Design Solution For Effective Public Toilets in Cities

A
MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON
“DESIGN SOLUTION FOR EFFECTIVE PUBLIC TOILETS IN
CITIES”
A Project Report submitted to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University
(APJAKTU) in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree
of
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(SESSION: 2023-25) - MBA
Submitted by
Raushani
MBA (Batch 2023-25) 1st Semester
Under the guidance of

Dr.Vinay
Associate Professor, AKTU
FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Sec-11, Jankipuram, Vistar Yojna,
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India Pin Code-226031, Phone No.-0522-2771079
i
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this Project Report titled “DESIGN SOLUTION FOR EFFECTIVE
PUBLIC TOILETS IN CITIES” submitted by me to the FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT
STUDIES, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, is a bonafide work
undertaken by me and it is not submitted to any other University or Institution for the award of
any degree diploma /certificate or published any time before.
Name and Roll. No of the Student Signature

Raushani (211B051)
Batch: 2023-25
ii
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Report title “DESIGN SOLUTION FOR EFFECTIVE
PUBLIC TOILETS IN CITIES” submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of MBA
Programme of FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Technical University, Lucknow, was carried out by Me is an outcome of my independent and
original work. This has not been submitted to any other University or Institution for the award
of any degree/diploma/certificate.
Name and Designation of the Guide Signature of the Guide
Dr.Vinay
Associate Professor
FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University
Lucknow
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The success that has been accomplished in my study would not have been possible without the
timely help and guidance rendered to me by people. This study became possible through the
wholehearted co-operation and support of many well-wishers.
Firstly, I would like to thank Prof. M.K Jha, Nodal officer, FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT
STUDIES, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, for giving me an opportunity to do
this study.
I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to my project mentor Dr.Vinay, Associate Professor

for their meticulous guidance and support throughout my project.
I am immensely grateful to all the respondents for the help and co-operation rendered to me
during the study.
I thank my parents and classmates for their blessings and constant support, without which this
project would not have seen the light of day.
iv
ABSTRACT
The abstract of this paper is to know the perception of the public on the cleanness and
hygiene of public toilets. All the public toilets should be clean and hygiene. In our country,
our government has introduced a scheme called “Swachh Bharat” (Clean India). Keeping the
toilets uncontaminated is one of the objectives of the Clean India scheme. Public toilets are
meant for the floating population i.e. for people on the move. They serve the needs of
whoever happens to be passing by, whether a local or a stranger. This paper address
perception of the public on the PAY AND USE on -street conveniences and off-street
privately provided public toilets like those in malls, cinemas, petrol pumps, etc. This paper
can be helpful to encourage a clean India project. In the future, it can show the major part of
the clean India scheme. The provision of public toilets is not only a matter of land use but
also an essential design and planning concern. This study examines the following questions
through an explanatory study.
• What problems do public toilets pose?

• What toilet facilities do people require most
• How do demands, needs, and expectations around public toilets change depending on
gender, age, and ability?
We conduct a survey of 140 people. Convenient random sampling technique was adopted to
select the relevant respondents for the study. Respondents perceived public toilets as dirty,
stinking spaces and according to ANOVA analysis results, the perception of public toilets is
that the facilities are often poorly maintained and user studies have shown that they are the
last resort for users after restaurants, cafes, pubs, etc.
Keywords: Public toilets, Solution for effective public toilets, Open defecation, Sanitation,
Hygienic, cleanliness
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 10
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 11
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 THEORITICAL BACKGROUND
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 12
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 SAMPLE AND SITE
3.3 ANALYTICAL TOOLS
3.4 PROCEDURE
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 16
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
CHAPTER V: FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION 63
5.1 FINDINGS
5.2 SUGGESTIONS
5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
5.4 CONCLUSION
vi
APPENDIX 15
QUESTIONNAIRE
REFERENCES
vii
CHAPTER Ⅰ
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:
According to Census 2011, India’s urban population is 377 million or 31% of the total
population. These numbers are expected to increase to 600 million by 2031. The Census 2011
also showed that in 4,041 statutory towns, close to eight million households do not have access to
toilets and defecate in the open.
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), 58% of the Indian population does not
have toilet facilities and they do open defecation, public toilets play a vital role to solve this
problem. Though now-a-days open defecation is reducing by the public toilets constructed by the
government, but still the maintenance of these toilets in hygienic manner is an issue. Due to the
improper maintenance and the foul smell from the toilets, the usage of the public toilets has been
reduced. Moreover, the people started using the open places which leads to many health
problems. Hence, the issue of maintenance of the public toilet has to be dealt seriously.
In countries like India, any health problem has to be dealt seriously as this may affect the future
growth of the country. In the survey made by the United Nations, Millennium Development
Goals Report 2014, 66% of the Indian population in rural area do open defecation. In order to
make India, an open defecation free country, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has
taken steps to make each state an open defecation free state. As a first step to achieve this, the
important cities present in a state are encouraged to become an open defecation free city. Now-a-
days, though many of the cities claim that they are open defection free, really that is not the fact.
Also, when a city wants to become an open defecation free city, it needs to concentrate on the
development and maintenance of the public toilets. These public toilets are utilized not only by
the visitors in other cities but also used by the people who does not have own toilets.
Public toilets should be seen as a core component of environmental design, adding to a quality
and viability and also it is a basic necessity for a citizen to access a clean and hygienic toilet in
public spaces. The lack of access to such a facility in public spaces leads to open defecation and
unhygienic conditions in the cities. So, having access to clean and hygienic toilets improves the
health of the citizens and keep cities free from open defecation.
Sanitation plays an important role in a country’s development. Lack of toilet facilities leads to
poor sanitation in the country, so in order to make India, a well sanitised country, on October
1
2014; the Indian government has introduced a scheme known as ―Swachh Bharat which
literally translates to Clean India. The main objectives of this scheme are to build enough toilets
across India and to keep the toilets clean and maintained as a regular exercise. The focal point is
to better implement and improve hygiene in the bathroom.
In this project, we surveyed on various methods and technologies proposed for maintaining
public toilets in an efficient manner and how poor sanitation affects the lives of the people.
“Sanitation is more important than political independence,”
Mahatma Gandhi (1947)
1.2 Need for the study:
Poor sanitation is a huge problem in India. Around half of the Indian population does not have a
toilet and goes outside to defecate. This leads to huge health hazards, dignity & safety concerns,
& economic losses.
However, the lack of clean toilets does not just affect the urban and rural poor. It also affects
well-to-do Indians living in Indian cities. As an example, Delhi has barely a few hundred toilets
in public spaces - a grossly insufficient number. Similarly, large stretches of the Indian highway
system are without clean toilets.
India faces an intimidating urban sanitation challenge. In India, over one-fourth of urban
households lack a private toilet facility in their houses and there is an evident lack of hygienic
facilities in public places. Where, municipalities were the main providers of public toilets, but
these facilities lack in maintenance and cleanliness and are largely avoided by the public. Today,
pay-and-use public toilets have become well established across India, most of them funded by
municipalities and a large proportion operated by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) or
small contractors. These are often better maintained than standard municipal toilets and are
consequently more popular with the public.
If the toilets are not maintained in a hygienic way, some people may refuse to use them and
instead prefer to defecate in open and some other people avoid traveling to public places or using
public conveniences because lack of sanitation facilities. Clean toilets facilities in cities
encourage tourism and social interaction within cities. Especially for women, lack of facilities
2
affects their health, and thus restricts them from traveling around the city freely. However, usage
of unclean public toilets also leads to transmission of diseases.
1.3 Objectives of the study:
• To estimate the public awareness and perception regarding public toilets.
• To know usage rate of public toilets.
• To know the problems facing by the people while accessing a public toilet.
• To know the level of satisfaction on cleanliness of the public toilets.
• To study that public toilets are designed and maintained to fulfill community expectations
and are safe and inviting to use.
• To understand, how the lack of toilets in public spaces affects people in India and also
people travelling to India.
• To know whether public toilets are worth using or not.
1.4 Scope of the study:
The purpose of our study is to understand the perception of the public towards public toilets and
how well the public satisfied with the cleanliness of the public toilets. We also focus on whether
the long-term improvement programs like Swachh Bharat Mission that directs the placement of
sufficient public toilet facilities in India and how the lack of toilets affects people in India.
We have collected responses throughout India during the period June to July 2020 where our
sample size is 140 respondents.
Safe sanitation is an important parameter for the clean environment as well as in securing public
health and hygiene. It also plays vital role in the economic development of society. Access to
essential, basic facilities such as toilet for everyone is a minimum requirement for safe sanitation.
To eliminate open defecation by the year 2019, under the national flagship programme – Swachh
Bharat Mission (SBM-Urban) launched by the Government of India in urban areas have made a
remarkable progress. In the process of achieving the overarching goal of SBM, various
innovative concepts have evolved and emerged to augment access to toilets.
3
In this project, we discussed the methodologies used for maintaining the cleanliness of
the open toilets and facilities proposed for the specially challenged peoples. One of the best and
possible method to avoid open defecation is first to provide the infrastructure facilities where
ever necessary. Mostly in northern side of India open defecation is not considered as a different.
There mostly men prefer open defecation. Next is maintaining the infrastructure so that it can be
used efficiently and effectively by the visitors.
There are many issues to be dealt to maintain the open toilets properly. The first and the foremost
thing is proper and frequent cleaning of the open toilets. Though municipality has taken many
steps to improve the maintenance of the open toilets, still it is not maintained as expected. Now,
they have even started using latest technologies to achieve this. Though the workers are available
or they attempt to do the duties properly, the most important difficulties they face in many places
are availability of sufficient water for cleaning the toilets.
1.5 Organisation of the report:
➢ The first chapter briefs about the introduction part of the report, need for the study,
objectives and the scope of the study.
➢ The second chapter presents the literature review.
➢ The third chapter presents the methodology done by doing research.
➢ The fourth chapter outlines the analysis done by using ANOVA and EXCEL.
➢ The fifth chapter highlights the findings, suggestions, limitations of the study and
conclusions.
4
CHAPTER Ⅱ
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction:
In recent years, the issue of public toilet has evolved from being less important project to society.
Humans generally get affected with the seasonal activities. Sanitation related functions of solid
waste collection and management also have seasonal variations. Mechanisms that permit human
populations to better mediate the relationships between themselves and climatic-environmental
conditions, in which disease organisms are more controlled, tend to come with progress that
insulates populations against seasonal shocks.
2.2 Theoretical Background:
The flush toilet was invented in 1596 but didn’t become widespread until 1851. During the 11th-
century castle-building boom, chamber pots were supplemented with toilets that were, for the
first time. Those bathrooms are located vertically down to the ground, but they soon evolved into
small rooms that protruded from castle walls as distinct bottomless bay.
The first scholarly research on restrooms was done by Kira in 1966, with the revised edition in
1976, and Wright in 1967 who explored social, physical, and cultural issues.
According to article written by Rebecca Webber for the Gotham in July 15 2001, even in big
cities like New York suffered from a lack of proper facilities. They are not cleaned properly and
were obviously neglected. When they fell into disrepair, they were just ignored. If they came up
with use and pay, plenty of them who couldn’t use them because they may be homeless. Other
organizations stepped out and came up with automatic public toilets have been installed.
European journalist peter young described the disadvantages of the absence of those in his article
“Public Toilets Dawn the Pan”. Majority of the people have resorted the urinating in the streets
and these lead to extremely imprisonment. Although they may not be sanitary places but at least
the health dangers can be controlled.
Anna Morrell the author who entitled “Discovering the Bottom Line about Public Toilets
Today”. In this article, the Morrell described the usual state of public toilets, and how, with
simple changes that can involve a supply of effective toilet paper, and properly functioning
5
faucets for the washing of hands, could present a welcome improvement in the state of most
public toilets.
According to the World Health Organization, public toilet provision is defined as a major factor
in Age-Friendly Cities (Help the Aged, 2007; Knight and Bichard, 2011). However, toilet
provision has remained inadequate in most communities, and also in developing countries like
Ghana, China, and India which lack even rudimentary toilet access (Gershenson and Penner,
2009; Molotch and Noren, 2010).
Anna Morrell, the author who entitled “Discovering the Bottom Line about Public Toilets
Today”. In this article, the Morrell described the usual state of public toilets, and how, with
simple changes that can involve a supply of effective toilet paper, and properly functioning
faucets for the washing of hands, could present a welcome improvement in the state of most
public toilets.
According to the article written by ShyamaV.Ramani, “India’s additional challenge is to diffuse

