Hyperbolic Functions

1. Definition of the hyperbolic functions:

e x − e−x e x + e−x
sinh x = cosh x =
2 2
sinh x  e x − e − x e 2 x − 1  cosh x  e x + e − x e 2 x + 1 
tanh x = = =  coth x = = = 
cosh x  e x + e − x e 2 x + 1  sinh x  e x − e − x e 2 x − 1 
1 2 1 2
sech x = = x csch x = = x
cosh x e + e − x sinh x e − e − x

2. Some identities involving hyperbolic functions:

cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = 1 cosh 2 x = 2 cosh 2 x − 1

= 1 + 2 sinh 2 x
sinh 2 x = 2 sinh x cosh x 2 tanh x
tanh 2 x =
1 + tanh 2 x
1 − tanh 2 x = sec h 2 x coth 2 x − 1 = csc h 2 x
tanh x  tanh y
tanh ( x  y ) =
1  tanh x tanh y
cosh ( x  y ) = cosh x cosh y  sinh x sinh y sinh ( x  y ) = sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y

3. Osbornes’s Rule: a trigonometry identity can be converted to an analogous identity for

hyperbolic functions by expanding, exchanging trigonometric functions with their
hyperbolic counterparts, and then flipping the sign of each term involving the product
of two hyperbolic sines. For example, given the identity
Osborne's rule gives the corresponding identity

Eric W. Weisstein. "Osborne's Rule." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/OsbornesRule.html
4. Graphs of the hyperbolic functions:

5. Inverses of the hyperbolic functions and their formulae:

( )
sinh −1 x = ln x + x 2 + 1 , −   x  
cosh −1 x = ln (x + x2 − 1 ), x  1
1 1+ x
tanh −1 x = ln , −1  x  1
2 1− x

6. Graphs of the inverse hyperbolic functions:

7. Logarithmic Form
y = sinh −1 x = ln ( x + x 2 + 1) , −   x  
y = cosh −1 x = ln ( x + x 2 − 1) , x  1
1 1+ x
y = tanh−1 x = ln ( ) , x 1
2 1− x
8. Examples

Example1
Solve 6 sinh x − 2 cosh x = 7 .
Solution:
Consider 6 sinh x − 2 cosh x = 7 .
Then
1 1
6 ( e x − e − x ) − 2 (e x + e − x ) = 7 .
2 2
3(e − e ) − (e + e − x ) = 7
x −x x

3e x − 3e − x − e x − e − x = 7
4
2e x − 4e − x = 7 o 2e x − x = 7
e
 Thereore
2e 2 x − 7e x − 4 = 0 (1)
Let y = e . Then Eqn (1) becomes 2 y 2 − 7 y − 4 = 0 or (2 y + 1)( y − 4) = 0
x

Then (2 y + 1) = 0 or ( y − 4) = 0
1
Then y = − or y = 4
2
1
Hence e x = − or e x = 4
2

1
Choose e x = 4 ( e x = − never exists).
2
Then ln(e x ) = ln 4 .
Then x ln(e) = ln 4 .
Then x = ln 4 .

Example 2

Proof
y = sinh −1 x = ln ( x + x 2 + 1) .

Solution
Consider y = sinh −1 x . Then sinh y = x
1
But sinh x = (e x − e − x ) .
2
1
Then sinh y = (e y − e − y ) = x
2
Then
e y − e− y = 2x
Therefore
e 2 y − 2 xe y − 1 = 0 .
Let u = e y . Then e 2 y − 2 xe y − 1 = 0 becomes u 2 − 2 xu − 1 = 0 .
− (−2 x)  (−2 x) 2 − 4(1)(−1) 2 x  4 x 2 + 4
Then u = = = x  x2 +1
2(1) 2

Then e y = x  x 2 + 1

Hence, ln e y = ln ( x + x 2 + 1) or y = ln ( x + x 2 + 1)

Thereore, sinh −1 x = ln ( x + x 2 + 1)
Example 3
Solve cosh 2 x + 5 sinh x − 4 = 0 .
Solution:
Consider cosh 2 x + 5 sinh x − 4 = 0 (1)
Use identity cosh 2u = 2 cosh 2 u − 1
Then the given becomes
(2 sinh 2 x + 1) + 5 sinh x − 4 = 0
Hence
2 sinh 2 x + 5 sinh x − 3 = 0 . (2)
Let y = sinh x . Then Eqn.(2) becomes 2 y 2 + 5 y − 3 = 0 or (2 y − 1)( y + 3) = 0 .
Then 2 y − 1 = 0 or y + 3 = 0
1
Then, y = or y = −3
2
Hence
1
sinh x = or sinh x = −3 .
2
1
Thus, x = sinh −1 ( ) or x = sinh −1 (−3) .
2

