TRANSPOENG

Principles of Transportation Engineering

Module 1.1
Transportation Systems and Characteristics

Engr. Marlowe Labusnog

Instructor
Topic Learning Outcomes
By the end of this module, the student should be able to:
1. Enumerate the sub-specialties of transportation engineering
2. Apply the steps in systems analysis in transportation;
3. Enumerate and explain the four basic elements of a transportation
system infrastructure; and
4. Develop basic understanding of the land use – transportation
interaction.
Sub-specialties in transportation engineering
1. Planning
• Determines whether a proposed
project will meet the stated needs
• Deals with the selection of projects
for design and construction
 Forecast future traffic
 Feasibility studies
 Knowledge on economics &
statistics is a must
Sub-specialties in transportation engineering
2. Design
• Must convert the planning concepts
into a practical facility or service
• Specification of all features of the
transportation system so that it will
function smoothly, efficiently, and in
accordance with physical laws.
 Geometric alignments, road
cross-section and pavement
 Bridges and drainage
 Traffic control devices, roadside
rest areas, and landscaping
Sub-specialties in transportation engineering
Properly designed and well-operated facilities are essential to an
efficient transport system.

Source: CTTO
Sub-specialties in transportation engineering
3. Construction
• Closely related to design and
involves all aspects of the building
process, beginning with preparation
surface, placement of the pavement
material, and preparation of the final
roadway for use by traffic.
• Depends on the assurance that
adequate funding is available
(government grants, bond issue,
revenue from operations, etc.)
Sub-specialties in transportation engineering
4. Operations
• Using the transportation system as
efficiently (and safely) as possible
• Responsibility of the traffic
engineer.
 Traffic engineering involves the
integration of vehicle, driver, and
pedestrian characteristics to
improve the safety and capacity of
streets and highways.
 Traffic accident analyses, parking,
traffic signs, markings, signals,
speed regulation, and highway
lighting.
Sub-specialties in transportation engineering
5. Maintenance
• Involves all the work necessary to
ensure that the highway system is
kept working properly to maximize
the service life.
 Pavement patching, repair
 Scheduling of work crews,
replacement of worn or damaged
signs and repair of damaged
roadway sections
 Economic evaluation of
maintenance programs.
Systems Approach to Transportation
 Systems Approach
 Represents a broad-based and systematic approach to problem-solving
that involves a system
 Problem-Solving philosophy to solve complex problems
 System
 A set of interrelated parts, called components, that perform a number of
functions in order to achieve common goals
 System Analysis
 Application of the scientific method to the solution of complex problems
Steps in Systems Analysis
1. Recognize community problems and values.
2. Establish goals.
3. Define objectives.
4. Establish criteria.
5. Design alternative actions to achieve steps 2 and 3.
6. Evaluate the alternative actions in terms of effectiveness and costs.
7. Question the objectives and all assumptions.
8. Examine a new alternatives or modifications of step 5.
9. Establish new objectives or modifications of step 3.
10. Repeat the cycle until a satisfactory solution is reached, in keeping with
criteria, standards, and value set.
Steps in Systems Analysis
Transportation System Characteristics
Four basic Elements of the Transportation System
Infrastructure
1. Links: roadways/tracks connecting 2 or more points

2. Vehicles: means of moving people and goods from

one node to another along a link
Transportation System Characteristics
3. Terminals: nodes where travel and
shipment begins or ends

4. Management and labor: people who

construct, operate, manage, and
maintain those elements
Key Principles in Land-Use Planning & Zoning
 Development and implementation of a zoning plan to separate incompatible
and conflicting land uses and the traffic they generate;
 Strong planning regulations to influence the location of new development
and to control access arrangements and parking;
 Land uses should be planned with the aim of minimizing travel and
maximizing accessibility to public transport;
 Residential development should be separated from heavy industry and
major commercial uses;
 Activities which generate substantial traffic should be located adjacent to
roads most suited to the type of traffic expected (e.g. if a primary school
generates many cycle or pedestrian trips, then it should be capable of being
reached directly via a network of bikeways or footpaths); and
 Light industry and service establishments can be located adjacent to
residential areas but vehicular access should not be via the residential
streets.
Key Principles in Land-Use Planning & Zoning
Functional Classification of Highways
 Functional Classification
 Useful in understanding the complexity of the total transportation
system
 Communicate with economists, sociologists, planners, and
administrators more effectively
 Recognizable series of distinct travel movements
• Freeway – Arterial – Collector – Terminal
Functional Classification of Highways