not just any toilet but a high-quality, long-lasting, non-contaminating product that minimizes
water and soil pollution and promotes sustained use. This will require that the sanitation sub-
system (i.e., the part under the toilet seat/slab), and its waste-processing technology design to be
adapted to the geo-physical features of the targeted zone, taking into consideration soil type,
rainfall, water table, water availability, wind velocity and slope”. In a country like India,
providing access to some form of a toilet is the easy part. What’s harder is getting people to use
them. One way to make the people to use public toilets is to build self-cleaning smart toilets and
also maintain them in a hygiene manner.
6
CHAPTER Ⅲ
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction:
The study was based on quantitative and qualitative data. The conclusion of the report was
derived from statistical analysis of the responses collected through online survey, in which
participants were asked about their demands and needs while using public toilets. It encompasses
important considerations for the social and physical aspects of public toilets. The survey also
elicited users’ opinions so we could understand the challenges faced by the people in using
public toilets and explore expectations regarding good quality, inclusive, and healthy public
toilets.
3.2 Sample and site:

A total of 140 randomly selected people participated in the survey where 51% of the respondents
are males and 49% are females. All participants participated in the online survey are of different
abilities, sizes, ages, educational backgrounds, incomes.
We have collected the responses from different cities in India where 71 respondents are from
Hyderabad and remaining 69 are from different cities in India. The main reason for selecting
different cities in India as our site was due to its strategic policy dimension for the provision of
public toilets.
The sampling tool we have used in this research is convenient random sampling. It is a statistical
method of drawing representative data by selecting people because of the ease of their
volunteering or selecting units because of their availability or easy access.
3.3 Analytical tools:
In order to analyze the responses collected through questionnaire, we used a series of statistical
tools named IBM SPSS 20.0 (Statistical Package for Social Science) and Microsoft Excel. In
SPSS, we performed Analysis of variance (ANOVA).
7
3.4 Procedure:
The fieldwork (examination and survey) lasted 3 months, where we gathered both primary data
and secondary data. The primary data was collected with the help of structured questionnaire
which includes both closed-ended and open-ended questions and from informal interviews. The
secondary data was collected from different sources like reports, books, journal articles, and
websites.
During the survey, respondents were asked to rate the importance of public toilets in different
places and also asked to rate the cleanliness of the public toilets in different places that they have
visited.
8
CHAPTER Ⅳ
DATA ANLAYSIS & INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introduction:
Data analysis and interpretation is the process of assigning meaning to the collected information
and determining the conclusions, significance and implications of the findings. It is an important
and exciting step in the process of research. In all research studies, analysis follows data
collection.
According to C.R.Kothari (1989), “The term analysis refers to the computation of measures
along with searching for patterns of relationship that exist among data-groups”. Analysis
involves estimating the values of unknown parameters of the population and testing of
hypotheses for drawing inferences.
The aim of present study is to find out the “solution for effective public toilets in cities sing
different technologies.” We have collected data from 140 respondents randomly from different
cities. The collected data are arranged properly, analysed systematically and interpreted
precisely.
4.2 Analysis and interpretation of data:
Analysis from ANOVA:
1)Employment Status Between 3.886 1 3.886 1.138 .288