Example 4
Solve the equation
 4 x 2 + 5x 
2 tanh −1 (2 x) = ln  
 1 − 2x 
Solution
 4 x 2 + 5x 
Consider 2 tanh −1 (2 x) = ln   .
 1 − 2x 
1  1 + 2x   4 x 2 + 5x 
Then 2 ( ln   = ln  
2  1 − 2x   1 − 2x 
 1 + 2x   4 x 2 + 5x 
Then ln   = ln  
 1 − 2x   1 − 2x 
Hence,

 1 + 2 x   4 x + 5x 
2
 =
    or 1 + 2 x = 4 x 2 + 5 x
 1 − 2x   1 − 2x 
Thus
4 x 2 + 3 x − 1 = 0 or ( x + 1)(4 x − 1) = 0
Therefore
1
x = −1 or x = .
3
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1. Deinition

Function Domain of inverse function Range of inverse function

y = arcsin x iff sin y = x −1  x  1 − 2  y  2
y = arccos x iff cos y = x −1  x  1 0 y 
y = arctan x iff tan y = x −  x   − 2  y  2
y = arccot x iff cot y = x −  x   0 y 
y = arcsec x iff sec y = x x 1 ( x  1 or x  -1) 0  y   , y  2
y = arccsc x iff csc y = x x 1 ( x  1 or x  -1) − 2  y  2 , y  0

Note: The abbreviation “iff” refers to the biconditional “if and only if.”

y = arcsin x = sin −1 x , y = arcsin h x = sinh −1 x

2. Graphs of the Six Inverse Trigonometric Functions

y = arcsin x y = arccsc x y = arctan x

y
y y


 

x
− −    x

− −   
− −   

−
−
−

−
−

y = arccos x y = arcsec x y = arccot x


y y

 





x
− −   x

− −   
− −    3. Review on
− Trigonometry
−
−

−
i. Cosine:
 The general solution of the equation cos  = cos  for any angle  , is
 = 360n 0   or  = 2n   . n = 0,1, 2,   

1 1 7 7
sin −1 (− ) =   sin  = − = sin  = sin  =
2 2 6 6
7
Or generally:  = n  (−1) n  i.e.  = n  (−1) n
6
7 7 13
Choose n = 1 , then  =  − (−1)1 = + =
6 6 6
ii. Sine:
The general solution of the equation sin  = sin  for any angle  , is
 = 180 n 0 + (−1) n  or  = n + (−1) n  .
iii. Tangent:
The general solution of the equation tan  = tan  for any angle  , is
 = 180n 0 +  or  = n +  .
4. Examples

Example 1: Evaluating Inverse Trigonometric Functions. 

Evaluate each of the following −

1
a. sin −1 (− ) b. cos −1 (0) c. tan −1 ( 3 ) d. sin −1 (0.3) .
2
Solution:
1
a. Let x = sin −1 (− )
2
Then
1 7
sin x = − = sin .
2 6
Then
7
x = n + (−1) n .
6
7
If n = 0 , then x =
6
7  11
If n = 1 , then x =  − =− =
6 6 6

b. Let x = cos −1 (0) .

Then
 
cos x = 0 = cos
2
Then

x = 2n  .
2

If n = 0  x =  , for 0  x  2
2
 3 5
If n = 1  x = 2  = , , for 0  x  2
2 2 2

c. Let x = tan −1 ( 3 ) .
Then

tan x = 3 = tan
3
Then

x = n +
3

If n = 0  x = , for 0  x  2
3
 4
If n = 1  x =  + = , for 0  x  2
3 3
−1
d. Let x = sin (0.3) .
Then

sin x = 0.3 = sin 17 .46 0 .

Then
x = n + (−1) n 17 .46 0
If n = 0  x = 17 .46 0
If n = 1  x =  − 17 .46 0 = 162 .54 0

Example 2:

Solve the following for x: tan−1 (2 x − 3) = .
4
Solution
 
tan−1 (2 x − 3) =  2 x − 3 = tan  2x − 3 = 1  2x = 4  x = 2 .
4 4

Example 3: Finding the Exact Value of Expressions Involving Inverse Trigonometric

Functions.
   1    2 5 
a. tan cos −1  −   b. sec sin−1   
  3    5  
Solution

1 1
a. Let y = cos −1 (− )  cos y = − = cos109.47 .
3 3
Then y = 109 .47 0
Then tan y = −2.83

2 5 2 5
b. Let y = sin −1    sin y =

 y = 63 .43 0 .
 5  5
1 1
Then sec 63.430 = 0
= = 2.2356
cos 63.43 0.4473

Example 4: Using Right Triangles.

Answer each of the following.


a. Given y = sin −1 x , where 0  y  , find cos y .
2
Solution

x
1

1− x2

y = sin −1 x  sin y = x
1− x2
 cos y = = 1− x2
1

b. Given y = sec −1 x , find tan y .

Solution

x2 −1
x

1 1
y = sec −1 x  sec y = x  = x  cos y =
cos y x

x2 −1
 tan y = = x2 −1
1