W :::: _'J nRT

l vdV 1.
== -nRT .!.dV
vt V
::: -nRT ln~
V == -2·303nRTlo ~
. 1 gV
~
1· sothermal expansion, T is constant a-a V 1
~ ~- p
. 1

l :. W == -2 ·303 nRT 1 .!i_ p.

~s •t of Heat and Work og p, == 2 · 303 nRT log 1
__ 2 ~
foe SI unit of bo~ heat and work · PUie and . . . • .
. calorie. The different umts are rela to e tbe bigger llDlt 1S kilojoule (kJ) The old unit of work is erg and that of
~1s . ac . ·
1 Joule == 101 ergs and 1
~( ~ r{' cal=4·184
~pie I __/ _ ~
A5litre cylinder contained ~ s of ox,, en
~ here and the cylinder got empty. 1/ther~-:,,2 E· /c •
Dru to s~n leakage through the hole, all th, gas escaped int'!_
-' ti n Step I Calculan· if han . sp
50lu o . . on o c ge in volume.ere pressure rs..--~
l ·O atmosphere, calculate the work done by the gas. ,
,
vinitial = 5 L, T = 210c = 27 + 273 = 300 K \
n = lO mol, P = 1 atm, R = 0·0821 L atm K- 1 mo1-1
vfinal = nRT = (lOmon X (0·0821Latm~1 mor1) X (300K) = 246·3 L
. P l(atm)
Change in volume (AV) = Vfinal - Vinitial = (246·3 -5·0) = 241·3 L.
Step II. Calculation of the work done by the system.
Since the oxygen gas has undergone expansion in volume, work has been done by the system.
W = -P x AV= -(1 atm) x (241·3 L) = -241·3 Latm.
= - 241 ·3 X 101 ·3 J = -24444J = -24•444 kJ. (·: 1 L atm = 101 ·3-J)
b.mple 2
Calculate the work done when 1 mole of water at 373 K ,aporises against an atmospheric pressure of 1 ·0 atmosphere.
\ioone ideal gas behaviour.
Solution. Volume occupied by liquid water is very small and therefore, change in volume is the volume occupied by
l!Jlm mole of the water vapours.
.'.ccording to available data.
n = 1 mole, P = 1 atm, T = 373 K, R = 0·0821 L atm K-1 moI- 1
nRT (lmol)x (0·0821LatmK - 1mol- 1)X (373K) _ . L
Volume (V) = p • l(atm) - 30 6
Work (W) = _p x b.V • - P X V • - (1 atm) X (30·6 L) = - 30·6 L atm '' .
== _ 30·6 x 101·3 J • -31001 • -3-1 kl. .
r}
6.6 DINESH COMPANION t".MAM
Example 3
Calculate the total work done in the expansion of two moles of an ideal gas from an initial pressure of 4·0 X u,s Mir
to a rmal pressure of 2·0 x HP Nm-3 at 298 K (R = 8·314 JK-1 moJ-1). ·
Solution. According to the available data :
n = 2 mol, P1 = 4·0 x X 1()5 Nm-2 , R = 8·314 JK- 1 moI- 1
HP Nm-2 , P2 = 2
P2
W = 2·303 nRT log pI
5 2
= (-2·303) x (2 mol) x (8·314 JK-1 moJ-1) x (298 K) log (4·0 x 10 Nm- )
(2·0 x 105 Nm2 )
= -2·303 X (2 mol) X (8·314 JK- 1 moJ- 1) X (298 K) X 0·3010
= -3435 J = -3·435 k.J.
fmii•1='i, 1v~ FOR PRACTICE ij
.
• l. Calculate the amount of work done by 2 mole of an ideal gas at 298 K in a reversible isothermal expansion ~
20 litres. • _ (
2
• 2• Calculate the work done when 1· 6 x 10 kg of oxygen at 300 K are expanded isothermally and reversibly till
doubled.
• 3. Calculate the total work done when 1 mole· of a gas expands isothermally from initial volume of 20 dm3 ._
40 dm3 at 298 K. (R = 8·314 JK-1 mot-I)
...~ 6. Internal Energy and Chang.e in Internal Energy
Every substance possesses a certain definite amount of e .
depen9~llPP.n-~t~ ~ature a~d also t~~ conditi??s_of temperatu::~known as mternal !nergy (U)•.
internal energies dependmg upon the conditions. For exam le p~essure. Thus, different
of 280 Kand 290 K. ~ p 'tbe mternaI energy of J Dl09
Sinc_e evea substance ii ·
 ~.~ ~-~--..,-------u:u;-n:a"Se7n internal
---::~ -- fr(1ro B to A~by followhig ~ ~ ;c711J2 ~ the decrease in internal energy
~0"2}
o~
~ ·-;,ing. •- Q"feJter than uAU2· 1e path, I.e. path-II. Let us also suppose
., ' l 1 l!'o ::
~..)
0
. I . 1
!ll , 111pieung one eye e, a certam amount of internal energy has been created ~
.,~;~ [be 1wo 'al~es are not the same. But this is not true according to the first =
en
en
~.·,,r wennodyn~ics because the system has returned to its original position and i -A(U1)
II ··•·b 00 energy ts expected to be created, Therefore, AU cannot be different
~:-·w,or !he value of AU doe~ not change with the change in the state of a
lll.:ro. It is, therefore, a state fu~~ \
~~.~

2
·
. FigureVolume •
5. Change In lnflrnal
energy in forward and IMIM palh.
·· / ~roth.La_w or Thennodynafl_!~-: The law states that 'if two systems A and B
Separately in thermal equilibrium with a third system C, then iiiey are also in eQQ ibri wi 0
h other'. ·. ·
!If Actually two systems are said to be in thermal equilibrium if there is no net flow of heat between ll_ian wbwrl Mli&rt
brou!tbt
v
in contact with each other. The thennometers dipped
\
in the two systems do not show any chanp m - - .
-Example 4
Express the change in internal energy of a system when
(1) No heat is absorbed by the system from the su"oundings, but work (w) is done on the sy1te111. Wat tn,e . , _
does the system ha,ve ? , · -
(ii) No work is done on the system, but q amount of heat is taken out from the qstn, au giNt,•·•1■1tJ .....lt4
What type of wall does the system htne 1
(iii) wamount of work is done bJ the system and q __,,,,of,,_ is supplietl to tAe S]dCJJi Wk
I 11) 1)-f
~
 OINESH COMPI\NION CHl:a...
6.8

~UUl' , . \1) Accunhng to first law of thenooJynamics,

~u = q + "'· 5 st
As no he-at is at't$0rt\i:'d t-y the system. q = 0. II is an adiabatic Y em. (Walli s~
:. ~U = 0 + w = W1..ii .
(i1) AC\."Onling to a,·ailable informatil,n,
w=0:q= -q
.lU = q + w = -q + 0 = - q · wall
Sin..'t heat energy has ~n w..~n out. the system must have thermally cooducung ·
lii1) w = -w {work done by the sys1em)
..._,_.i b , me s\'s1em)
q = +q (heat has been abso1 ~ ) •
~u = q + w = q - w
. . . t be a close system.
S10..--e work has ~n done by the system on absorb mg energy, 1t mus

Example S • . rnaJ
. Calculalt the change m 1n1e tnt'I]
d •
A system absorbs 500 J of htat and d~s 1t·ort of 50 Jon its surroun ,ngs.
Solution. Heat absorbed by the system, q = + 500 J
Work done by the sys1em w = - 501
According to first law of thermodynamics.
· ~u = q + 11• = 500 - 50 = 450 J.
Example 6 ·
Oif
2 atmfrom a l'Olume of0·5 L to 10-5 L Wlw·•
A gas absorbs 2000 J of htaJ and apands against an inltmal prtssure - •

tht change in inltmal energy '! [1 L arm = 101·3 I]

Solution.
Work done in e.'QXU!Sion (w) = - PAV = - (2 aan) (10·5 - 0·5) = - 20 L aan
= -20 X 101·3 = -20261 [·: l Latm = 101·3~
Heat energy absorbed (q) = 2000 J
Change in in1ernal energy, (~U) =q + w = 2000 J - 2026 J = - 26 J.
----
Example 7
A ctrtain gas iniJia/1)· aJ room temperaturt undergoes expansion in rolumt from t!J L to 12_:__o L al CO'!._stan/ I ~
Calculale tht 1t·ort done by tht gas if iJ apands (a) against mcuum (b) against constant pressure of 1·2 a/pl.
Solution. (a) Wort dont in the expansion of rht gas against mc1mm
Since the gas is expanding against vacuum, external pressure acting on the gas is zero
Work done by the gas in expansion (W) = - PAV= - 0 (12·0 - 4·0) L = zero
(b) H'orl: done in rhe expansion of rht gas at I ·l arm
W = - P~V = -(1 ·2 atm) X (12·0-4·0) L
= - 9·6 L aan = - 9·6 x 101 ·3 = - 973 J.
Example 8
Calculale tht 1t·ork dont 1t·htn a gas expands al a constant temperaturt from a l'Olume 2 x 1fr3 m3 to 4 x 4xlt'J
against a constant prtssure of 1·2 x lff Nm-l.
Solution. Work done in expansion (W) = -Pt\V
= - (1·2 X 1()5 Nro-2) X (4 - 2) X (I0-3 ro3)
= -2·4 x 1<>2 Nm = -2·4 x Io? J (·: 1 Na• II