Groups
Within Groups 471.000 138 3.413
Total 474.886 139

From the above data, we observed that the p-value is 0.288 which greater than significance level
of 0.05. There is no significant difference between the groups, so we accept the null hypothesis
and conclude that there will be no significant influence of employment status.
9
2)Have you used any Between .076 1 .076 .348 .556
public toilet facilities? Groups
Within Groups 30.096 138 .218
Total 30.171 139

From the above data, we observed that the p-value is 0.556 which greater than significance level
of 0.05. There is no significant difference between the groups, so we accept the null hypothesis
and conclude that there is no significant influence of usage of the public toilet facilities.
3)If not, why? Between 1.689 1 1.689 .541 .463

Groups
Within Groups 430.854 138 3.122
Total 432.543 139

From the above data, we observed that the p-value is 0.463 which is greater than significance
level of 0.05. There is no significant difference between the groups, so we accept the null
hypothesis and conclude that respondents have faced some problems due to which they haven’t
visited public toilets.
4)Do you think Between .027 1 .027 1.915 .169

public toilets are Groups
important?
Total 1.971 139

hypothesis and conclude that respondents agree that public toilets are important.
5)Do you think fee- Between .161 1 .161 1.056 .306

based public toilet Groups
will be cleaner
compared to the
public toilet which is Total 21.171 139
free of cost?
hypothesis and conclude that respondents prefer paid public toilets over free-to-use.
10
6)Do you think it is Between .981 1 .981 4.065 .046
easy to find public Groups
toilet in India?
Total 34.286 139

From the above data, we observed that the p-value is 0.046 which is less than significance level
of 0.05. There is a significant difference between the groups, so we reject the null hypothesis and
conclude that it is not easy to find public toilets in India.
7)How often do you Between 2.346 1 2.346 2.982 .086

end up using the toilets Groups
in these places when
you go there. [City
Markets] Total 110.886 139
level of 0.05. There is a significant difference between the groups, so we accept the null
hypothesis and conclude that respondents use public toilets in city markets.
8)How often do you Between .185 1 .185 .201 .654

you go there.
[Shopping malls] Total 126.936 139
level of 0.05. There is a significant difference between the groups, so we accept the null
hypothesis and conclude that respondents use public toilets in Shopping Malls.

Within 140.221 138 1.016
you go there. [Movie
Groups
Theatres]
Total 142.421 139
hypothesis and conclude that most of the respondents often use toilets in movie theaters.
11
Within Groups 166.736 138 1.208
you go there.
[Restaurants and Total 169.171 139
Cafes]
hypothesis and conclude that most of the respondents often use toilets in Restaurants and cafes.
11)How often do you Between .748 1 .748 .487 .486

Within Groups 211.795 138 1.535
you go there. [Airports]
Total 212.543 139
hypothesis and conclude that most of the respondents often use toilets in airports.

Within 85.118 138 .617
you go there. [Railway
Groups
stations & Bus stands]
Total 86.600 139
hypothesis and conclude that most of the respondents often use toilets in railways and bus stands.

you go there.
[Highways] Total 106.971 139
of 0.05. There is significant difference between the groups, so we reject the null hypothesis and
conclude that most of the respondents often don’t use toilets on highways.
12
you go there. [Tourist
spots (Museums, Total 119.886 139
Monuments, etc.)]
hypothesis and conclude that most of the respondents often use toilets in tourist spots.

Within 79.312 138 .575
you go there. [Public
Groups
toilets (such as
Sulabh)] Total 80.421 139
hypothesis and conclude that most of the respondents often use public toilets such as Sulabh.
16)Where is the need Between .388 1 .388 .711 .401

for more clean public Groups
toilets that you can
use. [City Markets]
Total 75.793 139
hypothesis and conclude that most of the respondents feel that more clean public toilets are need
at city markets.

use. [Malls]
Total 64.650 139
at malls.
13
use. [Restaurants
& cafes] Total 60.286 139
at restaurants and cafes.

Within 57.559 138 .417
use.
Groups
[Airports]
Total 57.600 139
hypothesis and conclude that most of the respondents preferred that need for more clean public
toilets in Airports.
20)Where is the need Between .943 1 .943 1.653 .201

use. [Railway stations
&; Bus stands] Total 79.686 139
toilets in Railway stations and Bus stands.
21)Where is the need Between 1.039 1 1.039 1.834 .178

Within 78.182 138 .567
use. [Highways]
Groups
Total 79.221 139

14
toilets in Railway stations and Bus stands.
22)Where is the need Between .605 1 .605 1.128 .290

Within 74.045 138 .537
use. [Tourist spots
Groups
(Museums,
monuments, etc.)] Total 74.650 139
toilets near Tourist spots like Museums, Monuments etc.,
23)How satisfied are Between 1.494 1 1.494 1.466 .228

you with the Groups
cleanliness of public
Within 140.677 138 1.019
toilets you've used at
Groups
different places.
[City markets] Total 142.171 139
hypothesis and conclude that most of the respondents satisfied with the cleanliness of public
toilets have been used at different places like City markets.

you with the Groups
Within 82.618 138 .599
Groups
different places.
[Malls] Total 83.886 139
toilets have been used at different places like Malls.
15
you with the Groups
Within 97.457 138 .706
Groups
different places.
[Restaurants &; Total 103.793 139
cafes]
conclude that most of the respondents not satisfied with the cleanliness of public toilets have
been used at different places like Restaurants and Cafes.

you with the Groups
Within 102.748 138 .745
Groups
different places.
[Airports] Total 105.543 139
toilets have been used at different places like Airports.

you with the Groups
Within 146.724 138 1.063
Groups
different places.
[Railway stations Total 151.793 139
& bus stands]
conclude that most of the respondents not satisfied with the cleanliness of public toilets have
been used at different places like Railway stations and Bus stands.
16
28)Please rate the Between .081 1 .081 .120 .730
following features of Groups
public toilets, in
terms of their
importance to you Total 93.793 139
[are clean and well
maintained (soap,
paper, hand dryers)]
From the above data, we observed that the p-value is 0.730 which is greater than the significance
hypothesis and conclude that most of the respondents felt that toilets are clean and well
maintained (soap, paper and hand dryers).

public toilets, in
terms of their
[have baby diaper
change facilities]
hypothesis and conclude that most of the respondents felt that there are baby diaper change
facilities.

public toilets, in
terms of their
[Availability of Toilet
papers and sanitary
napkins]
hypothesis and conclude that respondents felt that there is an availability of toilet papers and
sanitary napkins.
17
31)Please rate the Between 2.243 1 2.243 2.531 .114
public toilets, in
terms of their
[are safe to use at all
times]
hypothesis and conclude that most of the respondents felt toilets are safe to use at all times.

public toilets, in
terms of their
[have a pleasant or
neutral smell]
hypothesis and conclude that toilets have a pleasant or neutral smell.

public toilets, in
terms of their
[are free of graffiti or
damage]
hypothesis and conclude that most of the respondents felt that toilets are free of graffiti or
damage.
18
public toilets, in
terms of their
[can be used easily by
people with a
disability]
hypothesis and conclude that most of the respondents felt toilets can be used easily by people
with a disability.

public toilets, in
terms of their
[are conveniently
located in the places
you visit often]
hypothesis and conclude most of the respondents felt toilets are conveniently located in the
places you visit often.
36)Please rate the Between .683 1 .683 1.034 .311

public toilets, in
terms of their
[enough toilets are
provided to minimize
waiting/ queues]
hypothesis and conclude most of the respondents felt enough toilets are provided to minimize
waiting/queues
19
public toilets, in
terms of their
[provide disposal
containers]
hypothesis and conclude most of the respondents felt that toilets are provided with disposal
containers.

