Republic of the Philippines

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 30
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY

MAIN CAMPUS
USE THIS MODULE Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No.: (036) 6214-578 loc. 118 or (036) 522-3845
Email Address: capsumaincoed@gmail.com

Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work at

your own pace. This module also covers the knowledge, skills, and proper
attitude you need in Technical Drafting.

A pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to

determine your level and need.

The learning activity page gives the sequence of the learning task. This
page serves as the road map in achieving the desired objectives.

After you accomplished all the tasks required, a post assessment is given to
check if you are already competent with the specified learning outcome/s
and be ready for the next task.

Definitions of terms are provided in this module for your better

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work at

your own pace. This module also covers the knowledge, skills, and proper
attitude you need in Technical Drafting.

A pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to

determine your level and need.

The learning activity page gives the sequence of the learning task. This
page serves as the road map in achieving the desired objectives.

After you accomplished all the tasks required, a post assessment is given to
check if you are already competent with the specified learning outcome/s
and be ready for the next task.

Definitions of terms are provided in this module for your better

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work at

your own pace. This module also covers the knowledge, skills, and proper
attitude you need in Technical Drafting.

A pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to

determine your level and need.

The learning activity page gives the sequence of the learning task. This
page serves as the road map in achieving the desired objectives.

After you accomplished all the tasks required, a post assessment is given to
check if you are already competent with the specified learning outcome/s
and be ready for the next task.

Definitions of terms are provided in this module for your better

Learning Module
 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 30

LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL DRAWING GRADE 9

THIRD QUARTER

INTRODUCTION

Good lettering enhances the appearance of a drawing, while poor lettering will make a good drawing look sloppy and
unprofessional. Lettering gives other pertinent information necessary for the construction of a machine or structure, the graphical
representation of which failed to show them. It must be easily read and drawn freehand. Figures are of similar importance as of
lettering. Poor figuring can cause grave errors in the American Standard, the most important requirement in lettering as used on a
working drawing is legibility and ease and rapidly of execution. It is therefore recommended that skill in lettering must be developed
because it is as important as the ability to make good drawings.

Lettering is not only useful in working drawings but also in personal correspondence, making place cards, signs, posters,
labelling books and occasion cards. A keen student in drawing will acquire great satisfaction from its many uses (Galikanao, 1975).

OBJECTIVES

After going through this lesson, student should be able to:

 define lettering and its importance.

 acquaint with the history of lettering.
 familiarize the different styles of lettering.
 study and memorize the general division of letters, proportion of letters, classification of Letters according to its size; position;
thickness of stem and spacing.
 enumerate the different guidelines for capital and small letters.
 have the knowledge about the correct strokes of each letters.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Provide the students with a working knowledge of the occupational/jobs which are drafting based. Equip the students with the basic
skills and processes common to all areas of drafting with special emphasis on proper techniques. Students also must know the exact
style of letters to be used for a desired artwork.

TOPIC/OUTLINE

 Lettering and its importance.

 History of the Alphabet and Lettering.
 Styles of Letters.
 General division of Letters.
 Proportion of Letters.
 Classification of Letters according to its size; position; thickness of stem and spacing.
 Guidelines for capital and small letters.
 Order of strokes for each letters.

CONTENT/ DISCUSSION

Lettering and its importance

According to Justu Rising, “To acquire proficiency in any art one must know it, how to do it, and then practice.”

Learning to Letters requires:

a. Knowledge of the shapes and proportions of the individual characters.

b. A knowledge of the order of strokes and direction of strokes used in making them.
c. A knowledge of the rules for combining letters into sentences.
d. Constant correct practice.

History of the Alphabet and Lettering

 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 30

Writing gave to a man a means of accurate communication over long distances and a method of storing the accumulated
experiences and knowledge of the race.

Lettering as means of recording thought can be traced back to prehistoric times. Early man used a very crude form of picture
or symbol writing.

The Egyptians who were the first man developed picture writing known as hieroglyphics which is composed of three kinds:

1. Picture to represent objects.

2. Symbols to represent ideas.
3. Symbols to represent sounds.

When it was discovered that certain pictures could represent particular sounds, hieroglyphics and symbols were combines
to represent these sounds. From this step, the Phoenicians are supposed to developed a fixed symbol for each sound. Later, the Greeks
changed the positions and forms the symbols to serve their own needs. Still later, the Romans developed the Greek symbols into an
alphabet of their own. Our present alphabet is taken almost directly from that of Roman . (Eduardo Famucol, 2009 (Teaching Guide in
Drawing II – Fundamentals of Technical Sketching, Instrumental Drawing and Blueprint Reading)

Styles of Letters

1.Gothic Letters – it is considered to be the plainest and most legible styles of letters. It is widely used for commercial purposes.