Example 9
Two lilrts of llll idtal gas al a prtssurt of 10 aim t.rpand isothermally into l'acuum until tht 1o1o1,__ I,.,...
How wuld, h«Jt i s ~ and how 11Wch t t ~ is dont in the upansion 1 What tt•ouJd ~ tht htat absorbd
8' ..t 9:
(,) if tht samt upans,on taus place agamst a constant uttmal prtssun of 1 aim r
(ii) iftht samt upansion takts ~ct to afi!'al rolwnt of 10 lilrts conducted m·trsiblJ r (S. C.E.R.
T. ~. . . .
Solution. For isodlennal expansion of an ideal gas,
~u =O
 dynamics 6.9
f~errTlO
ing to first law of thermodynamics,
Accord
L\U = q + w or O = q + w or q = -w
q = Pex (l0L - 2L) = 0 (8) = 0.
. means that no heat is evolved since no work is done . .
fhlS q = -w = 1 atm x 8L = SL atm = 8 x 101 3 1 (': l L atm = 101 ·3 J)
(1) = 810·4 J
(ii) q = - w = 2·303 RT log V
...:2..V = 2·303 PV log
'ii y
I I
= 2·303 X (10 atm) x (2 L) log _!Q = 32·2 L atm
2
= 32·2 X 101·1 J = 3261·86J.
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE I
.~-
• 5,

A system does 200 J of work and at the same time absorbs 150 J of heat. What is the change in internal energy ? [Ans. - SO J]
A gas absorbs 120 J of heat and expands against external pressure of l·l atm . from volume of 0 ·5 L to 2·0 L. What is change
in internal energy (1 L atm = IO 1.3 J) ? [Ans. - 47 · I J]
200 J of work is done on the system and at the same time, 140 J of beat is given out. What is the change in internal energy ?
• 6.
[Ans. +60 J]
Calculate the an10unt of work done when 5 moles of an ideal gas expands isothermally and reversibly from a pressure of 10 atm
• 7. 2 attn at 300 K.
10 [Ans. -20·073 kJ]
3 3
Calculate the work of expansion of 2 moles of an ideal gas when it expands isothermally and reversibly from 10 m to 20 m
• 8,
at 300 K . [Ans. - 3·458 kJ]
~ Enthalpy and Change in Enthalpy
We have studied that change in internal energy is the heat energy exchanged between the system and the surroundings at
constant volume. However, most of the chemical reactions and physical processes are carried in open tubes or containers. Since
these are exposed to the atmosphere directly, they are under atmospheric pressure which is constant at a particular place, say the
laboratory. But the volume does not remain constant because these reactions or processes are accompanied by either increase or
decrease in volume. In case the volume increases, some work is done by the system and its internal energy decreases. Similarly,
if there is contraction in volume, some work is done on the system. As a result, its internal energy increases.
Thus, we conclude that the energy changes in a reaction at constant pressure and temperature are not due to change in internal
energy alone but also include the energy changes due to expansion or contraction. To express these changes taking at constant
nressure, a term known as egtbalpy is introduced. It is also called heat content and is denoted as H. The enthalpy of a system may
 .Flo,,, 7. Plctufl of C■lomnoto,.
··- ~•ionrnete, ~
~
~/'
. .ci~hl •olI lhecompouroi Under examinario. ' .
~
~fll1\\ 11 Th ..
. .J fn•m 1hc '"<I. e lem11era1ure or ,_11 . n "laken •• • plaunum cup. Elm, of ••Yr•n under h•rh pm,ure ;,
,W''1 •1ric spark wtlh lhe help or filanien1s n," tn lhe 'oPP<r calorime1er i, ni,1ed and 1h,n 1h, compound ,. irnit<d by
i\~ <': cs !he 1empera1ure or wa1er in llt · 1 • comP<>ttnd "ndergnc, c,,mh1i,1ion .,hich i, or nodiermic nature. The hu1
r'~,ol "'' heal capacity or lhe calorimeie • : Ortmeier Which is noled very carefully with 111, h,lp of 1he thermo...,,,. By
11 istli•
~,•".11iO!
~• carried al cons1an1 volume,Leitt ,.. givee a•moun1
I11r,. L\Uevolved
measureofofhea, in the reaciion i, calcula1'd. Sin« the <ombu,ii()n
-11 3 ,·ons : the m ·
rt,. ,.. .1c1il .1 Le . · ass of the subsrance = w g
t the heat ca ·
L,P'
of calorimeter = S
Let thePacity
· ·
rise in temperature = 6 T
The heat evolved in the reaction = S x t:,, T
Now, W g of the substance evolve heat upon combustion = S x t:,, T
Mg (molar mass) of substance Will evolve heat = S x ~T x M
.\ urement of all w
~o~ Acalories
ii~ H == ~Umeasures llte value of AU. for llte reac1ion. The value of All can be delermined lheore1ica1Jy by applying
+ ~ng RT.
1auoo . .
~
rrwater r .
fl""P
~ vanour is assumed
1 ID be a perfect gas, molar enthalpy change for vaporisaJion of I mole of wa/er at I bar lllr4
the internal energy change when
1000CI•s 4JkJ mo/- • Calculate
•
rJJmo
1 le of water is•vaponsed at. . pressure and 100°c.
1 bar
1•') J mole 0"r water is converte4 into ice.
11
H20 ([) ~ Hp (g)
( ti n. (i) Internal energy change for the vaporisation of J mole of water (N.C.E.R.T. Sol~ed Example)
solU O
= 100 + 273 ~ 373 K
1 0
41 kJ moI- ; t:,, s = 1 - 0 = 1 ; R = 8·314 x 10-3 kJ K-1 mo1-1, T
t\ff== Mi = t:,,U + t:,,na RT
t:,,U = Mi -t:,,na RT
= (41 ·00 kJ moI-1) - (1 mol) X (8·314 x 10-3 kJ K-1 moI-1 X (373 K))
' = 41 ·00 - 3· 10 = 37;9()k.J mol-1•
-~Internal energy change for the conversion of 1 .mole of water into ice.
(II H 20 ([) ~ Hp (s)
---
example 11
~U
I

= Mi - ~naRT = MI - (0) RT= MI= 41.00 kJ mo1-1•

A swimmer coming out from a pool is covered with a film of water weighing about 18 g. How much hat.,,,, 1M
supplied to evaporate this water at 298 K ? Calculate the internal energy of vaporisation ar.I00°C• .d,., Hfor_,., at
1
373 K = 40·66 kl mol" • (N.C.E.R. T. SolY,4 Emnrpl,)
..
 6.12
_ . ,.A as .
•
Soluu on. The proce~s of vapori$.llion of 11,·ater may be rr:pre~nu;u
Hi() ({) ~ Hi() (g)

(18 g) I
No. of moles of H o in 18 g = _,) = Imo
2 (18 g mo1
~,l'll'V = A,.,,,,J-f - ti"l RT 3 lf K-1 od"'J X (313 K)
= (.W•(,6 kJnx>J-'J _ (I) X (8·314 ~ JCr
= (40·66 _ 3·10) = 37·56 kJ root .

Example 12 th !,ange in enJhaipJ ,s -3728 kl.

.
What•._
When liquid benzene is oridistd aJ constant pressure al 300 K. ec
. · ·
inltmal energy aJ the same temneraJure ? . . f liquid i,eozene ts .
r
Soluti on. The chemical equation representing the o.udauon °
CJ16 (() + ~02 (g) -+ 6COi(g) + 3Hz0({)
2 15 - _2.rool
lill = - 3728 .kJ ; ang =; 6 - 2- 2
300 K
=8 ·314 X 10-3 .kJ K-•mo r'. T =
R
According to the relation, lill = au + anlR.T
3 1) X (8.314 X 10-3 kJ K-1 mol-1) X (300 K)
(- 3728 kJ) = aU + ( - 2mo

(-3728 kJ) = au - 3·7413 kl

au = - 3728 + 3·7413 = -3724·2587 u.
Examp le 13
is - 7B·84 kl. What will be dlr
The enthalpy of Jonna/ion of methane at constant pressure and 300 K
/omuztron aJ constant volume ? .
is :
Soluti on. The equation representing the enthalpy of fonnation of methane
C (s) + 2H2(g) - + Cf4(g) ; lill = - 78·84 kJ
lill = - 78·84 kJ ; a ng = I - 2 = - l mol
1
1
R = 8·314 x 10-3 kJ K- moJ- ; T = 300 K
According to the relation, till = ~ U + ~ ng RT
~U = Llli - ~ng RT 1 1
= (- 78·84 kJ)- (1 mol) X (8·314 X 10-3 kJ K- moJ- ) X 300 K

= - 78·84 - 2·49 = - 81·33 k.J.

Example 14
rbon refrigerant, coo/a l•
A chemist while studying the properties of gaseous CCl2F2 a chlorofluoroca
, the sampk v°"'1M tl«IIIII
constant atrrwspheric pressure of 1·0 aim from 320 K to 293 K. During cooling
For CCT2F1; C1 = 80·7 J _,,.,.
248 ml. Calculate NI and LJU for the chlorofluorocarbon for the process.
Soluti on. Step I. Calculation of LJll
The fall in temperature = 320 - 293 = 27 K
Total heat energy evolved in the fall in temperature by 27 K = (80· 7 JK-
1) x (27 K) = 2178·9 J
g moJ- 1
Molar mass ofCCl2F2 = 12 + (2 ~ 35·5) + (2 x 19) = 121 g = 121
. (l-25g)
No. of moles ofCCl2F2 m 1·25 g = (121gmol- 1) = 0·0103 mo!

