PHY110-Unit1-Lecture 2 - 22648 - RT

ENGINEERING PHYSICS-PHY 110
UNIT:1 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

1
Lecture 2
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 1, 2023

What we learned so far!
2
1. Scalar and Vector quantities
• It is enough to have a magnitude for scalar physical quantities where as it is essential to
have both magnitude and direction for the vector physical quantities.
2. Scalar and vector field
• Region of space/domain in which a function, f(x,y,z), signifies a physical quantity (
Temperature, Velocity) is the field.
• Scalar field: Each point in space is associated with a scalar point function (Temperature,
potential) having magnitude.
• Vector field: Each point space is associated with a vector point function (Electric field,
Gravitational field) having magnitude and direction, both of which changes from point to
point.
3. Del operator ()
• It is a differential operator
• It is not a vector by itself
• It operate on scalar and vector functions and the resulting function may be a vector or scalar
function depending on the type of operation.
Rectangular (x,y,z), cylindrical (s,,z) and spherical polar(r, ,) coordinate systems
• Curvilinear coordinate system

• Coordinate transformation
Advanced Engineering Mathematics
• Partial differential calculus By ERWIN KREYSZIG

What we learned so far?
3
4. Operation with del () operator

• Gradient of scalar function F – Directional derivative..maximum change of the scalar
function F is along the direction of vector F, which nothing but the direction of outward
surface normal vector
• Divergence of a Vector function A - Gives the measure of the vector function’s spread
out at a point- is solenoidal or divergenceless when divergence of the vector is zero
which means that flux of the such vector field entering into a region is equal to that
leaving the region, a condition known as incompressibility; also gives an idea about
source (.A0) means vector diverge and sink(.A0) means vector converge.
• Curl of a Vector function A– regarding the rotation of the vector and the vector function
is irrotational when curl of the vector is zero, such fields are known as conservative fields.

Quick QUIZ on 31st Jan 2023
4
No Question Attempts Right Wrong
1 Which is/are correct statement(s)regarding the

gradient of a scalar function (F),
2 If the divergence of the vector is zero. Then that
vector is called
3 Which is the correct statement for the ‘Curl of a
vector’ ?
Reji Thomas DRD-DRC February 1, 2023

5
The quantity which has only magnitude is called?
a) A scalar quantity
b) A vector quantity
c) A chemical quantity
d) A magnitude quantity
Answer: A
6
Force is a vector quantity. True or false?
a) True
b) False
Answer: A
7
The quantity which has magnitude and direction is called?
a) A scalar quantity
b) A vector quantity
c) A chemical quantity
d) A magnitude quantity
Answer: B
8
Magnitude of the null vector is
a) 1
b) 0
c) -1
d) 
Answer: B
9
Magnitude of the unit vector is
a) 1
b) 0
c) -1
d) 
Answer: A
10
Cross product of two identical vectors (A) is a
a) Zero
b) A2
c) Null vector
d) Unit vector
Answer: B

11
Cross product of two vectors is a
a) Vector quantity
b) Scalar quantity
c) Null vector
d) Zero vector
Answer: A
Reji Thomas DRD-DRC
February 1, 2023
12
Dot product of two vectors is a
a) Vector quantity
b) Scalar quantity
c) Null Vector
d) Unit vector
Answer: B
Right Handed Coordinate Systems
13
Which of these coordinate systems obey the right-hand rule?
a) I and II.
b) II and III.
c) I, II, and III.
d) I and IV.
e) IV only.
Answer: D
14
Which one is a scalar field
a) Electric field
b) Magnetic field
c) Gravitational field
d) Pressure field
Answer: D
15
Which one is a vector field
a) Electric field
b) Temperature field
c) Pressure field
d) Electric potential
Answer: A
16
Which is/are correct statement(s)regarding the gradient of a

scalar function (F),
a) Maximum change in the scalar function (F) is along

b) It is a vector quantity
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above
Answer: C
17
If the divergence of the vector is zero i.e . Then

that vector is called
a) Solenoidal vector
b) Rotational Vector
c) Null vector
d) Unit vector
Answer: A
18
Which is the correct statement for the ‘Curl of a vector’ ?
a) Curl of a vector is a vector quantity.