Main movement
along a freeway

Transition
to an
arterial via a
freeway off-
ramp
Where traffic from
an arterial is
collected

Further movement
along an arterial
where traffic is
distributed
Functional Classification of Highways
Functional Classification of Highways
Functional Classification of Highways
 Accessibility and Mobility
 Access and mobility are closely related
 Freeways and arterials have a high level of mobility because they allow
high speeds but do not provide sufficient accessibility
 Local streets offer the maximum accessibility, but users find the mobility
on such streets rather poor because of the slow speeds
 Provide the right proportion to offer balanced system
Functional Classification of Highways
Questions?
 TRANSPOENG
Principles of Transportation Engineering

Module 1.0
Introduction to Transportation Engineering

Engr. Marlowe Labusnog

Instructor
Topic Learning Outcomes
By the end of this module, the student should be able to:
1. Define what transportation is and its importance to the society;
2. Enumerate the benefits we get from transportation;
3. Differentiate transportation engineering from traffic engineering;
4. Discuss the current situation of the transportation system in the
Philippines;
5. Enumerate the current challenges encountered in the transport system;
6. Realize the role of engineers in addressing these transportation
problems.
What is transportation?
Transportation is defined as the movement of people and
goods to meet the basic needs of society that require mobility and
access.

Source: CTTO
Transportation Engineering
 Transportation Engineering (a sub-discipline of civil engineering)
 “ The application of technological and scientific principles to the
planning, functional design, operation, and management of facilities
for any mode of transportation in order to provide for safe, rapid,
comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally
compatible movement of people and goods” (Institute of Transportation
Engineers, 1987).

 Traffic Engineering
 Branch of transportation engineering
 “That phase of transportation engineering which deals with planning,
geometric design, and traffic operations of roads, streets, and highways,
their networks, terminals, abutting lands, and relationships with other
modes of transportation.” (ITE, 1987)
Importance of Transportation
 The ability to move people and goods from one location to
another is perhaps the key to survival
 In business, it is considered as an auxiliary to trade,
 it supports trade and industry in carrying raw materials to the place of
production and distributing finished products for consumption.
 National economic growth, industrialization, and massive
production
Importance of Transportation
1. Makes available raw materials to manufacturers or
producers.
2. Makes available goods to customers: Transport makes
possible movement of goods from one place to another with
great ease and speed.
3. Enhances standard of living: Easy means of transport
facilitates large-scale production at low costs. It gives
consumers the choice to make use of different quantities of
goods at different prices.
4. Helps during emergencies and natural calamities: In times
of national crisis, due to war or internal disturbance, transport
helps in quick movement of troops and the supplies needed in
the operation.
Importance of Transportation
5. Helps in labor mobility.
6. Helps in bringing nations together, social values.
7. Helps in creation of employment: transport provides
employment opportunity in several areas of transportation:
• Logistics and Supply-Chain Management
• Vehicle Design and Transportation Services
• Transportation Infrastructure Services
• Specialties within Transportation Infrastructure Engineering.
Issues & Challenges in Transportation
 Capital Costs (RROW, Facilities, & Maintenance) & Operating
Costs (Labor, Fuel Tires and Batteries, and Maintenance for the
modes of transportation).
 Traffic Congestion
 Safety and Accident Issues
 Environmental Issues
Issues & Challenges in Transportation
 Traffic Congestion
 Demand exceeds the capacity of the transportation system

Source: https://www.philstar.com/
Source: https://www.philstar.com/
Issues & Challenges in Transportation
 Safety and Accident Issues
 An average of 11,612 deaths were recorded from 2015-2019 due to
transport accidents (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2021).

Source: https://philkotse.com/
Issues & Challenges in Transportation
 Safety and Accident Issues
TABLE 13.20 Comparative Statistics on Road Traffic Accidents in Metro
Manila: 2009 to 2020
Number of Accident
Damage to Property
Year
Fatal Non-fatal Total (number of vehicles)
2009 277 12,289 12,566 55,129
2010 391 15,423 15,814 62,132
2011 370 15,827 16,197 60,913
2012 394 16,708 17,102 65,655
2013 411 16,740 17,151 69,414
2014 418 16,665 17,083 73,175
2015 519 17,103 17,622 77,993
2016 426 16,416 16,842 92,480
2017 423 15,505 15,928 94,097
2018 383 17,891 18,274 98,632
2019 372 20,466 20,838 100,933
2020 337 14,465 14,802 50,230
Average 393 16,292 16,685 75,065
 Challenges in Transportation
 Environmental Issues
 One of the very challenging issues in transportation.
Large Scale:
- Air quality, energy consumption, and land use
Small Scale:
- Displacement of residents and businesses, noise, impacts on water quality, visual impacts
- Construction of transportation facilities impacts upon agricultural lands, historical sites, and
rivers.