Heat energy evolved from l mole of refrigerant = 2178·9 J

Heat energy evolved from 0·0103 mole of refrigerant = (2 l7S-9J)X(O·OI03 mol) = 22•44 J
l(mol)
:. Ml for the process = - 22 ·44 I
 ,J~11.,mlr• 6.13
1"'''"' ti ( i1/,·11/,1/i,111 cf , U /
~11·1• • .\II - .\ll + l'.\V
.\II • - l.?·..-1 J '• '\V • lll ·.? •IK - 0·27,ll • - lHl'Cl l · 11 • I 111111 '
.:\LI - ~11 - P,\V ~ ,,
• ( • ,22·-1-1 J) - ( I 111111) ( . IHW, l.)
• - • .?· .... J - (- lHl.?ti >< IOl ·JJl (·: I L utm • 101 ·3 J)
• - 2.?·.... J + 2·ti.,Jtl J • - IQ•77 J,

~;.1'111 IS
- J '1tmmpl1erlc pr,ssur , according to the
It: of ,:rt1pl1i11 is Im mt in a b,m,b ca/,,rlmtt11r ill tA't'll,\'.\' ,if o.ryllll" "t 2'JH K "'"'
rq1111titm: \
. C (,:rophitt!) + o, (g) .:__,. CO} (g)
011 ,;11,: the reat'tW,,, ttmperat11r, rl.,·ts /mm
,,J
J9J N 2'J9 I{, If tlui Juwt capacity ,if tl,e bt1mb ca~"rl"'.et~r is 20:7 kJIK,
(N. C. I·.. R. 1 . .'ioh'l'fl Lrnmp M
"•hat is the e11tl111/py cha11g1 fur th, abm•, reac·titfrl al 298 Kam/ I t1tm '!
Solution. Rise in tcmpernturc of c11lorlmctcr • 299 _ 298 ~ l K
Jkal cnpnl'ity of culorimctcr (C11) • 20·7 kJ K· 1, •

Jkal energy ubsorhcc.l by the culorimctcr • Cp x t,,.T

• (20·7 kJ K•t) X (IK)
• 20·7 kJ.
Tomi heat absorbed by the culorim ctcr is the snme R1i the h~inl cvolvcc.l in the combu:ition of lg of graphite.
<20·- 7 kJ) X(l2g mol· 1)
:. Heat cvoId vc m . ti1e combus1·mn ofl mo Ic ( 12 g) of graphite • - -
( l ·O g)
- 248·4 kJ 0101·1
The enthalpy change (6U) • -248·4 kJ nm1-t.
PROB LEMS FOR PRAC TICE I
, 9. Calculate lhe value of 6U for lhe following reaction :
[Ans. aU • -1405·05 kJ]
C2H4 (g} + 302 (g)- 2CO2 (g) + 2H2O (/}, 6H • - 1410·0 kJ 1
kJ mo1- and -75·998 kJ mo1· respectively.
1
• 10. The value of 6H and 6U when methane is completely oxidised are - 80·0 [Ans. T • 240·678 IQ
Calculale lhe temperature.
- 283·298 kJ at 290 K. Calculate its value at
• II. The heat of combustion of 1 mole of carbon monoxide at constant volume is [Ans. aH • - 284·' tJ)
constant pressure .
• 12. Calculate the value of 6U for lhe reaction :
[Ans. au • - 135·28 kJ]
C2H4(g) + H2(g )- C2H6 (g): 6H • - 137·76 kJ
temperature ofcalorimetersystem includin& water
• I.I. 0· 16g of methane was subjected to combustion al 27°C in a bomb calorimeter. The
volume and (ii) constant pressure. Tbe tbermal
was found to rise by 0· 5 °C. Calculate the heat of combustion of methane al (i) constant au • - 885 kJ, aH • -889·988 kJ)
[Ans.
capacity of calorimeter is 17·7 kJ K•t.

..~ 9. Exothermic and Endothermic reactions

mic if heat is evolved and is endothennic if heat
. We have studied in the beginning of the unit that a chemical reaction is exother
~ absorbed. Now, let us study these reactions in terms of change in
enthalpy (~H).
Exothermic Reaction
i.t. heat energy is transferred from the
It is a chemical reaction in which a certain amount of heat energy is evolved
value as + beat on the product side. For example,
system to the surroundings. The heat evolved is given as its actual numerical
N2(g) + 3H2(g) - 2NH3 (g) + 92·3 kJ.
beat energy evolved at constant temperature and
Since most of the chemical reactions are carried at constant pressure, the
:ssure represents change in enthalpy (dH). As energy has been transfe
rred from the system to the surroundings, dua IDIIDI
1the enthalpy of the products has become less than the ea.thalpy of reactaDII by 92·3 kJ. Therefore, H, < H, or
Ml • H, - H, • - ve (for notblrmic reactions)
Thus, we conclude that in an exothermic •-~'J '•',.t,f::rY~td
,.
~:~N, It oonatant telllpllltUte ml prw- .
 6.16

Relation between Cp and Cv be written as qv == C.AT == AU

The "lllltion for heat exchanged at constant volume (q,J may l , 1 may be written as ;
. . ed t onstant pressure ,qp,
S1mllarly, the equation for heat exchang a c
=CAT= AH,
n .
"P ,,- f 'deal gas eguauon.
. d ·th the help o 1
The relation between Cp and Cv can be derive WI
For one mole of an ideal gas ; · ~T
~H = AU + ~ (PV) = AU + A (RT) = AU +
Th~. MI =~U + RAT
· · modified as : ·
On substituting the values of ~Hand AU, the equauon is
C~T = Cv AT + RAT or Cp - Cv = R
d as . C - Cv = nR
For n moles of the ideal gas, the relation may be expresse · P
. by2caloriesorby8·314Joules.
Thus, Cp is greater than Cv by gas constant (R) i.e., approxJlllate1Y .
t lume and at constant pressure are listed
Molar heat capacities (J/mol) of some common gases at constan vo
Gas
C,
Gas c, c, 20·7
Helium (He) 20·9 Nitrogen (Nz)
12·8 21·0
Argon (Ar) 20·8 Hydrogen Chloride (HCI)
12·5
Carbon monoxide (CO) 21·0
Iodine (12) 12·6 20·9
Nitrous oxide (NzO) 30·5
Hydrogen (H2) 20·2 28·6
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 29·0
Oxygen (02) 20·8 29·1
Note : For monoatomic gases, heat capacity is related to translatory kinetic energy. For diatomic, triatomic and
gases, we take into account translatory, vibratory and rotatory kinetic energies.
TABLE 1. RELATION BETWEEN Cp/CvAND ATOMICITY OF A GAS

Nature of gas Monoatomic Diatomic

y = C,JCv (app.) 1-156 1·40

Example 16
(a) Calculate the energy required to raise the temperature of 12·0 g of iron from 15°C to 100°C. Gi,m
heat capacity of iron is 0·45 r~1g-1•
(b) What mass of copper (specific heat capacity = 0·385 r~1g-1) can be heated through tJ,e
difference when supplied with the same amount of energy ?
Solution. (a) Mass of iron (m) = 12·0 g
Rise in temperature (AT) = 200- 25 = 175°C
Specific heat capacity of iron (C5 ) = 0·45 J0 c-1g- 1•
Heat energy supplied = m x C5 x ~T = (12·0 g) x (0·45 J C-lg-1) x (175oC)
0

= 945 J = 0·94S kJ.

(b) Specific heat of copper (C5 ) = 0·385 J 0 C-lg-1
Rise in temperature (~T) = 175°C
Heat energy supplied = 945 J
(945 J) = m X (0·385 J0 C-1g-1) X (175°C)

m = (9451)
(0·385J 0 C-1g-1) X (175°C) •
 dYn,111lct 6.1 i
fll'rf110 --
.,,,-
. . . . . 1, 11
£t-"''p iflC heat of an 1l1m1ntary ga, l ,. d O,f 11,1 /1
, , ,110 bt ' om,c,11 of th, ga, ?
r
"'ht spec 40 g mot1 what 1, th, tU , 1/oun to b, 0•313 J 1 at con11ant volum,. If th1 molar mau gal

/o''~,11011, Cv • c, x molar mus • (0·313 Jg-') x (40 8 rno1-1) • 12·52 J rnol"'

so R • 8·314 J mo[•I '
,cP • Cv + R • 02·52 J moJ-l) + (8·3141 mol-1)• 20·8341 moJ· 1
., c (20· 834J mor1)
Atornrcrty (y) • plCv •
02 ' 521 mor) 1 • 1,66
f..l ,,
nrison, atom1c1ty of gas • 1.
SY coinP

~.,.,;,nrning pool contains l x1D6 L of water. How much ,n,rgy In Joule, u required to raiit the temperature of waJtr
fj~
~:,n 2o•C to 30°C? Tht sp,c(flc htat capacily of water1, 4·184 rc-1,-1,
~oiut1on, Volume of water = 1 x 106 L • I x 106 x 103 cm3.
Mass of water (m) = volume x density = Ix 109 cm3 x (lg cm-3) == 1 x 109g 3
· (Density of water is assumed to be 1 g cm· )
specific heat capacity (C,) = 4· 184 J•c-18-1 ' ·
Rise in temperature {AT) = 30 - 20 = 10•c
Heat energy required = m x c, x AT ... (109g) x (4· 1841oc-1,1) x (I0°C)= 4·184 x 101° J.
~
~mple 19
(a) Calc11late the energy needed lo raise lht temperature of J0·0 g of iron from 25°C to 500°C. If the specific htaJ of
oc•1-l -I
•,on js 0•45 J ( I g •
;b) What mass ofgold of specific heat capacity 0·13 J (°Ct1 g 1 can be heated through the same temperature difference,
hen suppplied with same amount of energy as in (a) ?
~ iuUon. (a) According to available data,
C = 0·45 J (°Cr1 g-1 ; m = 10·0 g ;
6T = (500 - 25) = 475°C
substituting the values in the relation,
q = C X m X 6T = [0·45 J (°Cr 1 g- 1) X (10·0 g) X (475°C)
= 2137·5 J = 2•1 X loJ J
(b) According to available data,
c = o-n 1 c·cr1 g-1 : 6T = 415°c: q = 2-1 x 1031
. q
We know that ; q = C x m xAT or m = - -
CT x 6
(2•1 X 103J)

--~
m = 34
[0-131 (°C)-1g-1] x (475°C) = ·0 g.