you with the Groups
Within Groups 162.057 138 1.174
different places. Total 166.136 139
[Trains]
hypothesis and conclude that the satisfaction about the cleanliness of the public toilets used at
different places between the groups and within groups in trains are same

you with the Groups
Within Groups 143.507 138 1.040
[Highway eateries
(Dhabas)]
different places between the groups and within groups in dhabas are same.

you with the Groups
[Tourist spots]
20
From the above data, we observed that the p-value is 0.004 which is less than the significance
level of 0.05. There is significant difference between the groups, so we reject the null hypothesis
and conclude that the satisfaction about the cleanliness of the public toilets used at different
places between the groups and within groups in tourist spots are different.

you with the Groups
Within Groups 202.167 138 1.465
[Public toilets (such
as Sulabh)]
different places between the groups and within groups in sulabh are same.
42)Please tell us the Between .888 1 .888 .474 .493

extent to which you Groups
agree with the
Within Groups 258.684 138 1.875
following statements:
[There are enough Total 259.571 139
suitable public toilets
to allow me to leave
home without
significant worry or
concern about
needing to use the
toilet]
hypothesis and conclude that the there are enough suitable public toilets to allow one to leave
home without significant worry about needing to use toilets between the groups and within
groups .
21
43)Please tell us the Between 3.196 1 3.196 2.600 .109
agree with the
Within Groups 169.626 138 1.229
[There is enough Total 172.821 139
information about the
whereabouts of public
toilets and the
facilities they offer]
hypothesis and conclude that the there is enough information about the whereabouts of public
toilets and the facilities they offer.

agree with the
Within Groups 160.886 138 1.166
[My choice of shops Total 160.886 139
is limited because of
a lack of suitable
toilets]
hypothesis and conclude that the choice of shops is unlimited because of suitable toilets.

agree with the
Within Groups 146.368 138 1.061
[A lack of suitable Total 149.393 139
public toilet facilities
prevents me from
being as physically
active as I would like
to be.]
hypothesis and conclude that the there is no significant difference between and witnin groups
22
agree with the
Within Groups 160.378 138 1.162
[I often want to use Total 162.936 139
public toilet facilities
outside of their
regular opening
times]
hypothesis and conclude that the respondents don’t want to use public toilet facilities outside of
their regular opening times.

agree with the
[I would be willing to Total 121.886 139
pay a reasonable
amount to use public
toilets if this was used
to fund improvements
in toilet facilities]
hypothesis and conclude that the total would be willing to pay a reasonable amount to use public
toilets if this was used to fund improvements in toilet facilities.
23
Analysis from EXCEL:
Gender:
68
(49%) Female
72
(51%) Male
From the above chart, among the population of 140 respondents, 51% of the population are
males and 49% of the population are females.
Age (in years):
9 3 9
(6%) (2%) (7%)
16
(11%) <20
20-30
31-40
41-50
50-60
103
(74%)
From the above chart, among the population of 140 respondents, 74% of the population are from
the age group of 20-30, 11% are from the age group of 31-40, 6% are from the age group of 41-
50, 2% are from the age group of 50-60 and 7% are from the age group of <20 years.
24
Employment status:
5
(4%)
Business
Employed
70 48 Farmer
(50%) (34%) Homemaker
Retired
12 Student
(8%) 1
4 (1%)
(3%)
From the above chart, among the population of 140 respondents, 50% of the respondents are
students, 34% of the respondents are employed, 8% of the respondents are homemakers, 4% of
the respondents are doing business, 3% of the respondents are retired and 1% of the respondents
are farmers.
City of Residence:
Warangal 2
3
Vijayawada 5
1
Thiruvananthapuram 1
4
Secunderabad 1
6
San Francisco 1
4
Raigarh 1
1
Pune 2
1
Ongole 3
2
Nizamabad 3
1
Mumbai 1 Total
1
Kurnool 2
1
Karimnagar 2
4
Kachiguda 1
2
Jabalpur 1
71
Gurugram 2
1
Gujarat 1
1
Chennai 2
1
Bangalore 4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
From the above graph, among the population of 140 respondents, 71 respondents are from
Hyderabad and remaining 69 are from different states of India.
25
Awareness:
Have you used any public toilet facilities?
44
(31%)
Yes
96 No
(69%)
From the above chart, among the population of 140 respondents, 69% of the population have
used public toilet facilities where as 31% of the respondents did not use any public toilet
facilities.
If not, why?
Lack of hygiene
38
(27%) Don't feel safe or
63 comfortable using
(45%) public toilets
Not sure where the
public toilets are
located
30 No access
(21%)
2 7 Not applicable
(2%) (5%)
From the above chart, among the population of 140 respondents, some of the respondents did not
use public toilet facilities due to the following reasons such as lack of hygiene; don’t feel safe or
comfortable; location and accessibility problems. Whereas 27% of the respondents feel that there
is lack of hygiene, 21% of the respondents don’t feel safe or comfortable using public toilets, 5%
of the respondents are not sure where the public toilets are located and 2% have no access, and
remaining 45% of the respondents have used public toilet facilities.
26
How long are you preferred to walk, to get to the nearest public toilet?
20 Less than one minute

(14%)
57 Less than Five
(41%) 32 minutes
(23%) Five to ten minutes
31 More than ten

(22%) minutes
From the above chart, among the population of 140 respondents, 14% of the respondents prefer
to walk less than one minute to get to the nearest public toilet, 23% prefer to walk less than five
minutes, 22% prefer to walk five to ten minutes and remaining 41% prefer to walk more than ten
minutes.
Do you think public toilets are important?

2
(1%)
Yes
No
138
(99%)
From the above chart, among the population of 140 respondents 99% of the respondents feel that
public toilets are important whereas 1% of the respondents feel that public toilets are not
important.
27
Do you think fee-based public toilet will be cleaner compared to the public
toilet which is free of cost?
26
(19%)
No
Yes
114
(81%)
From the above chart, among the population of 140 respondents, 81% of the population feel that
fee-based public toilet will be cleaner when compared to the public toilet which is free of cost
whereas 19% of the population don’t feel that fee-based public toilet will be cleaner when
compared to the public toilet which is free of cost.
Do you think it is easy to find public toilet in India?
60 80 No
(43%) (57%) Yes
From the above chart, among the population of 140 respondents, 43% of the population think
that it is easy to find public toilet in India whereas 57% of the population think that it is not easy
to find public toilet in India.
28
In your opinion, which is the most prior criteria for public toilet?
3
(2%)
23
(16%) 5
(4%) Aesthetic
Convenience
Fee
Hygiene
109
(78%)
From the above chart, among the population of 140 respondents, majority of the respondents
(78%) feel that hygiene is the most prior criteria for public toilet, 16% of the population feel that
convenience is the most prior criteria for public toilet, 4% of the population feel that fee is the
most prior criteria for public toilet and 2% of the population feel that aesthetic is the most prior
criteria for public toilet.
Please describe how using an unclean public toilet might have affected you.
We may get infected by using public

2 (1%)
toilets
My hands or feet got dirty 36 (26%)
My clothes got dirty 18 (13%)
I got an infection(such as Urinary Tract Total

