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‭MODULE 4: PUBLIC SPEAKING‬

‭U NIT 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING‬

‭Your Target‬

‭ t the end of this unit, you should be able to create a speech incorporating‬
A
‭the essentials and nature of public speaking and practice sev eral exercises in‬
‭managing public speaking anxiety.‬

‭ENGAGE‬

‭ elow are 20 situations in w hich a person might choose to communicate or‬

B
‭not to communicate. Presume you hav e completely free choice. I ndicate‬
‭the frequency you w ould choose to communicate in each type of situation. I ndicate in‬
‭the space at the left of the item w hat percent of the time you w ould choose to‬
‭c ommunicate. (0=nev er, 2= seldom, 3= sometimes, 4= often, and 5=alw ays)‬

‭ .‬
1 T‭ alk w ith a serv ice station attendant‬ ‭ _______‬
_
‭2.‬ ‭Talk w ith a physician‬ ‭_ _______‬
‭3.‬ ‭Present a talk to a group of strangers‬ ‭_ _______‬
‭4.‬ ‭Talk w ith an acquaintance w hile standing in line‬ ‭_ _______‬
‭5.‬ ‭Talk w ith a salesperson in a store‬ ‭_ _______‬
‭6.‬ ‭Talk in a large meeting of friends‬ ‭_ _______‬
‭7.‬ ‭Talk w ith a police officer‬ ‭_ _______‬
‭8.‬ ‭Talk in a small group of strangers‬ ‭_ _______‬
‭9.‬ ‭Talk w ith a friend w hile standing in line‬ ‭_ _______‬
‭10.‬ ‭Talk w ith a w aiter/w aitress in a restaurant‬ ‭_ _______‬
‭11.‬ ‭Talk in a large meeting of acquaintances‬ ‭_ _______‬
‭12.‬ ‭Talk w ith a stranger w hile standing in line‬ ‭_ _______‬
‭13.‬ ‭Talk w ith a secretary‬ ‭_ _______‬
‭14.‬ ‭Present a talk to a group of friends‬ ‭_ _______‬
‭15.‬ ‭Talk to a small group of acquaintances‬ ‭_ _______‬
‭16. Talk w ith a garbage collector‬ ‭_ _______‬
‭17.‬ ‭Talk in a large meeting of strangers‬ ‭_ _______‬
‭18.‬ ‭Talk w ith the administrators in school‬ ‭_ _______‬
‭19.‬ ‭Talk in a small group of friends‬ ‭_ _______‬
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‭20.‬ ‭Present a talk to a group of acquaintances‬ ‭_ _______‬

‭Complete the follow ing statements:‬

‭1.‬ ‭I am comfortable talking to‬
‭_ _________________________________________________‬
‭_ ____________________________________________________________________‬
‭_ ____________________________________________________________________‬
‭because______________________________________________________________‬
‭_ ____‬
‭2.‬ ‭I am anxious w hen I talk to‬
‭_ ____________________________________________________‬
‭_ _____________________________________________________________________‬
‭_ _____‬
‭_ _____________________________________________________________________‬
‭_ ____‬
‭because______________________________________________________________‬
‭_ _____‬

‭EXPLORE‬

‭A.‬ ‭Public Speaking as One Context of Communication‬

‭Public speaking is a specialized type of communication. To become‬
‭e ffectiv e public speakers, w e need to understand w hat communication is.‬
‭Communication is the process of creating shared meaning. At its core,‬
‭c ommunication inv olv es forming and transmitting messages to achiev e mutual‬
‭understanding or to incite action (Verderber, Sellnow , & Verderber, 2015).‬
‭I n public speaking, a person prepares and deliv ers a presentation to a‬
‭group w ho listens generally w ithout interrupting the flow of ideas. For example,‬
‭you may present a class report, giv e an inspirational talk in a club, or speak out‬
‭in a campus forum. Ev en making an announcement is a form of public speaking‬
‭and so are the agreements of civ ic leaders reach during a public forum. To‬
‭maintain the special sort of interactiv e exchange that takes place in public,‬
‭speakers must accept responsibility for their stand on issues and for their ideas‬
‭w hile others must take responsibility for examining those ideas either critically or‬
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‭ ppreciativ ely. I any public situation, persons must assume such reciprocal‬
a
‭c ommunication.‬

‭B .‬ ‭B enefits of Public speaking‬

‭Public speaking has both tangible and intangible benefits. This w ill help‬
‭prepare you to deliv er excellent speeches w hen the time comes, but there is‬
‭more to this course than that. Public speaking giv es you a chance to dev elop‬
‭c ommunication skills that you can use inside and outside the classroom.‬