GOTHIC

2. Roman Letters – having an elementary stroke “accented” or consisting of heavy and thin lines. The end of the strokes are terminated
with a spurs called “serifs”.

ROMAN

3. Text – The most artistic and elaborate styles of letters which commonly used
for certificates and diplomas.

TEXT

All of these three styles when inclined in position regardless of their styles they are called Italic or Text Italic.

General Division of Letters

1.
DRAWN
or Built-up letters – are large letters for titles, posters and others. They are made up by drawing their outlines and filled in solidly. It
may be done either in freehand or mechanically.

SINGLE STROKE
or written letters – all stem of each letters done with one stroke of pen or pencil.

Proportion of Letters

1. NORMAL
Normal or Regular letters – are letters having stem made regularly and used when space is neither wide nor small.

COMPRESSED
 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 30

2. Compressed or condensed letters – are letters having their stem narrower in their proportion of width and height. These letters are used
when space is limited

3.
EXTEND
Extended letters – these letters are wider than normal letters. The small the letter, the more extended should they be in width. These
letters are used when space is available.

Classification of Letters according to the following:

A. Size

1. Uppercase letter – letters that are big in size. These are also called “ majuscules” or commonly called capital letter.

UPPERCASE

2. Lowercase letter- letter that are small in size. These are “ minuscules “or commonly called small letters.

lowercase

B. Position

1. Vertical letters –letters that stand in an upright position and forming ( 90 O )

with the horizontal guidelines . All vertical strokes of letters
are drawn downward and the horizontal strokes are drawn
to the right.

VERTICAL

2. Inclined letters –letters that form an angles between 65 to 75 degrees with the horizontal guidelines. The best slope for inclined
letters is 67 ½ degrees.

INCLINED

Both vertical letters and inclined letters are used in industrial drawings. Capital letters are used for title blocks, information
and notes. The use of these position of letters depends on the choice of the draftsman.

C. Thickness of stem

1. Boldface letters – letters having thick stem.

BOLDFACE

2. Lightface letters – letters having thin and light stem.

LIGHTFACE

D. Spacing

1. Mechanical Spacing – distances between letters are measured.

WAX
2. Optical Spacing –letters are spaced by making the areas
clearance
between them approximately equal.

WAX
 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 30

Guidelines of Lettering

Horizontal guidelines for Capital letters

___________________________________________ cap line

ABC
________________________________________________waist line

________________________________________________base line

Horizontal guidelines for small letters

____________________________________ cap line

boy
____________________________________waist line

____________________________________base line

____________________________________drop line

Guidelines term defined

1. Cap line – uppermost horizontal guidelines drawn for both capital letters and small letters.

2. Waist line – a horizontal guideline between the cap line and base line and it is used to determined general height of lowercase
letters.

3. Base line – a horizontal guideline where all the letters stand or rest.

4. Drop line – a horizontal guideline drawn for letters with strokes that extend down below the base line.

Techniques in Lettering / skills to be Learned

1. Select lettering pencil carefully. Have a fairly medium lead pencil such as HB and Mongol # 2.

2. Sharpen a pencil and repoint it into a long conical point.

3. Know the proportion and shape of the letters. Have a clear image of the shapes of letters before

starting to letter.

4. Learn the order of strokes properly.

5. Know the composition of letters, spacing words, and sentences. Legibility is a key to good

lettering.

6. Acquire “ snap “ or “ bearing down “ at the beginning and at the end of each strokes to make

them definite.

7. Rotate the pencil for every strokes to keep the wear of the pencil lead symmetrical.

8. Hold the pencil properly with the forearm on the drawing board. Never letter with forearm off

the drawing board.

 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 30

9. Always letter with guidelines to make the letters straight and uniform . A good draftsman never

letters without guidelines.

10. Have a real determination to improve. Constant correct practice makes perfect. Lettering is a freehand drawing. Do not use straight
edge in lettering.