27 (19%)
Infection)
I felt disgusted by using it 105 (75%)
0 50 100 150
From the above graph, we can interpret that, from the population of 140 respondents, 75% of the
respondents felt disgusted by using an unclean public toilet, 19% of the respondents feel that they
got an infection, 13% of the respondents feel that their clothes got dirty, 26% of the respondents
feel that their hands or feet got dirty and remaining 1% of the respondents feel that they may get
infected by using an unclean public toilet.
29
Public toilets in different places:
How often do you end up using the toilets in these places when you go there?
City Markets
120
70%
100
Always
80
Never
60
Often
40 20% Sometimes
20 5.71% Very Often
2.85% 1.42%
0
Total
Shopping malls
80 51.42%
70
60
Always
50
27.14% Never
40
Often
30
Sometimes
20 9.28%
6.42% Very Often
10 5.71%
0
Total
Movie Theaters
80 50.71%
70
60 Always
50
Never
40 24.28%
Often
30 15%
Sometimes
20
7.14%
10 2.85% Very Often
0
Total
30
Restaurants and Cafes
70 45%
60
50 Always
40 Never
19.28% 20.71%
30 Often
20 Sometimes
7.14% 7.85%
10 Very Often
0
Total
Airports
60
37.85%
50
40 Always
23.57%
Never
30 20%
Often
20 Sometimes
10.71%
7.85% Very Often
10
0
Total
Railway stations & Bus stands

80
49.28%
70
60
Always
50 32.14%
Never
40
Often
30
15.71% Sometimes
20 Very Often
10 2.14%
0.71%
0
Total
31
Highways
100 63.57%
80
Always
60 Never
29.28%
Often
40
Sometimes
20 Very Often
2.85% 2.14% 2.14%
0
Total
Tourist spot
70
46.42%
60 40%
50
Always
40 Never
30 Often
Sometimes
20
7.85% Very Often
10 3.57% 2.14
0
Total
Public toilets (sulabh)

80
49.28%
70
41.42%
60
Always
50
Never
40
Often
30
Sometimes
20 Very Often
6.42%
10 2.14
0.71%
0
Total
Interpretation:
From the above charts, among the population of 140 respondents, we asked people how often
they end up using the toilets in above mentioned places. From that,
32
70% of the respondents never used toilets in city markets whereas 20% of the respondents
used sometimes, 5.71% of the respondents often used toilets in city markets, 2.85% of the
respondents always used toilets whenever they visit city markets and remaining 1.42% of the
respondents used very often.
9.28% of the respondents never used toilets in shopping malls whereas 51.42% of the
respondents used sometimes, 27.14% of the respondents often used toilets in shopping malls,
5.71% of the respondents always used toilets whenever they visit shopping malls and remaining
6.42% of the respondents used very often.
15% of the respondents never used toilets in movie theatres whereas 50.71% of the
respondents used sometimes, 24.28% of the respondents often used toilets in movie theatres,
7.14% of the respondents always used toilets whenever they visit movie theatres and remaining
19.28% of the respondents never used toilets in restaurants & café whereas 45% of the
respondents used sometimes, 20.71% of the respondents often used toilets in restaurants & café,
7.14% of the respondents always used toilets whenever they visit restaurants & café and
remaining 7.85% of the respondents used very often.
23.57% of the respondents never used toilets in airports whereas 37.85% of the
respondents used sometimes, 20% of the respondents often used toilets in airports, 10.71% of the
respondents always used toilets whenever they visit airports and remaining 7.85% of the
respondents used very often.
32.14% of the respondents never used toilets in bus stands and railways whereas 49.28%
of the respondents used sometimes, 15.71% of the respondents often used toilets in bus stands
and railways, 0.71% of the respondents always used toilets whenever they visit bus stand and
railways and remaining 2.14% of the respondents used very often.
63.57% of the respondents never used toilets in highways whereas 29.28% of the
respondents used sometimes, 2.14% of the respondents often used toilets in highways, 2.85% of
the respondents always used toilets in highways whenever they are travelling and remaining
40% of the respondents never used toilets in tourist spots whereas 46.42% of the
respondents used sometimes, 7.85% of the respondents often used toilets in tourist spots, 3.57%
of the respondents always used toilets whenever they visit tourist spots and remaining 2.14% of
the respondents used very often.
49.28% of the respondents never used public toilets(such as sulabh) whereas 41.42% of
the respondents used sometimes, 6.42% of the respondents often used, 0.71% of the respondents
always used the public toilets and remaining 2.14% of the respondents used very often.
33
Where is the need for more cleanly public toilets that you can use?
city markets
70 45%
60
50 32.14
40 Desperately Needed
22.85%
30 More Needed
20 Sufficient Toilets Exist
10
0
Total
Malls
100 65.71%
80
23.57% More Needed

40
Sufficient Toilets Exist
20 10.71%
0
Total
Restaurants & Cafes

80 52.14%
70
60 38.57%
50
Desperately Needed
40
More Needed
30
20 9.28%
10
0
Total
34
Airports
120
68.57
100
80
Desperately Needed
60
More Needed
40 22.85% Sufficient Toilets Exist
20 8.57%
0
Total
Railway station & Bus stand

70
41.42%
60
35.71%
50
22.85%
30 More Needed
20
10
0
Total
Highways
70
42.85%
60
37.85%
50
30 19.28% More Needed

20
10
0
Total
35
Tourist spots
70 46.42%
60
50
29.28%
40 24.28% Desperately Needed
30 More Needed
20
10
0
Total
Interpretation:
From the above charts, among the population of 140 respondents, we asked people where the
need for more cleanly public toilets that they can use. From that,
45% of the respondents feel that there will be a more need for clean toilets in city markets
whereas 22.85% of the respondents feel that there will be a desperate need for clean public toilets
in city markets and remaining 32.14% of the respondents feel that sufficient toilets exist.
65.71% of the respondents feel that there are sufficient toilets exists in shopping malls
whereas 23.57% of the respondents feel that there will be a more need for clean toilets in
shopping malls and remaining 10.71% of the respondents feel that there will be a desperate need
for clean toilets in shopping malls.
9.28% of the respondents feel that there will be a desperate need for clean toilets in
restaurants & cafes whereas 38.57% of the respondents feel that there will be a more need for
clean toilets in restaurants & cafes and remaining 52.14% of the respondents feel that sufficient
toilets exists.
airports whereas 22.85% of the respondents feel that there will be a more need for clean toilets in
airports and remaining 68.57% of the respondents feel that there are sufficient toilets in airports.
railway stations and bus stands where as 41.42% of the respondents feel that there will be a more
need for clean toilets in railway stations and bus stands, remaining 22.85% are feel that sufficient
toilets exist in railway stations and bus stands.
highways whereas 37.85% of them feel that there will be a more need for clean toilets in
highways and remaining 19.28% of them feel that sufficient toilets exist in highways.
tourist spots whereas 46.42% of them feel that there will be a more need for clean toilets in
tourist spots and remaining 29.28% feel that there are sufficient toilets in tourist spots.
36
How satisfied are you with the cleanliness of public toilets you've used at
different places?
City markets
80
70
60
Dissatisfied
50
Neither satisfied nor
40 dissatisfied
Satisfied
30
22 (16%)
Very dissatisfied
20
10 Very satisfied
0
Total
Malls
70
60 Dissatisfied
50 Neither satisfied nor

40 dissatisfied
Satisfied
30
20 Very dissatisfied
10 Very satisfied
1 (1%)
0
Total
Restaurants & cafes

70
Dissatisfied
60
dissatisfied
40
Satisfied
30
8 (6%)
10
Very satisfied
0
Total
37
Airports
60
Dissatisfied
50

dissatisfied
30 Satisfied
20
Very dissatisfied
10
1 (1%) Very satisfied
0
Total
Railway stations & bus stands

70
60 Dissatisfied

dissatisfied
40
29 (21%) Satisfied
30
10 Very satisfied
0
Total
Trains
60
Dissatisfied
50
40
dissatisfied
30 Satisfied
22 (16%)
20
Very dissatisfied
10
Very satisfied
0
Total
38
Highway eateries (Dhabas)
70
60 Dissatisfied
50
40 dissatisfied
30 (21%) Satisfied
30
10 Very satisfied
0
Total
Tourist spots
60
50
Dissatisfied
40
30 25 (18%) dissatisfied
Satisfied
20
Very dissatisfied
10
0
Total
Public toilets (such as Sulabh)