b) Curl of a vector is a rotational vector
c) Curl of a vector is normal to the area that make circulation
maximum.
d) It is not possible to have the curl of a scalar quantity.
e) All of the above
f) None of the above
Answer: E
19
Null Vector is a vector that has ??
a. Zero magnitude
b. No specified direction
c. Both A and B are correct
d. Both A and B are not correct
Answer: A
20
‘Curl of a vector’ is Zero, then the vector is
a) Solenoidal.
b) Irrotational
c) Null vector
d) Unit vector
Answer: B
21
20/01/23 Lecture 0: Introduction to PHY110, Zero Lecture

31/01/23 Lecture 1: Scalar and Vector Fields, Concept of Gradient, Divergence and
Curl
01/02/3 Lecture 2: Gauss theorem and Stokes theorem (qualitative); Gauss law of
electrostatics, Poisson, Laplace Equations, Continuity Equation
03/02/23 Lecture 3 Gauss law of magnetostatics, Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction, Ampere Circuital law, Maxwell’s displacement current and
corrections in Ampere Circuital Law
07/02/23 Lecture 4: Electric field, Displacement current, dielectric constant, Magnetic
field and magnetic field strength, Maxwell’s equation..
08/02/23 Lecture 5 Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Equations (Differential and integral forms)
10/02/23 Lecture 6 Electromagnetic waves, Physical significance of Maxwell Equations,
electromagnetic spectrum
14/08/23 Lecture 7: Application of ‘EM’ theory in resistive touch screen display, capacitive
touchscreen display, Imaging devices
February 1, 2023
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD
Theorems in VECTOR CALCULUS
22
 For Divergence of the vector

function
 Fundamental theorem for Divergence
 For Curl of the vector function

 Fundamental theorem for Curl
 For Gradient of scalar function

 Fundamental theorem for Gradient….. Skip it
Learn about line integral, surface integral, and volume

integral!!

Gauss theorem
23
Also called Gauss Divergence theorem; Which states volume integral of the divergence
of a vector field over the volume is equal to the surface integral of that vector field
enclosing the volume.
i.e.
V S
Where, 𝐴Ԧ = 𝑖𝐴
Ƹ 𝑥 + 𝑗𝐴 ෠ 𝑧 is the vector and V is the volume
Ƹ 𝑦 + 𝑘𝐴
bounded by the closed surface S
 In short by this theorem volume integral can be converted to surface

integral– useful when the volume integration is difficult to achieve the result.

24
Gauss’s divergence theorem relates
a) Surface integral to volume integral

b) Line integral to surface integral
c) Surface integral to line integral

Stokes’ theorem
25
Stokes’ theorem states that surface integral (over a patch of the surface, S) of the curl
of a vector is equal to line integral of that vector over a closed curve (l) defining the
boundary of that surface (S)
Where, 𝐴Ԧ = 𝑖𝐴
Ƹ 𝑥 + 𝑗𝐴 ෠ 𝑧 is the vector and S is bounded
Ƹ 𝑦 + 𝑘𝐴
by the closed path l
• Convert surface integral into the line integral

• Curl of the vector relate to its line integration
• Right hand thump rule to know the direction of dS
• Not depend on the shape of the surface
• Depends on the boundary line
Stoke’s theorem can be related to the Green’s theorem..

26
Stokes theorem relates
a) Volume integral to surface integral

b)Surface integral to volume integral
c) Surface integral to line integral

Gauss’s law in Electrostatic (First law)
27
Electric flux (E) : The area integral of the Electric field (E) over any
closed surface is the E or electric field is the flux per unit area
Eq..1
Gauss’s law: Electric flux (E) from a closed surface (Gaussian

surface) is equal to 1/o times the charge (q) enclosed by the surface
Eq..2
0 is the permittivity of free space
From Eq.1 and 2

28
•Gauss's Law is a general law applying to any closed surface.