PROBLEMS

• 14. A l ·250

to !he calorimeter.
'15. 20·0 g of ammonium nitrate (NH.NOJ)
falls from 296·5 K to 286·4 K, Fmd die
its contents is 4· 18 J g-1 IC"1•
' 16· Specific heat of Li (s), Na (s),
fl~-
g sample of octane (C.H,.> is burnt in excess of QlJYa.,
calorimeter rises from 294·05 I{ to 30(>-78 K. If beat ClplCil1,

respectively. Compute the

heat capacity of Fr.

~~ 12. Thermochemical Equation

We all know that a •
~ie:1an1s and p
-,,.-, ._;;;,.;;;;;.;;;;..-
 f formation, . the standard enthalpy (Ara&,
6.20 d d enthalpies o :n caJcutaun8 . s takin8 part in the l'eaNl....at
f m stan ar can belp ,.. tiJ)g specie d --a.
Standard enthalpy of reaction ro . us comp0undsod cts and reac roc1ucts - Standar
J
The knowledge of standard enthalpies 0 v:;ipies of tbe _pr ; forrtJlltioO of P
0
enthalpies of format1on Of
It is the difference in the sum of tbe stan~ e (lard enthalptes
Standard enthalpy of reaction - StaD ,ff (reactants)
·on~
Arll8 == }.;A/1'3 (products) - }_;6
Ji~ lnforma~ thalPY of formation tif18
"' ~ ~ · ,nndardeO
weirs.-
ed in terJllS Of .
Relative stabilities of compounds can be c~~the stability tball their constituents
• Lower the value of A/16 ; lower w f fi nnation are Jess stable
O
th ir constituents.
• Compounds with positive enthalPY O • more stable thaD e
.L.1
0
(fonnatton are
• Compounds with negative enullUPY

,1 Jf3 for C0 2(.g), CO(g) and B 0'o'

Example 20 2
ti • ,.,,
CalculaJe the enthalpy of the reac on · H O(g) given thaJ 1/1'
2
C02(g) + H2(g) - CO(g) +
-113·3 and - 241-8 kJ mor1 respectively.
Solu tion. :e
}.;A/1'3 (reactants)
A,l-19 == 2,A/f3 (products) H O(g}] _ [A}f3 COi(g)+Apr Hz(g)]
== [A/16 CO(g) + Ar 2
0

Substituting the values from the available data, _ )] - [(-393·5) + zero]

MI9 == [(-113·3) + (-241 8
4
== _ 355· l + 393·5 == 38· k.J.

Example 21 . OF (g) + e20(g)- Oi(g)1 + 2HF(g) at

Calculate the standard internal energy change for th e reactiO\2/ _ 250 and - 270 kJ mot respectivtq.
that enthalpies offorrnalion of OF2 (g), H20(g), and HF(g) are . '
Solution. Step I. Calculation of the standard enthalpy of reactwn.
The given equation is :
OFi(g) + H2O(g)-+ Oz(g) + 2HF(g)
L\ H8 = 2,Afti9 (products)_ 2,Afti9 (reactants).
r = [L\_,fr30zrg) + 2/l~ HFrg)] _ [A}r3 QF2rg) + A/f3 H20rg)]
Substituting the values from the available data :
A,H8 = [Zero + 2(-270 kJ)] - [20 kJ - 250 kJJ
= - 540 + 230 = - 310 kJ.
Step II. Calculation of standard internal energy change (L\u8)
L\H8 = - 310 kJ ; A"K = 3-2 == I1mol
R = 8·314 x 10-3 kJ K-1 moJ- ; T = 298 K
According to the relation, L\JI8 = Au8 + £\"K RT 1 1
(-310kJ) = Au8 + (I mol) x (8·314 X 10-3 kJ K- mol- ) X (298 K)
-310 kJ = Au8 + 2·477 kJ.
or Au8 = - 310 - 2·477 = - 312·477 k.J.

Example22 1
The standard heat offormation of Fei(}3 (s) is - 824·2 kJ mor • Calculate heat change for the natllol, ;
4 Fe(s) + 30i(g) - 2 Fe203(s)
Solution. A,H8 = L'.AJl9 (products) - L'.AH/ (reactants)
= [2 x AJI9 FezDJ(s)] - [4L¥H8 Fe(s) + 3~pi80i(g)J
= 2(-824·2 kJ) - [4 x :zero + 3 x :zero] = -1648·4 kJ.
Example 23
Howmuchheatwi/Jberequiredtoprepan2/cgo/CaC2 accordingtotherradlon.
CaO(s) + JC (s) - CaC2 (s) + CO(g)
Giren : .J/13 CaO = -151 ·6 kcal mot"1 ; IJ.IP
(Caez) = -14-2
.J/13 CO(g) = - 26·4 kcal nu,t-1, . •. •
 i1h" calorific ~~!uclsl as the
6,22 consldcrnllor1, I. unUs /.t. ,..,. owever,
i ,oJ or fuel under c ,11enrloncd In s.
Orcntcr tho coturlnc value, bc1tor ls t t resent lhcse ur
Initially rxpr,,.cd In kilo caloric~ (kcol) bul o p Ivon Jn [hC TKblC J,
kJ/1ram and not 11t1 kJ/mole, 1II nnJ fo<KI Htuff nrc g - -1~---:::-:--::::::----..
The cnloriflc v11Jucs of some common f\Jo
(kJ' ;a~l)
_ §!.!!S?¾
iiiiiiZ;l11~
11 - -~
-
- Frru~1"l
-t ~'11 _ _ _
- - - -r______0
Calorific

~ - - --j_~c~.-~io~rl~n~c~
I~- - -~F~ood v11~h
2 iC•e~~"
::----n-- wooJ
C llll[C()l.il
Curd ' ,J . , ..,011c;110 oil
Milk ,2
37·3 n ..f ui:I oII
~:t
Honey
J2·0
13·3
su18nc (L,p,O.)
Hydrogen
Ghee 37•6 y per day. These are supplied by
1(-=- 12550 k.J) of energ · r15t d at>ove.
Note: The nonnal human body needs 3000 kc~ t the different food stuffs e
carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, oils, etc. which consutu e

Example 24
I
Combusdon of glucose is according to the ollowli'!J;eg(f t''J11
=' -2900 k./.
CpJ 06fs) + 602(g) --+ 6CO,(g) + 2 1•8' 0 r g/11cose ?
12 0
How much heal energy is evolved 111 the combustfOri 1 g 'J
15
Solution. The combustion equation for glucose : J 6H2O(l) . Acff == - 2900 kJ.
C6H120 6(s) + 602(8) - 6C0 z(g + '
6 Xl2 + 12 Xl +6 X16s J80 8 :: 2900 kJ,
Heat evolved in the combustion of 1 mole (or 180 g) of glucose
. - (2900kJ) X (l •S g) = 29 k.J.
· • Heat evolved in the combustion of 1·8 g of glucose - (180 g)

Example 25
The lhemwchemkal equations for solld and liquid rocket /11els are given below :
2Al(s) + 312 O:z(g) - Al203's) ,· .d,H = - 1667·8 kJ,
Hi(g) + 112 0 2(g)- H20(/); J,H = - 285·9 kJ.
If equal masses of aluminium and hydrogen are used, which Is a better rocket Iuel.
Solution_. The efficiency of fuels may be compared in terms of heat evolved per gram of the fuels used.
the value m each case.
2Al (s) + 3/2 O2 (g) - AI2O3 (s); 6 ,H* = - 1667·8 kJ.
2 X 27==54 g
54 g of AI(s) upon combustion evolve heat = 1667·8 kJ
1667 8
1 g of Al (s) upon combustion evolve heat = · = 30·9 k.J.
54
H2(g) + 1/2 Oz(g) ___. H20 1/ 1 • 6,H = - 285·9 kJ
2 x I =2 g I'/• •

2 g of H2(g) upon combustion evolve beat = 285·9 kJ

285 9
1 g of H2(gJ upon combustion evolve heat = ' = 142·45 kJ
Since hydrogen evolves greater amount heat pir gram than alu;inium, therefore it is a better fuel.
 ...iod~n•rnlcl 6.23
11"''''
rding to the equation,
'
t,~ 58 g of butane
llpon combustion give energy = 2658 kJ.
t1 ·2 kg (or 11200 g) of butane u 2658
. P<>n combustion give energy = - - xll200 = 513269 kJ.
Daily require 58
ment of the family per day = lSOO) kJ.
The number of da . . 513269
;. ys the cylinder will last = - - = 34·2 (or 34 days)
Gas wasted due . 15000
~) eans that only 70% of butane llild to tncomplete combustion = 30%
fllis [ll ergoes combustion.
Energy produced by the combustion of 70% of butane = 513269 x 70 = 359288·3 kJ
100
The number of days the cylinder will last = 359288 · 3 = 24 days.
~ 15000
pie 21
~ two moles of C2H6fg) are burnt 3129 lcJ •
lfhe~ ) and H2O (I) are - 393.5 and_ 286 lcJ 0fleat is li!'erated. Calculate the heat offonnation of C2H6fg). '1/J for
C01,g mor- respectively.
solution. ~e heat ~f combustion of c 2~(g) per mole (AH) = -3~29 = _1564.5 kJ.
'fhe combustion equation may be written as :
7
Ci¾)+ 2 0-i(g) - 2C0z(g) + 3H20(/); AH= -1564·5 kJ.
Now, MI = tt.1u8(products) -u,u8 (reactants)