60
50 Dissatisfied

dissatisfied
30 Satisfied
20 (14%)
10 Very satisfied
0
Total
39
Interpretation:
From the above charts, we can interpret that, from the population of 140 respondents,
At City markets, 16% of the respondents are dissatisfied with the cleanliness of the
toilets, 53% of the respondents are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied whereas 13% of respondents
are just satisfied, 11% of the respondents are very dissatisfied and 7% of the respondents are very
satisfied.
At Malls, 1% of the respondents are dissatisfied with the cleanliness of the toilets, 16% of
the respondents are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied where as 45% of respondents are just
satisfied, 1% of the respondents are very dissatisfied and 37% of the respondents are very
satisfied.
At Restaurants & cafes, 6% of the respondents are dissatisfied with the cleanliness of the
toilets, 38% of the respondents are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied whereas 45% of respondents
satisfied.
At Airports, 1% of the respondents are dissatisfied with the cleanliness of the toilets, 24%
of the respondents are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied where as 38% of respondents are just
satisfied.
At Railway stations and bus stands 21% of the respondents are dissatisfied with the
cleanliness of the toilets, 41% of the respondents are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied where as
16% of respondents are just satisfied, 20% of the respondents are very dissatisfied and 2% of the
respondents are very satisfied.
At Trains, 16% of the respondents are dissatisfied with the cleanliness of the toilets, 36%
of the respondents are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied where as 12% of respondents are just
satisfied.
At Highway eateries (Dhabas), 21% of the respondents are dissatisfied with the
cleanliness of the toilets, 45% of the respondents are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied where as
10% of respondents are just satisfied, 21% of the respondents are very dissatisfied and 3% of the
respondents are very satisfied.
At Tourist spots, 18% of the respondents are dissatisfied with the cleanliness of the
toilets, 38% of the respondents are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied where as 29% of respondents
satisfied.
At Public Toilets (such as sulabh complex), 14% of the respondents are very satisfied
with the cleanliness of the toilets, 34% of the respondents are just satisfied where as 16% of
respondents are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, 31% of the respondents are dissatisfied and 5%
of the respondents are very satisfied.
40
Your needs:
In order to ensure safety in public toilets which of the following do you think
is necessary?
Sufficient water supply 1 (1%)
Special equipment for Handicapped 58 (41%)
Socket placed at 2m above 33 (24%)
Proper seating 1 (1%)

Total
Emergency lights, internal lighting and
76 (54%)
alarms
Cleaning personnel prospective 94 (67%)
Automatic cleaning 1 (1%)
0 20 40 60 80 100
From the above chart, among the population of 140 respondents, for the safety in public toilets,
41.4% of the respondents said that there is a requirement of special equipment for handicapped is
public toilets, 23.5% of the respondents said that it would be safe if the socket is placed above
2m from the floor, 1% of the respondents said that proper seating is necessary, 54.3% of the
respondents think that emergency and internal lighting is necessary in public toilets, 67.1% of the
respondents felt that the cleaning personnel prospective is must, 1% of the respondents said that
sufficient water supply is necessary and remaining 1% of the respondents said that automatic
cleaning is necessary in public toilets.
Everyone prefers cleanliness in their surroundings, this is the most preferred

when it comes to public toilets, so which one do you think is to be maintained
clean?
Wash area and entrance 27 (19%)
Toilets 41 (29%)
Hygienic environment in and around 49 (35%)

Total
All of the above 82 (59%)
Air and water quality 28 (20%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
41
From the above chart, among the population of 140 respondents, 19% of the respondents feel that
the wash area and entrance to be maintained clean, 29% of the respondents wishes the toilets to be
clean, 20% of the respondents feels that the quality of air and water should be clean, 35% of the
respondents said that there should be hygienic environment in and around whereas 59% of the
respondents felt that all of the above(i.e., wash area and entrance, toilets, air and water quality,
hygienic environment in and around) must be maintained clean.
Which of the below-mentioned facilities make you feel comfortable to use public
toilets?
Seating availability (Indoor and Outdoor) 20 (14.3%)
Availability of a store for sanitary

18 (12.9%)
accessories
Proper ventilation 38 (27.1%)
Instant moping Facility 41 (29.3%)
All of the above 82 (58.6%)
0 20 40 60 80 100
From the above chart, among the population of 140 respondents, we asked people to mention which
of the facilities make them comfortable to use public toilets. From that, 14.3% of the respondents
say that availability of seating makes them feel comfortable to use public toilets. 12.9% of the
respondents say that availability of store for sanitary accessories is the facilities makes them feel
comfortable to use public toilets. 27.1% of the respondents say proper ventilation makes them feel
comfortable to use public toilets. 29.3% of the respondents say that instant moping is the facilities
makes them feel comfortable to use public toilets. Whereas highest no of respondents i.e. 58.6%
say that all the above-mentioned facilities makes them feel comfortable to use public toilets.
42
What would be the most adaptable and homely design of a public toilet?
Providing ramp for the wheel chair access at

25 (17.9%)
the entrance
Toilet interior shouldn't be visible from either
39 (27.9%)
entrance or exit
Provision of special toilet for children 36 (25.7%)
Fixing EMS taps and bum guns 16 (11.4%)
0 20 40 60 80 100
From the above chart, among the population of 140 respondents, we asked people what would be
the most adaptable and homely design for public toilets. From that 17.9% of the respondents said
that providing ramp for the wheel chair access at the entrance is the most adaptable and homely
design for public toilets. 27.9% of the respondents say that toilet interior shouldn’t be visible
from either entrance or exit is the most adaptable and homely design for public toilets. 25.7% of
the respondents say provision of special toilets for children is the most adaptable and homely
design for public toilets. 11.4% of the respondents say that fixing EMS and bum guns is the most
adaptable and homely design for public toilets. Whereas highest no of respondents i.e. 56.4% say
that all the above mentioned is the most adaptable and homely design for public toilets.
What kind of environmental management system is personally preferred by

you to make use of a public toilet without any hesitation?
Good interior design 13 (9.3%)
Usage of Natural light 17 12.1%)
Usage of best cleaning agents to avoid bad

49 (35%)
odour
Separate room for proper storage of
43 (30.7%)
cleaning equipment
0 20 40 60 80
From the above chart, among the population of 140 respondents, we asked people what kind of
environmental management system is personally preferred by the respondents to make use of
public toilets without any hesitation. From that 9.3% of the respondents said that good interior
design is preferred by them to make use of a public toilet without any hesitation . 12.1% of the
43
respondents say that usage of natural light is preferred by them to make use of a public toilet
without any hesitation. 35% of the respondents say usage of best cleaning agent to avoid bad odour
is preferred by them to make use of a public toilet without any hesitation. 30.7% of the respondents
say that separate room for proper storage of cleaning equipment is preferred by them to make use
of a public toilet without any hesitation. Whereas highest no of respondents i.e. 54.3% say that all
the above i.e. different kind of environmental management system is personally preferred by them
to make use of public toilets without any hesitation.
Please tell us what specific facilities/furnishings are important to you in public

toilets
Wheelchair access 58 (41%)

