Fp2 for subjects performing before and while doing task, (a)(b) “Good”, (c)(d)
“Bad”

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 4. Binary Classification

Figure 6: Different classifier outputs-SVM (Support Vector Machine), KNN (K-Nearest

Neighbor), DT (Decision Tree), RT (Random Forest Tree), Gaussian NB (Naive Bayes),
Logistic Regression.

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➢ Conclusion

1. This work investigates the individual frequency band obtained from the wavedec function.

2. Different EEG band ratios, Prefrontal electrodes used to analyse the cognitive load.
3. Classification performed with one feature and applied to different classifiers for binary classification.

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➢ Future Work

1. Mind Wandering detection implementation using neural networks.

2. Cognitive load variations among meditation and mind wandering.

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➢ References

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