' ~[2AJI8COi(~) + 3AJI8H20(lJJ-[a,H8C2H6(g)+fa,H802(g)]

On substJtutmg the values m the above equation,
- 1564·5 = [2 X (-393 ·5) + 3 (- 286)] - [A}I8C2 H6(g) + zero]

---
-1564·5 = - 787 - 858 - A}I8 Ci~(g)
or A_,H8 Ci~(g) = - 787 - 858 + 1564·5 = - SCH kJ.
example 28
C(s) + Oi(g) - COi(g) + 394 lcJ
1
C(s) + 2 Oi(g) - CO(g) + III lcJ
(i) In an oven using coal (assume tJu coal is 80 per cent carbon by weight), insufficient oxygen is supplud such lhaJ 60
per cent of carbon is converted to CO2 and 40 per cent of carbon is converted to CO. Find the heat generaud when
JO kg of coal is burnt in this fashion.
(ii) CalculaJe the heat generated if more sufficient oven is used so that only CO2 is formed.
(iii) CalculaJe the per cent loss in the heating value for the inefficient fuel.
Solution. Mass of coal = 10 kg
10x80
Mass of carbon in coal = - - = 8 kg
100
8x60
Mass of carbon converted to COi =- - =4·8kg
100
8X40
Mass of carbon converted to CO = = 3·2 kg
100
Step I. CalculaJion ofheal generated in the combustion of C to CO2 and CO.
12 g of carbon upon combustion to COi(g) evolve beat = 394 kJ
4·8kg (or 4800 g) of carbon upon combustion to COi(g) will evolve heat
394
=- x4800 = 157600 kJ
12
Similarly, 12 g carbon upon combustion to CO(g) evolve heat = 111 kJ
11
:. 3-2 kg (3200 g) carbon upon combustion to CO (g) will evolve heat = ~ x 3200 = 29'00 k,J
1
Total heat evolved = 157(,(X) + 29600 = 187200 U
 6.24
ouly C0,1 isfi11111rd.
Step n Cul la . is 11st1r1s0 11111
12 g of ~mo0°' non of hear genmlf&I if moM <'Jllcit' • 394 kJnl ,11't'11 '

Upoo combustion to C02(g) evolve hcut

394 ~(JOO • 162661 kJ
8 kg (or 8000 • X ,
&) of carbon upon combu stion to C0i (8) will cvcilvc
Jc .
12
tht! iu<'J}iclt'llf fut'/,
,
Step ffi · Cal.cu1. attoo 01
of the percentage loss in the heating l'tllue 'I

Loss III the heating vnluc -.' 262667 - 187200 • 75467 kl

Percen~ge loss 0f heatmg , . . 75467 X lOO .. 28·7%,
value of ineffic ulnt fuel = -
-- 262667
Example 29
. tains ma/11I)' methane. Th, httU 0",
Gobar b . tation of animal refuse con
th gas O tailted by the bacterial f ermen
mt ant to COJand HzO is given by the following equalio11
How much
211
CH4(g) + 20:i( g)-+ COz(g) + /J (g) +
8 ~!,~/1
village community of JO() fam/1111• I/
ne cont1,ut/' It
that tachf i'--" gobar gas wouldedha11e to be produced per day for a JI 1c ""eds mid //,at metha .
fl
kJ of energy per day to meet a
"""'Y "f'S to be suppli 20()()0
80 ptr cent by weight '!
Solu tion. Total number of fumilics = 100
Daily energy requirement of each family = 20000 kl
Daily energy requirement of 100 families = 20000 X JOO =
2,000.000 kJ
The equation for combustion of methane is
Cf-Li(g) + 202 (g) - C02(g) + 2H2O (g) + 890 kJ
16 g
890 kJ of energy is evolved from methane = 16 g.

:. 2,000 ,000 kJ of energy will be evolved from methane = ~

X 2,000, OOO g
890
= 0·03595 X 1()6 g = 35·95 kg
Since methane content of gobar is only 80% .
35·95 x JOO kg
•·•Mass of gobar gas needed per day = - -80- - = 44·94 .
day to meet all the energy needs of the 100 fumilies ia
Therefore, 44·94 kg of gobar gas will have to be produced per
Example 30
Ifa man submits to a diet of950() kJ per day and expends
energy ill all fonns to a total of12000 kJ per day, .,_,.
in internal energy per day? If the energy lost is stored as
sucrose (1632 kJ per I 00 g), how ma11y days should ii tab a.
(Ignore waler loss for this problem).
- 9500 = 2500 kJ
Solut ion. Change in internal energy per day (6U) = 12000
he takes
The energy has been lost since man expends more energy than
Now, 100 g of sucrose represent 1632 kJ loss in energy
:. 1000 g of sucrose will represent loss in energy = ~JOO x
tOOO = 16320 kJ
16320
ed to lose 1000 g of weight or 16320 kJ of energ y = = 6·53 days.
The number of days requir 2500

Example 31
The air inhaled in each breath is 30() ml whltj
An alh/ele takes 30 breaJhs per minute at room temperature.
by 110/ume. Assuming that all the oxygen cons ,,_
of oxygen by volume. The exhaled air contains 10% of oxygen e will be bum/ ill the body for one hour and wMt
glucos
converting glucose into CO:z(g) and Hf)(/ ), how much of
- 2822·5 kJ mot at 0°C and room tempera/Un is
1
stion of glucose =
heal produced? Given: enlhalpy of combu
Solu tion. 0 2 inhaled in one breath = (300mL) x ~
100
= 60mL

Oi exhaled in one breath = (300 ml) x _!Q_ = 30mL

100
Oi consumed in one breath = (60 - 30) = 30 mL
 dynamics 6.25
fll'rroo
No. of breaths taken in one .
mmute • 30
No. of breaths taken in 60 .
The volume of 02 COIISUmed in 60 minutes • 30 x 60 = 1800
•
at 300 K (27oq, volume of n-~~~ .= 1800 x 30 = 54000 mL
~ow, "2 •-.uc::u = 54000 mL = 54 L.
at 273 K (0°C),volume ofOi needed = (54L) x
( 00K) (273 K) = 49, 14L
3
-••• of glucose consumed may be calculated ~
~ -~1206(s) + 60,,(g) - 6COi(gJ + u~~ 11 =
6H 0(1)
2
I mol 6 mol
(180 g) (6 X 22·4L)
At 273 I{, (
6 X 22 ' 4 L) of 0i are needed by glucose = 180 g

At 273K, 49·14 L of Oz are needed by glucose ;:: (180 g) x (49 ·14 L) = 6S·8 g.
(6 x 22·4 L)
The en~py of combustion of glucose (AcH) = - 2822·5 kJ moi-1
Heat evolved m the combustion of 180 g of glucose =
2822.5 kJ
Heat evolved in the combustion of 65·8 g of glucose = (2822 •5 kJ) x ( 65 · 8 g) - 1032 kJ.
(180 g)
~
e¢Ple 32
(i) An average person needs about 100001cJ per day. How much carbohydrate (in mass) will he /unit to consuTM tus~g
~ all his energy needs are met only by carbohydrates in the form of glucose ? Given that the enthalpy of combustion of
~ st :: - 2816 kJ.. •
(ii) Ahuman being eats 0·35 kg of carbohydratea f11ucose) and 200 g offats every day and iJ is asaumed that combustion
! fa/S can prod_uce energy equivahnt to _39000 kJ kg- . If the body consumes all the carbohydrates preferentially, how mueh
,i// his weight increase per year, assuming that only 50 per cent of the excess fats are excreted ?
5olutlon. (I) Given that : The enthalpy of combustion of glucose AH = - 2816 lcJ
Now, mass of glucose (½H12O6)= 6 x 12 + 12 x 1 + 6 x 16 = 180
2816 kJ of energy are evolved from glucose = 180 g

10,000 kJ of energy will be evolved from glucose = ~x

10,000 = 639·2 g
2816
. 2816
(ii) Energy obtained from 0·350 kg of carbohydrates (glucose) = x O· 350 x 1000
180
= 2816 X 350 = , lcJ
5476 55
180
Additional requirement of energy to be met from fats = 10,000-5475·45 = 4524·45 kJ
Now 39000 kJ of energy is produced from fat_= 1000 g
1000
4524·45 kJ of energy is produced from fat = x 452445 = 116.01 g
39000
Therefore, extra fat eaten per day = 200 - 116·01 = 84 g
84 X 50
Out of this 84 g of fat, 50 % of it i.e.,
100
= 42 g will be excreted and the remaining 42 g will be deposited per clay
m~ body. This will increase his weight.
Hence increase in weight in one year= 42 x 365 = 15330 g = 15·330 kg.