‭TRANSFERABLE SKILL‬ ‭ ow PS Helps You‬

H ‭ xamples of How the‬
E
‭D evelop the Skill‬ ‭Skill Might Benefit You‬
‭in Everyday Life‬
‭ eing confident and‬
B ‭‬ H
● ‭ abituation‬ ‭Feeling more‬
‭managing‬ ‭●‬ ‭U sing prov en‬ ‭c omfortable talking‬
‭c ommunication anxiety‬ ‭strategies‬ ‭w ith people in‬
‭unfamiliar social‬
‭situations‬
‭B eing a good listener‬ ‭●‬ U ‭ nderstanding‬ ‭U nderstanding better‬
‭listening‬ ‭w hat a friend has to‬
‭●‬ ‭Listening‬ ‭say, and the fiend‬
‭r eciprocally‬ ‭understanding you‬
‭better‬
‭ dapting to different‬
A ‭●‬ K ‭ now ing how to‬ ‭B eing able to confront‬
‭audiences and building‬ ‭r esearch and‬ ‭a friend or cow orker‬
‭your credibility‬ ‭analyze audiences‬ ‭about a difficult issue‬
‭●‬ ‭I ncreasing‬ ‭w ithout damaging the‬
‭c ompetence and‬ ‭r elationship‬
‭dynamism‬
F‭ inding and ev aluating‬ ‭●‬ ‭Recognizing‬ ‭ esearching a‬
R
‭information‬ ‭appropriate and‬ ‭c ompany you think you‬
‭r eliable sources‬ ‭w ould like to w ork for‬
‭●‬ ‭Assessing the‬
‭accuracy and‬
‭v alidity of‬
‭information‬
‭ ritically analyzing‬
C ‭●‬ ‭Examining the‬ ‭ v aluating the merit of‬
E
‭ideas for speech topics‬ ‭logical, emotional,‬ ‭a proposal project at‬
‭w ork‬

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‭ nd ethical v alue‬
a
‭of idea‬
‭●‬ ‭Determining fit of‬
‭idea w ith intended‬
‭audience‬
‭Organizing ideas‬ ‭●‬ ‭U nderstanding‬ ‭ xplaining to a‬
E
‭patterns of‬ ‭c lassmate the‬
‭organization‬ ‭adv antages of joining‬
‭●‬ ‭U nderstanding how ‬ ‭a fraternity or sorority‬
‭people process‬
‭information‬
‭ resenting ideas‬
P ‭●‬ ‭Communicating‬ ‭ sing presentation‬
U
‭e ffectiv ely‬ ‭mindfully‬ ‭softw are into a speech‬
‭●‬ ‭Know ing how to‬ ‭about college life that‬
‭plan and prepare‬ ‭you giv e at your‬
‭e ffectiv e‬ ‭former high school‬
‭presentation‬
‭materials‬

T‭ hus, public speaking skills are life skills. You w ill use w hat you learn in your public‬
‭speaking class in all aspects of your life.‬

‭C .‬ ‭Ethical Responsibilities of Public Speakers‬

‭Ethics are a set of moral principles held by a society, group, or indiv idual that‬
‭differentiate right from w rong. I n other w ords, ethics reflect w hat w e believ e‬
‭w e “ought to” and “ought not to” think and do. As audience members, w e‬
‭e xpect speakers to behav e ethically. Likew ise, as speakers, w e expect‬
‭audience members to behav e ethically. Let’s look at how public speakers meet‬
‭e ach of these responsibilities.‬
‭1.‬ ‭Honesty.‬‭I n other w ords, ethical public speakers tell‬‭the truth. An audience‬
‭e xpects that w hat you tell w ill not be made up, w ill not be your personal‬
‭belief presented as fact, and w ill not be an exaggeration. To make sure that‬
‭w hat you say is truthful, you w ill need to research your topic carefully and‬
‭present all sides of controv ersial issues accurately. I n addition, honest‬
‭speakers do not plagiarize by presenting other’s ideas as their ow n. I nstead,‬
‭they properly credit the ideas of others they use in their speech.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Integrity‬‭. Ethical communicators “practice w hat they‬‭preach.” The person‬
‭w ho says, “Do w hat I say, not w hat I do,” lacks integrity. I n other w ords, a‬
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s‭ peaker w ho implores listeners to quit smoking and then goes outside and‬
‭lights up lacks integrity. A listener w ho espouses the importance of civ ility but‬
‭then interrupts and heckles speakers lacks integrity.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Fair‬‭. Fair communicators attempt to act impartially‬‭and acknow ledge any‬
‭potential bias they might hav e regarding a topic. For speakers, behav ing‬
‭fairly means researching and accurately reporting all sides of an issue. For‬
‭listeners, it means considering all of the ev idence a speaker presents, ev en‬
‭w hen that ev idence contradicts w hat they believ e.‬
‭ .‬ ‭R espect‬‭. Behav ing respectfully means show ing regard‬‭for others, including‬
4
‭their point of v iew , their rights, and their feelings. For example, speakers show ‬
‭r espect for their audience by choosing language and humor that is inclusiv e‬
‭and inoffensiv e. Listeners demonstrate respect by giv ing their undiv ided‬
‭attention to the speaker. Thus, it is disrespectful to send or read texts, emails,‬
‭or Facebook or in any other w ay “multitask” during a speech.‬
‭5.‬ ‭R esponsibility‬‭. Responsible communicators recognize‬‭the pow er of w ords.‬
‭So, ethical speakers only adv ocate for things that are in the best interest of‬
‭audience members. Similarly, ethical listeners critically ev aluate the positions‬
‭that speakers adv ocate and do not blindly accept positions that are not in‬
‭their best interest.‬