Order of Strokes in Lettering

Before starting making of the lettering, one must know the order of strokes of every letter use in the application in drawing.
The following below shows the number or stroke use in the formation of the letters.

The first letters that should be studied are I, L, T, F, H,E,V. These letters are the easiest to draw because the basic strokes are vertical
and horizontal.

The next group of letters that need to be mastered are N, A, X, Y, Z,W,M. These letters introduce a slant line aside from vertical
and horizontal line.The next group are P, R, B, U and J requires closer study because of the introduction of the curve line aside from the
two already given.

The last group of letters in the alphabet that should be studied includes C, G, O, Q
D and S which are based o:;n the circle
PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 30
 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 30

Making the Numerals; All mechanical drawings involve the use of numerals, hence, they should be studied closely for form. Observe
and study the numerals figure below. All essential strokes found in the letters are straight and curve lines.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Select the best answer and write the letters only.

1.History says that the ancient people did not have a written language as a mean of their
communication, but they have way of understanding each other through,
(a. picture writing b. sign painting c. sound symbols)
2.For certificate and diplomas best letters style (a. roman b. text c. gothic)
3.TOMQVAXY are letters having ( a. 5 units b. 7 units c. 6 units )
4.Letters used for legible advertisement are ( a. gothic b. roman c. text )
5.When letter are to occupy a limited space are (a. regular b. compressed c. extended)
6.The second top most guidelines for lower case letters is ( a. cap line b. waist line
c. base line)
7.When letters are made in outline or fill in, they are ( a. written b. laid out c. drawn )
8.Guidelines are made of ( a. light b. heavy c. medium )
9. A proportion of letters when wide space is available (a. regular b. compressed
c. extended)
10. The best pencil used in lettering ( a. Mongol no.1 b. Mongol no.2 c. Mongol no.3)

TRUE OR FALSE:
Direction: write TRUE if the statement is correct and write FALSE if the statement is wrong.

_________ 1. TOMQVAXY are letters having six units wide.

_________ 2. The upper most guidelines in the lowercase letters is called cap line.
_________ 3. Guidelines are very necessary for making letterings.
_________ 4. A good pencil for lettering is Mongol 2.
_________ 5. The third stroke of letter E is longer than its second.
_________ 6. Stroke no. 2 of letter M is drawn inclined.
_________ 7. Inclined stroke of Letters is drawn downward.
_________ 8. The direction of vertical strokes of letters are drawn upward.
_________ 9. The second stroke of letter Z is shorter than the first stroke.
_________10. The lower portion of the letter X is wider than the upper.
_________11. Legibility of lettering defends upon the good spacing.
_________12. Letter W is the only letter having more 6 units wide.
_________13. The horizontal strokes of letters are drawn from right to left.
_________14. The upper portion of the letter B is bigger than the lower.
_________15. Good appearance of lettering depends on the execution of the strokes of letters.

FILL- IN- THE BLANKS:

1.__________an act of making letters by hands.
2.__________are fine, light straight or curved lines used to help make the lettering straight and
Uniform.
3.__________system of characters of letters used in writing language.
4.__________an act of making letters with the used of machines.
5.__________any character in the alphabet.
6.__________letters having light stem.
7.__________letters that stand in an upright position and forming 90 degrees with the horizontal
guidelines.
8.__________The best inclination for the inclined letters is ______ degrees.
9.__________the horizontal strokes of letters are drawn from_____ to ______ direction.
10.__________lettering is _________drawing.
11._________letters considered the most artistic and elaborated styles of letters.
12._________
13._________letters that are big in size or commonly called capital letters.
14._________letters having thick and heavy stems.
15.________letters that are in small in size or commonly called small letters.
 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 30

Suggested Drawing Activities:

Plate No. 6: make a grid line for your lettering each gap measures 3mm make sure to measure it properly for the entire paper. See
sample below. Note use extended letters for the content on your borderline.
Plate No. 7: Vertical single – Stroke Gothic Letters and Numerals there is an example plate below just perform a single stroke
lettering. There are grids on the sample plate each line grid measures 3mm height of the letters and numbers are 7 grids, and the gap
for every column is 1 grid.
 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 30

ALPHABET OF LINE

Contractors, estimators, tradesmen, and builders rely totally on technical drawings for the information they need to build, construct and
manufacture a product. To work in the design and manufacturing industries, the study of technical drawing; ability to prepare, read and
interpret technical drawing is essential.