Source: https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/vehicles-
air-pollution-human-health Source: https://www.deccanherald.com/
Transportation is an interdisciplinary field.
• Civil Engineer – responsible for the development, structural design,
construction, and maintenance of the fixed facilities of transportation
systems.
• Automotive, Mechanical, & Aeronautical Engineers, as well as Naval
Architects – responsible for the development and design of various modes
in transportation
• Electrical Engineers and Electronics Engineers – develop power,
communications, and control systems
• Human Factor Specialists – study the complexities of human performance
as vehicle operators and passengers. Other fields include economics,
geography, city planning, public administration, political science,
criminology/police, social sciences, etc.

These different disciplines must work together to achieve a safe,

efficient, and convenient movement of people and goods.
Transportation Systems & Characteristics
1. Highway System
 The most accessible among transportation systems and built to the
highest construction standards.
• Mode: Trucks, buses,
automobiles, bicycle
• Passenger Service: Intercity
and local, recreational
• Freight Service: Intercity and
local; all commodities
generally small shipments;
containers, packages on an
intercity service.

Source: CTTO
Transportation Systems & Characteristics
2. Rail Transport System
 Railroads are roads on which trains of freight and passenger cars, drawn
by locomotives, travel on tracks formed by pairs of parallel metal. In
most countries, the rail system began under national ownership and
operation.
• Mode: Railroads, rail transit
• Passenger Service: Intercity
and local, regional
• Freight Service: Intercity;
generally bulk and oversize
shipmnents/containers
Transportation Systems & Characteristics
3. Air Transport System
 Includes commercial airlines, air freight carriers, and general aviation or
private aircraft. Air travel has revolutionized warfare, advanced
technology, reduced travel time, and transport people from place to
place.
• Mode: Air Carriers and
General Aviation
• Passenger Service: Intercity
and local, regional, and
international flight
• Freight Service: Shipments
of high value freight on long
hauls only.
Source: CTTO
Transportation Systems & Characteristics
4. Water Transport System
 Water transportation has progressed from early rafts and canoes to
more complex sailing ships to today’s large passenger and freight ships.
Two-thirds of the earth’s surface is covered by water, so progress with
civilization is natural tied up to the ability to move over water.
• Mode: container ships, bulk
cargo carriers, and oil tankers
• Passenger Service: Cruise
traffic, ferry service, regional
• Freight Service: Bulk Cargo,
containers, ships and barges.

Source: CTTO
Transportation Systems & Characteristics
5. Continuous Flow Transport System
 Includes pipelines, elevators, and escalators as well as belts and cables
for recreation. Pipelines are specialized freight transportation systems
whose markets include crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas.
• Mode: pipelines, belts, and
cables
• Passenger Service:
Escalators and horizontal belts
for short distances, lifts, and
tows for short distances in
rough terrain.
• Freight Service: Oil and
natural gasses; long and short
hauls.
Questions?
 TranspoEng
Principles of Transportation Engineering

Module 0.0
Classroom Orientation & Leveling of Expectations

Engr. Marlowe Labusnog

Instructor
Principles of Transportation Engineering
Course Description:
This course gives emphasis on urban transportation planning, design, and
operation using statistical and modeling techniques, and computer
methods. It also covers capacity and level of service of air, rail and highway. It
also includes safety, environmental impacts and mitigation, transportation
policy fundamentals and case studies.