PROBLEMS FOIi ~

• 21 The heats of combustion of CH. and Cz~ are - 890·3 aad - 1559·7 ~ _.-a
efficiency of fuel per gram ?
'l.l From the lhennochernical equation.
C6"6(1) + 15120J(g) - 6COz(g) + 3BzOtQ ;
Calculate the energy evolved wbm 39 I otClli#,
 odyn1miCI
~~ 6.29
thJIIPY of Vaporisation. Emhalpy of v . .
£11 the change in enthalPJ or la 8POrisation may be defined as.
state. eat tntrr:, whn, ont mou of a li.qui4 111 its bouillr ,,_.i dta,a • * roe-'
for e~ple, Hi()(l) - Hi()(gJ . A u - ' .. 373 IQ
~(l) _ • -.,.• - 40·6 kl moi-1 .-
f,nthalPY of Sublimation. Enthalpy of ~(g)_; A..apl{ = 30·5 kl mo1-t ◄• 353 IQ
the change in enthalpJ or ht IIDation may be defined as :
temperature below us melting ~rr:, when o,ae mou of a JOlill cluulrn 4irtdlJ ;.,. * ~ ,.. ., •
for example, l2(s) - 2
I (gJ. Au _
1
othalpies of the phase chan • QO - + 62·4 kl mor-
'fbe e ges are related to each other as :
~blimatJoa == Ml,__ + AH
-~- ~~-~~-

~
ff'hen one gram of water solidijus lo ice, 333·33 J of MIii is nol,ed. CakuJ,aU du ~ ofj,uit,a .J a.
solutlo~-. Mol'.11" mass of water, H2o == 2 x 1 + 16 = 18
UPoD soltd1ficat1on, water changes to ice g
H20(l) - Hi(>(s)
. (Water) (Ice)
Heat evolved when 1 g of water solidifies = 333_33 J
Heat evolved when 18 g of water solidify = 333 _33 x 18 = 5m,94 J
Enthalpy change for the process;
H20 (l) - HiO(s) ; AH = - 59')()•94 J ·
EnthalPY change for the reverse process i.e., fusion of ice
HiO(s)-HiO(l)
MI/Ksion = - AHsolidffecarion

--
1
== - (-5999·94) J = 59')()·94 J mo1-1 = 6·0 kJ mo1-

example JS
A couple sitting in a warm.room on a winter day takes 1/2 kg of cheese sanh•it.ch.ts (a oiav PIMh •/ &IJf U far
both). Assuming that none of the enerr, is stored in the body, what mass of water do tlteJ aui4 "'r es,,in ia __. •
maintain their original temperature. Tht enthalpJ of ,aporisation of water may ~ tllkeJI as 40-65 lJ ~ -
1P. LS..\. ~
Solution. According to the available data,
40·65 kJ of heat is evolved in the vaporisation of water = l mol = 18 g
8
8130 kJ of heat is evolved in the vaporisation of water = (l g) x (8130kl)
(40-65kJ)
= 3600 g = 3·6 kg
Mass of water needed to prespire = ·3·6 kg.

Example 36
Gaseous owne is bubbled through a water ict mixturt at 0°C. As 03'g) d«omposa ID J- OJ&), * 1 b ff• · is
*-ti••_,,,,
absorbed by the resulling ice. Gi1en thaJ the heal offusion of ice is 6·0095 lJ _,,..,, ealnrfdr
each gram of 0 3 thaJ decomposes. Given :
20/g) - 30i(g) j .MJO = - 285•4 u.
Solution. Step I. Calculation <fthe amount <.fheal energy reltmal in tht ~ fl/tllllllll.
The heat energy released when 2 moles of owne decompose = 285·4 kl
The heat energy released when 1 gram (l/48 mole) of owne decomposes

(iS5 · 4kJ) x l(mol) = 2·97 kJ or Ml = - 2·97 kl

(2mol) 48
Step II. Calculation of mass of ice melted
6·0095 kJ of energy is released in melting of ice = 18 g
. . . (18g) X (2•97tJ)
2·97 kJ of energy is released m melnng of ice = ( 6 ·CJOIJStl) • "IJ

.
 OINESH COMPANION
6.30

=- --
Enmp1t 37
aporist aJ its normal boiling PDUU. lk.
Cole • · ~-..
AB• tAOt,!"'1u,/p1
tor' c/tange when 2·38 g of carbon monoxide (CO) ., • .
.. V :: + 6•()1 kJ IIUNJ,
(2·38 g) - - 0·085 mol
Sol
utlon. No. of moles of CO (g) =
Mass of CO == -(28-0 g morl) -
Embalp Molar mass of CO 1
~...........YOf vaporisation for one mole of CO (g)(g)==6·04 k1 mor kJ rt) = 0·5134 kJ.
of CO (0·085 mo!) X 6
< ·04 mo
____ _ PY of vaporisation for 0·085 mole
Example JS
~ . . . . .8 kl mor1• For how lor,g .would a 100 JV
temptra/Urt,
...,,. ,,:tl/H>riSalion tnlhalpy of bt111.tnt aJ iJs boiling po111I ,s JO al iJs boiling
(Gina . Pot to optraa in order to ,aporist a J()(J g sample of btnzene
·.•.• ·
• tttr == enar,ltutu, J w = J Js-1). 1
Soluti on. Power of electric heater = 100 W = 100 J s-
Mass (C6H6) _
No. of moles of benzene = Molar mass of (C6H6)

=
(100-0g) = 1·282mol
1
(78·0g mol- )
1
Enthalpy of vaporisation for one mole of CJf6 = 30·8 k1 morx (30·8 lcJ mol-1) ,,_
EmhaJpy of vaporisation for 1·282 moleofCJf6 = (1 ·282 mol)
= 39·486 lcJ = 39486 J
Energy . Energy
Power =· - -
Time
or Tune = -Power

(394861) 394·86
.
Tune - ~ = 394·86 s = -60 = 6·6 min.
= (lOOJs- 1)
_..;""

Jw'ypes of Enthalpies of Reactions (A,H8>e,. t I\,. v---1 ~

JmdlaJpy of Camhmdcm Enthalpy of Solufiom Enthalpy of Bldrado

(AcH 8 ) (Aso1JI8) (AbydH )
Enthalpy change Enthalpy cha
EntbaJpy change that Enthalpy change that Enthalpy change
when one mole of when one mole of an when one mole
accom panies the accompanies the
subst ance is anhyd rous salt solid at its me
formation of one combustion of 1 mole
dissolved in large changes to its specific point changes lo
mole of a substance of a substance in
excess ofsolvent. hydrate. liquid state.
from its comtituents excess of air or
under standard oxyg en unde r
mndirinns. Slllldardconditiom.

~rlV ..,...l w6& F.ldlalpy "Sulbadoa F.ntllaJpy"Nemnlladol

8 8
~npll ) (~ <~a )
Enthalpy change Enthalpy change Enthalpy change
when one mole of a
liquid at its boiling
when one mole of a
solid changes direcdy
......
when one gram
eqaiv ulf of a al
point changes to the
pseomstale.
ilfo the pseous Sile
at a temperature
below its M.P. -
 6,32
·=---
E>tample-40
Calculat, the •nthal
•nlhalpi,s ofJo PY of formation of C6'16(() given tha/.lht enthalpy of combustion of benun, t, _
Sol rrnation °1 CO2(g) and HiO(l) are_ 393-3 kJ and - 286·6 kJ respectively. (N.C;'E, R.r.3247•7
Ution. The equation we aim at : .. , so,._,
Th . 6 C(s) + 3H2(g) - + C6H6(t) ; ~}I = 7 .
e avatlable data is :
'I •
(,)
C6J4(l) + ~ 0 2 (g) - + 6C02(g) + 3H2O(/) ; ~}-I = - 3267·7 kJ
(ii)
.... '

C(s) + 0i(g)-+ COi(g) ; ~}I = :. 393·3 kJ.

(iii) 1
H2(g) +2 02 (g) - + H20(l) ; ~}I = - 286·6 kJ
Multiply equati , ..
on ,ii) by 6 and equation (iii) by 3 and add them :
6C (s) + 60i,(g) - 6 C0i(g) ; ~ = - 393-3 X 6 = - 2359·8 kJ
3
3H2(g) + 3H2O(l) ; ~ = - 286·6 x 3 = - 859·8 kJ
2 02 (g) -

1
(Add) 6C(s) + 3H2(g) + ; Oi(g) - 6C02(g) + 3H20(l) ; ~ = (- 2359·8 - 859·8)
1
or (iv) 6C(s) + 3H2(g) + ; 02 (g) - + 6C02(g) + 3H2O(1); ~H = - 3219·6 kJ
Subtract equation (i) from equation (iv),
15
CJ!6(l) +
2 O2(g) - 6C02(g) + 3H2O(l) ; ~ = - 3267·7 kJ
(Subtract) 6C(s) + 3H2(g) - CJf6(l) - 0,~ = (- 3219·6 + 3267·7)
or (v)

Thus, enthalpy of formation of benzene(~}{) = +48·1 k.J.

