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Behaviorism constructivism
Behaviorism is a science that
This theory is how the
analyzes the human psyche
process of forming human
based on subjective reports.
So in learning practice, there
Theories of knowledge. According to
constructivism theory, the
is a close relationship
between behavioral
Learning formation of knowledge that
occurs in humans comes
reactions and from the experiences that
stimulation. have been passed.

Cognitivism
Based on cognitive learning theory, learning is a process of
changing perception and understanding. Cognitive theory about
humans build cognitive abilities with the motivation that is done
by oneself to the environment.
Humanism
This learning theory is more likely to see the
development of knowledge from the side of the
human personality. This theory also aims to build the
student's personality by doing positive activities.
 NEED ANALYSIS

Target Need Analysis Gathering Information about Learning Needs Analysis Analyzing learning needs
Target Need

Necessities
Necessities are about what the learners has
to know in order to function effectively in the
target situation. In other words, necessities also
mean the need for someone to be successful in
his or her business.
Lacks
Lack is the difference between the
student’s present competence and the desire
competence (Allwright 1982, quoted in West,
1994). Moreover, based on English for Specific
Purpose book lack is about what the learner
knows already, so that the teacher or the
facilitator can decide which of the necessities the
learner’s lack (Hutchinson, Waters and Breen,
1979 page: 56).
Wants
According to Hutchinson and Waters
(1987) definition of wants is perceived of
subjective needs of learners. Wants also means
that the students need to know what they want to
be learned. From that situation, students will do
some efforts to achieve their willing.
There are some ways in which information
can gathered about needs. The most
frequently used:
Questioners
Interviews
Observation
Data Collection ( e.g: gathering text)
target profile of language skills
ONGOING,
e.g regular class discussions.
Learning need is what the students need to do in To analyzed learning need, we can use a
order to learn. We need to take into account the similar checklist to that used for target
destination or needs of a learning situation: A situation analysis.
task is enjoyable, fulfilling, manageable, and
generative. The target situation alone is not a
1. Why are the learners taking the course?
reliable indicator of what is needed in the ESP
2. How do the learners learn?
course. It can determine the destination, but we
must also choose our route: the conditions of the
3. What recourse are available?
learning situation, the learner’s knowledge, skills 4. Who are the learners?
strategies, the learner’s motivation. Moreover, for 5. Where will the ESP course take a place?
the example in a target situation students may 6. When will the ESP course take a place?
need to read long, dull, complex texts, but their
motivation may be high because:
They like the subject in general
Examination are looming
Job or promotion prospect may be involved
They may be going on to do very interesting
experiments or practical work based on the
text
They may be like or respect the subject
teacher or boss.
SITI HAMIDAH (206310600)