‭D . Public Speaking as Number One Fear‬

‭From the tw o w ords, public is the one feared by many professionals, students,‬
‭and adults. I t is the fear of being in a spot light w hich giv es a feeling of nerv ousness.‬
‭This could ev en be considered as a natural phenomenon because ev erybody feels‬
‭nerv ous.‬

‭Public Speaking Anxiety‬

‭Public speaking anxiety is also called stage fright, speech phobia, or‬
‭c ommunication apprehension. This is associated w ith the feelings of uneasiness,‬
‭panic, and ev en dread. PSA cuts across gender, ethnic background, age, and for‬
‭students, ev en grade point av erage (Addison et al., 2003).‬
‭According to Addison (2003), speakers experience a w ide range of sensations‬
‭and behav iors that spring from the internal causes of nerv ousness. They may include‬
‭a quiv ering v oice, shaky hands, change in body temperature, itchy skin, dry mouth,‬
‭mind going blank, increased heart rate, shortness of breath, increased rate of‬
‭speech, trembling legs, sw eaty palms, or cold hands and feet.‬

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‭Sources of PSA‬
‭Public Speaking Anxiety begins w ith uncertainty (nov elty). For most people,‬
‭speaking in public is not an ev eryday situation. You communicate w ith others ev ery‬
‭day, but probably not in a situation as formal and structured as a speech. The‬
‭c hange in context from your regular, ev eryday interactions w ith others to an‬
‭unfamiliar, public interaction naturally makes you nerv ous.‬

‭U ncertainties and Questions about Public Speaking‬

‭ ncertainty about....‬
U ‭ uestion speakers ask themselv es‬
‭the speaker’s role‬
‭my speaking abilities‬
‭my ideas‬
‭the audience’s response‬
‭the setting‬
‭the technology‬
‭how others w ill ev aluate me‬
Q
‭W hat should I do?‬
‭W hat am I able to do?‬
‭How w ell do I do know my topic?‬
‭How w ill others react?‬
‭How familiar/unfamiliar is the space?‬
‭W ill the technology w ork?‬
‭W hat impression w ill I make?‬

‭(Source: Public Speaking the Ev olv ing Art by Coopman and Lull, 2011, p.36)‬

‭M anaging Public Speaking Anxiety (PSA‬‭)‬

‭B ecause public speaking anxiety has multiple causes, let us hav e few general‬
‭methods, sev eral specific techniques, and six-step planning and preparation process‬
‭that w ill help you manage anxiety and boost your confidence about public speaking.‬

‭1.‬ ‭G eneral Methods‬

‭This is composed of‬‭c ommunication orientation motivation methods‬
‭(COM)‬‭that are designed to reduce anxiety by adopting‬‭a communication‬
‭r ather than a performance orientation. According to a communication‬
‭r esearcher, M ichael M otley, speakers w ith performance orientation v iew public‬
‭speaking as demanding special deliv ery techniques that w ill impress audiences‬
‭aesthetically and audience members as hypercritical judges w ho w ill not‬
‭ov erlook ev en minor mistakes. On the other hand, speakers w ith‬
‭c ommunication orientation v iew public speaking as an opportunity to engage in‬
‭c onv ersation w ith a number of people about an important topic. We focus on‬
‭getting our message across rather than on how the people in our audience are‬
‭judging us as a performer.‬

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‭Another is‬‭visualization‬‭w hich inv olv es picturing‬‭ourselv es giv ing‬