Line symbols used in technical drawing are often referred to as ALPHABET OF LINES. The use of line symbols enables
engineers/designers to express the features of designed products clearly and accurately. Line features vary not only by width but also
by how they are graphically represented in a drawing.

Line significance is conveyed by line weight or thickness of the line. Every line is drawn at different thicknesses and darkness to
express contrast as well as importance. Lines that are less important are thin and light. The key to successful drafting is to have a good
technical knowledge of these various line characteristics – to understand where and when to apply them in technical drawing.

1. OBJECT OR VISIBLE LINES – Thick dark line use to show outline of object, visible edges and surfaces.

2. CONSTRUCTION LINE – Very light and thin line use to construct layout work.

3. DIMENSION LINE – Thin and dark lines use to show the size (span) of an object with a numeric value. Usually terminates with
arrowheads or tick markings.

4. HIDDEN LINE – Short dash lines use to show non visible surfaces. Usually shows as medium thickness.
 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 30

5. CENTRE LINE – Long and short dash lines. Usually indicates center of holes, circles and arcs. Line is thin and dark.

6. EXTENSION LINE – Thin and dark line use to show the starting and ending of dimension.

7. CUTTING PLANE LINE – Extra thick line use to show cutaway views or plane of projection where a section view is taken. Arrow
indicates direction of view.

8. SHORT AND LONG BREAK LINES –Short and long medium line use to show cutaway view of a long section.

9. LEADER LINE – Medium line with arrowhead to show notes or label for size or special information about a feature.

10. PHANTOM LINE – Long line followed by two short dashes use to show alternate position of a moving part.

11. SECTION LINE – Medium lines drawn at 45 degrees use to show interior view of solid areas of cutting plane line.

Introduction to the Alphabet of Lines • The use of line types on a drawing • are used to describe the various features of an object • to
the person reading the print • In order to understand what the drafter is trying to get across • you must be able to understand the
symbols and lines s/he uses.

The Alphabet of Lines Illustrated

Visible Lines • Also referred to as Object Lines • Dark, heavy lines. • Show the outline and shape of an object. • Define features you
can see in a particular view.

Visible or Object Line

Hidden Lines • Light, narrow, short, dashed lines. • Shows the outline of a feature that can not be seen in a particular view. • Used to
help clarify a feature, but can be omitted if they clutter a drawing.

Hidden Lines
 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 30

Center Lines • Thin line consisting of long and short dashes. • Shows the center of holes, slots, paths of rotation, and symmetrical
objects.

Dimension Lines • Dark, heavy lines. • Show the length, width, and height of the features of an object. • Terminated with arrowheads
at the end.

Extension Line Dimension Line Extension Lines • Used to show the starting and stopping points of a dimension. • Must have at least
a 1/16th space between the object and the extension line.

Extension Lines

Leader Line Leader Lines • Thin lines. • Used to show the dimension of a feature or a note that is too large to be placed beside the
feature itself.

Leader Lines

Cutting Plane Lines • Thick broken line that is terminated with short 90 degree arrowheads. • Shows where a part is mentally cut in
half to better see the interior detail.

Cutting Plane Lines

Section Lines • Thin lines Usually drawn at 45 degrees • There are different types of section lines • depending on the type of material
being cut through

Section Lines • Indicates the material that has been cut through in a sectional view • Use to show where the cutting-plane line has cut
through material

Section Lines

Break Lines • Used to break out sections for clarity or for shortening a part. • Three types of break lines with different line weights. •
Short Breaks. • Long Breaks. • Cylindrical Breaks.

Short Break Line Short Break Lines • Thick wavy line. • Used to break the edge or surface of a part for clarity of a hidden surface.

Long Break Lines • Long, thin lines. • Used to show that the middle section of an object has been removed so it can be drawn on a
smaller piece of paper.

Phantom Lines • Thin lines made up of long dashes alternating with pairs of short dashes. • Three purposes in drawings. 1. To show
the alternate position of moving parts. 2. To show the relationship of parts that fit together. 3. To show repeated detail.

Phantom Lines Alternate Position • Phantom lines can show where a part is moving to and from. • Eliminates the confusion of
thinking there may be 2 parts instead of just 1.
 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 30

All plates should be place on a separate long bond paper. Sample of plates should be send via online to check if it is correct or repeat.