Example4 1
Calculate the enthalpy of hydrogenation for the reaction :
C2HJg) + Hi(g) -+ C2Hr,(g)
You are provided with the following combustion data:
(i) C2HJK) + 302 (g) -+ 2C02 (g) + 2H20 (I) ; ,1/l = - 1401 kJ
(ii) C2H6 (g) + 7/2 02 (g) -+ 202 (g) + 3H20 (I); ,1/l = -1550 kJ
(iii) H2 (g) + 112 02 (g) -+ H20 (I) ; &I = - 286. 0 kl.
Solution. Add equations (i) and (iii)
(iv) C2"4 (g) + H2 (g) + 7/2 02 (g) ~ 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O ([) ; Lili = -1687·0 kJ
Subtract equation (ii) from equation (iv),
C2"6 + 7/2 02 (g) ~ 2CO2 (g) +. 3H2O ([) ; ~H = -1550·0 kJ
(Subtract) C2"4 (g) + H2 (g) ~ C2H6 (g) ; ~H = 137 kJ
:. Enthalpy of hydrogenation = -137 kJ mor1•
Calculation of Enthalpy of Allotropic Transition,
Many non-metals such as carbon, sulphur, phosphorus etc. exist in a number of allotropic forms. The enthalpy
the change in enthalpy when one mole of allotropic fonn of a substance changes to the other and vice versa. The
slow and the amount of heat energy exchanged is so small that the value cannot be determined experimentally,
enthalpies of such transitions can be calculated theoretically with the help of Hess's Law. Let us consider the fo

(
~
.JY"',niCI
- ~n
~
/ -f' 1.t1t the ,ntlullpJ of 11'ansuion wl,
ornJ>,ution of
(":.:..and} and
I' (#,,.- C (graplw ) t11 C (diamc,114,
. " or, - 393.5 tlnd-3,s I change, to C (graphite) given that the ,nmaJpus of c
((>"'; ofl• The equatton we aim at : -4 l/ lflOc' ,..~,.,
.:,.,\1I C(diamo . -r•--,.
• nd) - C(gra .
,vailable data is : Phite) ; AH =?
1'!lt C(diamond) + 0i(g) _ C
~ ('(graphite) + Oi(g) _ C0i(g) '. A,<li = - 393·5 1cJ
~ equation (ii) from equation (i), 0i(g) • A,<li = - 395·4 lcJ.
1
rnit)c (diamond)- c (graphite)-
\~ C(diamooo) _ C O, ~ = (-393·5 + 395·4)
(I (graphite) ; AH = + l ·9 kJ
c,iculation of Enthalpy of Hydration. •
. the help of Hess's Law, we can find th . ed salt It is
witb ult find its value experimentan e enthalpy of hydration of either an anhydrous or partially hydrat . · f the
10
d1fficf the salt to be hydrated and the h y. Howe~er•. the value can be calculated provided we know that enthalpies o
,(fl' _
l1llnoos O Ydrate which ts formed as a result of hydration.
-~
i,,neaJculale the 1enthalpy of hydration of BaCl2 (s) to BaCl2,2H20(s) given that the enthalpy of solution of BaCl2(s) is
.10·6 kl mot" and~ of Ba<:'2-2HiO(s) is + 8·8 kJ mol"'.
solution. Toe equatton we aim at :
BaCl2(s)
. + 2H20(IJ-- BaCl2.2H20(.). S , uAu=?
n .
The available data 1s :
(,) BaCl2(s) + aq-- BaCl2(aq) ; ~1H = - 20·6 lcJ
(Ii} BaCl2.2H20(sJ + aq - - BaCl2(aq) ; ~iH = + 8·8 kJ
The equation (i) can be written in two steps :
BaCl2(s) + 2H20(IJ - - BaC12.2H2O(s) ; MI (To be calculated)
BaCl2.2H20(sJ + aq - - BaCl2(aq) ; AH = + 8·8 kJ
According to Hess's Law,
MI + 8·8 = - 20·6 or AH = - 20·6 - 8·8 = - 29·4 kJ
:.The enthalpy of hydration of BaC12(sJ = - 29·4 k.J.

Alternative Method
The same problem can be solved in an alternate form by depicting the data with the
help of a triangle.
According to Hess's Law,
MI = MI1 + MI2
MI1 = MI-MI2
= (-20·6) -(8·8) = -29·4 kJ
:. Enthalpy of hydration of BaCl2 (s) = -29·4 kJ BaCl2,2H20(s)

In addition to the applications listed above, Hess's Law can also be used to calculate the enthalpy of combustion of a
i.lbsianee theoretically provided its enthalpy of fonnation and other related data is given. Apart from this, a few more problems
based on the Hess's Law are discussed.

Example 44
Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of ethylene at 298 K and one ahnosp~ere pressure. Given that enthalpy of
1
formation of C02(g), Hi<J(l) and c2Hig) are -393·7, -241·8 and +52·3 lcJ mot- respeclivtly.

Solution. The equation we aim at :

C2H.i(g) + 30z(g) _. 2COz(g) + 2Hz0(l) ; ap = 'l
--
6,34

The available data is :

(i) C(.f) + O,,(g) - co2(g); A/fe. - 393·7 kl
(ii) I
H2(g) +- O,,(g) - H 20(I) ; A.,tte = - 241 ·8 kl
(iii) . 2C(s) / 2H2(g) - C2H4(g) ; A/fe = + 52· 3_k.I
Multiply equation (i) and equation (ii) by 2 and add them : ·
== - 787·4 kJ
393 .7 X 2 __
2C(s) + 20i(g) - + 2C0i(g) ; A.,tt8 == -
9 2 483·6 kJ
(Add) 2H2(g) + 0 2 (g) - + 2H 20(I) ; A/f - - 241 ·8 X - .. , .
787 4 - 483 ' 6) kJ
2C(s) + 2H2(g) + 30i(g)-+ 2C0 (g) + 2H20(l) ; A.,tt8 == (- ' · '
2
1271 kJ
or (iv) 2C(s) + 2H2(g) + 30i(g)-+ 2C0i(g) + 2H20 (I) ; MI == -
Subtract equation (iii) from (iv),
(Subtract) 2C(s) + 2H2(g)-+ c2}4(g); aH + 52·3 kJ 52 3 1323·3 kJ
C2J4(g) + 302(g)-+ 2C02(g) + 2H20(l); MI - (-1271 - · )
Thus, enthalpy of combustion of ethylene(~ = - 1323·3 kJ moi-•.
Alternative Method
The enthalpy of combustion of C2u ·(.g) can also be calculated by an alternate 0method without making Use,,.
La Th •"-4 f · (aff ) under standard corv1;.;__ "'
w· e enthalpy of combustion of ethylene is the same as enthalpy o reacuon ...._,..,

Aeff8 = L6.1H8 (Products) - L6.1H8 (Reactants)

= [ 2AJI8 COi(g) + 2A.,tt8 H20(l)] - [A.,tt8 C2J4(g) + 3A.,tt8 0i(g)]
= [2(-393·7) + 2 (-241 ·8)] - [ ( +52·3) + zero]
= - 787·4 - 483·6 - 52·3 = - 1323·3 kJ.
Example45
Tht standard enthalpies of combustion at 25°C of hydrogen, cyclohexene (C~10) and cycloiuxa,,,
-241, -3800 and -3920 kJ mor1 respectively. Cakulale the enthalpy of hydrogenation of cyclohtxent.
Solution . The equation we aim at :
C~w(g) + H2(g) - + C~dg) ; A.,tt8 = ?
The available data is :
11
(i) C~10(g) + 0i(g)-+ 3C02(g) + 5H20(l); A.,tt8 = - 3800 kJ
2
(ii) C~12(g) + 60i(g) - + 3C0i(g) + 6H20(l) ; A.,tt8 = - 3920 kJ

'iii) H2,g
I ) + 2l ~(g)
{'\_ - + H20 (I) ; AH = - 241 kJ
'
Adding equations (i) and (iii),
(iv) C~10(g) + H2(g) + 602(g)-+ 3C02(g) + 6H20(I) ; AH8 = - 4041 kJ.
'·'.
Subtract equation (ii) from equation (iv)
C~12(g) + 60i(g) - + 3C0i(g) + 6H20(I) ; AH8 = - 3920 kJ
Subtract------------------
C~10(g) + H2(g) - + C~dg) ; AH8 = -121 kJ
1
:. Enthalpy of hydrogenation = - 121 kJ moi- •

Example46
Calculale the heat of combustion of glucose from the following data :
(i) C(graphiJe) + Oi(g) - COi(g); A1Jt3 = - 395·0 kJ
(ii) Hi(g) +f Oi(g) -H2O(l); A1lt3 = -269·4 kJ.
(iii)6C(graphile) + 6Hi(g) + 3Oi(g) - C~12Ofis); A1Jt3 = -1169·8 kJ.
Solution. The equation we aim at :
C6"1206(s) + 60i,(g) - + 6C02(g) + 6H200) ; A~ = - ?
 iCS

~ _..,., ... ......., .

-
635
-iiie ~ - Therefore 1be emtr...~ llllderltandard
-~ Mf8 = ~ 4 _--v,ofCOnil,,. ..,_
- COaltir.iom aaddieda!a upr,taUt!it~ '"~
J41P~·- ~ 1ff8~ )-~ ( o r Clllbalpy of cta:tQI) aa be ail:.Crtd .._ f , ~ ~
=[MJl8COz(gJ + -~41119~)
= [6X(-39S-()_) + 6::.llz<>(JJJ-IA;f8c.HJAu-) + ~0-~JJ
= - 237o - 1616-4 + l1 4JJi-lJ69-8)
_,......-::; 6J.8•-211"6u
/ ~ 41 •
~ is a poten.tialfud •hiei ...,_ .
rf6""'1" Billig)+ 302(o _ ,......._-- -,1o *l""""-t ,,.._
tJiefol]owingdala, ~ ,_ Bzo~) + 3Bz()(i)
~ (i)
r,,·)
2B(1J + 312 o.., ~
Big) + 112 /lJ-l
-.far
lilt rowtxa llf.,,,,._,
~,,; A/I = - U'/3-1 U _,,..,
111 -:l'I&/ - Bi() Cl).
•.A/J=-1.lff u-,t-l
(iii)
(M
5Jllld0il-
_
1beequatl<>Dw eaimat:
Bi()C1J-B
2B(1J + 3H2 <rJ _.,;;.
uJ,Ajl-
+ 4H
+JHil-«"'
<rJ: ¥: ii_,,..,
Bi~ <g> + 30z (g> - BA
- 1y equation (ii) by 3 am add to - Cl) + Jffi()(g) ; AH = ?
)!ulUP -,-.uu(,),
~s) + 3/Z Dig) + 3H2 (g} + 3/2 Ou>- JU\...
(r) 2B(s) + 3Hi(g} + 30z (g) _ -.l"J Ci) + 3"20 U>. AH = ( -1273- ~ ¼ 3)

ct _ • c··;\byJ .....a add _BAu) + 3Hpl);AH =-2131-0lJ

MulllPlY equanon w, ALU to~(•}.
JHiO(I) - 31fpg): AH 132-0 kJ
i.\ddl (it) 2B(s) + 3Hi(g) + JO.z(g) - ~ + 3Hp"g); Ml =-l999-0 kJ
sulJU11d equation (iv) from<.,), •
(Subtrad) 2B(s) + 3Hi(g) - Billlg): AH - + 36-0 kf
J½Hj,g) + 30i(g) - 8,/:)#) + 3Hpg) ; AH = -2.tiS-t tJ.