• It is an important tool since it permits the assessment of the
amount of enclosed charge by mapping the electric field normal
to the surface outside the charge distribution
•Or can be used to calculate electric field

Poisson’s Equations: is a simple second order differential equation
that come up in most of the engineering and physics fields.
29
𝛻 2 X = −constant
Siméon Denis Poisson (1781-1840), French mathematician, engineer, and

physicist who made many scientific advances
For example, the solution to Poisson's equation is the potential field caused by a
given electric charge or mass density distribution; with the potential field known, one
can then calculate electrostatic or gravitational (force) field
It applies to electrostatics, Newtonian gravity, hydrodynamics,
diffusion etc.. Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 1, 2023
Eg. In Electrostatics
Poisson's equation states that the Laplacian (2) of electric potential at a

point is equal to the ratio of the volume charge density () to the
30
absolute permittivity of the medium (=or). Laplace's equation tells us

that the laplacian of electric potential at a point is equal to zero.
Eq.1 Gauss’s first law
Charge distributed over a volume with  is the volume charge density

Eq.3
Eq.2
Applying divergence theorem to eq.3
Eq.4
Integrands must be equal for LHS and RHS

Poisson Equation in Electrostatics
31
Eq.4
Electric field (E) and potential (V) are related as
But Eq.5 V is the Energy required for

moving a unit +ve charge from a
reference point to a specific point in
an electric field
Eq. 5 in Eq.4
By using the vector identity for
Eq.6 is the Poisson’s Equation in electrostatics
Whenever you have a field (Potential V here) whose gradient determines a force on
an object and where the force is conservative (energy difference between two points
are independent of the path), then that field can be expressed by Poisson equation 
Laplace Equations: is also simple second order differential
equation that come up in most of the engineering and physics
fields. 𝛻 2X = 0
32
Like Poisson equation, it also applies to electrostatics, Newtonian

gravity, hydrodynamics, diffusion etc..
Eg. In Electrostatics
Poisson’s Equation
For a charge free region i.e =0, then the Poisson’s Equation
changes to
Eq.7
This, Eq.7 is known as Laplace’s equation and 2 is the Laplacian

operator.
Laplace Equation
33
Cartesian coordinate
Cylindrical coordinate
Spherical coordinate
Laplace’s equation is named for Pierre-Simon Laplace, a French

mathematician
Difference between Laplace’s and
Poisson Equations?
34
 Laplace’s equation has no source term

 Poisson’s equation has a source term
 When the Laplacian applied to a scalar function is not zero
then it is Poisson’s equation
 Poisson equation is the general form Laplace’s equation
 Or Laplace’s equation is the special case of Poisson equation
What geometry say:

All squares are rectangles, but all rectangles are not squares
In other way, for our case, all instances of Laplace’s equation are
also the instances of Poisson’s equation, but not all instances of
Poisson equation are instances of Laplace’s equation.
35
The Laplacian operator cannot be used in which

one the following?
a) Two dimensional heat equation

b) Two dimensional wave equation
c) Poisson equation
d) Maxwell equation

Continuity Equation
36
We know current, I is the rate of change of charge, q i.e.
If  is the charge density, then the charge, q, enclosing the volume

is given by
Also if J is the current density
-ve sign means decreasing  as

current flows out of the volume
By using the Gauss divergence theorem to LHS, we get

Continuity Equation
37
The above equations is true for any volume. So we can put the
integrands to be equal
Continuity Equation
Current density flowing out of the closed volume is equal to the rate of
decrease of charge within that volume.

