CLASS 10 PHysics CHII: ELECTRICITY Heating Effect of Electric Current: When an electric current passes through a conductor (like a high resistance wire) the conductor becomes hot after some time and produces heat. This is called the Heating Effect of Electric Current. Joule’s law of heating: It states that the heat produced in a conductor is directly proportional to:~ (i) square of current for a given resistance, (i) resistance for a given current, and (iii) time for which the current flows through the resistor He! HeR HT Thus, H = FRt = Pt = Vit = vt R Applications of Heating Effect of Electric Current: + Electric heater and water heater - When these appliances are in connection with the supply of electricity they become hot but the wires remain cold. They consist of nichrome which has high resistivity and hence high resistance. The heat produced is directly proportional to the resistance of the material through which the current flows. + Electric bulb - The filament of an electric bulb consists of tungsten with a high melting point. (Melting Point of Tungsten Filament — 3380°C) A filament is enclosed in a glass envelope which is filled with nitrogen and argon gas. Since the resistance of thin filaments is very high, the amount of heat production is large same as the electric current that flows through the filament. Due to a large amount of heat production, the filament bulb becomes white-hot. Hence filament of the bulb emits light and heat. + Electric fuse - Wires consisting of some materials melt quickly and break when a large electric current passes through them. These wires are used for making electric fuses. All electrical circuits in all buildings consist of electrical fuses. There is a maximum limit on the current which can safely flow through a circuit. If by accident the current exceeds this limit, the wires may overheat and cause a fire. If a proper fuse is there in the circuit, it will blow off and break the circuit. A fuse is thus a safety device that prevents damage to electrical circuits and possible fires. When a large electric current flows through a circuit and hence through fuse wire, a large amount of heat production occurs. Due to this large heat production, the fuse wire melts and the circuit breaks so that the current stops flowing through the circuit. This saves the electric circuit from burning, Electric fuses have ratings as 1A,2A,3A,5A,10A. + Electric iron - The element of the electric iron constitutes alloys having a high melting point. Electric heater and geyser work on the same mechanism. Electric Power: + The rate at which electrical energy is dissipated or consumed in a circuit is called Electric Power. + Slunit of Power is a Watt. P=VI=W/t=PR=V?/R + One watt of power is consumed when T Ampere of current flows through a device of the potential difference of 1 Volt. 1W = 1 Volt x 1 Ampere = 1VA + Electrical Energy:-Amount of Energy consumed in a given amount of time measured in Joules or Watt hour or kilowatt hour. 1kWh = 1000 watt x 3600 seconds s SK ABDUR TkWh = 36 x 10° watt second Sk ABDU 1kWh = 3.6 x 10° joule (J) X-F