Waste bin for disposable pads 94 (67%)
Sufficient space for my carer(s) to help me 42 (30%)
Shower 17 (12%)
Screen or curtain for privacy 67 (48%)
Non-slip floor 90 (64%)
Height adjustable washbasin 36 (26%)
Changing bench Total
41 (29%)
Centrally placed toilet (peninsular… 49 (35%)
All are required 1 (1%)
Alarm system to call for help 75 (54%)
0 20 40 60 80 100
From the above chart, we can interpret that, the most required facility is waste bin (67%) as
majority of the public needs it. 64% of the given population wants a non-slippery floor. Keeping
safety in concern, 54% of the given population wants alarm system in toilets to call for
immediate help. 41% of the given population wants wheelchair access for the disabled. The
public even wants screen or curtains to improve facilities of the toilets if provided. The least
required item is shower, which according to the population is not important in public toilets.
44
Your views and experiences:
Please tell us the extent to which you agree with the following statements:
A) There are enough suitable public toilets to allow me to leave home without significant
worry or concern about needing to use the toilet
40
25.71%
35 22.85%
21.42%
30
Agree
25 15.7%
14.28% Disagree
20
Neither agree nor disagree
15 Strongly agree
10 Strongly disagree
5
0
Total
B) There is enough information about the whereabouts of public toilets and the facilities
they offer
60 40.71%
50
40 Agree
24.28%
Disagree
30 Neither agree nor disagree
13.57% 14.28% Strongly agree
20
Strongly disagree
7.14%
10
0
Total
45
C) My choice of shops is limited because of a lack of suitable toilets
60
35% 35.71%
50
40 Agree
Disagree
30
16.42% Neither agree nor disagree
20 Strongly agree
7.85% Strongly disagree
10 5%
0
Total
D) A lack of suitable public toilet facilities prevents me from being as physically active as I
would like to be.
60
35.71% 35.71%
50
Agree
40
Disagree
12.85% Strongly agree

20
9.28% Strongly disagree
6.42%
10
0
Total
E) I often want to use public toilet facilities outside of their regular opening times.
60
37.14%
50
28.57%
40 Agree
Disagree
30
16.42% Neither agree nor disagree
20 16 Strongly agree
10 Strongly disagree
0
Total
46
F) I would be willing to pay a reasonable amount to use public toilets if this was used to
fund improvements in toilet facilities.
70
43.57%
60
50
Agree
40 25.71% 24.28% Disagree

Strongly agree
20
Strongly disagree
10 3.57% 2.85%
0
Total
Interpretation:
From the above chart we can say that out of 140 people, Majority of the population is still in a
dilemma about availability of public toilets in their city. Around 41% of the people are neutral
about having sufficient public toilet information and its facilities. Almost 35% of people limit the
number of shops they visit due to a smaller number of public toilets. The public is mostly neutral
about being physically active due to lack of proper toilet facilities. Almost 44 % of population is
willing to pay a basic usage for public toilets if that money is used for maintenance and
improvement of toilets.
Please rate the following features of public toilets, In terms of their

importance to you
A) Are clean and well maintained (Soap, toilet papers, Hand Dryers etc.)
90 85
80
70
60 Extremely important
50 Important
40 Neutral
29
30 24
Not important
20
10 2
0
Total
47
B) Have baby diaper change facilities
80
68
70
60
40 35 Important
28 Neutral
30
20 Not important
9
10
0
Total
C) Availability of toilet papers and sanitary napkins
80
69
70
60
50 47 Extremely important
40 Important
30 Neutral
23
Not important
20
10
1
0
Total
D) Are safe to use at all times
80
68
70
60
Extremely important
50
Important
40 36
31 Neutral
30
Not at all important
20 Not important
10 3
2
0
Total
48
E) Have a pleasant or neutral smell
80 74
70
60
Extremely important
50
Important
40 36
Neutral
30 27
Not at all important
20 Not important
10
2 1
0
Total
F) Are free of Graffiti or Damage
60 55
50
40
40 37 Extremely important
Important
30
Neutral
20 Not at all important
Not important
10 5
3
0
Total
G) Can be used easily by people with disability
70
63
60
50
43
Extremely important
40
33 Important
30
Neutral
20 Not important
10
1
0
Total
49
H) Are conveniently located in the places you often visit
60 55
50 47
31 Important
30
Neutral
20 Not at all important
Not important
10
3 4
0
Total
I) Enough Toilets are provided to minimize waiting/ queues
70
60
60
49
50
Extremely important
40
Important
29
30
Neutral
20 Not important
10
2
0
Total
J) Provide Disposal Containers
80
70 67
60
51
40 Important
30 Neutral
20 Not important
20
10
2
0
Total
50
Interpretation:
For this survey, a population of 140 respondents was selected. We needed to know about which
service is required the most in public toilets to increase its efficiency. Majority of the people
from the selected population think cleanliness and maintenance is basic and extremely important
for public toilets. The next most important features are pleasant smell and safety in toilets.
Majority of the population thinks that all the given features are necessary for an efficient toilet
with cleanliness being the most important. The public also need a greater number of toilets to
minimize the waiting time. They are less bothered of graffiti in the toilets. In conclusion people
need more toilets with good maintenance and cleanliness plus safety.
51
CHAPTER Ⅴ
FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Findings:
From ANOVA and Excel, we found that most of the respondents have used public toilet facilities
i.e. 69% of the population whereas 31% of them did not use any public toilet facilities.
We found that the reason behind not using public toilets is lack of hygiene. And also, the
respondents felt that it is not easy to find public toilets in India.
Then we found that majority of the respondents often use the public toilets in shopping malls,
Movie theaters and Sulabh complex and they felt that there is need for hygiene public toilets in
Railways & Bus stands, Highways and tourist spots.
We observed that many are very satisfied with the cleanliness of the toilets in shopping malls,
Restaurants and Airports where in other places, the respondents hesitate to use public toilets due
to improper cleaning and stated that the hygiene should be maintained for long run but not for a
short run.
Majority of respondents suggested that providing ramp for the wheel chair access at the entrance
and also the provision for special toilets to children is the most adaptable and homely design for
public toilets.
We found that lack of public toilets affects all age groups causing inconvenience during long
travel which also lead to health problems like Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), kidney infections,
etc. And also inadequate access to a public toilets when required can lead to substantial problems
for men with prostate problems, women who are menstruating or going through the menopause.
From the informal interviews we conducted, we observed the following problems facing by the
people while accessing and using a public toilet.
• For girls it's much harder to find a public toilet.

• Lack of hygiene and cleanliness.
• Mostly flush doesn’t work.
• No soap in the dispensers.
• No tissue papers.
• Door latches don't work, making it unsafe to use.
52
• Water taps don't work and at times there's no water.
• In some public toilets, there is no proper lighting.
5.2 Suggestions:
• Availability of the public toilets can be increased and the Government should ensure that
the toilets are placed at every 5-6 km distance.
• Effective Campaigning can be done to remove the stigma on public toilets.
• People should be educated upon the usage, cleanliness and the consequences of
unhygienic conditions.
• We think that if government facilitates more public toilets, people who are unable to
get work all the time and have to beg will get job.
• Public toilets may cause people to be infected with some diseases, particularly if
hygiene is lacking.
• In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, it become clear that COVID-19 spreads
not only through respiratory droplets but through aerosol particles which remain
suspended for much longer.
• There are multiple touch points in public toilets – stall door locks, flush handles, and
faucets which should be cleaned at regular intervals. The NGO PHLUSH has
published guidelines on the safe reopening of public toilets. This includes for
example: "Place hand-hygiene stations at the entrance restrooms and ask users to
clean hands before entering to avoid surface contamination."
• We also recommend to remove forced air hand dryers that can spread viruses and
bacteria into the room.
5.3 Limitations of the study:

No one is perfect in this world. It is the tendency to commit mistakes. During the study of
the topic, special care has been taken to collect the best information but certain things were
beyond control. Following are the some of the limitations of the study:
• The survey conducted may not be considered as comprehensive as only limited
respondents could be contacted because of the time constraint.
• Objectives and the purposes of the study and the questions had to be explained to the
respondents and their responses may be biased.
• Some of the respondents were reluctant to give their responses.
53
• Only limited sample size had been considered for the study and therefore, the
conclusions drawn based on this may not be a reflection of the entire population.
• The study was limited due to COVID-19 pandemic.
5.4 Conclusion:
The study was conducted to design solution for effective public toilets in cities. The study has been
able to accomplish its objectives, by thoroughly analysing and identifying the usage rate and
satisfaction among public toilet users and how the lack of toilets in public spaces affects people.
The outcome of the study has proved that the there is a need for more public toilets at different
places like city markets, highways, tourist spots, etc. And also, the toilets should be clean and
hygiene and should be placed at every 5-6 km. distance. It is concluded that the Government could
initiate various steps based on the recommendations given in this report. The Government by
adopting some of the recommendations should ensure that the public toilets are operating as per
the guidelines.
54
APPENDIX
Questionnaire:
ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC TOILET FACILITIES IN INDIA