38
Gauss theorem uses which of the following operations?

a) Gradient
b) Curl
c) Divergence
d) Laplacian

39
Stokes theorem uses which of the following operations?

a) Gradient
b) Curl
c) Divergence
d) Laplacian

40
The Green’s theorem can be related to which of the following

theorems mathematically?
a) Gauss divergence theorem

b) Stoke’s theorem
c) Euler’s theorem
d) Leibnitz’s theorem

41
20/01/23 Lecture 0: Introduction to PHY110, Zero Lecture

31/01/23 Lecture 1: Scalar and Vector Fields, Concept of Gradient,
Divergence and Curl
01/02/23 Lecture 2: Gauss theorem and Stokes theorem (qualitative); Gauss law of
electrostatics, Poisson, Laplace Equations, Continuity Equation
03/02/23 Lecture 3 Gauss law of magnetostatics, Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction, Ampere Circuital law, Maxwell’s
displacement current and corrections in Ampere Circuital Law
07/02/23 Lecture 4: Electric field, Displacement current, dielectric constant,
Magnetic field and magnetic field strength, Maxwell’s equation..
08/02/23 Lecture 5 Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Equations (Differential and integral
forms)
10/02/23 Lecture 6 Electromagnetic waves, Physical significance of Maxwell
Equations, electromagnetic spectrum
14/08/23 Lecture 7: Application of ‘EM’ theory in resistive touch screen display,
capacitive touchscreen display, Imaging devices
February 1, 2023
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD
PHY110 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS
42
Text Books: ENGINEERING PHYSICS by HITENDRA K

MALIK AND A K SINGH, MCGRAW HILL EDUCATION, 1st
Edition, (2009)
References:
 ENGINEERING PHYSICS by B K PANDEY AND S
CHATURVEDI, CENGAGE LEARNING, 1st Edition, (2009).
 ENGINEERING PHYSICS by D K BHATTACHARYA,

POONAM TONDON OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS by HALLIDAY D., RESNICK

R AND WALKER J, WILEY, 9th Edition, (2011)

PHY110-Unit1-Lecture 2 - 22648 - RT

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PHY110-Unit1-Lecture 2 - 22648 - RT

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ENGINEERING PHYSICS-PHY 110

UNIT:1 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 1, 2023

• Curvilinear coordinate system

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 1, 2023

4. Operation with del () operator

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 1, 2023

No Question Attempts Right Wrong

1 Which is/are correct statement(s)regarding the

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC February 1, 2023

The quantity which has only magnitude is called?

Force is a vector quantity. True or false?

The quantity which has magnitude and direction is called?

Magnitude of the null vector is

Magnitude of the unit vector is

Cross product of two identical vectors (A) is a

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC February 1, 2023

Cross product of two vectors is a

Dot product of two vectors is a

Which of these coordinate systems obey the right-hand rule?

Which one is a scalar field

Which one is a vector field

Which is/are correct statement(s)regarding the gradient of a

a) Maximum change in the scalar function (F) is along

If the divergence of the vector is zero i.e . Then

Which is the correct statement for the ‘Curl of a vector’ ?

a) Curl of a vector is a vector quantity.

Null Vector is a vector that has ??

‘Curl of a vector’ is Zero, then the vector is

20/01/23 Lecture 0: Introduction to PHY110, Zero Lecture

 For Divergence of the vector

 For Curl of the vector function

 For Gradient of scalar function

Learn about line integral, surface integral, and volume

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 1, 2023

 In short by this theorem volume integral can be converted to surface

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 1, 2023

Gauss’s divergence theorem relates

a) Surface integral to volume integral

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 1, 2023

• Convert surface integral into the line integral

Stoke’s theorem can be related to the Green’s theorem..

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 1, 2023

Stokes theorem relates

a) Volume integral to surface integral

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 1, 2023

Gauss’s law: Electric flux (E) from a closed surface (Gaussian

0 is the permittivity of free space

From Eq.1 and 2

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 1, 2023

•Gauss's Law is a general law applying to any closed surface.

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD February 1, 2023

Siméon Denis Poisson (1781-1840), French mathematician, engineer, and

Poisson's equation states that the Laplacian (2) of electric potential at a

absolute permittivity of the medium (=or). Laplace's equation tells us

Eq.1 Gauss’s first law

Charge distributed over a volume with  is the volume charge density

Integrands must be equal for LHS and RHS

But Eq.5 V is the Energy required for

By using the vector identity for

Eq.6 is the Poisson’s Equation in electrostatics

Like Poisson equation, it also applies to electrostatics, Newtonian

This, Eq.7 is known as Laplace’s equation and 2 is the Laplacian