(A]adatt tJu mJhaJpJ of/llnllllMIII of...,._, ,i; · iww dlloriM WPJ fr.- tie /"""""4 _,.:
pJ W(s) + 6Ha (IIIJ)- MAc-tJ + JB;Jz); MI= - IIOl-1 U
(Q) Biz) + Uig) - 2-HCl{z); Ml= -113-1 ii
(ii) HQ(x) + oq- HO(,,J); Ml= -13·2 ii
(rr) Alie4(1) + oq - MA(~; MI= - UJ-1 ii

t lltmember
While S0M1g tis problem. Ill! lcJlcMilg pons nut be lr.epl i1 l?ind.
(i) Molealles will dillecrart physical stales ,epi sert :dftaat iJ)EICies and c:anJt be ....., •
sJ:Jbaad. fol exa,.-.
HCl(gJ ii cflleleilt fran HCI (aqJ -
.
(i) Aq.,eous (aq} R!F'" e1 e111 age 8IIC8II of waler. When .wt ecJ._,..
iMJMllg JIii ii &,I ..
the vau of aq aemai1& 111daiged LL. i is ncl f'ltlipled

~ · .:.tl.-n. The eqaaiioo we aim at :

2AICsJ + 30i~ -AJAfJJ: AH = '!
Y,:q,ly eqnaoon (ii) by 3 ml add '> erpmm fl.
2AJ(s) + 6HC] t,qJ ->JAfoiD + 311z~; am= - l~kJ

_ __::3H~tz>~+..:.30i~(z)=----QICl(fl----;AH--::=:=-=-1,,_13-9-::x:-3_=_-:=»=-l:-:·7:-tr--=--::---
(~ -
2AlfJJ + 6HOUIJ) + Xlz(d - ~ +~;AB - -omH + !51·7)U
tt frJ 2Al(fJ + 6BruaqJ + 3Clz~ - AJA,-. + Bl id; Ml• - UB-7U

...
 DINESH COM
6.36
kl
Multiply equation (iii) by 6 and add to equation (v) 73·2 x 6 = - 439·2
'
(Add) 6HCI (g) + aq --. 6HCI (aq} ; Mi - -
. 2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) + aq-- . A12~ (aq) ; Mi= - (1557-1
+ 439·2) kJ
or (vi) 2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) + aq-- . AI2C~(aq) ; Mi = - 1994·9 kJ
Subtract equation (iv) from (vi), I•

(Subtract) Al2~( s) + aq-- . A12~(aq); Mi= - 643·0 kJ

....
2Al(s) + 3C!2(g) --. AJ2~(s) ; Aff = - 1351 ·9 kl
:. The enthalpy of formation of AI2C~(s) = -1351 ·9 k.J.
Example49
stion of cyclopro1iane "'2~8 .C 17r,
From the fallowing data, calculate the enthalpy change for the combu
and 20·42 kJ mor respecti,el1, 17r,
~o~ n. of CO2 (g), y 2o (l) and propene (g) aie -39J-5, -285·8
isomertsaaon of cycwpropane to properu is -30·0 JcJ mo[ ..
Solut ion. The available data is :
(1) C(s) + O2(g) - 4 C0i(g) ; MI= - 393·5 kJ
(i1) H (s) + 1/2 0i(g) - 4 H2O(l) ; MI = - 285·8 kJ
2
(iii) 3C(s) + 3H2(g) - 4 y}¼(g) ; MI = + 20·42 kJ
(iv)

The equation we aim at :

CHrCH:z(g) + 9/2 O2(g) - 4 3C0i (g) + 3H2O (l) ; MI = ?

\/
CH 2

Multiply equation (l) by 3 and equation (ii) by 3 and add them

3C(s) + 3O2(g) + 3H2(g) + 3/2O2(g)-4 30'.)i(g) + 3HA4
; Afi = (-393·5 x 3 - 285·8 x 3)

or (v)3C(s) + 9/2 Oi(g) + 3H2{g)- 4 30'.)i(g) + 3HA4; Afi = - 2037·9

kJ

Subtract equation (iv) from (v),

3C(s) + 3H2(g) - 4 C3f¼(g) ; Afi = + 20·42 kJ
(Subtract) (VI) C3f¼ (g)+ 9!20i (g)-4 3C0i(g) + 3H2O(l) ; Afi =
- 2058·32 Id
Add equation (iv) to equation (VI),
(v1) C3f¼ (g)+ 9/2O2(g) - 4 3C0i(g) + 3H20(/) ; Afi =- 2058·32 Id
(iv) CHrCH:z(g) - 4 C3J¼ (g) ; MI = - 33.0 kJ
\/
CH2
(Add) CHrCH:z{g) + 9/2Oz{g) - 4 3C0i(g) + 3H20(/) ; Afi =- 2091 •32 k.J.
\/
CH 2
= SOME MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS =

Example SO
complete combustion at 2s•c
3·67 litre of ethylene and methane gaseous mixture on
g one litre of the gaseo,u llliztlln.
6·11 lilres of CO2. Find ouJ the amount of heat e,olved on1 burnin
.
combustion ofC2Hlg)and CHlg)an-1423 and-891 JcJ mot at25°C
 6.37

\(ltl• Let the volume of ethylene in m· tu

• )111 l tx re • x L
~
•
Volume of ethane in
•
m,. ·
.......turc =- (3·67 - x) L
· • 'f41,bus1ion equauons of C2"4(g) aoo CH.a(g) arc . .
1
1Y C;H.a(~) + 30i(g)- 2C0i (g) + 2H,O (/) ..o.H
cH.a(g) + 2Oi(g)- COi(g) + 2H"o (I).' A LJ • - 1423·0 kJ
, 2 ,un=-891·0kJ
1 Colcult11wn of tht w,lumt of tach gas 111 . 'h ..
SftP • . r. t gastous mLrturt
tllC equauon. I L of C2H.a(g) evolves rn_ (g)
ft\~, "'"2 = 2L
:c L of Czff.a(g) will evolve CC>i(g) = 2x L
similarly, I L ofCff.a(g) evolves Oli(g) = 1 L
(3•67 - x) L of Cff.a(g) will evolve Oli(g) = (3,67 _ x) L
Bui the volume of COi(g) actually evolved = 6. 11 L .
= 6·ll; lt + 3·67 -x = 6·11
lt + (3·67 -x)
,J = 6•11-3·67 = 2•44
X
Volume of C2"4(g) = 2·44 L; volume of CH.i(g)
= 3·67 - 2·44 = 1-23 L
51ep U• CD/culation of the GmOUIIIS o"h•ar Iv d · · ·
'J ~, e\'O t m one lllrt of gaseous mixture

Vohune of C2ff.(g) in l L of the mixture = 2•44 = 0,6648L

3-67
Volume of C"4(g) in l L of the mixture = l - 0·6648 = 0·3352 L
Now. 22·4 L of C2ff.(g) upon combustion evolve heat = 1423·0 kJ
0·6648 L ofC2ff.a(g) upon combustion evolve heat = 1423 x o-6648 = 42·23 kJ.
22 •4
Similarly, 22·4 L of C"4(g) upon combustion evolve heat = 891 ·0 kJ
891 0
.0·3352 L of C}4(g) upon combustion evolve heat = ' x 0·3352
22-4
= 13·33 kJ
Thus. the total heat evolved = 42·23 + 13·33 = 55·56 kJ.

1
AJ300 Ktht standard enlhalpies offormation of C~sCOOH (1), COz(g) and Hi() (1) an - 408, - 393 and- 286 lcJ mol- ,
1 1
Ca}culalt tht heat ofcombusJion ofbtTWJic acid at (i) constanl pressure (ii) constanJ volume (R = 8·314 lcJ K- mo/- ).
Solution. The combustion equation for benzoic acid is:
c~5COOH ([) + 15l2O2(g) ~ 7CO2(g) + 3H2O (/)
Step I. CD/culation ofheat ofcombustion at constant pressure (&I)
Llli8 = U}I8 (products) - lljl8 (reactants)
= n!l}f8 CO2 (g) + 3 ll}f8 H2O(l)] - [lljl8
. C6HsCOOH(l) + 15/2 ¥l9(½(g)]
= (7 X (-393) + 3(-286)]-(-408 + zero]
=-!751-858 +408 =-320lk.J.

S2
Tlit enthalpy change in,ol,ed in the oridalion of glucose is - 2880 1cJ mor-1• Twenty five percent of this enerr, is
· t for muscular work. If I()(} lcJ of lfUlSCular wort is netdtd to walk one ld/omttere, what is du maximum distance that a
1ri1J be able to ~·alk aftu tilling 120 g of glucose.
Solution. Molar mass of glucose (~ 1206) = 180 g
Total energy available from one mole or 180 g of glucose = 2880 kJ
2880
Total energy available from 120 g of glucose = x 120 = 1920kJ
180