‭masterful speech. Like COM techniques, v isualization helps us ov ercome‬
‭c ognitiv e and emotional symptoms of apprehension arising from a fear of failure.‬
‭Tw o scholars, Joe Ayres and Theodore Hopf conducted an extensiv e research in‬
‭this technique, and they found out that if people v isualize themselv es going‬
‭through an entire speech preparation and speech-making process effectiv ely,‬
‭they w ill hav e a much better chance of succeeding w hen they actually giv e‬
‭their speeches.‬
‭Third are‬‭relaxation exercises‬‭. These include breathing‬‭techniques and‬
‭progressiv e muscle relaxation exercises. For these to be effectiv e, you must‬
‭learn how to do them and practice them regularly so they ev entually become‬
‭habitual.‬
‭Third is‬‭systematic desensitization‬‭w hich is a method‬‭that reduces‬
‭apprehension by gradually v isualizing yourself in and then performing‬
‭increasingly more frightening ev ents w hile remaining in a relaxed state.‬
‭Essentially, once you are in a relaxed state, you imagine yourself in successiv ely‬
‭more stressful speech -planning situations—for example, researching a speech‬
‭topic in the library, practicing the speech out loud in front of a roommate, and‬
‭deliv ering the final speech to your audience. Once you can maintain a relaxed‬
‭state w hile v isualizing yourself in each ev ent, you try performing each ev ent‬
‭w hile maintaining the learned state of calmness. The ultimate goal of‬
‭desensitization is to transfer the calm feelings w e attain w hile v isualizing to‬
‭actual speaking ev ent.‬

‭Lastly,‬‭c ognitive restructuring‬‭is a process designed‬‭to help you change‬

‭your intrapersonal communication about public speaking. The goal is to replace‬
‭anxiety-arousing negativ e self-talk w ith anxiety- reducing positiv e self-talk. The‬
‭process consists of identifying your fears, analyzing how rational these fears are,‬
‭dev eloping positiv e coping statements to replace each negativ e self-talk‬
‭statement, and incorporating your positiv e coping statements into your life.‬

‭2.‬ ‭Specific Techniques‬

‭These are recommended activ ities employed in the days before your‬
‭deliv ery of your speech and on the day, you actually giv e it. The follow ing are‬
‭some suggestions.‬
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‭a.‬ ‭Allow sufficient time to prepare‬

‭b.‬ ‭U se presentational aids‬
‭c .‬ ‭Practice your speech allow ed‬
‭d.‬ ‭Dress up‬
‭e .‬ ‭Choose an appropriate time to speak‬
‭f.‬ ‭U se positiv e self -talk‬
‭g.‬ ‭Face the audience w ith confidence‬
‭h.‬ ‭Focus on sharing your message.‬

‭3.‬ ‭D eveloping an effective speech plan‬

‭W hile classical approaches to speech planning w ere speaker-focused,‬

‭scholars now recognize that effectiv e speeches are audience-centered and‬
‭address the rhetorical situation. The speech making skills w e need are both‬
‭r ooted in ancient w isdom and contemporary research. The six speech action‬
‭plan steps are:‬

‭https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/yFVIappR7CtqoeuvIohPxabLXdheiR5FObUBa9X67Nfyw‬
‭C-h7dYXRBbBHcxIRQouGgGEz2Y=s170‬

‭Note: For you to hav e an experience of these exercises (coping PSA), do the‬
‭follow ing tasks prov ided for you.‬

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‭Explain‬
‭ atch this v ideo of M att Abrahams entitled “Speaking Up w ithout Feaking‬
W
‭Out”‬
‭https://w w w .youtube.com/w atch?v =XI Xv KKEQQJo‬‭and find‬‭out how these‬
‭e xperiences mentioned by the speaker relate to your ow n experiences in public‬
‭speaking.‬

‭Elaborate‬
‭ fter your second v iew ing of “Speaking Up Without Freaking Out”,‬
A
‭summarize the concepts presented through a diagram show ing the‬
‭symptoms or behav iour experienced by an anxious speaker and‬
‭r ecommendations or solutions in managing these behav iors.‬

‭Example:‬
‭Signs/Symptoms‬ ‭Solutions/ Recommendations‬

‭Evaluate:‬ ‭Inspirational‬‭/‬‭Evocative Speech/Informational‬

I‭nstructions:‬
‭1. Re-use the essay you crafted in M odule 2 on the topic “Success”.‬
‭*You may edit the text.‬

‭ .‬ ‭Prepare‬ ‭a‬ ‭few ‬ ‭slides‬ ‭for‬ ‭your‬ ‭presentation.‬ ‭Only‬ ‭w ords/phrases,‬ ‭not‬ ‭w hole‬
2
‭sentences or paragraphs, should be featured on the slides.‬

‭3. This speech should be 2 minutes in length.‬

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‭4. The speech needs to hav e an introduction, a body, and a conclusion.‬

‭ .‬ ‭Record‬ ‭your‬ ‭presentation.‬ ‭Label‬ ‭your‬ ‭file‬ ‭as‬‭Speech1_(your‬‭family‬‭name,‬‭first‬

5
‭name initials in CAPS) then submit in google classroom.‬

‭ riteria:‬
C
‭V ocal deliv ery‬ ‭ 5 pts.‬
1
‭V isual Deliv ery‬ ‭15 pts. (body language and use of slides)‬
‭Confidence/mastery‬ ‭10 pts.‬

‭138‬