Kindly help us by participating in this survey. Your inputs will be used for our
project.
1. Gender *
Mark only one oval.
Male
Female
2. Age (in years) *
Mark only one oval.
<20
20-30
31-40
41-50
50-60
60 and above
3. Employment Status *
Mark only one oval.
Employed
Business
Homemaker
Retired
Student
Other:
55
4. City of Residence *
Awareness
5. Have you used any public toilet facilities? *
Mark only one oval.
Yes
No
6. If not, why? *
Mark only one oval.
Lack of hygiene
Don’t feel safe or comfortable using public toilets
Not sure where the public toilets are located
No access
Not applicable (I have used)
Other:
7. How long are you preferred to walk, to get to the nearest public toilet? *
Mark only one oval.
Less than one minute
Less than Five minutes
Five to ten minutes
More than ten minutes
56
8. Do you think public toilets are important? *
Mark only one oval.
Yes
No
9. Do you think fee-based public toilet will be cleaner compared to the public toilet which is
free of cost? * Mark only one oval.
Yes
No
10. Do you think it is easy to find public toilets in India? *
Mark only one oval.
Yes
No
11. In your opinion, which is the most prior criteria for public toilet? *
Mark only one oval.
Aesthetic
Hygiene
Convenience
Fee
Other:
57
12. Please describe how using an unclean public toilet might have affected you. *
Public toilets in different places:
13. How often do you end up using the toilets in these places when you go there*
58
14. Where is the need for more clean public toilets that you can use? *
15. How satisfied are you with the cleanliness of public toilets you've used at different places*
59
16. Please tell us about incidents where you really wanted to use a toilet outside and had a
hard time finding it and what you finally did.
Your Needs
17. In order to ensure safety in public toilets which of the following do you think is necessary?
*
18. Everyone prefers cleanliness in their surroundings, this is the most preferred when it
comes to public toilets, so which one do you think is to be maintained clean? *
Check all that apply.
Wash area and entrance

Toilets
Air and water quality
Hygienic environment in and around
All of the above
19. Which of the below-mentioned facilities make you feel comfortable to use public toilets? *
Seating availability (Indoor and Outdoor)

Availability of a store for sanitary accessories
Proper ventilation
Instant moping Facility
All of the above
60
20. What would be the most adaptable and homely design of a public toilet? *
Providing ramp for the wheel chair access at the entrance

Toilet interior shouldn't be visible from either entrance or exit
Provision of special toilet for children
Fixing EMS taps and bum guns
All of the above
21. What kind of environmental management system is personally preferred by you to make
use of a public toilet without any hesitation? *
Good interior design

Usage of Natural light
Usage of best cleaning agents to avoid bad odour
Separate room for proper storage of cleaning equipment
22. Please tell us what specific facilities/furnishings are important to you in public toilets *
61
Your views and experiences
23. Please tell us the extent to which you agree with the following statements: *
62
24. Please rate the following features of public toilets, in terms of their importance to you *
Your Comments
25. Any suggestions or comments you have on addressing the issue of cleanliness of toilets in
public places in India.
63
References:
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_toilet#:~:text=Inadequate%20access%20to%20
a%20public,with%20urinary%20and%20fecal%20incontinence.
2. https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/fresh-perspectives/a631-public-toilets-in-
india-current-situation-and-what-can-be-done-about-it/
3. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/the-case-for-and-
against-public-toilets/articleshow/58863116.cms
4. https://www.wateraid.org/us/sites/g/files/jkxoof291/files/Female_friendly_toilet_gui
de.pdf
5. http://www.ijstr.org/final-print/dec2019/Toilet-Management-System-Using-Iot.pdf
6. https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/rethinking-public-
washrooms/article30911124.ece
7. http://ihuwash.niua.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Innovative-Toilet-Concepts-
for-Urban-India.pdf
8. https://www.ijrte.org/wpcontent/uploads/papers/v7i4s/E2000017519.pdf
9. http://164.100.228.143:8080/sbm/content/writereaddata/Advisory%20on%20Public
%20and%20Communuity%20Toilet.pdf
10. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46400678
11. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264635167_The_toilet_tripod_Understand
ing_successful_sanitation_in_rural_India
12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/245382911_The_role_of_the_public_toilet
_Pathogen_transmitter_or_health_facilitator
13. http://www.academicjournals.org/app/webroot/article/article1381913441_Pathak%2
0PDF.pdf
14. http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/251841468042033847/pdf/452000WSP
0Box31blicToilets01PUBLIC1.pdf
15. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/six-million-toilets-constructed-under-
swachh-bharat-30k-can-be-seen-on-google-maps/story-
44gFcfwhGRjjL5nQhccGBP.html
16. https://issuu.com/devanshimehra/docs/thesis_project_2016__foley_designs__22bece
38f8e7d0
17. https://www.livemint.com/technology/apps/google-maps-now-lists-57-000-public-
toilets-across-india-11569995157473.html
64

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A

MINI PROJECT REPORT

Under the guidance of

FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

Name and Roll. No of the Student Signature

Name and Designation of the Guide Signature of the Guide

I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to my project mentor Dr.Vinay, Associate Professor

• What problems do public toilets pose?

1.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 11

2.2 THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 12

3.2 SAMPLE AND SITE

3.3 ANALYTICAL TOOLS

CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 16

4.2 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

CHAPTER V: FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION 63

5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

“Sanitation is more important than political independence,”

Mahatma Gandhi (1947)

1.2 Need for the study:

1.3 Objectives of the study:

• To estimate the public awareness and perception regarding public toilets.

• To know usage rate of public toilets.

• To know the level of satisfaction on cleanliness of the public toilets.

• To know whether public toilets are worth using or not.

1.4 Scope of the study:

1.5 Organisation of the report:

➢ The third chapter presents the methodology done by doing research.

2.2 Theoretical Background:

According to the article written by ShyamaV.Ramani, “India’s additional challenge is to diffuse

3.2 Sample and site:

3.3 Analytical tools:

DATA ANLAYSIS & INTERPRETATION

4.2 Analysis and interpretation of data:

Analysis from ANOVA:

1)Employment Status Between 3.886 1 3.886 1.138 .288

Within Groups 471.000 138 3.413

Total 474.886 139

Within Groups 30.096 138 .218

Total 30.171 139

3)If not, why? Between 1.689 1 1.689 .541 .463

Within Groups 430.854 138 3.122

Total 432.543 139

4)Do you think Between .027 1 .027 1.915 .169

Total 1.971 139

5)Do you think fee- Between .161 1 .161 1.056 .306

Total 34.286 139

7)How often do you Between 2.346 1 2.346 2.982 .086

8)How often do you Between .185 1 .185 .201 .654

9)How often do you Between 2.200 1 2.200 2.165 .143

11)How often do you Between .748 1 .748 .487 .486

12)How often do you Between 1.482 1 1.482 2.403 .123

13)How often do you Between 2.843 1 2.843 3.768 .044

15)How often do you Between 1.109 1 1.109 1.930 .167

16)Where is the need Between .388 1 .388 .711 .401

17)Where is the need Between .193 1 .193 .414 .521

19)Where is the need Between .041 1 .041 .099 .754

20)Where is the need Between .943 1 .943 1.653 .201