Credit Units : 3 Units (Lecture)

Contact Hours : 1.83 hours per meeting, 2 meetings per week
52 hours per term for 14 weeks
Prerequisite(s) : HREng – Highway and Railroad Engineering
3rd Year Standing
Co-Requisites : None
Course Learning Outcomes
By the end of this course, the student should be able to:
1. Define the concepts of transportation systems analysis and planning;
2. Apply travel demand forecasting computation and analysis;
3. Prepare traffic impact assessment reports; and
4. Recognize current transportation issues and policies, economic, safety
and environmental concerns.
Course Outline
Module 0.0 Classroom Orientation & Leveling of Expectations

Module 1.0 Introduction to Transportation Planning & Engineering

 Components in Transportation Systems
 Urban Transportation Problems and Planning Concepts
 Land Use – Transport Interaction

Module 2.0 Application of Traffic Engineering Studies

 Speed Studies
 Volume Studies
 Parking Studies
 Highway Safety & Accident Analysis
 Origin and Destination Studies
Course Outline
Module 3.0 Fundamental Principles of Traffic Flow
 Traffic Flow Parameters
 Flow-Density Relationships (Greenshield’s Model, Greenberg Model, &
Underwood’s Model)
 Shockwaves in Traffic Streams
 Introduction to Queuing Theory (Deterministic Models)

Module 4.0 Introduction to Travel Demand Forecasting (Classical Four-

Step Forecasting Model)
 Trip Generation
 Trip Distribution
 Modal Split Model
 Route/Traffic Assignment
Course Outline
Module 5.0 Traffic Impact Assessment
 Highway Safety and Accident Analysis
 Capacity and Level of Service
 Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA) Handbook by the National Center for
Transportation Studies (NCTS)

Module 6.0 Transportation Policy Analysis and Planning

 Sample Case Study/ Technical Tour
References (Books)
Garber, N.J., & Hoel, L.A. (2009). Traffic and Highway Engineering, Fourth
Edition. Cengage Learning. Canada.
Mannering, F.L., Washburn, S.S., & Kilareski, W.P. (2009). Principles of
Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis. John Wiley & Sons. The USA.
Sigua, R.G. (2008). Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering. University of the
Philippines Press. Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). (2012). DPWH Highway
Safety Design Standards Manual. Parts 1 & 2. Department of Public Works
& Highways. Philippines.
Technical Committee on Geometric Design. (2011). A Policy on Geometric
Design of Highways and Streets, 6th Edition. American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials. The USA.
Roess, R.P., Prassas, E.S., McShane, W.R. (2011). Traffic Engineering.
Pearson Higher Education, Inc. USA.
References (Journals/Online)
 Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies (EASTS) Journal
 Asian Transportation Society (ATRANS) Journal
 www.sciencedirect.com
Grading System
Passing Score = 60%

Midterms
Midterm Score = 60%(Class Standing) + 40%(ME Score)
Finals
Raw Final Score = 60%(Class Standing) + 40%(FE Score)

Final Score = 50%(Midterm Score) + 50%(Raw Final Score)

Note: Scores are transmuted to an equivalent grade where a score of at least

60% would be the minimum passing grade of 75.
Classroom Modality & Canvas (LMS)
• Modality
Lecture schedules are conducted face-to-face unless otherwise announced
in Canvas that the meeting will be held asynchronously (online). Students
are then advised to regularly check their Canvas portal for any
announcements.

• Canvas Learning Management System (LMS)

 Modules are also posted in the Canvas LMS before the start of each
topic.
 Enhancement activities (Ungraded) will also be given on a weekly basis.
Although, these activities will not form part in the computation of grades,
the students are encouraged to participate on the said exercise to
enhance his/her understanding on the principles of the course.
Other Course Policies
• Attendance
The maximum allowable number of absences of a student per
trimester is 20% of the total number of class hours. A student who
incurs more than the allowable percentage of class hours, whether excused
or unexcused, will be considered unofficially dropped and shall be given a
failing grade. However, other considerations shall be considered as
reflected in the CEA Student handbook regarding Classroom Policies.

• Assignments
Assignments and other coursework are due at the beginning of the class
period of the specified date. Late assignments are worth 50% credit after
due date.
Other Course Policies
• Academic Honesty
Students must not engage in any form of cheating during major quizzes and
exams. Anyone involved in such activity will be subjected to disciplinary
action as stipulated in the University student manual.
Final Requirement
• The students should be able to conduct a case study by applying the
principles of transportation planning and engineering.
Consultation Schedule
 For queries/concerns about the subject, feel free to message me thru
Canvas or Outlook at:
• mllabusnog@uc-bcf.edu.ph
 Or you may see me at the CEA office for consultation:
• TThS
• From 2:30 – 3:30 pm
• Fill-up a consultation form first prior to the consultation session.
Questions?